92 trang 1 lượt tải

691901980-TA-Phase-Diagrams

2

oke

Tác giả:

Profile

Đình Dương Võ

15 giờ trước
Tải xuống
Báo cáo
Danh sách Quiz
Tải xuống
/92
Compiled by RNDr. Ngo Manh Thang, CSc., Dr. rer. nat.
Phase diagrams - consultation
0 20 40 60 80 100
0
20
40
60
80
100
Q
P const
A
B
B
% B
T,
o
C
Typical liquid-vapour equilibrium, 2 totally miscible liquids without azeotrope
Boiling point of
pure liquid A -
fix
Boiling point of
pure liquid B -
fix
Boiling temperatures
of solutions (A+B) –
varied, but
0
B
T
0
A
T
000
)(
0
ABAB
TTT
tan lẫn
điểm đẳng phí
Compiled by RNDr. Ngo Manh Thang, CSc., Dr. rer. nat.
Phase diagrams - consultation
0 20 40 60 80 100
0
20
40
60
80
100
Q
P const
A
B
B
% B
T,
o
C
Typical liquid-vapour equilibrium, 2 totally miscible liquids without azeotrope
Cooling of gaseous mixture Q
Condensation starts, ca. 70
o
C
Total condensation ca. 45
o
C
Condensation continues, T
Phase diagrams - consultation
0 20 40 60 80 100
0
20
40
60
80
100
Q
P const
A
B
B
% B
T,
o
C
Typical liquid-vapour equilibrium, 2 totally miscible liquids without azeotrope
Cooling of gaseous mixture Q
Condensation starts, ca. 70
o
C
Condensation ends ca. 45
o
C
Condensation continues, T
1
st
liq.
droplet
Last gas
buble
6% B
74% B
Compiled by RNDr. Ngo Manh Thang, CSc., Dr. rer. nat.
Phase diagrams - consultation
0 20 40 60 80 100
0
20
40
60
80
100
Q
P const
A
B
B
% B
T,
o
C
Typical liquid-vapour equilibrium, 2 totally miscible liquids without azeotrope
heating of liquid solution Q2
boiling solution starts, ca. 32
o
C
Total vaporization, ca. 60
o
C
boiling continues, T
Q
2
Phase diagrams - consultation
0 20 40 60 80 100
0
20
40
60
80
100
Q
P const
A
B
B
% B
T,
o
C
Typical liquid-vapour equilibrium, 2 totally miscible liquids without azeotrope
heating of liquid solution Q2
1
st
gas
bubble
Last
liq.
drop
Q
2
14% B 90% B
Compiled by RNDr. Ngo Manh Thang, CSc., Dr. rer. nat.
Phase diagrams - consultation
0 20 40 60 80 100
0
20
40
60
80
100
Q
P const
A
B
B
% B
T,
o
C
Typical liquid-vapour equilibrium, 2 totally miscible liquids without azeotrope
The weights of phases inside could
be calculated
Q
60
g
60
L
60
606060 QgL
mmm
given
Compiled by RNDr. Ngo Manh Thang, CSc., Dr. rer. nat.
Phase diagrams - consultation
0 20 40 60 80 100
0
20
40
60
80
100
Q
P const
A
B
B
% B
T,
o
C
Typical liquid-vapour equilibrium, 2 totally miscible liquids without azeotrope
Total separation by fractional
distillation possible.
Necessary a suitable distillation
device / tower.
top of the
distillation tower
Bottom of the
distillation tower
Phase diagrams - consultation
Typical liquid-vapour equilibrium, 2 totally miscible liquids with azeotrope
0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0
0
20
40
60
80
100
a z e o t r o p e
azeotrope
liquid solution
P const
gaseous solution
B
A
x
B
T,
o
C
The azeotrope behaves
during heating /
cooling as a pure
compound!
It boils / condenses at a
constant temperature &
vaporizes / condenses at
the same composition.
Phase diagrams - consultation
Typical liquid-vapour equilibrium, 2 totally miscible liquids with azeotrope
0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0
0
20
40
60
80
100
a z e o t r o p e
azeotrope
liquid solution
P const
gaseous solution
B
A
x
B
T,
o
C
Total separation by
fractional distillation at
constant pressure
impossible!
Just a portion of one
component could be
separated. Its remaining
& the 2
nd
component
create the azeotrope
solution.
Phase diagrams - consultation
