Bài tập ôn tập học phần Tiếng anh của trường đại học Luật Hà Nội
Bài tập ôn tập học phần Tiếng anh của trường đại học Luật Hà Nội giúp sinh viên củng cố, ôn tập kiến thức và đạt kết quả cao trong bài thi kết thúc học phần. Mời bạn đón đón xem!
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Chapter
1
Listening Practice
Part 1 Picture Description
Theme Notes (page 16)
A.
B.
C.
D.
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Mini-test A. House and Home (page 18)
1. (A) The TV is located on the wall.
2. (C) The people are sitting on the patio.
3. (C) There is a bed with sheets and pillowcases.
4. (D) A car is parked in front of the garage.
5. (A) The buildings overlook the pool.
6. (A) The woman is cooking in her kitchen.
7. (B) There is a shower and a sink in the bathroom.
8. (D) The chair is currently unoccupied.
9. (A) Laundry is being put into the washing machine.
10. (B) People are attending a yard sale.
11. (B) The boy is running down some steps.
12. (D) The boy is standing in front of the sink.
13. (C) The boy is holding the TV remote control.
6. (D) Two women are eating lunch at their desk.
7. (A) The people are greeting each other. 8. (B) The
man is writing something down.
9. (D) The woman is working at her desk.
10. (C) The doctor is checking a patient’s x-ray.
11. (B) There is a firefighter on top of the fire truck.
12. (B) The man is operating some electronic machinery.
13. (C) The people are at a seminar.
14. (A) The man is standing on the porch.
15. (C) The sales clerk is ringing up the customer’s
purchase.
C. Restaurants and Stores (page 28)
1. (B) A car is at a drive-through window.
2. (C) The woman is helping herself to some food.
3. (B) The woman is examining some fruit.
4. (C) The couple is eating a meal together in a restaurant.
5. (D) The people are having drinks at a bar.
6. (B) The women are looking at each other.
7. (C) The woman is holding a plant.
8. (C) The wine is being poured for the people.
9. (A) The woman is selecting something from the case.
10. (C) Some brushes are on display.
11. (B) The woman is resting her chin in her hand.
12. (B) The tables have been cleaned.
13. (C) Loaves of bread are lined up on the back shelves.
14. (C) The boy is holding a boxed game.
15. (D) The girl is looking at a shelf full of candy jars.
D. Other Public Places (page 33) 1. (B) The people
are wearing swimming goggles.
2. (C) The race is taking place on a road.
3. (A) People are attending an exhibit.
4. (B) The people are playing on the swings.
5. (D) The escalator is going upwards.
6. (A) The people are sitting in a park.
7. (C) The boat is docked next to the pier.
8. (B) Few people are riding in the subway car.
9. (C) The family is skating together on a park path.
14. (C) The family is sitting down for a meal.
15. (B) The sheet is being put on the bed.
(C) There are many empty seats in the hall.
B. Workplace (page 23)
1. (B) The man is wearing a protective helmet.
2. (A) A man and woman are reading building plans.
3. (B) The people are typing on keyboards.
4. (B) The man is using a pen to record information.
5. (C) The people are working on a project.
10. (C) The people are drinking from bottles.
Part 2 Questions and Responses
(additional examples)
Theme Notes (page 38)
A. Interrogative
1.Who
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Who is the person in charge of inventory?
__ You should check the inventory.
__ The person you need is Mark Kendall.
2. What
What’s the agenda for the meeting tomorrow?
__ We’ll discuss consumer-related issues.
__ Yes, there will be a meeting tomorrow.
3. Which
Which flight schedule is better?
__ If I were you, I’d take a red-eye flight.
__ I don’t think that is better.
4. When
When will the order be placed?
__ The place is around the corner.
__ We’ll call the supplier this afternoon.
5. Where
Where can I find the cereals?
__ It’s on aisle 16 next to the dairy products.
__ This cereal is really good.
6. Why
Why did Joe leave the company?
__ He lives nearby.
__ He got a better job offer in New York.
7. How
How do I cancel my reservation?
__ You should call your travel agent.
__ No, I did not cancel.
B. Yes/No
1. Be
Is the vending machine working properly? __ We already
had it fixed.
__ There are two vending machines here.
2. Will
Will Mr. Yamamoto attend the meeting?
__ I don’t think so.
__ Mr. Yamamoto is the CEO.
3. Do
Do you have the latest file on the annual sales report?
__ I think Shiela has it.
__ Yes, I think that will work.
4. Have
Have you printed the documents yet?
__ I left them on your desk this morning.
__ Yes, we have a new printer.
C. Tag
This is the way to the park, isn’t it?
__ Park your car over there.
__ It’s straight ahead.
He’s the new department head, isn’t he?
__ Yes, he just started yesterday.
__ The department has a new protocol.
D. Indirect
Could you possibly tell me how to contact Mr. Simpson?
__ Sure, let me get his direct line for you.
__ He is the contact person.
Does anyone know where I can find the manager’s
office?
__ It’s the room on the left, down the hall.
__ Mrs. Robinson is the new manager.
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Mini-test
A. Interrogative (page 40)
1. (A) In the meeting room, I think.
2. (C) In half an hour.
3. (A) She’s late for work.
4. (A) It’s not certain yet.
5. (B) That’s an excellent idea.
6. (A) A business suit would be appropriate.
7. (C) They’ve got a sales meeting.
8. (B) I’ll check the guest list.
9. (C) I’ll keep trying until I find one.
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10. (A) To a budget meeting.
11. (A) They used to work together.
12. (B) Sorry, I have other plans.
13. (B) The marketing manager.
14. (C) The battery needs to be charged.
15. (B) Let me find out the price.
B. Yes/No (page 40)
1. (C) At 9:00 a.m. sharp.
2. (A) I doubt I can find the time.
3. (B) Yes, I’m sorry it arrived so late.
4. (C) Actually, I’d prefer the aisle.
5. (B) They’re in the conference room.
6. (A) Thank you for reminding me.
7. (C) That’s what it says in the program.
8. (B) No, we’re buying new ones.
9. (A) I believe they’re on the website.
10. (B) Yes, quite a lot recently.
11. (B) I need another 30 minutes to finish it.
12. (A) Yes, it’s going to be a formal event.
13. (A) I’m afraid I’m in a hurry.
14. (C) No, I haven’t prepared it.
15. (C) We are, but just barely.
C. Tag (page 41)
1. (B) I don’t like it, to be honest.
2. (C) I thought it was very useful.
3. (B) I’m doing that now.
4. (A) Guide dogs are permitted by law.
5. (C) Who told you that?
6. (B) Yes, everything’s included.
7. (A) As far as I know.
8. (C) Of course, they were there.
9. (B) Yes, today is the deadline.
10. (B) I guess it can’t be helped.
11. (C) Check yesterday’s newspaper.
12. (A) Your invitation is on the desk.
13. (B) It would be my pleasure.
14. (C) No, it starts in a few minutes.
15. (C) Only if we have the time for it.
D. Indirect (page 41)
1. (A) I have no idea why she would.
2. (B) That’s a great idea.
3. (B) Check over there in the conference room.
4. (A) I agree with you.
5. (C) I saw her a moment ago.
6. (B) Why don’t you ask his assistant?
7. (A) That would be a good idea.
8. (C) Let me find that out for you.
9. (C) I’ll ask John if he knows.
10. (B) That shouldn’t be a problem.
11. (C) Sorry, I can’t help you.
12. (A) I don’t see why not.
13. (A) It’ll have to be before noon.
14. (C) That could be a good career move for you.
15. (B) That’s the plan.
Part 3 Short Conversations
Theme Notes (page 42)
A. Office Talk
B. Personnel Changes
C. Daily Life
D. Travel Information
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Mini-test A. Office Talk (page 44)
1. (B) At an office
2. (A) His report could be late.
3. (D) He uses the Internet often for work.
4. (B) She cannot get into the storage room.
5. (C) The administration department
6. (C) Right away
7. (B) This week
8. (A) Her schedule is too busy.
9. (D) It is unfortunate but not terrible.
10. (B) In an office reception area
11. (C) She is going to have an interview with him.
12. (D) Sign the visitors’ book
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13. (B) Correcting a billing error
14. (D) He will make a phone call.
15. (A) Issue a revised statement
16. (C) An office cleaning company
17. (B) He has a problem with the trash pick-up.
18. (C) Compare cleaning rates
B. Personnel Changes (page 47)
1. (B) Their process to hire a new employee
2. (A) Exactly 50
3. (A) An engineering firm
4. (C) Company promotions
5. (D) He has been fired from his job.
6. (C) In a few days
7. (D) A sales representative
8. (D) At 3:00 p.m. on Tuesday
9. (A) Set up a projector
10. (A) Publishing
11. (D) She will work at a rival company.
12. (D) She will not give away secrets.
13. (C) Familiarity with database programs
14. (B) He must demonstrate his ability.
15. (A) He is happy to comply.
16. (B) A job opportunity
17. (D) The application process is stressful.
18. (C) It provides full health insurance.
C. Daily Life (page 50)
1. (B) The receptionist
2. (D) At 11:00 a.m. the next morning
3. (C) Treating his patients
4. (B) A store sales clerk
5. (B) Discuss prices and an order
6. (C) Look at more cabinet samples
7. (B) Her friend
8. (D) The cost of attending the film
9. (D) The movie is a fundraising event.
10. (B) Before work
11. (C) To have her computer repaired
12. (A) Go on the weekend
13. (C) An electric bill
14. (B) Whether the man’s meter was wrong
15. (A) Ask the company to check his meter
16. (D) A concert
17. (A) He often has to work overtime.
18. (B) Go to the next concert
D. Travel Information (page 53)
1. (A) A hotel clerk
2. (B) For a last-minute cancellation
3. (C) $120
4. (C) Booking a business class seat
5. (A) The business class section is full.
6. (B) He is not in a great hurry to get back.
7. (B) $20
8. (C) A colleague
9. (A) It is for business.
10. (D) San Francisco
11. (C) Just for a few days
12. (B) To visit one of her relatives
13. (C) A prize the man won
14. (C) He did a lot of overtime last month.
15. (A) Call the travel agency for dates
16. (D) A travel agent
17. (B) His anniversary
18. (B) Look at the tours online
Part 4 Short Talks
Theme Notes (page 56)
A. Office Announcements
B. Voice Messages
C. Events
D. News and Information
Mini-test
A. Office Announcements (page 58)
1. (A) Assembly line workers 2. (B) To announce
enhanced safety regulations
3. (B) Employees work on weekends.
4. (B) Any employee who completed the
introductory class 5. (D) A local college
6. (B) Completion of an office systems certificate
7. (C) 4th floor
8. (C) To discuss additional topics
9. (B) The company picnic
10. (A) Details of an upcoming construction project
11. (D) A personnel manager
12. (A) Weather conditions
13. (D) In a staff meeting
14. (C) Window blinds
15. (C) One weekend
16. (A) An issue with the venue
17. (B) Next Friday
18. (B) In the office building
B. Voice Messages (page 61)
1. (D) Patients
2. (A) Around the clock 3. (A) They are patients
of Dr. Fitzroy.
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4. (B) They may speak French.
5. (B) Pick up their purchases 15 minutes before the
movie
6. (C) They can never be returned for any refunds.
7. (D) 8 a.m. on Monday
8. (C) They are not presently at work.
9. (A) To the Internet
10. (D) To explain a change in plans
11. (C) Company sales
12. (B) At her hotel
13. (D) To confirm a prior booking
14. (C) A resort receptionist
15. (A) The number of attendees
16. (C) The post office
17. (B) One
18. (B) The sender
C. Events (page 64)
1. (A) A product launch
2. (C) A computer security workshop
3. (B) A computer analyst
4. (D) The company president
5. (B) Company sales increased by 200%.
6. (B) 20 years
7. (B) Museum visitors
8. (C) Residents and companies
9. (D) For giving valuable artifacts
10. (B) Author
11. (A) How to write creatively
12. (B) By showing confidence
13. (D) To announce the opening of a new city facility
14. (C) The facility’s director
15. (D) Visitors will take a tour of the center.
16. (B) Employees
17. (D) At a local park
18. (C) A special tour package
D. News and Information (page 67)
1. (C) A radio announcer
2. (D) Due to a community event
3. (A) A weather forecast
4. (C) At a pharmacy
5. (B) Household appliances
6. (D) By asking at the customer service desk
7. (B) There is no chance.
8. (B) 24 degrees
9. (A) Spend time outside
10. (B) A construction project
11. (C) A city employee
12. (A) A traffic report
13. (B) At the boarding gate
14. (C) An equipment problem
15. (A) Wait for further instructions
16. (B) On the radio
17. (D) Falling leaves
18. (A) The weather
1 Grammar Practice – Parts of Speech
Suggested activity:
Instruction: Fill in the boxes with the correct word form.
The grey box means that the word does not have this form.
There may be 2 or more possible answers for each box.
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After completing the box above, fill in the blanks below
with the correct word to complete the sentences.
1. I thought I was going to have a hard time but I
managed to process the request easily.
2. You should ____ sunscreen on your skin before going
out to avoid sunburn. [apply]
3. There are different modes of ____ in the city.
[transportation]
4. The man is a highly trained dancer, so he does the
difficult movements with ____. [ease]
5. Jack is one of the ____ people I know because he has
never lied to me. [honest]
1 Parts of Speech
Part 5 Incomplete Sentences (page 74)
1. (B) services 4 (A) and (C) are forms of the verb to serve
while (D) is a form of the verb to service. The correct
answer is the plural noun services, meaning <systems
usually provided by the government.=
2. (A) implemented 4 The correct answer is the
past participle of the verb implement, meaning <to make an
idea or plan start to work.= It functions as an adjective
describing the parking charges.
3. (C) but 4 The four choices are conjunctions, which link
clauses in a sentence. But is the correct answer because
the two clauses are contrasting.
4. (A) mutual 4 The correct choice is the adjective mutual,
meaning <belonging to or true of two or more
people.= Although choice (C) is an adjective, it is not
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the correct choice. The clue in this sentence is that
factory workers usually work together.
5. (B) interrupted 4 In this case, the past participle is
needed to complete the passive form was interrupted.
The agent of this action is a ringing telephone.
6. (C) them 4 The correct choice is the objective pronoun,
used here instead of an unspecified noun.
7. (B) exorbitant 4 The correct choice is the adjective
exorbitant, meaning <more than is reasonable,=
which here describes the amount of money which has
been spent.
8. (D) cordial 4 The correct choice is the adjective cordial,
meaning <friendly,= describing the word greeting. It is
the only word form that will fit in this context.
9. (C) worthy 4 The only choice that fits within the context
of the sentence is worthy, meaning <deserving
something= 4 the application deserves attention.
10. (B) unlikely 4 The correct choice is the adjective
unlikely, meaning <not likely to happen.= It is
describing the probability of the arrival of the delivery.
11. (A) latest 4 The correct answer is the adjective
latest, meaning <most recent,= which modifies
report.
The comparative form later, meaning <at a time in the
future,= the adverb lately, meaning <these days,= and
the plain form of the adjective late, meaning <after the
expected time= are not appropriate in this context.
12. (D) competent 4 In the context of this sentence,
competent, meaning <capable of doing something in
an able manner= is the best answer.
13. (C) error 4 While all of the answer choices can be
used as nouns, here error, meaning <mistake= is the
correct choice. It is used in the multi-word expression to
point out a/the error.
14. (D) separate 4 The correct choice is the adjective
separate. It describes the type of container: a container
designated for ink cartridges only.
15. (B) struggle 4 The correct answer is the simple
present 1st person plural form of the verb struggle,
meaning <to try with difficulty to do something.=
Part 6 Text Completion (page 76)
1. (D) aware 4 The correct choice is the adjective
aware, meaning <having knowledge of.= The context
talks of a change to a schedule, so it can be assumed that
the readers knew of the original schedule.
2. (A) therefore 4 This is an adverb showing a
logical consequence between the two clauses of the
sentence.
3. (B) information 4 An uncountable noun is needed
after a lot of. In the context, the correct choice is
information because we can cover information, but we
cannot cover discussion.
4. (A) order 4 A noun is needed after the possessive
pronoun your.
5. (C) scheduled 4 The participle form of the verb
schedule is used here as an adjective.
6. (D) within 4 While all the choices are
prepositions, within is the only choice which fits with the
time expression 24 hours.
2 Grammar Practice – Tenses Verb
Tense Form Markers & Function:
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Part 5 Incomplete Sentences (page 80)
1. (B) will intensify 4 The correct choice is the simple future form
will intensify, meaning <to make stronger or more intense.=
The sentence expresses a situation happening in the very near
future.
2. (A) attractions 4 Among the nouns given in the choices, only
attractions, meaning <things which make a person want to do,
have, or see them= is appropriate. It forms a compound noun
with tourist: tourist attractions.
3. (C) three years 4 The preposition for, used to express how long
something lasts is followed by a period of time.
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4. (D) hold 4 The 1st person plural form of the simple present tense is needed after we, when talking about a habitual activity.
5. (A) will have 4 Here we have the structure If + 1
st
conditional + will to express possibility in the future. If the condition of Mr.
Evans getting a promotion becomes a reality (possible), the speaker will resign from his job.
6. (D) candidates 4 The correct answer needs to be a noun. The hints to look for in choosing the answer are personnel,
interviewing, and shortlisted which are all words related to job interviews. Therefore candidates is the correct choice.
7. (A) blueprints 4 The correct answer needs to be a noun. The hints to look for in choosing the answer are draft, project, and
museum. These can be related to design and architecture, therefore blueprints is the correct choice.
8. (A) have been decided 4 Here the future perfect
form + date/time expression is used to express what you will have completed up to that point in time.