Typical liquid-vapour equilibrium, 2 totally miscible liquids with azeotrope
Total separation by
fractional distillation at
constant pressure
impossible!
Just a portion of
component A could be
separated. Remaining A
& whole amount of B in
the azeotrope solution.
0
20
40
60
80
100
azeotrope
liquid solution
P const
gaseous solution
A
T,
o
C
Phase diagrams - consultation
Typical liquid-vapour equilibrium, 2 totally miscible liquids with azeotrope
Total separation by
fractional distillation at
constant pressure
impossible!
Just a portion of
component B could be
separated. Remaining B
& whole amount of A in
the azeotrope solution.
0
20
40
60
80
100
azeotrope
liquid solution
P const
gaseous solution
B
x
B
T,
o
C
Phase diagrams - consultation
Typical pressure-temperature diagrams of water & some organic solvents
When the external pressure is
atmospheric (1atm – 760mmHg)
Water boils at 100
o
C
CS
2
boils at ca. 42
o
C
CCl
4
boils at ca. 68
o
C
C
6
H
6
boils at ca. 78
o
C
C
6
H
5
CH
3
boils at ca. 110
o
C
Pine oil boils at ca. 162
o
C
Phase diagrams - consultation
Typical pressure-temperature diagrams of water & some organic solvents
When the external pressure is
atmospheric (1atm – 760mmHg)
System (H
2
O+CS
2
) boils at
41
o
C
System (H
2
O+CCl
4
) boils at
65
o
C
System (H
2
O+C
6
H
6
) boils at
69
o
C
System (H
2
O+C
6
H
5
CH
3
) boils at
85
o
C
Phase diagrams - consultation
Typical pressure-temperature diagrams of water & some organic solvents
When the external pressure is
300mmHg
Water boils at ca 72
o
C
CS
2
boils at ca. 22
o
C
CCl
4
boils at ca. 48
o
C
C
6
H
6
boils at ca. 55
o
C
C
6
H
5
CH
3
boils at ca. 80
o
C
Pine oil boils at ca. 132
o
C
C
6
H
5
OH boils at ca. 150
o
C
Phase diagrams - consultation
Typical pressure-temperature diagrams of water & some organic solvents
When the external pressure is
300mmHg
System (H
2
O+CS
2
) boils at
ca. 22
o
C
System (H
2
O+CCl
4
) boils at
ca. 42
o
C
System (H
2
O+C
6
H
6
) boils at
ca. 45
o
C
System (H
2
O+C
6
H
5
CH
3
) boils at
ca.56
o
C
Phase diagrams - consultation
Typical pressure-temperature diagrams of water & some organic solvents
The minimal amount of water (kg)
for purifying 1 kg of an organic
solvent A (with mole mass M
A
by
steam distillation):
AA
OH
OH
MP
P
g
18
.
0
0
2
2
0
0
2
A
OH
Pand
P
At boiling temp. of
the corresponding
mixture!
Phase diagrams - consultation
Typical pressure-temperature diagrams of water & some organic solvents
Steam distillation of toluene under
atmospheric pressure 760 mmHg
mmHgP
OH
410
0
2
mmHgP
CHHC
350
0
356
kgg
OH
2292.0
92
18
.
350
410
2
Phase diagrams - consultation
Typical pressure-temperature diagrams of water & some organic solvents
Steam distillation of toluene under
atmospheric pressure 300 mmHg
mmHgP
OH
160
0
2
mmHgP
CHHC
140
0
356
kgg
OH
2236.0
92
18
.
140
160
2
Phase diagrams - consultation
Typical liquid-liquid equilibrium of 2 totally (partially) immiscible components
0 20 40 60 80 100
20
40
60
80
100
120
Q
B
A
% B
P const
T,
o
C
system Q is homogeneous
system Q is a liquid
solution with conc. 80% B
at temperature 100
o
C
T ≤ 30
o
C totally immiscible
110
o
C ≥ T ≥ 30
o
C partially
miscible
T > 110
o
C totally miscible
Phase diagrams - consultation
Typical liquid-liquid equilibrium of 2 totally (partially) immiscible components
Cooling system Q
system Q becomes
heterogeneous at 80
o
C
0 20 40 60 80 100
20
40
60
80
100
120
Q
B
A
% B
P const
T,
o
C
At 80
o
C, the solubility of
A in B is 20% (A), and
the solubility of B in A is
20%