Activity:
9. (C) finishes 4 The present tense is used after as
Fill out the chart with the proper form of the verb soon as to refer to the future in a subordinate clause.
<work=. The first one is done for you:
10. (B) convened 4 The correct choice is the simple
past for a completed action in the past.
11. (D) handbook 4 In this context, it is most likely that the
item being approved by the human resources chief will be some kind
of reading material or company literature. This makes handbook,
meaning <a book containing instructions or advice,= the correct
choice.
12. (A) have had 4 The correct choice is the present perfect
have had. The situation (problems) has occurred at an unspecified
time in the past but is connected with the present (the problems are
the reason for the decision).
13. (C) as soon as 4 Here we need an expression, meaning
<immediately or soon after.=
14. (B) regret 4 We need a verb which expresses a feeling of
being sorry. We regret to inform you is a fixed expression with this
meaning.
15.
(
C
) are producing 4 The sentence describes a situation which
is happening now, therefore we need to use the present
progressive form are producing. The verb refers to
manufacturers, making a plural verb necessary.
Part 6 Text Completion (page 82)
1. (B) will be introducing 4 The correct choice is the future
progressive (with date or X weeks’/days’ time etc.),
used to communicate what will be in progress at a certain
time in the future.
2. (A) Effective 4 Here we need the adjective effective,
meaning that something has already officially begun.
3. (C) will be lifted 4 The future form will + infinitive is
used here to give information about the future.
4. (B) are not following 4 Here the present progressive is
used to describe a situation in progress now.
5. (D) environment 4 This completes the compound
noun office environment, meaning <the conditions in an
office.=
6. (C) recognizes 4 In this sentence, we need to use the verb
recognize in the 3rd person singular form of the simple
present.
3 Grammar Practice – Voice
Voice refers to the relationship between the verb and the
participants in the sentence. Two types:
ACTIVE
PASSIVE
Observe the following sentences:
Acve Passive
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Someone in the above example for passive voice is called
the agent.
There is not always an agent in passive sentences:
The key was stolen by someone. (Someone as the agent)
The key was stolen. (no agent)
Most of the time, the active voice is used. The passive voice
is used when it’s more important to draw attention to the
object or the person or thing acted upon. It is also used when
the actor in the situation is not important.
Activity:
Choose the correct passive form:
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1. My report (was submitted/must be submitted) by
tomorrow. [must be submitted]
2. I was given the books./The books were me given.
[I was given the books.]
3. The first mobile phone (was invented/had invented)
in 1973. [was invented]
4. She (should been told/should have been told) about
the problem. [should have been told]
5. The bank (is broken into*/was broken into) last
night. [was broken into]
*break into – to enter a place forcibly
Part 5 Incomplete Sentences (page 86)
1. (B) can make 4 The correct choice completes the
phrasal verb to make out, meaning <to manage to see or
understand.= In this if-clause of a first conditional
sentence, the verb needs to be used in the 3rd person
singular form of the simple present.
2. (C) arrived 4 The correct choice is the simple past
tense of the verb arrive to express an action completed in
the past.
3. (A) is said 4 The correct choice is the passive form
of the verb say. Here the sentence is using the impersonal
passive construction: It is+ past participle.
4. (D) threatening 4 Used as an adjective, the present
participle describes the thing that causes a feeling. In this
case, a threatening letter means <a letter that threatens.=
It is not possible to use the past participle here because it
would describe the feeling felt by the account holder, NOT
the feeling caused by the letter. Enforcing, meaning
<making a situation happen= tends not to be used as an
adjective and does not fit in this context.
5. (B) cost 4 The correct choice is the past simple
form of the verb cost. This verb cannot be used in the
passive.
6. (C) postponed 4 The correct choice is the past
participle postponed, meaning <delayed.= It is used here
as an adjective.
7. (D) are said to be 4 Verbs of perception are often
followed by a to-infinitive in the passive.
8. (A) are being repaired 4 The sentence tells us the
repairs will start next month and that they will be carried out
by a local construction company.
For these reasons, the present progressive passive is needed:
be-verb + being + p.p. The present progressive (passive and
active) is often used to talk about planned activities in the
near future.
9. (B) have been planned 4 In this sentence, the
present perfect passive is needed: have been + p.p.
Therefore, the correct choice is have been planned because
television advertisements takes the 3rd person plural form
have.
10. (D) given to 4 In this sentence, the simple past
passive is needed: was + p.p. This reduces the possible
answers to (C) and (D). However, (C) is not the correct
answer because by would refer to the agent. In this case,
assembly line workers are NOT the agent of the action.
11. (B) unscheduled 4 The correct answer is the
adjective unscheduled, meaning <unplanned.=
12. (B) has been noted 4 This sentence requires the use
of the impersonal passive. Verbs of perception are used in
the passive with the impersonal pronoun it.
13. (D) will be drawn 4 This sentence expresses the
possibility of a passive action happening by a certain point
in time (year-end). It is formed with the modal verb will +
auxiliary be + p.p. to make the passive.
14. (C) proposed 4 The correct choice is proposed,
meaning <intended.=
15. (A) happens 4 The correct choice is the 3rd person
singular form of happen. It describes a current state.
Part 6 Text Completion (page 88)
1. (B) brought 4 The correct choice is brought,
completing the expression brought to one’s attention.
2. (D) is respected 4 Here the 3rd person singular of
the auxiliary verb be is needed to form the simple present
passive.
3. (B) by 4 The preposition by is needed to indicate
the agent of be written.
4. (C) is known 4 The correct answer is is known.
This completes the impersonal passive form It is known.
This form of the passive is used with verbs of perception
when it is not specified who knows the information.
5. (A) overseas 4 In the contest, overseas describes
jobs which are currently performed in other countries but
will come back to the local job market.
6. (C) domestic 4 The correct choice is the adjective
domestic, meaning <relating to the country being talked
about.= The other adjectives given do not fit into the
context of a company bringing jobs back to the local
economy.
4 Grammar Practice – Agreement
A. The number of a subject is not affected by the
phrase/clause that separates the subject from its verb.
Example:
This information, along with the sales figures,
goes to accounting.
B. With a fraction or percentage, the noun in the
following of-phrase determines whether the verb is singular
or plural. Example:
One-fifth of the space has been rented.
Three-quarters of them are repeat customers.
C. In correlative conjunctions either 3 or and neither
3 nor, the subject closest to the verb determines the verb
form. However, both A and B always requires plural verbs.
Neither they nor he goes to the cafeteria.
Both Jim and Doris are on the bus.
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D. The subjunctive is used to emphasize importance or
urgency. The following verbs are used in the subjunctive:
It is best (that) ask (that)
It is essential (that) command (that)
It is important (that) demand (that)
It is recommended (that) request (that)
The subjunctive is formed using the infinitive without to.
Example:
It is important that he make more effort to
get along with his colleagues.
The manager insisted that proposals for the
new project be posted on the office bulletin
board.
Part 5 Incomplete Sentences (page 92)
1. (B) qualify 4 The correct answer is qualify, meaning <to
be eligible for.=
2. (D) go 4 The subject of this sentence is Ricardos,
meaning <the Ricardo family.= A family name is
pluralized by adding an s. We use this pluralized name as
a 3rd person plural noun, so the verb form used must
correspond.
3. (B) preservation 4 In this sentence, the phrasal verb fix up
and the noun antiques are clues to the correct answer. It is
common to talk about preserving antiques at a museum,
so preservation is the only logical choice.
4. (C) be issued 4 Because the subjunctive is used after the
verb suggest, this sentence takes the subjunctive form, be
issued. It is used to emphasize importance.
5. (D) itinerary 4 Here the correct choice is itinerary,
meaning <a plan of a trip.=
6. (A) is 4 The missing verb needs to agree with
Monday at 10 a.m., so the 3rd person singular of the present
simple is is the correct choice.
7. (B) need 4 In paired conjunctions that link similar words,
phrases, and clauses, the subject closest to the verb
determines the verb form, in this case need.
8. (A) be 4 This sentence requires a subjunctive due to the
use of the verb request. Therefore, be is the correct
choice.
9. (D) agree 4 In paired conjunctions linked by both
. . . and . . ., the verb is always plural, making agree the
correct choice.
10. (C) were 4 When the subject is a fraction or
percentage, the noun in the following of-phrase
determines whether the verb is singular or plural. In this
case, computers determines the use of the plural verb
form were.
11. (A) reach 4 This sentence takes the simple future
will + infinitive to make a prediction about the future. The
correct choice is reach because it is more common to talk
about sales reaching a certain number than it is to use the
other verb choices given.
12. (B) is scheduled 4 The verb agrees with launch, so
a 3rd person singular form is needed. The passive voice is
used because we do not know the agent of the action.
13. (D) has been leased 4 The passive is used because
the agent is unknown. In addition, the fraction one half is
followed by the singular noun space, so the verb needs to
take a singular form.
14. (C) consults 4 The subject of the sentence is
supervisor, so the verb must be in the 3rd person singular.
In the context, consults is the only possibility. 15. (A) has
been 4 In the paired conjunction not only
. . ., but also . . ., the subject closest to the verb determines
the verb form. Here planner controls the verb form
Part 6 Text Completion (page 94)
1. (B) expires 4 Subscription is a singular noun so
needs to be followed by a 3rd personal singular verb form.
We can say that a subscription expires, meaning <to come
to an end or cease to exist= but the other choices are
unsuitable.
2. (C) is 4 The 3rd person singular form of the be
verb is used with an expression of price or money.
3. (D) are processed 4 The correct choice are
processed agrees with the subject changes.
The agent of the action is unknown, therefore the passive is
required.
4. (B) am 4 The verb refers to Cheryl Smith who is
talking about herself and describes her present situation,
therefore the 1st person singular simple present form of the
be-verb is used.
5. (B) provide 4 The bare infinitive provide is the
correct choice because the verb request requires a
subjunctive.
6. (D) termination 4 The correct choice is the noun
termination, meaning <the end of a job or agreement.=
Because the passage refers to the elimination of his position,
we are alerted to the fact Mr. Stewart lost his job. In this
context, the other choices are not appropriate.
5 Grammar Practice – Infinitives and Gerunds
To infinitives function as subject or object of a sentence.
Examples of infinitives are to play, to eat, to happen, to
expect, to promise, etc. Observe the following example:
Subject Verb Object/Complement
To sing
C"
##
+ to sing "
#
Gerunds are verbals that function as nouns. Examples are
singing, dancing, eating, arriving, etc. Observe the
following example:
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Subject Verb Object/Complement
Singing #+
, + singing.
Infinitives sometimes come without the word to. This is true
when the infinite follows a verb of perception or a causative
verb.
Verbs of Percepon Causave Verbs
+
#
Observe the following sentences:
Subject Verb Indirect
Object
Direct
Object
<" let 2+4 take
+
, heard 2+
4
unlock
Activity:
Select the appropriate verb that fits each sentence:
bathe wait sing come take
1. I heard her _______ a lovely song. [sing] 2. Mom
let me _______ Economics as my major.
[take]
3. I had a pet groomer _______ my pet dog. [bathe]
4. She made me ________ for her for two hours. [wait]
5. He made me _______ to the party. [come]
Part 5 Incomplete Sentences (page 98)
1. (C) used 4 Used to + infinitive describes a situation
that no longer exists. Miguel is no long conscientious.
2. (D) reluctant 4 An adjective is needed in this
sentence and since the two clauses need to show contrasting
ideas, reluctant is the correct choice.
3. (C) moving 4 The verb consider is followed by the
gerund, therefore, the correct answer is moving.
4. (A) to inform 4 The to-infinitive is used after
adjectives which describe feelings. Therefore, the correct
choice after pleased is to inform.
5. (B) efforts 4 The expression used is thank someone
for their efforts, therefore the correct choice is efforts.
6. (C) talk 4 The correct choice is the base infinitive
talk. With verbs of perception, infinitives are used without
to.
7. (D) to reprint 4 The verb permit needs to be
followed by an infinitive with to.
8. (C) internal 4 In this sentence, internal mail means
letters and documents which are not delivered via an
external, paid mail delivery system.
9. (B) to ignore 4 The verb afford needs to be
followed by a to-infinitive.
10. (D) to reply 4 The verb forget is followed by a
toinfinitive, making to reply the correct choice.
In this sentence, I seldom forget to reply has the meaning <It
is unusual that I do not reply.=
11. (B) hearing 4 The expression look forward to is
always followed by a noun or gerund.
12. (B) informed 4 In this context, the correct choice is
informed, completing the expression to keep someone
informed.
13. (A) to ensure 4 The verb remind is followed by a
to-infinitive.
14. (B) made 4 All of the other verb choices (got,
forced, and told) need to be followed by a to-infinitive.
Made is the only choice that fits in this context.
15. (A) opposed 4 The correct choice is the past
participle opposed. It completes the expression be opposed
to -ing, meaning <against or in disagreement with.=
Part 6 Text Completion (page 100)
1. (B) to postpone 4 The expression take a decision is
usually followed by a to-infinitive, making to postpone the
correct choice.
2. (B) hold 4 The verb phrase agree to needs to be
followed by an infinitive. The only correct verb choice with
meeting is hold.
3. (B) to see 4 After the verb expect, a to-infinitive is
needed, making to see the correct choice.
4. (C) tracking 4 This completes the compound noun
tracking number, meaning <an identifying number or
code used to follow the progress of a package or
letter.=
5. (A) representatives 4 The only possible choice is
representatives, forming the compound noun customer
service representatives.
6. (D) using 4 The expression thank someone for is
followed by a noun or gerund. Since the email is written to
thank a customer for their patronage of a company, using is
the only logical choice.
6 Grammar Practice – Participles and Participle Clause
Useful Notes:
Participles: -ing/-ed
Participles often function as adjectives that describe nouns.
Example:
The mangled pair of sunglasses, bruised face,
broken arm, and bleeding knees meant Greg had taken
another spill on her mountain bike.
A. Present Participle (-ing)
Used if the meaning is active and progressive:
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i. when two things occur at the same time (e.g. She
suddenly ran from the room crying.) ii. when one action
occurs during another action (e.g. He hurt himself climbing
the stairs.) iii. when an –ing clause can be an explanation
of its main clause. (e.g. Feeling hungry, he ate lunch.)
B. Past Participle (-ed)
Used for past or completed action (e.g. John arrived first,
followed by the new corporate director.)
Used as adjectives or adverbs to express the passive (e.g.
The house was damaged by the recent earthquake.)
C. Perfect Participle (having + past participle) Using the
perfect participle emphasizes that the first action was
completed before the second action started. Example:
Having failed twice, he doesn’t want try again.
Having been promoted by his company recently, he
is quite proud.
Part 5 Incomplete Sentences (page 104)
1. (B) working 4 In this sentence, working refers to
people who are working. This is a present participle used in
a participle clause to describe people where the meaning is
active and progressive. It has an adjectival function.
2. (D) Driving 4 The correct choice driving is a
participle clause which explains the main clause.
If they had not driven quickly, they would not have arrived
at the hotel so soon.
3. (D) investments 4 In the context of the stock
market, the correct expression is to make investments.
4. (C) Depending 4 The present participle, depending,
is necessary because in this sentence, it is an explanation of
the main clause.
5. (D) exhausted 4 The keywords that provide hints
are fell into bed which suggests extreme tiredness.
6. (B) tour 4 In this context, the only choice that is
appropriate to use with the preposition of is tour.
7. (C) taking 4 With two actions occurring at the same
time with an active and progressive meaning, the -ing form
is the correct choice.
8. (C) arrival 4 The keywords that inform the correct
choice are late and taxi driver which are suggestive of going
somewhere and subsequently arriving.
9. (A) demolished 4 The correct choice is the past
participle demolished used as an adjective because plant is
not the agent of demolished.
10. (D) earning 4 This is a participle clause with a
transitive verb, requiring the use of the 3ing form.
11. (B) experienced 4 The only choice that will fit in
this context is experienced.
12. (D) Waiting 4 The present participle is needed
because the original verb is intransitive.
13. (A) Withdrawn 4 The participle Having been has
been omitted in this participle clause. The full clause would
be Having been withdrawn.
14. (C) Working 4 The present participle is needed
because the original verb is intransitive.
15. (B) looming 4 The correct choice is the adjective
looming, meaning <hanging over in a threatening way.=
Part 6 Text Completion (page 106)
1. (B) is shared 4 The present passive form is used
as an adjective to express a passive.
2. (C) Stored 4 In the context of keeping personal
information safe, stored is the best fit. 3. (D) retain 4 In the
context, retain, meaning <keep= is the appropriate
choice.
4. (A) required 4 The correct choice is required,
meaning <necessary.=
5. (B) accurate 4 The relevant keywords are check
and keeping accounts.
6. (D) forgetting4 The correct choice is the present
participle forgetting which completes the participle clause,
Staff members forgetting to use the time clock. It has the
meaning of <Staff members who forget to use the time
clock.=
7 Grammar Practice – Relative Clauses
Useful Notes:
Who vs. Whom
Grammar rules say that <who= is used as the
subject of a sentence or a clause while <whom= is
used as the object of a verb or preposition.
Study the following sentences:
a. The woman who sent the letter is in Texas. (who is the
subject of the verb sent in the relative clause who sent
the letter)
b. The woman from whom I received the letter is in Texas.
(whom is the object of the preposition from
in the relative clause from whom I received the letter)
However, the use of <who= as an object is
widespread and acceptable in modern English. It is also
possible to encounter questions and sentences in this
format. It is common to encounter this especially in
spoken English.
e.g. The man who I went to the movies with is my
brother.
Part 5 Incomplete Sentences (page 110)
1. (D) whom 4 The correct choice is the relative
object pronoun whom, used when the antecedent is a person.
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2. (A) unique 4 The keywords that inform our choice
are at odds with and conservative.
3. (B) whom 4 The correct choice is the relative
object pronoun whom, used when the antecedent is a person.
4. (C) special 4 In this context, the appropriate choice
is special as this is the only adjective that fits logically here.
5. (D) one that 4 The correct choice is the relative
object pronoun that because the antecedent is an object.
What cannot be used here because it cannot be used as an
object to refer to a thing in a restrictive relative clause.
6. (C) what 4 Here the relative pronoun what is used
as an object.
7. (B) responsibility 4 We can talk about a
responsibility to check something, making responsibility the
correct choice.
8. (A) that 4 The sentence requires the relative subject
pronoun. Because the antecedent is an object (computer),
we need to use that.
9. (D) applicants 4 The context implies a workplace
situation, making applicants the correct choice.
10. (A) where 4 The correct choice is the relative
adverb where.
11. (D) whose 4 The correct choice is the relative
possessive pronoun whose.
12. (B) that 4 The correct choice is the relative subject
pronoun that because the antecedent is an object not a
person.
13. (B) indicators 4 In this context, economic suggests
indicators as the appropriate choice.
14. (C) whom 4 The correct choice is the relative
object pronoun whom.
15. (D) rose 4 The verb we would expect to see with to
the top is rise, so the correct choice is the past tense rose. It
is not possible to elevate, grow, or increase to the top of
one’s field or speciality.
Part 6 Text Completion (page 112)
1. (B) which 4 The correct choice is the relative
object pronoun which because the antecedent is an object
not a person (interest).
2. (D) impression 4 Here the expression tested is
make an impression.
3. (B) whom 4 The correct choice is the relative
object pronoun whom because the antecedent is a person.
While that may also be used when the antecedent is a
person, it cannot be placed after to.
4. (C) regular 4 The keyword here is monthly,
suggesting something that occurs at regular intervals.
5. (A) that 4 The correct choice is the relative subject
pronoun that because the antecedent is an object, not a
person.
6. (D) What 4 Here the relative pronoun what is used
as a subject.
Review Test 1 (page 114)
1. (A) which 4 The correct choice is the relative
object pronoun which because it refers to a thing, not a
person.
2. (D) developing 4 The gerund is needed after the
expression be committed to.
3. (D) received 4 The correct choice is the simple past
of the verb receive, used for a past completed action at the
same time as another action is in progress.
4. (C) will be shut 4 The correct choice is the future
simple form of the passive voice. The action has not yet
occurred, and the agent of the action is not stated.
5. (B) opposing 4 The correct choice is the present
participle opposing used as an adjective.
6. (C) who 4 The correct choice is the relative subject
pronoun who, referring to the seminar organizers. The
antecedent organizers refers to people, making this the only
possibility.
7. (D) used to be 4 Used to is followed by the
infinitive making used to be the correct choice.
8. (A) is 4 The correct choice is determined by the
noun warranty which requires the use of the
3rd person singular is. Although was is also 3
rd
person
singular form, the inclusion of the adjective current prevents
the use of the past tense here.
9. (A) was alarmed 4 Be alarmed is used in the
passive form with at. Was alarmed expresses the feeling the
recruit felt in his new job.
10. (C) that 4 The correct choice is the relative
pronoun that. Because key is not a person, who and whom
are not appropriate. What cannot be used as an ordinary
relative pronoun after a noun, so it is is not suitable here.
11. (C) had occurred 4 The intransitive verb occur
cannot be used in the passive, so the past perfect had
occurred is the correct choice.
12. (D) will be releasing 4 The correct choice is the
future progressive, expressing something which will occur
by a certain point in time.
13. (B) Announced 4 The correct choice is the past
participle announced. The object of the original verb serves
as the subject of the main clause.
In this sentence, announced refers to the subject policy.
14. (A) go 4 In this sentence, the subject and verb are
split but must agree.
15. (A) has undertaken 4 The correct choice is the
present perfect has undertaken to indicate an action that has
started in the past and has continued until now. This use of
the present perfect suggests the action is not complete. In
this context, it is implied that training will continue to take
place every spring.
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16. (C) is believed 4 The impersonal passive is used
with verbs referring to opinion where the agent is not
specified.
17. (D) getting 4 The correct choice is the gerund, used
after the verb phrase be used to.
18. (B) whom 4 The correct choice is the relative
object pronoun whom. While that is also an object pronoun,
it cannot be placed immediately after the preposition with.
19. (A) is 4 The 3rd person singular simple present
form is agrees with eight o’clock.
20. (C) Disappointed 4 The correct choice is the past
participle disappointed. The object of the original verb
serves as the subject of the main clause.
21. (B) Saying 4 The correct choice is the -ing form
because the original verb is transitive, and it is followed by
its object.
22. (B) arrive 4 With the expression not only . . ., but
also . . ., the noun following but also determines the correct
verb form. In this case, the noun is plural, therefore the 3rd
person plural form arrive is the correct choice.
23. (C) is loved 4 The correct choice is the present
passive form is loved because the agent of the verb is
travelers and airlines while the subject is bag.
24. (A) has 4 The correct choice is has which
combines with been to form the present perfect. It expresses
a situation which started in the past but has endured up to
the present.
25. (C) What 4 The correct choice is the relative
pronoun what, used here as a subject.
26. (A) helping 4 The expression to be committed to is
followed by the a noun or gerund.
8 Grammar Practice – Conjunctions and Prepositions
Useful Notes:
Because is a conjunction used to connect two clauses.
Example:
She felt extremely nervous because she was about
to receive her annual evaluation.
Because of is a prepositional phrase followed by a noun,
pronoun, or gerund. Example: She felt extremely
nervous because of her annual evaluation.
By is used to indicate that something happens by a particular
time. Example:
The report is due by Monday.
Until is used to indicate how long something happens.
Example:
They will be away until Friday.
Part 5 Incomplete Sentences (page 120)
1. (B) until 4 In this sentence, the preposition until is used
to express how long the postponement will take.
2. (D) description 4 In the context, description is the only
word choice that makes logical sense.
3. (A) yet 4 Here yet is used as a coordinating
conjunction, meaning <however.=
4. (B) Because of 4 In this sentence, because of is the
correct choice because it is followed by a noun, and it
links two clauses expressing cause and effect.
5. (D) experience 4 The keywords providing hints are
interviewer, industry, and requirement.
6. (B) until 4 The correct choice expresses how long the
personnel will be on duty.
7. (D) in addition to 4 The correct choice expresses
something as well as the index, so we need in addition
to, meaning <as well as.=
8. (A) so that 4 The correct choice is a subordinating
conjunction which expresses cause and effect, focusing
on the consequences.
9. (A) confident 4 The correct choice is the adjective
confident, meaning <sure or certain.=
10. (D) moment 4 The correct choice is a subordinating
conjunction which expresses the exact time that the
event occurred.
11. (B) permission 4 The keyword here is approval.
12. (B) Provided 4 The correct choice needs to express a
concession, therefore provided is the correct choice.
13. (C) Even if 4 The correct choice is the subordinating
conjunction even if which expresses a concession.
14. (C) Because 4 The correct choice is the subordinating
conjunction because. It links the cause given in the first
clause with the effect given in the second.
15. (A) keynote 4 The noun keynote, meaning <the most
important part,= combines with the noun speaker to
form the compound noun keynote speaker. The keynote
speaker is the main speaker at a conference.
Part 6 Text Completion (page 122)
1. (C) Without 4 The context suggests that customer
is essential, making without is the only possible choice.
2. (A) competitive 4 The context of the business
environment makes competitive the logical choice.
3. (D) nor 4 The correct choice is the coordinating
conjunction nor, meaning <and not.=
4. (D) stress 4 The correct choice is the verb stress,
meaning <emphasize.= It is commonly used in the
expression stress how important (something) + beverb.
5. (A) such 4 The correct choice is the subordinating
conjunction such which, partnered with that, expresses
cause and effect.
6. (B) or 4 The correct choice is the coordinating
conjunction or, meaning <either.=
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9 Grammar Practice – Modification
Useful notes:
1. Limiting adjectives describe whose, how many, how
much, and which one.
2. Limiting adjectives can be the following:
a. Articles 3 a, an, the
b. Demonstrative pronouns - this, that, those,
these
c. Numbers
d. Possessive pronouns 3 e.g. his/her books
e. Possessive nouns 3 e.g. Anna’s closet
f. Indefinites 3 some, few, many, any, etc.
Part 5 Incomplete Sentences (page 126)
1. (B) unbearably 4 The correct choice is the adverb
unbearably which modifies the adjective hot to express
degree.
2. (D) alleviate 4 The verb alleviate, meaning <to
make something less painful= is the correct choice.
3. (A) much 4 The quantifier much which modifies
the uncountable noun sales force is the correct choice.
4. (A) most of 4 The quantifier most of modifying the
uncountable noun information is the correct choice.
5. (D) evidence 4 The keywords discrepancies,
collected, and investigators together with the fact that the
missing word is preceded by the definite article the mean
that the noun evidence is the correct choice.
6. (B) poorly 4 The adverb poorly modifies the verb
evaluate to describe manner.
7. (A) exactly 4 The adverb exactly modifies the
phrase the kind of problem to give emphasis and show the
speaker is referring to that kind of problem and no other.
8. (A) All of 4 The correct choice is the quantifier all
of, modifying the noun drawings.
9. (D) certainly 4 The adverb certainly is used here to
modify the phrase shows little regard for the welfare of his
employees to specify degree.
10. (B) Few 4 The quantifier few is the correct choice.
It modifies the countable noun applicants.
11. (C) greatly 4 The correct choice is the adverb
greatly, specifying the degree of the adjective different.
12. (B) complimentary 4 The keywords which assist in
making the correct choice are promotion and free.
13. (A) well 4 The correct choice is the adverb well
which modifies the verb perform to describe manner.
14. (D) securely 4 The most appropriate choice is
securely given the context of closing the door.
15. (C) very 4 The correct choice is the adverb very
which modifies the adjective careless to specify degree.
Part 6 Text Completion (page 128)
1. (B) a number 4 The correct choice in this context is
a number. It completes the quantifier a number of, meaning
<several.=
2. (A) delivery 4 The context of the passage and the
keywords dropping off items and drivers lead to the correct
choice of delivery.
3. (D) effect 4 The correct expression in this sentence
is put a procedure into effect.
4. (B) latest 4 The correct choice is the superlative
adjective form latest, meaning <most recent.=
The adjective latest describes the noun member. The plain
adjective form late and the comparative form later are not
appropriate in this context.
5. (D) randomly 4 In this context, the appropriate
choice is randomly since the others do not make logical
sense.
6. (C) much 4 The correct choice is the quantifier
much which modifies the uncountable noun music.
10 Grammar Practice – Pronouns
Note:
Reflexive pronouns (e.g. himself/yourself/themselves) are
sometimes used instead of object pronouns (e.g.
him/you/them) after like, as, but (for), and except (for).
Example:
All members of the board voted <yes= except for
myself.
Part 5 Incomplete Sentences (page 132)
1. (B) whoever 4 The correct choice is the indefinite
relative pronoun whoever because it is not known who
ordered the taxi.
2. (D) matter 4 The correct choice is matter to
complete the expression be the matter with, meaning <be
wrong with; to have a problem.=
3. (D) their 4 The correct choice is the possessive
pronoun their used as a determiner, meaning <belonging to
them.=
4. (C) themselves 4 The correct choice is the reflexive
pronoun themselves because the subject and the object are
the same person.
5. (B) his 4 The correct choice is the possessive
pronoun his. He admits the fault belongs to him, so it is his
fault.
6. (D) features 4 Keywords which suggest the correct
choice include sales, product, and positive.
7. (B) another 4 Even if implies the need for a word
that expresses an alternative to the repair center mentioned
in the sentence. The correct choice is therefore another,
meaning <an alternative; a different one.= Everything is
not possible because it needs to be followed by a verb.
These needs to be followed by a plural and therefore does
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not fit. While any can be used to emphasize free choice, it
does not fit in this context.
8. (A) those 4 The correct choice is the demonstrative
pronoun those, referring to the plural noun managers.
9. (D) accountability 4 The keywords which suggest
the correct choice are corporate and crimes.
These suggest the need for a word related to moral duty or
responsibility in a business setting. Obligation and
accountability both contain this idea. However,
accountability, meaning <being completely responsible for
what one does and able to give a satisfactory reason for it,=
is more commonly used as a collocation with corporate
than obligation.
10. (B) many 4 The correct choice is the indefinite
pronoun many, meaning <a large but unspecified
quantity.= It acts as the subject of the verb applied.
11. (C) himself 4 The correct choice is the reflexive
pronoun himself. It completes the expression to be
disappointed with oneself.
12. (A) strongly 4 The adverb strongly is commonly
used with recommend to mean <very much.=
13. (B) ourselves 4 The correct choice is the reflexive
pronoun ourselves. Reflexive pronouns are often used
instead of personal pronouns after as. Instead of ourselves,
the personal pronoun we could be used, but it would require
the 1
st
person plural form of the beverb with it.
14. (C) phases 4 The correct choice is phases, meaning
<stages.=
15. (A) their 4 The correct choice is the possessive
pronoun their, referring to the department which belongs to
them.
Part 6 Text Completion (page 134)
1. (D) extend 4 The only appropriate choice in this
context is extend, meaning <to continue.=
2. (C) This 4 The correct choice is the demonstrative
pronoun this, referring to the singular noun rate of $125.
3. (C) those 4 The correct choice is the demonstrative
pronoun those, meaning <the members who.=
4. (C) participant 4 The correct choice is the noun
participant, meaning <a person who takes part in an
activity.=
5. (B) your 4 The context is a letter explaining what
Mrs. Sampson should expect during her visit.
The writer is addressing the information to
Mrs. Sampson directly, therefore the only logical choice is
the possessive pronoun your.
6. (D) whatever 4 The correct choice is the indefinite
relative pronoun whatever because the exact items are
unknown.
11 Grammar Practice – Comparisons
Part 5 Incomplete Sentences (page 138)
1. (A) a little 4 The correct choice a little modifies the
comparative form earlier.
2. (C) process 4 We process an order, so in the context
of the sentence, process is the correct choice.
3. (D) more closely 4 The correct choice is the
comparative form of the adverb closely which here describes
the verb work.
4. (B) fired 4 Keywords which suggest the correct
choice include workers and insubordination.
5. (D) smart 4 The correct choice is smart because
as . . . as takes the regular form of the adjective.
6. (C) most 4 The use of the definite article the
indicates that the superlative will be the correct choice.
7. (D) by far 4 The correct choice by far modifies the
superlative the best.
8. (C) scariest 4 The use of the definite article the
suggests that the superlative is the correct choice.
Additionally, the word part suggests that there are several
factors involved, and the superlative is used when we have
multiple items to compare.
9. (C) range 4 The correct choice is range,
completing the compound noun price range, meaning <a
gamut of prices going from highest to lowest.=
10. (D) manual 4 Manual is the word which fits best in
the context.
11. (D) best 4 The correct choice is the superlative
best. It is logical to assume that the caterer has offered
several prices, and that among them $9.95 is the cheapest,
necessitating the superlative.
12. (B) executive 4 The expression board meeting is
best matched with the adjective executive.
13. (C) messiest 4 The correct choice is the superlative
form messiest since it is preceded by the definite article, the.
14. (A) more regularly 4 The correct choice is the
adverb regularly modified by more, describing the verb
meet.
15. (C) many 4 The correct choice is many, modifying
the countable noun, employees.
Part 6 Text Completion (page 140)
1. (C) the best 4 The correct choice is the superlative
form because the terms of service of the company
mentioned are compared to those of more than one other
company.
2. (D) activation 4 Activation, meaning <to make
active,= is the correct choice in the context.
3. (A) Late 4 Late, meaning <not on time,= is the
correct choice in the context.
4. (C) crucial 4 Crucial, meaning <extremely
important,= is the correct choice.
5. (D) easier 4 The correct choice easier completes
the idiomatic phrase easier said than done.
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6. (C) simply 4 The correct choice is the adverb
simply because the adverb very cannot be used to modify a
comparative. Therefore, the simple form of the adverb is
needed.
12 Grammar Practice – Negation and Word
Order
Note:
Besides no, not, and none, the following words can be used
to make negatives: yet, no longer, hardly, ever, and have yet
to-infinitive.
I have hardly seen the new secretary since she
started working here.
We have yet to decide how many employees will be
laid off.
Placing too or much too before an adjective or adverb can
make a sentence negative.
You came to a decision much too quickly. Mr. Green
is too careless to work in this position.
Part 5 Incomplete Sentences (page 144)
1. (B) confident 4 In the context, the correct choice is
confident, meaning <sure.=
2. (A) does not 4 The correct choice is the negative
form does not, where do + not are placed before the main
verb due to the lack of an auxiliary.
3. (B) no 4 The correct choice is no which precedes
the noun weather in this sentence.
4. (D) legislation 4 The correct choice is legislation,
meaning <laws.=
5. (B) never 4 The correct choice is never which is
not used in a double negative and therefore, cannot be
combined with other negative words.
6. (A) majority 4 The correct choice is majority,
meaning <the larger part.=
7. (D) yet 4 The correct choice yet is a negative
structure used to make a sentence negative.
8. (C) not to 4 The correct answer is the negative not
which is placed in front of the non-finite verb to miss.
9. (A) securing 4 The correct choice is securing,
meaning <to get or succeed.=
10. (C) good enough 4 The correct choice is good
enough because the use of not + adjective + enough makes
this sentence negative.
11. (D) Not 4 The correct choice is not which is placed
before the non-finite verb knowing. 12. (C) much too 4 The
correct choice is much too. Placed before an adjective, these
words make the sentence negative.