Preview text:

Phase diagrams - consultation
Typical liquid-vapour equilibrium, 2 totally miscible liquids without azeotrope 100 tan lẫn điểm đẳng phí Q Boiling point of P const 80 pure liquid A - 0 Boiling temperatures fix TA
of solutions (A+B) – 60 varied, but C o 0 00 0 40   T, T T T B ( AB ) A 20 Boiling point of pure liquid B - 0 0 fix TB 0 20 40 60 80 100 A % B B B
Compiled by RNDr. Ngo Manh Thang, CSc., Dr. rer. nat.
Phase diagrams - consultation
Typical liquid-vapour equilibrium, 2 totally miscible liquids without azeotrope 100 Q P const
Cooling of gaseous mixture Q 80
Condensation starts, ca. 70oC 60
Condensation continues, T C o
Total condensation ca. 45oC 40 T, 20 0 0 20 40 60 80 100 A % B B B
Compiled by RNDr. Ngo Manh Thang, CSc., Dr. rer. nat.
Phase diagrams - consultation
Typical liquid-vapour equilibrium, 2 totally miscible liquids without azeotrope 100 Q P const
Cooling of gaseous mixture Q 80 1st liq.
Condensation starts, ca. 70oC droplet 60
Condensation continues, T C Last gas o
Condensation ends ca. 45oC 40 T, buble 20 0 0 20 40 60 80 100 A % B B B 6% B 74% B
Phase diagrams - consultation
Typical liquid-vapour equilibrium, 2 totally miscible liquids without azeotrope 100 Q P const 80 60
Total vaporization, ca. 60oC C o boiling continues, T 40 T,
boiling solution starts, ca. 32oC 20 Q2
heating of liquid solution Q2 0 0 20 40 60 80 100 A % B B B
Compiled by RNDr. Ngo Manh Thang, CSc., Dr. rer. nat.
Phase diagrams - consultation
Typical liquid-vapour equilibrium, 2 totally miscible liquids without azeotrope 100 Q P const 80 60 1st gas C o Last bubble 40 T, liq. drop 20 Q2
heating of liquid solution Q2 0 0 20 40 60 80 100 A % B B B 14% B 90% B
Phase diagrams - consultation
Typical liquid-vapour equilibrium, 2 totally miscible liquids without azeotrope 100 Q
The weights of phases inside could P const 80 be calculated 60 m Q g L L 60 60 60 60 Q g  C 60 60 o m Q L 40 g 60 T, 60 60 20 mmm L 60 g 60 Q 60 0 0 20 40 60 80 100 A given % B B B
Compiled by RNDr. Ngo Manh Thang, CSc., Dr. rer. nat.
Phase diagrams - consultation
Typical liquid-vapour equilibrium, 2 totally miscible liquids without azeotrope 100 Q P const
Total separation by fractional 80 Bottom of the
distillation possible. distillation tower
Necessary a suitable distillation 60 device / tower. C o 40 T, 20 top of the distillation tower 0 0 20 40 60 80 100 A % B B B
Compiled by RNDr. Ngo Manh Thang, CSc., Dr. rer. nat.
Phase diagrams - consultation
Typical liquid-vapour equilibrium, 2
totally miscible liquids with azeotrope 100 P const gaseous solution
The azeotrope behaves 80 during heating / cooling as a pure 60 compound! o p e C r o ,
It boils / condenses at a 40 e o t T
constant temperature & a z
vaporizes / condenses at 20 e the same composition. liquid solution 0 azeotrop 0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 A B xB
Phase diagrams - consultation
Typical liquid-vapour equilibrium, 2
totally miscible liquids with azeotrope 100 P const gaseous solution
Total separation by 80
fractional distillation at constant pressure 60 impossible! o p e C r o , Just a portion of one 40 e o t T component could be a z
separated. Its remaining 20 e
& the 2nd component liquid solution create the azeotrope 0 azeotrop 0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 solution. A B xB
Phase diagrams - consultation
Typical liquid-vapour equilibrium, 2 totally miscible liquids with azeotrope 100 P const gaseous solution