13. (D) unequaled 4 The correct choice unequaled,
meaning <distinctive and unlike any other,= is
commonly used with the noun success to mean that
something has been extremely successful. 14. (B) no 4
The correct choice is no because this is placed before a
noun without an article to make a negative.
15. (B) could 4 Negative words should not be used with
hardly, so the correct choice is could.
Part 6 Text Completion (page 146)
1. (D) instead of 4 In this context, the correct choice
is instead of, meaning <in place of.=
2. (A) honor 4 The correct choice is honor. This
completes the phrase to honor the price, meaning <to
accept the price.=
3. (D) must 4 The correct choice is must because a
negative form is not used with never.
4. (C) essential 4 The correct choice is essential,
meaning <necessary.=
5. (D) not 4 The correct choice is not which is placed
before the main verb teach.
6. (B) rarely 4 The correct choice is rarely because
this is a word that cannot be used with negative words.
13 Grammar Practice – Conditionals
Conditionals are used to express:
1. A true or probable situation in the present or future
If-2
4
2will ;
!+4
If,am/!%,willapply
2. An untrue or imaginary situation in the present or future
If-2
4
2would/could/might ;
!+4
If,were/!%,might apply
2Were Dwas
*#9+4
3. an untrue situation in the past
If-2
4
2would/could/might;have;
!+4
compound noun supply company.
7. (A) is 4 The verb in the if-clause needs to be in the
simple present because this sentence expresses a true
situation.
8. (B) were 4 The correct choice were is needed with
the clause I wish to express a desire that the reality were the
opposite of what it actually is.
9. (B) could have 4 The correct choice is the past
perfect because the sentence is expressing an untrue
situation in the past.
10. (C) will include 4 The simple future is needed to
complete this sentence which expresses a true situation.
11. (A) accommodations 4 The keywords are cheaper,
London, and attend. The correct choice is accommodations,
meaning <somewhere to stay.=
12. (C) had forgotten 4 The correct choice with an as
if-clause is had + past participle.
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13. (D) Should 4 The correct choice is should which is
used with the simple present when if is omitted and the
subject and verb are inverted.
14. (C) had had 4 The correct choice is had had in this
untrue, past situation.
15. (A) inventory 4 The keyword which supplies a hint
to the correct choice is warehouse.
Part 6 Text Completion (page 152)
1. (D) will be spent 4 The correct choice is will be
spent because the sentence expresses a true situation in the
future.
2. (A) undertaken 4 In the context, only undertaken,
meaning <to do or begin,= is appropriate to talk about
the project.
3. (C) Should 4 Here if has been omitted, so the
correct choice is should.
Part 5 Incomplete Sentences (page 150)
1. (C) receive 4 The correct choice is the simple
present form receive which is needed to express a true
conditional situation in the future.
2. (D) discontinued 4 In the first clause, we are
informed that sales figures did not improve in the
previous year. In this context, the obvious choice is
discontinued, meaning <stopped.=
3. (B) known 4 The correct choice is known. In
this sentence, if has been omitted, and the construction
had + subject + past participle has been used.
4. (B) had established 4 In this sentence, the verb
wish indicates a desire that the situation were the
opposite of the reality. The past perfect tense is needed
in this past situation.
5. (B) were4 The correct choice is were. To
express an untrue present situation, the verb in the
ifclause takes the past tense. We usually use the
subjunctive were instead of was after if. 6. (D) supply 4
The correct choice is the noun supply.
Together with the noun company, it forms the
applying for vacation time is request.
5. (C) desire 4 The correct choice is desire, meaning
<want.=
6. (B) are 4 After if to express a true situation, the
present simple is needed in the if-clause.
14 Grammar Practice – Apposition,
Emphasis, and Inversion
Appositives are words, phrases, or clauses which follow a
noun to rename or describe it in another way.
Example:
My sister is a research scientist.
My sister, the research scientist, works at a large
research facility. (Appositive)
Cleft sentences are used to focus attention on a certain part
of the sentence. Compare:
I have come to apply for the position.
The reason why I have come is to apply for the position.
(Cleft sentence)
Cleft structures include the reason why, the place
where, the day when, the thing that, the fact that, the
person who, etc.
Part 5 Incomplete Sentences (page 156)
1. (C) What 4 The correct choice is what. In this cleft
sentence, what focuses the attention on do.
2. (A) a 4 The correct choice is the indefinite article
a. It completes the appositive a computer expert
which describes Ms. Phillips.
3. (C) that 4 In this cleft sentence, the fact that
focuses on the reason why the speaker missed a
meeting.
4. (D) alluded 4 The correct choice alluded,
meaning <hinted,= is the only appropriate choice in
this context.
5. (A) was 4 In this cleft sentence, what + the 3rd
person singular verb focus on prepare the meeting
rooms.
6. (C) maximum 4 In the context, only the noun
maximum is appropriate.
7. (D) all they did 4 In this cleft sentence, all +
the 3rd person singular verb focuses the attention on sit
at their desks while did is the only suitable verb choice
for this past situation.
8. (A) bidder 4 The keywords which suggest the
correct choice are shares, for sale, and highest. 9. (B)
place 4 In this sentence, the attention is focused on
where the action will occur, making place the correct
choice.
10. (D) moral 4 The keywords which suggest the correct
choice are officials and obligation.
11. (B) happened 4 What + happen is used to put the
emphasis on a whole sentence. Because this is a past
situation, happened is the correct choice.
12. (C) oriented 4 The correct choice is oriented,
meaning <focused.=
13. (A) were we 4 After the negative expression at no time,
the subject and verb are inverted. 14. (D) boss 4 The
correct choice is the noun boss. This completes the
appositive the boss, giving additional information
about Mr. Taylor. The fact that he interrupted his
employees tells us that he has a superior position.
15. (C) who 4 In this cleft sentence, the correct choice is the
relative pronoun who. The (person) who is used to place the
focus on the person who influenced the outcome (the final
voter).
If,had been/!%,could have applied
4. (D) request 4
The correct choice in the context of
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Part 6 Text Completion (page 158)
1. (B) exist 4 The correct choice is the verb exist.
After the negative modal cannot, a verb is needed. Extent
is a noun, and so does not fit. In this context, the verbs
exit and except do not make sense.
2. (C) to whom 4 In this cleft sentence, the people
is what we want to focus on. This expression requires the
relative object pronoun whom and the preposition to.
3. (B) all 4 All is used to focus attention on just
one thing, in this case, the thing that needs doing.
4. (B) consider 4 The correct choice is consider,
meaning <to think.=
5. (D) is 4 In this cleft sentence, the phrase the
reason why focuses on why the writer is making his
choice. It is a present situation, so the correct choice is
the simple present is.
6. (A) admiration 4 In the context of this sentence,
a word with a positive meaning is needed. The correct
choice is admiration.
Review Test 2 (page 160)
1. (D) by 4 The correct choice is the preposition by,
indicating the time before which people must connect
to the video link (before and up to 10 a.m., but no
later).
2. (C) Several of 4 The correct choice is the quantifier
several of which modifies the noun salespeople.
3. (B) provided 4 The correct choice is the
subordinating conjunction provided, meaning
<if or only if.=
4. (B) many 4 The quantifier many is used to modify the
countable noun delegates.
5. (D) as 4 To multiply the size or amount of something
when making a comparison, adverbs such as twice can
be used with expression as . . . as.
6. (B) than 4 Than is used after a comparative, in this case
the comparative adjective longer.
7. (C) never 4 The correct choice is the word never which,
used with the regular form of the verb, creates a
negative sentence.
8. (A) no 4 The negative word no is placed before a noun
that has no article.
9. (B) Now that 4 The correct choice is the subordinating
conjunction now that expressing cause.
10. (B) dedicated 4 The correct choice is the
adjective dedicated which modifies the noun
supervisor.
11. (D) is the day when 4 The correct choice is the
expression the day when which is used with the be-verb
is to focus attention on the date June 5th.
12. (C) yet 4 The correct choice is the coordinating
conjunction yet which links two contrasting ideas.
13. (A) The fact that yet 4 In this cleft sentence, the
fact that yet focuses attention on the information that
another administrative clerk has resigned.
14. (D) better 4 The correct choice is the
comparative form better.
15. (B) their 4 The correct choice is the possessive
pronoun their which precedes the compound noun work
day.
16. (C) worst 4 The correct choice is the superlative
form worst because more than two different things are
being compared (seminars).
17. (D) could I 4 The auxiliary is placed directly
before the subject of the clause after the negative
expression never.
18. (C) did 4 The use of the word what focuses
attention on contact the hotel. In this context, the
correct choice is the simple past tense form did.
19. (A) why 4 The correct choice is why which
focuses attention on the reason that they decided to visit
Paris.
20. (C) on 4 The correct choice is the preposition on.
When talking about membership of a
committee, the expression used is be on a/the committee.
21. (A) good enough 4 The correct choice is good
enough because the construction not + adjective
+ enough makes the sentence negative.
22. (C) in 4 The preposition in is the correct choice
to complete the expression find (oneself) in a situation.
23. (B) Should you 4 In a conditional sentence where
if is omitted, the subject and verb are inverted.
24. (B) this 4 The correct choice is the singular
demonstrative pronoun this which identifies the noun
letter.
25. (B) Because of 4 The prepositional phrase
because of, which is followed by the noun changes, is
the correct choice.
26. (A) more 4 The correct choice is the comparative
form more because it is comparing the future situation
with the present situation.
Chapter
3
Reading Practice
Tips
Think about the type of text. Is it a notice, a
memo, a report, an advertisement, an
email, or a chart/table?
Think about the purpose of the text. Is it
meant to sell a product, to instruct, or to
complain about a service?
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Think of the main points in the text. Learn
to identify synonyms and implied
information.
Think of the writer as well as the audience
or people to whom the text is addressed.
Mini-test
A. Notices (page 170)
1. (A) An upcoming repair project
2. (C) Around 10 days
3. (D) The closure of a bank facility 4. (A) Fewer customers
are using that branch.
5. (A) To raise awareness about environmental concerns
6. (C) To hold what they produce
7. (A) There is a small charge for admission.
8. (C) A ride moved too quickly.
9. (B) A law firm
10. (A) Failing to be careful enough
11. (C) May 25th
12. (D) To solicit volunteers 13. (C) They are fans of films.
14. (D) By offering the help of her students
15. (D) It holds no classes after 3 p.m.
B. Memos (page 176)
1. (C) To improve their employees’ health
2. (A) About a quarter
3. (B) To announce a retirement and a job opening
4. (C) About three weeks
5. (D) Hire a new designer
6. (B) To complain about product quality
7. (D) Welding goggles
8. (C) It was the first time he had had a problem.
9. (A) The faulty goggles
10. (B) Financial support
11. (A) To announce the launch of a product
12. (D) A $4,500 deposit
13. (A) To alert the manager of a few concerns 14. (C)
Through additional staff training
15. (B) It is a multinational corporation.
C. Advertisements (page 182)
1. (D) A rental company
2. (C) The cost of rental insurance
3. (A) To promote a real estate agency
4. (B) In a downtown area
5. (D) Mid-week discounts
6. (B) Added better sound equipment
7. (C) High school students seeking summer jobs
8. (B) The summer months
9. (B) Available for only part of the year
10. (D) A cut-rate subscription
11. (B) $38.50
12. (A) 6
13. (B) Manufacturing
14. (D) Foreign language skills
15. (A) It will likely involve doing some driving.
D. Articles, Information, and Reports
(page 188)
1. (D) Visit the conference’s website
2. (C) 1:30 p.m.
3. (A) Celebratory events
4. (A) Two days 5. (C) They will be removed.
6. (C) Unlicensed business owners
7. (D) When the business permit has expired
8. (A) At least two years
9. (B) A bank statement
10. (C) Check the expiration date of their permits
11. (D) It was higher than they had predicted.
12. (B) Monthly
13. (A) A fundraiser
14. (B) To join the group
15. (A) They have gardening experience.
16. (B) A decade
17. (B) The original bill of sale
18. (C) In operation
19. (B) To make an inquiry
20. (C) She does not know where to send it.
21. (B) To request a refund
22. (D) 100% of the total price
23. (C) To cover processing costs
24. (B) October 30th
25. (D) Not at all
E. Emails and Letters (page 198)
1. (C) Esther Parks’ assistant
2. (C) There will be seating arranged for 10 people.
3. (B) To give a compliment
4. (A) Anne has misplaced it somewhere.
5. (C) To provide the requested program information
6. (D) Finance
7. (B) Prior internship experience
8. (B) Give a talk at an upcoming company event
9. (D) A coworker
10. (A) New and original
11. (C) By fax
12. (D) On October 24th
13. (D) In 10 days
14. (C) $3.00
15. (C) Telephone Lynda
16. (B) To inquire about their anniversary packages
17. (D) At an outdoor location 18. (B) It is large and
growing.
19. (C) 150
20. (B) Their children’s menu
21. (A) To place a grocery order 22. (D) She is a first-time
customer.
23. (A) With cash
24. (B) The customer missed the cut-off time.
25. (A) By registering for regular emails
F. Charts and Tables (page 208)
1. (B) 400
2. (A) It has not been paid yet.
3. (C) The flavor of the day will be dropped.
4. (B) It makes people feel good.
5. (A) People were returning gifts they did not like.
6. (C) Flat screen TVs 7. (B) It is an electronics store.
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8. (D) To indicate the most money a buyer could
expect to borrow to buy a house 9. (C) $66,000 is
enough to purchase a house.
10. (A) Suitable for
11. (A) To fulfill the terms of a contract
12. (B) 10%
13. (B) The Stiles’ son
14. (C) She wants an additional copy for her husband.
15. (B) She will phone Mr. Stiles.
Chapter 4 Practice Test
Part 1 Picture Description (page 218)
Tips
• Preview the picture before the statements
are read. Ask yourself,
<Who?= <Where?= <What?=
• Focus on the meaning of the statements as
a whole.
• Answer the questions as quickly as
possible. If you don’t know the answer,
guess and begin previewing the next
picture.
Tricks
• Incorrect answers may contain
similarsounding words.
• Watch out for incorrect answers that may
include some correct words.
1. (C) The man is placing tile on the wall.
2. (B) The woman has placed the bananas on the scale.
3. (C) There is a cup in front of the woman.
4. (A) Two people are working on a project.
5. (C) The men are reviewing blueprints.
6. (C) The man is reading something.
7. (B) A family is standing on the ice.
8. (D) There is a garage attached to the house.
9. (A) The people are loading items into a truck.
10. (A) A boy is getting off the bus.
Part 2 Questions and Responses
(page 224)
11. (B) Yes, with only moments to spare.
12. (A) Yes, as far as I know.
13. (B) Yes, it really was.
14. (B) Sure. Thanks for the invite.
15. (C) Not that I can remember.
16. (A) Sometime this spring, I hear.
17. (A) No, only at the back.
18. (C) Don’t worry. It’s on me today.
19. (B) Check at the registration desk.
20. (B) You’re just in time for it.
21. (C) I fell on the way to work.
22. (A) It could be as early as next week.
23. (C) I have absolutely no idea.
24. (A) It’s getting a bit late and I’m tired.
25. (B) I need to read it first.
26. (A) As soon as everything is sold.
27. (B) It would be my pleasure.
28. (A) Only when I’m out of the office.
29. (A) You’ll do just fine, I’m sure.
30. (C) It doesn’t seem so.
31. (B) It was canceled.
32. (A) It slipped our minds.
33. (A) It’s all-inclusive.
34. (C) Yes, and it isn’t just you.
35. (B) No, she will call back later.
36. (B) No, I have to finish this important fax.
37. (A) I think it closes at four on weekdays.
38. (C) More than 75, I believe.
39. (C) He has too many appointments.
40. (B) Just this once, and let’s keep it between us.
Part 3 Short Conversations (page 225)
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41. (B) In an office
42. (A) By car
43. (C) Pay a cancellation charge 44. (B) Her colleague
45. (A) At 9 a.m.
46. (A) There will be an important meeting.
47. (C) A garage
48. (A) She wants to pick up her vehicle.
49. (D) Call the supplier
50. (C) To find the store manager’s office
51. (C) 3rd floor
52. (B) To have a job interview
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53. (D) Her boss
54. (B) His new flight time
55. (A) Slightly more than two hours
56. (D) She had to work.
57. (C) To the countryside
58. (A) She recently became a wedding planner.
59. (B) Two
60. (A) The hotel is full on the second night.
61. (A) Contact another hotel
62. (B) The location of a work party
63. (A) Change the restaurant
64. (D) The food is poor quality.
65. (B) The woman is interviewing the man for a job.
66. (A) In an office
67. (C) Lend the man a pen
68. (B) His supervisor 69. (A) Because of an appointment
70. (D) He rarely takes time off.
Part 4 Short Talks (page 228)
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71. (C) On a train
72. (A) Denver
73. (C) They will remain quiet.
74. (A) In the exhibitor’s area
75. (D) Those in the legal profession 76. (D) 1:30 p.m.
77. (C) A librarian
78. (B) Photocopiers
79. (A) One
80. (B) A new staff member 81. (B) The roads are less
congested.
82. (C) Read some information
83. (A) A hotel chain
84. (A) To book a room
85. (D) Wait on the line patiently
86. (B) People who lack adequate dance skills
87. (B) To view a list of the classes offered
88. (A) 30 days of unlimited classes for new students
89. (C) On the radio
90. (A) In January
91. (D) An additional discount
92. (A) In a company boardroom
93. (D) All staff members
94. (B) A new recruit
95. (B) To inform passengers of a delay
96. (C) 8:35 p.m.
97. (C) Everyone on Flight 425
98. (B) To facilitate effective treatment
99. (D) The doctor’s name
100. (A) In a box at the station
Part 5 Incomplete Sentences (page 231)
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101. (A) tightly 4 The correct choice is the adverb
tightly, which describes the past participle closed in this
sentence.
lOMoARcPSD|17327243
102. (C) biggest 4 The correct choice is the
superlative
form of the adjective big. In this sentence, the
superlative is needed because several different
influences have been compared. 103. (D) arranged
4 In this sentence, the past
participle is used to express the passive. 104. (C)
decreased 4 The correct choice is the present
perfect, which expresses a finished action that is
connected with the present: there are now fewer
thefts.
105. (C) either 4 The correct choice is the correlative
conjunction either, which expresses a choice between
two possibilities when used with or.
106. (A) applicant 4 The correct choice is the noun
form applicant, meaning <someone who applies for
something (such as a job).=
107. (B) agreement 4 The correct choice is the noun
form agreement used as the object of the preposition for.
108. (B) is believed 4 In this sentence, the
impersonal passive is used to express an opinion. It is
implied that this is a commonly held belief.
109. (D) refer 4 The correct choice is the verb refer,
meaning <seek information from.= This verb is used
with the preposition to.
110. (C) timely 4 The correct choice is the adjective
timely, meaning <within an appropriate time.= 111.
(A) has warned 4 The correct choice is the present
perfect has warned because it refers to an event in the
past which is connected to the present.
112. (C) exception 4 The correct choice is exception,
which means <not included in a group.= 113. (B) used
4 The correct choice is used. Used to + infinitive expresses
a regular activity in the past which no longer occurs.
114. (D) prevented 4 The correct choice is prevented,
meaning <kept from happening.=
115. (C) being 4 The correct choice is the present
participle being. The participle clause which it completes
describes the mayor’s speech. A participle clause with
an -ing form of the be-verb is used to express reason or
cause. 116. (A) to assemble 4 The correct choice is the
infinitive to assemble because of the use of the verb like. It
is used here in the construction like + object + to-infinitive.
117. (B) keep 4 The correct choice is the verb keep.
When used with the adverb away, it forms the phrasal
verb keep away, meaning <to prevent from going
somewhere or near somewhere.= 118. (A) its 4 The
correct choice is the possessive pronoun. In this sentence,
its refers to the products of the company.
119. (C) to hear 4 After the adjective shocked, a to-
infinitive is used.
120. (B) are 4 The correct choice is the 3rd person plural
form are because it agrees with the plural noun places. The
adverb currently tells us that we are talking about a present
situation. 121. (A) which 4 In this non-identifying relative
clause, the correct choice is the relative pronoun which.
122. (C) by 4 The correct choice is by, referring to
something which happens by a particular time, and no later.
123. (A) care 4 The noun care completes the expression
handle with (great) care. 124. (B) have I 4 After seldom,
the subject and verb are inverted, making have I the
correct choice. 125. (A) which 4 The correct choice is
the relative pronoun which because the antecedent is a
thing.
126. (D) prior to 4 The correct choice is the prepositional
phrase prior to, meaning <before.= 127. (D) equally 4
The correct choice is the adverb equally which modifies
the adjective valid. 128. (B) retail 4 The correct choice is
the noun retail which completes the compound noun
retail businesses.
129. (B) their 4 The correct choice is the 3rd person
plural possessive pronoun their. It refers to every
customer, meaning <all people within the collective
group, customers.=
130. (C) that 4 The missing word is that. It
completes the subordinating conjunction so that. 131.
(C) preference 4 The correct choice is preference,
meaning <liking one thing over another.= 132. (D)
All 4 The correct choice is the quantifier all, signifying
that without exception, visitors have to sign in.
133. (C) nevertheless 4 The adverb nevertheless has the
meaning of <despite what has been said.= It expresses
that regardless of traffic problems, everyone should be at
the meeting. 134. (B) because of 4 The prepositional
phrase because of is followed by a noun and connects
cause and effect.
135. (B) be announced 4 In this sentence, the simple
future passive is used.
136. (A) join 4 With the verb request, the subjunctive is
needed.
137. (C) Whoever 4 The relative pronoun whoever is
the correct choice because the sentence refers to an
unidentified person.
138. (B) not enough 4 Before a noun, not enough can be
used to make the sentence negative. 139. (D) much 4 Much
is used to modify the comparative adverb better.
140. (A) why 4 In this cleft sentence, the focus is on the
reason for holding a meeting due to the expression the
reason why.
Part 6 Text Completion (page 236)
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141. (B) valued 4 In this context, the correct choice is the
adjective valued.
142. (C) be reduced 4 The correct choice be reduced
completes the future simple passive in this sentence.
143. (A) local 4 The correct choice is the adjective
local, which describes the noun
hospital.
144. (C) mailed 4 The past participle mailed is used as
an adjective, with the meaning <which was
mailed.=
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145. (B) apologize 4 In this context, the correct choice is
the verb apologize.
146. (D) to serving 4 The expression look forward to is
followed by the -ing form of the verb. 147. (A)
amazing 4 The correct choice is the present participle
amazing, used here as an adjective. 148. (C) those 4
The correct choice is the demonstrative pronoun those,
which refers to the plural noun seeds.
149. (C) incentive 4 In this context, the correct choice is
incentive, meaning <something that encourages you to
do something.= 150. (D) to adhere 4 After the verb
require, a to-infinitive is used.
151. (C) If 4 This conditional clause is introduced by
the conjunction if.
152. (D) mandatory 4 In this context, mandatory,
meaning <ordered by rules or law= is the correct
choice.
Part 7 Reading Comprehension (page 240)
1
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153. (A) To announce a parking restriction
154. (B) Park their vehicles on a different street 155. (A)
To encourage participation in a course
156. (C) Adults only
157. (A) Self improvement
158. (C) Business people 159. (B) On the company’s
website
160. (B) It is an annual event.
161. (A) $29.50
162. (D) On the weekend
163. (C) Economic development
164. (D) Upgrades to downtown buildings
165. (C) The construction of roadways 166. (B) To provide
a reference 167. (B) She is interested in financial
matters.
168. (A) She is a recent college graduate.
169. (D) Business professionals
170. (C) Stand out
171. (C) 500
172. (B) Contact information
173. (A) To inform employees of an upcoming event 174.
(C) It will be led by a group of amateurs. 175. (A) At
the event venue
176. (B) Only staff can attend the event.
177. (B) Arts and Literature
178. (D) The Symbol
179. (C) To promote a writer and his latest work
180. (C) 2003
181. (A) Small businesses
182. (D) Bank account set-up
183. (B) Just under $30
184. (A) He needs such services for his own business.
185. (D) A representative will get in touch with Mr.
Lightfoot.
186. (A) To request payment for services rendered 187. (D)
They provide excellent service.
188. (B) Early May
189. (D) A contact number
190. (B) Contact the sales department
191. (C) Residents who own their own houses
192. (B) $90
193. (A) The added charges for installation
194. (C) A concerned local citizen
195. (A) Because they have been approved by the
state
196. (C) To make a request
197. (C) He was away on business for a while.
198. (B) She no longer works at the gym.
199. (A) He gave Keith two months’ free membership.
200. (D) Manager
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Chapter 1 Listening Practice
Part 1 Picture Description
Theme Notes (page 16)
- House and Home
- Workplace
- Restaurant and Stores
- Other Public Places
Tips
Ask yourself, <Who?= <Where?= <What?= Focus on the main action in the photo.
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Mini-test A. House and Home (page 18)
- (A) The TV is located on the wall.
- (C) The people are sitting on the patio.
- (C) There is a bed with sheets and pillowcases.
- (D) A car is parked in front of the garage.
- (A) The buildings overlook the pool.
- (A) The woman is cooking in her kitchen.
- (B) There is a shower and a sink in the bathroom.
- (D) The chair is currently unoccupied.
- (A) Laundry is being put into the washing machine.
- (B) People are attending a yard sale.
- (B) The boy is running down some steps.
- (D) The boy is standing in front of the sink.
- (C) The boy is holding the TV remote control.
- (D) Two women are eating lunch at their desk.
- (A) The people are greeting each other. 8. (B) The man is writing something down.
- (D) The woman is working at her desk.
- (C) The doctor is checking a patient’s x-ray.
- (B) There is a firefighter on top of the fire truck.
- (B) The man is operating some electronic machinery.
- (C) The people are at a seminar.
- (A) The man is standing on the porch.
- (C) The sales clerk is ringing up the customer’s purchase.
C. Restaurants and Stores (page 28)
- (B) A car is at a drive-through window.
- (C) The woman is helping herself to some food.
- (B) The woman is examining some fruit.
- (C) The couple is eating a meal together in a restaurant.
- (D) The people are having drinks at a bar.
- (B) The women are looking at each other.
- (C) The woman is holding a plant.
- (C) The wine is being poured for the people.
- (A) The woman is selecting something from the case.
- (C) Some brushes are on display.
- (B) The woman is resting her chin in her hand.
- (B) The tables have been cleaned.
- (C) Loaves of bread are lined up on the back shelves.
- (C) The boy is holding a boxed game.
- (D) The girl is looking at a shelf full of candy jars.
D. Other Public Places (page 33) 1. (B) The people are wearing swimming goggles.
- (C) The race is taking place on a road.
- (A) People are attending an exhibit.
- (B) The people are playing on the swings.
- (D) The escalator is going upwards.
- (A) The people are sitting in a park.
- (C) The boat is docked next to the pier.
- (B) Few people are riding in the subway car.
- (C) The family is skating together on a park path.
13. (C) The man is studying alone in the library. B. Workplace (page 23) 14. (A) The taxi has passed by the woman. 15. (B) A small picnic has been prepared.
|
- (C) The people are drinking from bottles.
Part 2 Questions and Responses
(additional examples)
Theme Notes (page 38)
A. Interrogative
1.Who
Who is the person in charge of inventory?
__ You should check the inventory.
__ The person you need is Mark Kendall.
- What
What’s the agenda for the meeting tomorrow?
__ We’ll discuss consumer-related issues.
__ Yes, there will be a meeting tomorrow.
- Which
Which flight schedule is better?
__ If I were you, I’d take a red-eye flight.
__ I don’t think that is better.
- When
When will the order be placed?
__ The place is around the corner.
__ We’ll call the supplier this afternoon.
- Where
Where can I find the cereals?
__ It’s on aisle 16 next to the dairy products.
__ This cereal is really good.
- Why
Why did Joe leave the company?
__ He lives nearby.
__ He got a better job offer in New York.
- How
How do I cancel my reservation?
__ You should call your travel agent.
__ No, I did not cancel.
B. Yes/No
- Be
Is the vending machine working properly? __ We already had it fixed.
__ There are two vending machines here.
- Will
Will Mr. Yamamoto attend the meeting?
__ I don’t think so.
__ Mr. Yamamoto is the CEO.
- Do
Do you have the latest file on the annual sales report?
__ I think Shiela has it.
__ Yes, I think that will work.
- Have
Have you printed the documents yet?
__ I left them on your desk this morning.
__ Yes, we have a new printer.
C. Tag
This is the way to the park, isn’t it?
__ Park your car over there.
__ It’s straight ahead.
He’s the new department head, isn’t he?
__ Yes, he just started yesterday.
__ The department has a new protocol.
D. Indirect
Could you possibly tell me how to contact Mr. Simpson?
__ Sure, let me get his direct line for you.
__ He is the contact person.
Does anyone know where I can find the manager’s office?
__ It’s the room on the left, down the hall.
__ Mrs. Robinson is the new manager.
Tips
sometimes a yes/no answer does not have <yes= or <no=). Note: Sometimes you will not hear a question but a statement.
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Mini-test
A. Interrogative (page 40)
- (A) In the meeting room, I think.
- (C) In half an hour.
- (A) She’s late for work.
- (A) It’s not certain yet.
- (B) That’s an excellent idea.
- (A) A business suit would be appropriate.
- (C) They’ve got a sales meeting.
- (B) I’ll check the guest list.
- (C) I’ll keep trying until I find one.
- (A) To a budget meeting.
- (A) They used to work together.
- (B) Sorry, I have other plans.
- (B) The marketing manager.
- (C) The battery needs to be charged.
- (B) Let me find out the price.
B. Yes/No (page 40)
- (C) At 9:00 a.m. sharp.
- (A) I doubt I can find the time.
- (B) Yes, I’m sorry it arrived so late.
- (C) Actually, I’d prefer the aisle.
- (B) They’re in the conference room.
- (A) Thank you for reminding me.
- (C) That’s what it says in the program.
- (B) No, we’re buying new ones.
- (A) I believe they’re on the website.
- (B) Yes, quite a lot recently.
- (B) I need another 30 minutes to finish it.
- (A) Yes, it’s going to be a formal event.
- (A) I’m afraid I’m in a hurry.
- (C) No, I haven’t prepared it.
- (C) We are, but just barely.
C. Tag (page 41)
- (B) I don’t like it, to be honest.
- (C) I thought it was very useful.
- (B) I’m doing that now.
- (A) Guide dogs are permitted by law.
- (C) Who told you that?
- (B) Yes, everything’s included.
- (A) As far as I know.
- (C) Of course, they were there.
- (B) Yes, today is the deadline.
- (B) I guess it can’t be helped.
- (C) Check yesterday’s newspaper.
- (A) Your invitation is on the desk.
- (B) It would be my pleasure.
- (C) No, it starts in a few minutes.
- (C) Only if we have the time for it.
D. Indirect (page 41)
- (A) I have no idea why she would.
- (B) That’s a great idea.
- (B) Check over there in the conference room.
- (A) I agree with you.
- (C) I saw her a moment ago.
- (B) Why don’t you ask his assistant?
- (A) That would be a good idea.
- (C) Let me find that out for you.
- (C) I’ll ask John if he knows.
- (B) That shouldn’t be a problem.
- (C) Sorry, I can’t help you.
- (A) I don’t see why not.
- (A) It’ll have to be before noon.
- (C) That could be a good career move for you.
- (B) That’s the plan.
Part 3 Short Conversations
Theme Notes (page 42)
- Office Talk
- Personnel Changes
- Daily Life
- Travel Information
Tips
Don’t answer too quickly. Read all the answers before making your choice. Watch out for answers that are true but are not related to the question.
include dates, times, and numbers of things or
people.
|
Mini-test A. Office Talk (page 44)
- (B) At an office
- (A) His report could be late.
- (D) He uses the Internet often for work.
- (B) She cannot get into the storage room.
- (C) The administration department
- (C) Right away
- (B) This week
- (A) Her schedule is too busy.
- (D) It is unfortunate but not terrible.
- (B) In an office reception area
- (C) She is going to have an interview with him.
- (D) Sign the visitors’ book
- (B) Correcting a billing error
- (D) He will make a phone call.
- (A) Issue a revised statement
- (C) An office cleaning company
- (B) He has a problem with the trash pick-up.
- (C) Compare cleaning rates
B. Personnel Changes (page 47)
- (B) Their process to hire a new employee
- (A) Exactly 50
- (A) An engineering firm
- (C) Company promotions
- (D) He has been fired from his job.
- (C) In a few days
- (D) A sales representative
- (D) At 3:00 p.m. on Tuesday
- (A) Set up a projector
- (A) Publishing
- (D) She will work at a rival company.
- (D) She will not give away secrets.
- (C) Familiarity with database programs
- (B) He must demonstrate his ability.
- (A) He is happy to comply.
- (B) A job opportunity
- (D) The application process is stressful.
- (C) It provides full health insurance.
C. Daily Life (page 50)
- (B) The receptionist
- (D) At 11:00 a.m. the next morning
- (C) Treating his patients
- (B) A store sales clerk
- (B) Discuss prices and an order
- (C) Look at more cabinet samples
- (B) Her friend
- (D) The cost of attending the film
- (D) The movie is a fundraising event.
- (B) Before work
- (C) To have her computer repaired
- (A) Go on the weekend
- (C) An electric bill
- (B) Whether the man’s meter was wrong
- (A) Ask the company to check his meter
- (D) A concert
- (A) He often has to work overtime.
- (B) Go to the next concert
D. Travel Information (page 53)
- (A) A hotel clerk
- (B) For a last-minute cancellation
- (C) $120
- (C) Booking a business class seat
- (A) The business class section is full.
- (B) He is not in a great hurry to get back.
- (B) $20
- (C) A colleague
- (A) It is for business.
- (D) San Francisco
- (C) Just for a few days
- (B) To visit one of her relatives
- (C) A prize the man won
- (C) He did a lot of overtime last month.
- (A) Call the travel agency for dates
- (D) A travel agent
- (B) His anniversary
- (B) Look at the tours online
Part 4 Short Talks
Theme Notes (page 56)
- Office Announcements
Voice Messages
- Events
- News and Information
Mini-test
A. Office Announcements (page 58)
1. (A) Assembly line workers 2. (B) To announce enhanced safety regulations
- (B) Employees work on weekends.
- (B) Any employee who completed the introductory class 5. (D) A local college
- (B) Completion of an office systems certificate
- (C) 4th floor
- (C) To discuss additional topics
- (B) The company picnic
- (A) Details of an upcoming construction project
- (D) A personnel manager
- (A) Weather conditions
- (D) In a staff meeting
- (C) Window blinds
- (C) One weekend
- (A) An issue with the venue
- (B) Next Friday
- (B) In the office building
B. Voice Messages (page 61)
- (D) Patients
- (A) Around the clock 3. (A) They are patients of Dr. Fitzroy.
- (B) They may speak French.
- (B) Pick up their purchases 15 minutes before the movie
- (C) They can never be returned for any refunds.
- (D) 8 a.m. on Monday
- (C) They are not presently at work.
- (A) To the Internet
- (D) To explain a change in plans
- (C) Company sales
- (B) At her hotel
- (D) To confirm a prior booking
- (C) A resort receptionist
- (A) The number of attendees
- (C) The post office
- (B) One
- (B) The sender
C. Events (page 64)
- (A) A product launch
- (C) A computer security workshop
- (B) A computer analyst
- (D) The company president
- (B) Company sales increased by 200%.
- (B) 20 years
- (B) Museum visitors
- (C) Residents and companies
- (D) For giving valuable artifacts
- (B) Author
- (A) How to write creatively
- (B) By showing confidence
- (D) To announce the opening of a new city facility
- (C) The facility’s director
- (D) Visitors will take a tour of the center.
- (B) Employees
- (D) At a local park
- (C) A special tour package
D. News and Information (page 67)
- (C) A radio announcer
- (D) Due to a community event
- (A) A weather forecast
- (C) At a pharmacy
- (B) Household appliances
- (D) By asking at the customer service desk
- (B) There is no chance.
- (B) 24 degrees
- (A) Spend time outside
- (B) A construction project
- (C) A city employee
- (A) A traffic report
- (B) At the boarding gate
- (C) An equipment problem
- (A) Wait for further instructions
- (B) On the radio
- (D) Falling leaves
- (A) The weather
1 Grammar Practice – Parts of Speech
Suggested activity:
Instruction: Fill in the boxes with the correct word form. The grey box means that the word does not have this form. There may be 2 or more possible answers for each box.
Noun | Verb | Adjective | Adverb |
application applicant applicability | apply | applicable |
|
honesty |
| honest | honestly |
ease | ease | easy; easeful | easily; easefully |
transportation transporter | transport | transportable |
|
After completing the box above, fill in the blanks below with the correct word to complete the sentences.
- I thought I was going to have a hard time but I managed to process the request easily.
- You should ____ sunscreen on your skin before going out to avoid sunburn. [apply]
- There are different modes of ____ in the city.
[transportation]
- The man is a highly trained dancer, so he does the difficult movements with ____. [ease]
- Jack is one of the ____ people I know because he has never lied to me. [honest]
1 Parts of Speech
Part 5 Incomplete Sentences (page 74)
- (B) services 4 (A) and (C) are forms of the verb to serve while (D) is a form of the verb to service. The correct answer is the plural noun services, meaning <systems usually provided by the government.=
- (A) implemented 4 The correct answer is the
past participle of the verb implement, meaning <to make an idea or plan start to work.= It functions as an adjective describing the parking charges.
- (C) but 4 The four choices are conjunctions, which link clauses in a sentence. But is the correct answer because the two clauses are contrasting.
- (A) mutual 4 The correct choice is the adjective mutual, meaning <belonging to or true of two or more people.= Although choice (C) is an adjective, it is not the correct choice. The clue in this sentence is that factory workers usually work together.
- (B) interrupted 4 In this case, the past participle is needed to complete the passive form was interrupted. The agent of this action is a ringing telephone.
- (C) them 4 The correct choice is the objective pronoun, used here instead of an unspecified noun.
- (B) exorbitant 4 The correct choice is the adjective exorbitant, meaning <more than is reasonable,= which here describes the amount of money which has been spent.
- (D) cordial 4 The correct choice is the adjective cordial, meaning <friendly,= describing the word greeting. It is the only word form that will fit in this context.
- (C) worthy 4 The only choice that fits within the context of the sentence is worthy, meaning <deserving something= 4 the application deserves attention.
- (B) unlikely 4 The correct choice is the adjective unlikely, meaning <not likely to happen.= It is describing the probability of the arrival of the delivery.
- (A) latest 4 The correct answer is the adjective latest, meaning <most recent,= which modifies report.
The comparative form later, meaning <at a time in the future,= the adverb lately, meaning <these days,= and the plain form of the adjective late, meaning <after the expected time= are not appropriate in this context.
- (D) competent 4 In the context of this sentence, competent, meaning <capable of doing something in an able manner= is the best answer.
- (C) error 4 While all of the answer choices can be used as nouns, here error, meaning <mistake= is the correct choice. It is used in the multi-word expression to point out a/the error.
- (D) separate 4 The correct choice is the adjective separate. It describes the type of container: a container designated for ink cartridges only.
- (B) struggle 4 The correct answer is the simple present 1st person plural form of the verb struggle, meaning <to try with difficulty to do something.=
Part 6 Text Completion (page 76)
- (D) aware 4 The correct choice is the adjective aware, meaning <having knowledge of.= The context talks of a change to a schedule, so it can be assumed that the readers knew of the original schedule.
- (A) therefore 4 This is an adverb showing a logical consequence between the two clauses of the sentence.
- (B) information 4 An uncountable noun is needed after a lot of. In the context, the correct choice is information because we can cover information, but we cannot cover discussion.
- (A) order 4 A noun is needed after the possessive pronoun your.
- (C) scheduled 4 The participle form of the verb schedule is used here as an adjective.
- (D) within 4 While all the choices are prepositions, within is the only choice which fits with the time expression 24 hours.
2 Grammar Practice – Tenses Verb Tense Form Markers & Function:
Verb Tense | Form | Function | Example |
Simple Present | + s/es (singular; regular) | Expresses repeated or usual action, e.g. habit, daily event, etc. | She completes orders on Monday. |
Simple Past | + d/ed (regular) | Expresses completed action at a specific time in the past; or a series of past actions | She worked part time when she was younger. |
Present Progressi ve | am/is/ar e + -ing | Denotes that something is happening at the moment of speaking | I am completing orders today. |
Past Progressi ve | was/wer e + -ing | Denotes that something was in progress at some point in the past | I was watching TV at 9 p.m. last night. |
Present Perfect/ | have + d/-ed (time markers include since or for) | Denotes how long an event, state, or action has endured up to the present | We have had problems with the production line since Tuesday. We have had problems with the production line for a few days. |
Past Perfect | had + d/-ed (time markers include since or for) | Denotes how long an event, state, or action had endured until another past action occurred | Evans Enterprises had been based in the same building since 1890 until it filed for bankruptcy. |
Simple Future | will + verb (base form) | Denotes action that is expected to happen in the future | will call you tomorrow morning. |
Future Progressi ve | will + be + -ing + in x days’ time (weeks’/ months’/ years’) | Denotes an ongoing action that is expected to happen in the future | will be working as an accountant in two years’ time. |
Future Perfect |
|
|
|
She | (simple future) _______ | as a clerk starting next week. |
She | (future perfect) _______ | here for two years by next October. |
Part 5 Incomplete Sentences (page 80)
- (B) will intensify 4 The correct choice is the simple future form will intensify, meaning <to make stronger or more intense.= The sentence expresses a situation happening in the very near future.
- (A) attractions 4 Among the nouns given in the choices, only attractions, meaning <things which make a person want to do, have, or see them= is appropriate. It forms a compound noun with tourist: tourist attractions.
- (C) three years 4 The preposition for, used to express how long something lasts is followed by a period of time.
- (D) hold 4 The 1st person plural form of the simple present tense is needed after we, when talking about a habitual activity.
- (A) will have 4 Here we have the structure If + 1st conditional + will to express possibility in the future. If the condition of Mr. Evans getting a promotion becomes a reality (possible), the speaker will resign from his job.
- (D) candidates 4 The correct answer needs to be a noun. The hints to look for in choosing the answer are personnel, interviewing, and shortlisted which are all words related to job interviews. Therefore candidates is the correct choice.
- (A) blueprints 4 The correct answer needs to be a noun. The hints to look for in choosing the answer are draft, project, and museum. These can be related to design and architecture, therefore blueprints is the correct choice.
- (A) have been decided 4 Here the future perfect
form + date/time expression is used to express what you will have completed up to that point in time.
Activity: 9. (C) finishes 4 The present tense is used after as
Fill out the chart with the proper form of the verb soon as to refer to the future in a subordinate clause.
<work=. The first one is done for you: 10. (B) convened 4 The correct choice is the simple
She | (simple past) worked | part-time when she was younger. |
She | ( simple present) _______ | part-time. |
She | (present progressive) _________ | until 6 p.m. tonight. |
She | (past progressive) _______ | at her desk when the lights went out. |
She | (present perfect) _______ | as an assistant to the manager for two years. |
She | (past perfect) _______ | as a clerk since 2011 before she became the manager. |
past for a completed action in the past.
- (D) handbook 4 In this context, it is most likely that the item being approved by the human resources chief will be some kind of reading material or company literature. This makes handbook, meaning <a book containing instructions or advice,= the correct choice.
- (A) have had 4 The correct choice is the present perfect have had. The situation (problems) has occurred at an unspecified time in the past but is connected with the present (the problems are the reason for the decision).
- (C) as soon as 4 Here we need an expression, meaning <immediately or soon after.=
- (B) regret 4 We need a verb which expresses a feeling of being sorry. We regret to inform you is a fixed expression with this meaning.
- (C) are producing 4 The sentence describes a situation which is happening now, therefore we need to use the present progressive form are producing. The verb refers to manufacturers, making a plural verb necessary.
Part 6 Text Completion (page 82)
- (B) will be introducing 4 The correct choice is the future progressive (with date or X weeks’/days’ time etc.), used to communicate what will be in progress at a certain time in the future.
- (A) Effective 4 Here we need the adjective effective, meaning that something has already officially begun.
- (C) will be lifted 4 The future form will + infinitive is used here to give information about the future.
- (B) are not following 4 Here the present progressive is used to describe a situation in progress now.
- (D) environment 4 This completes the compound
noun office environment, meaning <the conditions in an office.=
- (C) recognizes 4 In this sentence, we need to use the verb recognize in the 3rd person singular form of the simple present.
3 Grammar Practice – Voice
Voice refers to the relationship between the verb and the participants in the sentence. Two types:
ACTIVE
PASSIVE
Observe the following sentences:
Active | Passive |
Someone stole the key. | The key was stolen by someone. |
Someone in the above example for passive voice is called the agent.
There is not always an agent in passive sentences:
The key was stolen by someone. (Someone as the agent)
The key was stolen. (no agent)
Most of the time, the active voice is used. The passive voice is used when it’s more important to draw attention to the object or the person or thing acted upon. It is also used when the actor in the situation is not important.
Activity:
Choose the correct passive form:
- My report (was submitted/must be submitted) by tomorrow. [must be submitted]
- I was given the books./The books were me given. [I was given the books.]
- The first mobile phone (was invented/had invented) in 1973. [was invented]
- She (should been told/should have been told) about the problem. [should have been told]
- The bank (is broken into*/was broken into) last night. [was broken into]
*break into – to enter a place forcibly
Part 5 Incomplete Sentences (page 86)
- (B) can make 4 The correct choice completes the phrasal verb to make out, meaning <to manage to see or understand.= In this if-clause of a first conditional sentence, the verb needs to be used in the 3rd person singular form of the simple present.
- (C) arrived 4 The correct choice is the simple past tense of the verb arrive to express an action completed in the past.
- (A) is said 4 The correct choice is the passive form of the verb say. Here the sentence is using the impersonal passive construction: It is+ past participle.
- (D) threatening 4 Used as an adjective, the present participle describes the thing that causes a feeling. In this case, a threatening letter means <a letter that threatens.= It is not possible to use the past participle here because it would describe the feeling felt by the account holder, NOT the feeling caused by the letter. Enforcing, meaning <making a situation happen= tends not to be used as an adjective and does not fit in this context.
- (B) cost 4 The correct choice is the past simple form of the verb cost. This verb cannot be used in the passive.
- (C) postponed 4 The correct choice is the past participle postponed, meaning <delayed.= It is used here as an adjective.
- (D) are said to be 4 Verbs of perception are often followed by a to-infinitive in the passive.
- (A) are being repaired 4 The sentence tells us the repairs will start next month and that they will be carried out by a local construction company.
For these reasons, the present progressive passive is needed: be-verb + being + p.p. The present progressive (passive and active) is often used to talk about planned activities in the near future.
- (B) have been planned 4 In this sentence, the present perfect passive is needed: have been + p.p. Therefore, the correct choice is have been planned because television advertisements takes the 3rd person plural form have.
- (D) given to 4 In this sentence, the simple past passive is needed: was + p.p. This reduces the possible answers to (C) and (D). However, (C) is not the correct answer because by would refer to the agent. In this case, assembly line workers are NOT the agent of the action.
- (B) unscheduled 4 The correct answer is the adjective unscheduled, meaning <unplanned.=
- (B) has been noted 4 This sentence requires the use of the impersonal passive. Verbs of perception are used in the passive with the impersonal pronoun it.
- (D) will be drawn 4 This sentence expresses the possibility of a passive action happening by a certain point in time (year-end). It is formed with the modal verb will + auxiliary be + p.p. to make the passive.
- (C) proposed 4 The correct choice is proposed, meaning <intended.=
- (A) happens 4 The correct choice is the 3rd person singular form of happen. It describes a current state.
Part 6 Text Completion (page 88)
- (B) brought 4 The correct choice is brought, completing the expression brought to one’s attention.
- (D) is respected 4 Here the 3rd person singular of the auxiliary verb be is needed to form the simple present passive.
- (B) by 4 The preposition by is needed to indicate the agent of be written.
- (C) is known 4 The correct answer is is known. This completes the impersonal passive form It is known. This form of the passive is used with verbs of perception when it is not specified who knows the information.
- (A) overseas 4 In the contest, overseas describes jobs which are currently performed in other countries but will come back to the local job market.
- (C) domestic 4 The correct choice is the adjective domestic, meaning <relating to the country being talked about.= The other adjectives given do not fit into the context of a company bringing jobs back to the local economy.
4 Grammar Practice – Agreement
- The number of a subject is not affected by the phrase/clause that separates the subject from its verb.
Example:
This information, along with the sales figures, goes to accounting.
- With a fraction or percentage, the noun in the following of-phrase determines whether the verb is singular or plural. Example:
One-fifth of the space has been rented.
Three-quarters of them are repeat customers.
- In correlative conjunctions either 3 or and neither 3 nor, the subject closest to the verb determines the verb form. However, both A and B always requires plural verbs.
Neither they nor he goes to the cafeteria.
Both Jim and Doris are on the bus.
- The subjunctive is used to emphasize importance or urgency. The following verbs are used in the subjunctive:
It is best (that) ask (that)
It is essential (that) command (that)
It is important (that) demand (that)
It is recommended (that) request (that)
The subjunctive is formed using the infinitive without to. Example:
It is important that he make more effort to get along with his colleagues.
The manager insisted that proposals for the new project be posted on the office bulletin board.
Part 5 Incomplete Sentences (page 92)
- (B) qualify 4 The correct answer is qualify, meaning <to be eligible for.=
- (D) go 4 The subject of this sentence is Ricardos, meaning <the Ricardo family.= A family name is pluralized by adding an s. We use this pluralized name as a 3rd person plural noun, so the verb form used must correspond.
- (B) preservation 4 In this sentence, the phrasal verb fix up and the noun antiques are clues to the correct answer. It is common to talk about preserving antiques at a museum, so preservation is the only logical choice.
- (C) be issued 4 Because the subjunctive is used after the verb suggest, this sentence takes the subjunctive form, be issued. It is used to emphasize importance.
- (D) itinerary 4 Here the correct choice is itinerary, meaning <a plan of a trip.=
- (A) is 4 The missing verb needs to agree with
Monday at 10 a.m., so the 3rd person singular of the present simple is is the correct choice.
- (B) need 4 In paired conjunctions that link similar words, phrases, and clauses, the subject closest to the verb determines the verb form, in this case need.
- (A) be 4 This sentence requires a subjunctive due to the use of the verb request. Therefore, be is the correct choice.
- (D) agree 4 In paired conjunctions linked by both
. . . and . . ., the verb is always plural, making agree the correct choice.
- (C) were 4 When the subject is a fraction or percentage, the noun in the following of-phrase determines whether the verb is singular or plural. In this case, computers determines the use of the plural verb form were.
- (A) reach 4 This sentence takes the simple future will + infinitive to make a prediction about the future. The correct choice is reach because it is more common to talk about sales reaching a certain number than it is to use the other verb choices given.
- (B) is scheduled 4 The verb agrees with launch, so a 3rd person singular form is needed. The passive voice is used because we do not know the agent of the action.
- (D) has been leased 4 The passive is used because the agent is unknown. In addition, the fraction one half is followed by the singular noun space, so the verb needs to take a singular form.
- (C) consults 4 The subject of the sentence is supervisor, so the verb must be in the 3rd person singular. In the context, consults is the only possibility. 15. (A) has been 4 In the paired conjunction not only
. . ., but also . . ., the subject closest to the verb determines the verb form. Here planner controls the verb form
Part 6 Text Completion (page 94)
- (B) expires 4 Subscription is a singular noun so needs to be followed by a 3rd personal singular verb form. We can say that a subscription expires, meaning <to come to an end or cease to exist= but the other choices are unsuitable.
- (C) is 4 The 3rd person singular form of the be verb is used with an expression of price or money.
- (D) are processed 4 The correct choice are processed agrees with the subject changes.
The agent of the action is unknown, therefore the passive is required.
- (B) am 4 The verb refers to Cheryl Smith who is talking about herself and describes her present situation, therefore the 1st person singular simple present form of the be-verb is used.
- (B) provide 4 The bare infinitive provide is the correct choice because the verb request requires a subjunctive.
- (D) termination 4 The correct choice is the noun termination, meaning <the end of a job or agreement.= Because the passage refers to the elimination of his position, we are alerted to the fact Mr. Stewart lost his job. In this context, the other choices are not appropriate.
5 Grammar Practice – Infinitives and Gerunds
To infinitives function as subject or object of a sentence. Examples of infinitives are to play, to eat, to happen, to expect, to promise, etc. Observe the following example:
Subject | Verb | Object/Complement |
To sing in Broadway | is | her biggest dream. |
She | would love | to sing at your wedding. |
Gerunds are verbals that function as nouns. Examples are singing, dancing, eating, arriving, etc. Observe the following example:
Subject | Verb | Object/Complement |
Singing | is | a great stress reliever. |
I | love | singing. |
Infinitives sometimes come without the word to. This is true when the infinite follows a verb of perception or a causative verb.
Verbs of Perception | Causative Verbs |
hear | let |
see | make |
feel | have |
smell | get |
taste | take |
Observe the following sentences:
Subject | Verb | Indirect Object | Direct Object |
My boss | let (causative) | me | take a month of paid leave. |
I | heard (verb of perception) | someone | unlock the door. |
Activity:
Select the appropriate verb that fits each sentence:
bathe wait sing come take
1. I heard her _______ a lovely song. [sing] 2. Mom let me _______ Economics as my major.
[take]
- I had a pet groomer _______ my pet dog. [bathe]
- She made me ________ for her for two hours. [wait]
- He made me _______ to the party. [come]
Part 5 Incomplete Sentences (page 98)
- (C) used 4 Used to + infinitive describes a situation that no longer exists. Miguel is no long conscientious.
- (D) reluctant 4 An adjective is needed in this sentence and since the two clauses need to show contrasting ideas, reluctant is the correct choice.
- (C) moving 4 The verb consider is followed by the gerund, therefore, the correct answer is moving.
- (A) to inform 4 The to-infinitive is used after adjectives which describe feelings. Therefore, the correct choice after pleased is to inform.
- (B) efforts 4 The expression used is thank someone for their efforts, therefore the correct choice is efforts.
- (C) talk 4 The correct choice is the base infinitive talk. With verbs of perception, infinitives are used without to.
- (D) to reprint 4 The verb permit needs to be followed by an infinitive with to.
- (C) internal 4 In this sentence, internal mail means letters and documents which are not delivered via an external, paid mail delivery system.
- (B) to ignore 4 The verb afford needs to be followed by a to-infinitive.
- (D) to reply 4 The verb forget is followed by a toinfinitive, making to reply the correct choice.
In this sentence, I seldom forget to reply has the meaning <It is unusual that I do not reply.=
- (B) hearing 4 The expression look forward to is always followed by a noun or gerund.
- (B) informed 4 In this context, the correct choice is informed, completing the expression to keep someone informed.
- (A) to ensure 4 The verb remind is followed by a to-infinitive.
- (B) made 4 All of the other verb choices (got, forced, and told) need to be followed by a to-infinitive. Made is the only choice that fits in this context.
- (A) opposed 4 The correct choice is the past participle opposed. It completes the expression be opposed to -ing, meaning <against or in disagreement with.=
Part 6 Text Completion (page 100)
- (B) to postpone 4 The expression take a decision is usually followed by a to-infinitive, making to postpone the correct choice.
- (B) hold 4 The verb phrase agree to needs to be followed by an infinitive. The only correct verb choice with meeting is hold.
- (B) to see 4 After the verb expect, a to-infinitive is needed, making to see the correct choice.
- (C) tracking 4 This completes the compound noun tracking number, meaning <an identifying number or
code used to follow the progress of a package or
letter.=
- (A) representatives 4 The only possible choice is representatives, forming the compound noun customer service representatives.
- (D) using 4 The expression thank someone for is followed by a noun or gerund. Since the email is written to thank a customer for their patronage of a company, using is the only logical choice.
6 Grammar Practice – Participles and Participle Clause
Useful Notes:
Participles: -ing/-ed
Participles often function as adjectives that describe nouns. Example:
The mangled pair of sunglasses, bruised face, broken arm, and bleeding knees meant Greg had taken another spill on her mountain bike.
- Present Participle (-ing)
Used if the meaning is active and progressive:
i. when two things occur at the same time (e.g. She suddenly ran from the room crying.) ii. when one action occurs during another action (e.g. He hurt himself climbing the stairs.) iii. when an –ing clause can be an explanation of its main clause. (e.g. Feeling hungry, he ate lunch.)
- Past Participle (-ed)
Used for past or completed action (e.g. John arrived first, followed by the new corporate director.)
Used as adjectives or adverbs to express the passive (e.g. The house was damaged by the recent earthquake.)
- Perfect Participle (having + past participle) Using the perfect participle emphasizes that the first action was completed before the second action started. Example:
Having failed twice, he doesn’t want try again.
Having been promoted by his company recently, he is quite proud.
Part 5 Incomplete Sentences (page 104)
- (B) working 4 In this sentence, working refers to people who are working. This is a present participle used in a participle clause to describe people where the meaning is active and progressive. It has an adjectival function.
- (D) Driving 4 The correct choice driving is a participle clause which explains the main clause.
If they had not driven quickly, they would not have arrived at the hotel so soon.
- (D) investments 4 In the context of the stock market, the correct expression is to make investments.
- (C) Depending 4 The present participle, depending, is necessary because in this sentence, it is an explanation of the main clause.
- (D) exhausted 4 The keywords that provide hints are fell into bed which suggests extreme tiredness.
- (B) tour 4 In this context, the only choice that is appropriate to use with the preposition of is tour.
- (C) taking 4 With two actions occurring at the same time with an active and progressive meaning, the -ing form is the correct choice.
- (C) arrival 4 The keywords that inform the correct choice are late and taxi driver which are suggestive of going somewhere and subsequently arriving.
- (A) demolished 4 The correct choice is the past participle demolished used as an adjective because plant is not the agent of demolished.
- (D) earning 4 This is a participle clause with a transitive verb, requiring the use of the 3ing form.
- (B) experienced 4 The only choice that will fit in this context is experienced.
- (D) Waiting 4 The present participle is needed because the original verb is intransitive.
- (A) Withdrawn 4 The participle Having been has been omitted in this participle clause. The full clause would be Having been withdrawn.
- (C) Working 4 The present participle is needed because the original verb is intransitive.
- (B) looming 4 The correct choice is the adjective looming, meaning <hanging over in a threatening way.=
Part 6 Text Completion (page 106)
- (B) is shared 4 The present passive form is used as an adjective to express a passive.
- (C) Stored 4 In the context of keeping personal information safe, stored is the best fit. 3. (D) retain 4 In the context, retain, meaning <keep= is the appropriate choice.
- (A) required 4 The correct choice is required, meaning <necessary.=
- (B) accurate 4 The relevant keywords are check and keeping accounts.
- (D) forgetting4 The correct choice is the present participle forgetting which completes the participle clause, Staff members forgetting to use the time clock. It has the meaning of <Staff members who forget to use the time clock.=
7 Grammar Practice – Relative Clauses
Useful Notes:
Who vs. Whom
Grammar rules say that <who= is used as the subject of a sentence or a clause while <whom= is used as the object of a verb or preposition.
Study the following sentences:
- The woman who sent the letter is in Texas. (who is the subject of the verb sent in the relative clause who sent the letter)
- The woman from whom I received the letter is in Texas. (whom is the object of the preposition from
in the relative clause from whom I received the letter)
However, the use of <who= as an object is widespread and acceptable in modern English. It is also possible to encounter questions and sentences in this format. It is common to encounter this especially in spoken English.
e.g. The man who I went to the movies with is my brother.
Part 5 Incomplete Sentences (page 110)
- (D) whom 4 The correct choice is the relative object pronoun whom, used when the antecedent is a person.
- (A) unique 4 The keywords that inform our choice are at odds with and conservative.
- (B) whom 4 The correct choice is the relative object pronoun whom, used when the antecedent is a person.
- (C) special 4 In this context, the appropriate choice is special as this is the only adjective that fits logically here.
- (D) one that 4 The correct choice is the relative object pronoun that because the antecedent is an object. What cannot be used here because it cannot be used as an object to refer to a thing in a restrictive relative clause.
- (C) what 4 Here the relative pronoun what is used as an object.
- (B) responsibility 4 We can talk about a responsibility to check something, making responsibility the correct choice.
- (A) that 4 The sentence requires the relative subject pronoun. Because the antecedent is an object (computer), we need to use that.
- (D) applicants 4 The context implies a workplace situation, making applicants the correct choice.
- (A) where 4 The correct choice is the relative adverb where.
- (D) whose 4 The correct choice is the relative possessive pronoun whose.
- (B) that 4 The correct choice is the relative subject pronoun that because the antecedent is an object not a person.
- (B) indicators 4 In this context, economic suggests indicators as the appropriate choice.
- (C) whom 4 The correct choice is the relative object pronoun whom.
- (D) rose 4 The verb we would expect to see with to the top is rise, so the correct choice is the past tense rose. It is not possible to elevate, grow, or increase to the top of one’s field or speciality.
Part 6 Text Completion (page 112)
- (B) which 4 The correct choice is the relative object pronoun which because the antecedent is an object not a person (interest).
- (D) impression 4 Here the expression tested is make an impression.
- (B) whom 4 The correct choice is the relative object pronoun whom because the antecedent is a person. While that may also be used when the antecedent is a person, it cannot be placed after to.
- (C) regular 4 The keyword here is monthly, suggesting something that occurs at regular intervals.
- (A) that 4 The correct choice is the relative subject pronoun that because the antecedent is an object, not a person.
- (D) What 4 Here the relative pronoun what is used as a subject.
Review Test 1 (page 114)
- (A) which 4 The correct choice is the relative object pronoun which because it refers to a thing, not a person.
- (D) developing 4 The gerund is needed after the expression be committed to.
- (D) received 4 The correct choice is the simple past of the verb receive, used for a past completed action at the same time as another action is in progress.
- (C) will be shut 4 The correct choice is the future simple form of the passive voice. The action has not yet occurred, and the agent of the action is not stated.
- (B) opposing 4 The correct choice is the present participle opposing used as an adjective.
- (C) who 4 The correct choice is the relative subject pronoun who, referring to the seminar organizers. The antecedent organizers refers to people, making this the only possibility.
- (D) used to be 4 Used to is followed by the infinitive making used to be the correct choice.
- (A) is 4 The correct choice is determined by the noun warranty which requires the use of the
3rd person singular is. Although was is also 3rd person singular form, the inclusion of the adjective current prevents the use of the past tense here.
- (A) was alarmed 4 Be alarmed is used in the passive form with at. Was alarmed expresses the feeling the recruit felt in his new job.
- (C) that 4 The correct choice is the relative pronoun that. Because key is not a person, who and whom are not appropriate. What cannot be used as an ordinary relative pronoun after a noun, so it is is not suitable here.
- (C) had occurred 4 The intransitive verb occur cannot be used in the passive, so the past perfect had occurred is the correct choice.
- (D) will be releasing 4 The correct choice is the future progressive, expressing something which will occur by a certain point in time.
- (B) Announced 4 The correct choice is the past participle announced. The object of the original verb serves as the subject of the main clause.
In this sentence, announced refers to the subject policy.
- (A) go 4 In this sentence, the subject and verb are split but must agree.
- (A) has undertaken 4 The correct choice is the present perfect has undertaken to indicate an action that has started in the past and has continued until now. This use of the present perfect suggests the action is not complete. In this context, it is implied that training will continue to take place every spring.
- (C) is believed 4 The impersonal passive is used with verbs referring to opinion where the agent is not specified.
- (D) getting 4 The correct choice is the gerund, used after the verb phrase be used to.
- (B) whom 4 The correct choice is the relative object pronoun whom. While that is also an object pronoun, it cannot be placed immediately after the preposition with.
- (A) is 4 The 3rd person singular simple present form is agrees with eight o’clock.
- (C) Disappointed 4 The correct choice is the past participle disappointed. The object of the original verb serves as the subject of the main clause.
- (B) Saying 4 The correct choice is the -ing form because the original verb is transitive, and it is followed by its object.
- (B) arrive 4 With the expression not only . . ., but also . . ., the noun following but also determines the correct verb form. In this case, the noun is plural, therefore the 3rd person plural form arrive is the correct choice.
- (C) is loved 4 The correct choice is the present passive form is loved because the agent of the verb is travelers and airlines while the subject is bag.
- (A) has 4 The correct choice is has which combines with been to form the present perfect. It expresses a situation which started in the past but has endured up to the present.
- (C) What 4 The correct choice is the relative pronoun what, used here as a subject.
- (A) helping 4 The expression to be committed to is followed by the a noun or gerund.
8 Grammar Practice – Conjunctions and Prepositions
Useful Notes:
Because is a conjunction used to connect two clauses.
Example:
She felt extremely nervous because she was about to receive her annual evaluation.
Because of is a prepositional phrase followed by a noun, pronoun, or gerund. Example: She felt extremely nervous because of her annual evaluation.
By is used to indicate that something happens by a particular time. Example:
The report is due by Monday.
Until is used to indicate how long something happens.
Example:
They will be away until Friday.
Part 5 Incomplete Sentences (page 120)
- (B) until 4 In this sentence, the preposition until is used to express how long the postponement will take.
- (D) description 4 In the context, description is the only word choice that makes logical sense.
- (A) yet 4 Here yet is used as a coordinating conjunction, meaning <however.=
- (B) Because of 4 In this sentence, because of is the correct choice because it is followed by a noun, and it links two clauses expressing cause and effect.
- (D) experience 4 The keywords providing hints are interviewer, industry, and requirement.
- (B) until 4 The correct choice expresses how long the personnel will be on duty.
- (D) in addition to 4 The correct choice expresses something as well as the index, so we need in addition to, meaning <as well as.=
- (A) so that 4 The correct choice is a subordinating conjunction which expresses cause and effect, focusing on the consequences.
- (A) confident 4 The correct choice is the adjective confident, meaning <sure or certain.=
- (D) moment 4 The correct choice is a subordinating conjunction which expresses the exact time that the event occurred.
- (B) permission 4 The keyword here is approval.
- (B) Provided 4 The correct choice needs to express a concession, therefore provided is the correct choice.
- (C) Even if 4 The correct choice is the subordinating conjunction even if which expresses a concession.
- (C) Because 4 The correct choice is the subordinating conjunction because. It links the cause given in the first clause with the effect given in the second.
- (A) keynote 4 The noun keynote, meaning <the most important part,= combines with the noun speaker to form the compound noun keynote speaker. The keynote speaker is the main speaker at a conference.
Part 6 Text Completion (page 122)
- (C) Without 4 The context suggests that customer is essential, making without is the only possible choice.
- (A) competitive 4 The context of the business environment makes competitive the logical choice.
- (D) nor 4 The correct choice is the coordinating conjunction nor, meaning <and not.=
- (D) stress 4 The correct choice is the verb stress, meaning <emphasize.= It is commonly used in the expression stress how important (something) + beverb.
- (A) such 4 The correct choice is the subordinating conjunction such which, partnered with that, expresses cause and effect.
- (B) or 4 The correct choice is the coordinating conjunction or, meaning <either.=
9 Grammar Practice – Modification
Useful notes:
- Limiting adjectives describe whose, how many, how much, and which one.
- Limiting adjectives can be the following:
- Articles 3 a, an, the
- Demonstrative pronouns - this, that, those,
these
- Numbers
- Possessive pronouns 3 e.g. his/her books
- Possessive nouns 3 e.g. Anna’s closet
- Indefinites 3 some, few, many, any, etc.
Part 5 Incomplete Sentences (page 126)
- (B) unbearably 4 The correct choice is the adverb unbearably which modifies the adjective hot to express degree.
- (D) alleviate 4 The verb alleviate, meaning <to make something less painful= is the correct choice.
- (A) much 4 The quantifier much which modifies the uncountable noun sales force is the correct choice.
- (A) most of 4 The quantifier most of modifying the uncountable noun information is the correct choice.
- (D) evidence 4 The keywords discrepancies, collected, and investigators together with the fact that the missing word is preceded by the definite article the mean that the noun evidence is the correct choice.
- (B) poorly 4 The adverb poorly modifies the verb evaluate to describe manner.
- (A) exactly 4 The adverb exactly modifies the phrase the kind of problem to give emphasis and show the speaker is referring to that kind of problem and no other.
- (A) All of 4 The correct choice is the quantifier all of, modifying the noun drawings.
- (D) certainly 4 The adverb certainly is used here to modify the phrase shows little regard for the welfare of his employees to specify degree.
- (B) Few 4 The quantifier few is the correct choice. It modifies the countable noun applicants.
- (C) greatly 4 The correct choice is the adverb greatly, specifying the degree of the adjective different.
- (B) complimentary 4 The keywords which assist in making the correct choice are promotion and free.
- (A) well 4 The correct choice is the adverb well which modifies the verb perform to describe manner.
- (D) securely 4 The most appropriate choice is securely given the context of closing the door.
- (C) very 4 The correct choice is the adverb very which modifies the adjective careless to specify degree.
Part 6 Text Completion (page 128)
- (B) a number 4 The correct choice in this context is a number. It completes the quantifier a number of, meaning <several.=
- (A) delivery 4 The context of the passage and the keywords dropping off items and drivers lead to the correct choice of delivery.
- (D) effect 4 The correct expression in this sentence is put a procedure into effect.
- (B) latest 4 The correct choice is the superlative adjective form latest, meaning <most recent.=
The adjective latest describes the noun member. The plain adjective form late and the comparative form later are not appropriate in this context.
- (D) randomly 4 In this context, the appropriate choice is randomly since the others do not make logical sense.
- (C) much 4 The correct choice is the quantifier much which modifies the uncountable noun music.
10 Grammar Practice – Pronouns
Note:
Reflexive pronouns (e.g. himself/yourself/themselves) are sometimes used instead of object pronouns (e.g. him/you/them) after like, as, but (for), and except (for).
Example:
All members of the board voted <yes= except for myself.
Part 5 Incomplete Sentences (page 132)
- (B) whoever 4 The correct choice is the indefinite relative pronoun whoever because it is not known who ordered the taxi.
- (D) matter 4 The correct choice is matter to complete the expression be the matter with, meaning <be wrong with; to have a problem.=
- (D) their 4 The correct choice is the possessive pronoun their used as a determiner, meaning <belonging to them.=
- (C) themselves 4 The correct choice is the reflexive pronoun themselves because the subject and the object are the same person.
- (B) his 4 The correct choice is the possessive pronoun his. He admits the fault belongs to him, so it is his fault.
- (D) features 4 Keywords which suggest the correct choice include sales, product, and positive.
- (B) another 4 Even if implies the need for a word that expresses an alternative to the repair center mentioned in the sentence. The correct choice is therefore another, meaning <an alternative; a different one.= Everything is not possible because it needs to be followed by a verb. These needs to be followed by a plural and therefore does not fit. While any can be used to emphasize free choice, it does not fit in this context.
- (A) those 4 The correct choice is the demonstrative pronoun those, referring to the plural noun managers.
- (D) accountability 4 The keywords which suggest the correct choice are corporate and crimes.
These suggest the need for a word related to moral duty or responsibility in a business setting. Obligation and accountability both contain this idea. However, accountability, meaning <being completely responsible for what one does and able to give a satisfactory reason for it,= is more commonly used as a collocation with corporate than obligation.
- (B) many 4 The correct choice is the indefinite pronoun many, meaning <a large but unspecified quantity.= It acts as the subject of the verb applied.
- (C) himself 4 The correct choice is the reflexive pronoun himself. It completes the expression to be disappointed with oneself.
- (A) strongly 4 The adverb strongly is commonly used with recommend to mean <very much.=
- (B) ourselves 4 The correct choice is the reflexive pronoun ourselves. Reflexive pronouns are often used instead of personal pronouns after as. Instead of ourselves, the personal pronoun we could be used, but it would require the 1st person plural form of the beverb with it.
- (C) phases 4 The correct choice is phases, meaning <stages.=
- (A) their 4 The correct choice is the possessive pronoun their, referring to the department which belongs to them.
Part 6 Text Completion (page 134)
- (D) extend 4 The only appropriate choice in this context is extend, meaning <to continue.=
- (C) This 4 The correct choice is the demonstrative pronoun this, referring to the singular noun rate of $125.
- (C) those 4 The correct choice is the demonstrative pronoun those, meaning <the members who.=
- (C) participant 4 The correct choice is the noun participant, meaning <a person who takes part in an
activity.=
- (B) your 4 The context is a letter explaining what Mrs. Sampson should expect during her visit.
The writer is addressing the information to
Mrs. Sampson directly, therefore the only logical choice is the possessive pronoun your.
- (D) whatever 4 The correct choice is the indefinite relative pronoun whatever because the exact items are unknown.
11 Grammar Practice – Comparisons
Part 5 Incomplete Sentences (page 138)
- (A) a little 4 The correct choice a little modifies the comparative form earlier.
- (C) process 4 We process an order, so in the context of the sentence, process is the correct choice.
- (D) more closely 4 The correct choice is the comparative form of the adverb closely which here describes the verb work.
- (B) fired 4 Keywords which suggest the correct choice include workers and insubordination.
- (D) smart 4 The correct choice is smart because as . . . as takes the regular form of the adjective.
- (C) most 4 The use of the definite article the indicates that the superlative will be the correct choice.
- (D) by far 4 The correct choice by far modifies the superlative the best.
- (C) scariest 4 The use of the definite article the suggests that the superlative is the correct choice. Additionally, the word part suggests that there are several factors involved, and the superlative is used when we have multiple items to compare.
- (C) range 4 The correct choice is range, completing the compound noun price range, meaning <a gamut of prices going from highest to lowest.=
- (D) manual 4 Manual is the word which fits best in the context.
- (D) best 4 The correct choice is the superlative best. It is logical to assume that the caterer has offered several prices, and that among them $9.95 is the cheapest, necessitating the superlative.
- (B) executive 4 The expression board meeting is best matched with the adjective executive.
- (C) messiest 4 The correct choice is the superlative form messiest since it is preceded by the definite article, the.
- (A) more regularly 4 The correct choice is the adverb regularly modified by more, describing the verb meet.
- (C) many 4 The correct choice is many, modifying the countable noun, employees.
Part 6 Text Completion (page 140)
- (C) the best 4 The correct choice is the superlative form because the terms of service of the company mentioned are compared to those of more than one other company.
- (D) activation 4 Activation, meaning <to make active,= is the correct choice in the context.
- (A) Late 4 Late, meaning <not on time,= is the correct choice in the context.
- (C) crucial 4 Crucial, meaning <extremely important,= is the correct choice.
- (D) easier 4 The correct choice easier completes the idiomatic phrase easier said than done.
- (C) simply 4 The correct choice is the adverb simply because the adverb very cannot be used to modify a comparative. Therefore, the simple form of the adverb is needed.
12 Grammar Practice – Negation and Word
Order
Note:
Besides no, not, and none, the following words can be used to make negatives: yet, no longer, hardly, ever, and have yet to-infinitive.
I have hardly seen the new secretary since she started working here.
We have yet to decide how many employees will be laid off.
Placing too or much too before an adjective or adverb can make a sentence negative.
You came to a decision much too quickly. Mr. Green is too careless to work in this position.
Part 5 Incomplete Sentences (page 144)
- (B) confident 4 In the context, the correct choice is confident, meaning <sure.=
- (A) does not 4 The correct choice is the negative form does not, where do + not are placed before the main verb due to the lack of an auxiliary.
- (B) no 4 The correct choice is no which precedes the noun weather in this sentence.
- (D) legislation 4 The correct choice is legislation, meaning <laws.=
- (B) never 4 The correct choice is never which is not used in a double negative and therefore, cannot be combined with other negative words.
- (A) majority 4 The correct choice is majority, meaning <the larger part.=
- (D) yet 4 The correct choice yet is a negative structure used to make a sentence negative.
- (C) not to 4 The correct answer is the negative not which is placed in front of the non-finite verb to miss.
- (A) securing 4 The correct choice is securing, meaning <to get or succeed.=
- (C) good enough 4 The correct choice is good enough because the use of not + adjective + enough makes this sentence negative.
- (D) Not 4 The correct choice is not which is placed before the non-finite verb knowing. 12. (C) much too 4 The correct choice is much too. Placed before an adjective, these words make the sentence negative.
13. (D) unequaled 4 The correct choice unequaled, meaning <distinctive and unlike any other,= is commonly used with the noun success to mean that something has been extremely successful. 14. (B) no 4 The correct choice is no because this is placed before a noun without an article to make a negative.
15. (B) could 4 Negative words should not be used with hardly, so the correct choice is could.
Part 6 Text Completion (page 146)
- (D) instead of 4 In this context, the correct choice is instead of, meaning <in place of.=
- (A) honor 4 The correct choice is honor. This completes the phrase to honor the price, meaning <to accept the price.=
- (D) must 4 The correct choice is must because a negative form is not used with never.
- (C) essential 4 The correct choice is essential, meaning <necessary.=
- (D) not 4 The correct choice is not which is placed before the main verb teach.
- (B) rarely 4 The correct choice is rarely because this is a word that cannot be used with negative words.
13 Grammar Practice – Conditionals
Conditionals are used to express:
- A true or probable situation in the present or future
If-clause (simple present) | result clause (will + bare infinitive) |
If I am qualified, I will apply for that position.
- An untrue or imaginary situation in the present or future
If-clause (past present) | result clause (would/could/might + bare infinitive) |
If I were qualified, I might apply for that position. (Were is often used instead of was in both formal and informal English. This is a form of the subjunctive)
- an untrue situation in the past
If-clause (past perfect) | result clause (would/could/might+have+ba re infinitive) |
compound noun supply company.
- (A) is 4 The verb in the if-clause needs to be in the simple present because this sentence expresses a true situation.
- (B) were 4 The correct choice were is needed with the clause I wish to express a desire that the reality were the opposite of what it actually is.
- (B) could have 4 The correct choice is the past perfect because the sentence is expressing an untrue situation in the past.
- (C) will include 4 The simple future is needed to complete this sentence which expresses a true situation.
- (A) accommodations 4 The keywords are cheaper,
London, and attend. The correct choice is accommodations, meaning <somewhere to stay.=
- (C) had forgotten 4 The correct choice with an as if-clause is had + past participle.
- (D) Should 4 The correct choice is should which is used with the simple present when if is omitted and the subject and verb are inverted.
- (C) had had 4 The correct choice is had had in this untrue, past situation.
- (A) inventory 4 The keyword which supplies a hint to the correct choice is warehouse.
Part 6 Text Completion (page 152)
- (D) will be spent 4 The correct choice is will be spent because the sentence expresses a true situation in the future.
- (A) undertaken 4 In the context, only undertaken, meaning <to do or begin,= is appropriate to talk about the project.
If I had been qualified, I could have applied for that 4. (D) request 4 The correct choice in the context of |
- (C) Should 4 Here if has been omitted, so the correct choice is should.
position.
Part 5 Incomplete Sentences (page 150)
- (C) receive 4 The correct choice is the simple present form receive which is needed to express a true conditional situation in the future.
- (D) discontinued 4 In the first clause, we are informed that sales figures did not improve in the previous year. In this context, the obvious choice is discontinued, meaning <stopped.=
- (B) known 4 The correct choice is known. In this sentence, if has been omitted, and the construction had + subject + past participle has been used.
- (B) had established 4 In this sentence, the verb wish indicates a desire that the situation were the opposite of the reality. The past perfect tense is needed in this past situation.
- (B) were4 The correct choice is were. To express an untrue present situation, the verb in the ifclause takes the past tense. We usually use the subjunctive were instead of was after if. 6. (D) supply 4 The correct choice is the noun supply.
Together with the noun company, it forms the
applying for vacation time is request.
- (C) desire 4 The correct choice is desire, meaning <want.=
- (B) are 4 After if to express a true situation, the present simple is needed in the if-clause.
14 Grammar Practice – Apposition,
Emphasis, and Inversion
Appositives are words, phrases, or clauses which follow a noun to rename or describe it in another way.
Example:
My sister is a research scientist.
My sister, the research scientist, works at a large research facility. (Appositive)
Cleft sentences are used to focus attention on a certain part of the sentence. Compare:
I have come to apply for the position. The reason why I have come is to apply for the position. (Cleft sentence)
Cleft structures include the reason why, the place where, the day when, the thing that, the fact that, the person who, etc.
Part 5 Incomplete Sentences (page 156)
- (C) What 4 The correct choice is what. In this cleft sentence, what focuses the attention on do.
- (A) a 4 The correct choice is the indefinite article
a. It completes the appositive a computer expert which describes Ms. Phillips.
- (C) that 4 In this cleft sentence, the fact that focuses on the reason why the speaker missed a meeting.
- (D) alluded 4 The correct choice alluded, meaning <hinted,= is the only appropriate choice in this context.
- (A) was 4 In this cleft sentence, what + the 3rd person singular verb focus on prepare the meeting rooms.
- (C) maximum 4 In the context, only the noun maximum is appropriate.
- (D) all they did 4 In this cleft sentence, all + the 3rd person singular verb focuses the attention on sit at their desks while did is the only suitable verb choice for this past situation.
- (A) bidder 4 The keywords which suggest the correct choice are shares, for sale, and highest. 9. (B) place 4 In this sentence, the attention is focused on where the action will occur, making place the correct choice.
- (D) moral 4 The keywords which suggest the correct choice are officials and obligation.
- (B) happened 4 What + happen is used to put the emphasis on a whole sentence. Because this is a past situation, happened is the correct choice.
- (C) oriented 4 The correct choice is oriented,
meaning <focused.=
- (A) were we 4 After the negative expression at no time, the subject and verb are inverted. 14. (D) boss 4 The correct choice is the noun boss. This completes the appositive the boss, giving additional information about Mr. Taylor. The fact that he interrupted his employees tells us that he has a superior position.
15. (C) who 4 In this cleft sentence, the correct choice is the relative pronoun who. The (person) who is used to place the focus on the person who influenced the outcome (the final voter).
Part 6 Text Completion (page 158)
- (B) exist 4 The correct choice is the verb exist. After the negative modal cannot, a verb is needed. Extent is a noun, and so does not fit. In this context, the verbs exit and except do not make sense.
- (C) to whom 4 In this cleft sentence, the people is what we want to focus on. This expression requires the relative object pronoun whom and the preposition to.
- (B) all 4 All is used to focus attention on just one thing, in this case, the thing that needs doing.
- (B) consider 4 The correct choice is consider, meaning <to think.=
- (D) is 4 In this cleft sentence, the phrase the reason why focuses on why the writer is making his choice. It is a present situation, so the correct choice is the simple present is.
- (A) admiration 4 In the context of this sentence, a word with a positive meaning is needed. The correct choice is admiration.
Review Test 2 (page 160)
- (D) by 4 The correct choice is the preposition by, indicating the time before which people must connect to the video link (before and up to 10 a.m., but no later).
- (C) Several of 4 The correct choice is the quantifier several of which modifies the noun salespeople.
- (B) provided 4 The correct choice is the
subordinating conjunction provided, meaning
<if or only if.=
- (B) many 4 The quantifier many is used to modify the countable noun delegates.
- (D) as 4 To multiply the size or amount of something when making a comparison, adverbs such as twice can be used with expression as . . . as.
- (B) than 4 Than is used after a comparative, in this case the comparative adjective longer.
- (C) never 4 The correct choice is the word never which, used with the regular form of the verb, creates a negative sentence.
- (A) no 4 The negative word no is placed before a noun that has no article.
- (B) Now that 4 The correct choice is the subordinating conjunction now that expressing cause.
- (B) dedicated 4 The correct choice is the adjective dedicated which modifies the noun supervisor.
- (D) is the day when 4 The correct choice is the expression the day when which is used with the be-verb is to focus attention on the date June 5th.
- (C) yet 4 The correct choice is the coordinating conjunction yet which links two contrasting ideas.
- (A) The fact that yet 4 In this cleft sentence, the fact that yet focuses attention on the information that another administrative clerk has resigned.
- (D) better 4 The correct choice is the comparative form better.
- (B) their 4 The correct choice is the possessive pronoun their which precedes the compound noun work day.
- (C) worst 4 The correct choice is the superlative form worst because more than two different things are being compared (seminars).
- (D) could I 4 The auxiliary is placed directly before the subject of the clause after the negative expression never.
- (C) did 4 The use of the word what focuses attention on contact the hotel. In this context, the correct choice is the simple past tense form did.
- (A) why 4 The correct choice is why which focuses attention on the reason that they decided to visit Paris.
- (C) on 4 The correct choice is the preposition on. When talking about membership of a
committee, the expression used is be on a/the committee.
- (A) good enough 4 The correct choice is good enough because the construction not + adjective
+ enough makes the sentence negative.
- (C) in 4 The preposition in is the correct choice to complete the expression find (oneself) in a situation.
- (B) Should you 4 In a conditional sentence where if is omitted, the subject and verb are inverted.
- (B) this 4 The correct choice is the singular demonstrative pronoun this which identifies the noun letter.
- (B) Because of 4 The prepositional phrase because of, which is followed by the noun changes, is the correct choice.
- (A) more 4 The correct choice is the comparative form more because it is comparing the future situation with the present situation.
Chapter 3 Reading Practice
Tips
| Think about the type of text. Is it a notice, a memo, a report, an advertisement, an email, or a chart/table? |
| Think about the purpose of the text. Is it meant to sell a product, to instruct, or to complain about a service? |
| Think of the main points in the text. Learn to identify synonyms and implied information. |
| Think of the writer as well as the audience or people to whom the text is addressed.
|
Mini-test
A. Notices (page 170)
- (A) An upcoming repair project
- (C) Around 10 days
- (D) The closure of a bank facility 4. (A) Fewer customers are using that branch.
- (A) To raise awareness about environmental concerns
- (C) To hold what they produce
- (A) There is a small charge for admission.
- (C) A ride moved too quickly.
- (B) A law firm
- (A) Failing to be careful enough
- (C) May 25th
- (D) To solicit volunteers 13. (C) They are fans of films.
- (D) By offering the help of her students
- (D) It holds no classes after 3 p.m.
B. Memos (page 176)
- (C) To improve their employees’ health
- (A) About a quarter
- (B) To announce a retirement and a job opening
- (C) About three weeks
- (D) Hire a new designer
- (B) To complain about product quality
- (D) Welding goggles
- (C) It was the first time he had had a problem.
- (A) The faulty goggles
- (B) Financial support
- (A) To announce the launch of a product
- (D) A $4,500 deposit
- (A) To alert the manager of a few concerns 14. (C) Through additional staff training
15. (B) It is a multinational corporation.
C. Advertisements (page 182)
- (D) A rental company
- (C) The cost of rental insurance
- (A) To promote a real estate agency
- (B) In a downtown area
- (D) Mid-week discounts
- (B) Added better sound equipment
- (C) High school students seeking summer jobs
- (B) The summer months
- (B) Available for only part of the year
- (D) A cut-rate subscription
- (B) $38.50
- (A) 6
- (B) Manufacturing
- (D) Foreign language skills
- (A) It will likely involve doing some driving.
D. Articles, Information, and Reports
(page 188)
- (D) Visit the conference’s website
- (C) 1:30 p.m.
- (A) Celebratory events
- (A) Two days 5. (C) They will be removed.
- (C) Unlicensed business owners
- (D) When the business permit has expired
- (A) At least two years
- (B) A bank statement
- (C) Check the