Total separation by 80
fractional distillation at constant pressure 60 impossible! Just C a portion of o , 40 component A could be T separated. Remaining A
& whole amount of B in 20 liquid solution the azeotrope solution. 0 A azeotrope
Phase diagrams - consultation
Typical liquid-vapour equilibrium, 2 totally miscible liquids with azeotrope 100 P const
Total separation by 80 gaseous solution
fractional distillation at constant pressure 60 impossible! Just a portion of C o , component B could be 40 T separated. Remaining B
& whole amount of A in 20 liquid solution the azeotrope solution. 0 azeotrope x B B
Phase diagrams - consultation
Typical pressure-temperature diagrams of water & some organic solvents
When the external pressure is
atmospheric (1atm – 760mmHg)
Water boils at 100oC
CS boils at ca. 42oC 2
CCl boils at ca. 68oC 4
C H boils at ca. 78oC 6 6
C H CH boils at ca. 110oC 6 5 3
Pine oil boils at ca. 162oC
Phase diagrams - consultation
Typical pressure-temperature diagrams of water & some organic solvents
When the external pressure is
atmospheric (1atm – 760mmHg)
System (H O+CS ) boils at 2 2 41oC
System (H O+CCl ) boils at 2 4 65oC
System (H O+C H ) boils at 2 6 6 69oC
System (H O+C H CH ) boils at 2 6 5 3 85oC
Phase diagrams - consultation
Typical pressure-temperature diagrams of water & some organic solvents
When the external pressure is 300mmHg
Water boils at ca 72oC
CS boils at ca. 22oC 2
CCl boils at ca. 48oC 4
C H boils at ca. 55oC 6 6
C H CH boils at ca. 80oC 6 5 3
Pine oil boils at ca. 132oC
C H OH boils at ca. 150oC 6 5
Phase diagrams - consultation
Typical pressure-temperature diagrams of water & some organic solvents
When the external pressure is 300mmHg
System (H O+CS ) boils at 2 2 ca. 22oC
System (H O+CCl ) boils at 2 4 ca. 42oC
System (H O+C H ) boils at 2 6 6 ca. 45oC
System (H O+C H CH ) boils at 2 6 5 3 ca.56oC
Phase diagrams - consultation
Typical pressure-temperature diagrams of water & some organic solvents
The minimal amount of water (kg)
for purifying 1 kg of an organic
solvent A (with mole mass M by A steam distillation): P0 H O 18 g 2  . H O 2 P0 M A A 0 P At boiling temp. of H 2O the corresponding 0 and P mixture! A
Phase diagrams - consultation
Typical pressure-temperature diagrams of water & some organic solvents
Steam distillation of toluene under
atmospheric pressure 760 mmHg P0  410 mmHg H O 2 410 18 g  .  2292 . 0 kg H O 2 350 92 P0  350 mmHg C H CH 6 5 3
Phase diagrams - consultation
Typical pressure-temperature diagrams of water & some organic solvents
Steam distillation of toluene under
atmospheric pressure 300 mmHg 160 18 g  .  2236 . 0 kg H O 2 140 92 P0  160 mmHg H O 2 P0  140 mmHg C H CH 6 5 3
Phase diagrams - consultation
Typical liquid-liquid equilibrium of 2 totally (partially) immiscible components 120
T > 110oC totally miscible P const 100 Q
110oC ≥ T ≥ 30oC partially miscible 80
T ≤ 30oC totally immiscible C o , 60 T system Q is homogeneous system Q is a liquid 40 solution with conc. 80% B at temperature 100oC 20 0 20 40 60 80 100 A B % B
Phase diagrams - consultation
Typical liquid-liquid equilibriu
m of 2 totally (partially) immiscible components 120 P const Q Cooling system Q 100 system Q becomes 80 heterogeneous at 80oC C o ,
At 80oC, the solubility of 60 T A in B is 20% (A), and
the solubility of B in A is 40 20% 20 0 20 40 60 80 100 A B % B

Tài liệu liên quan: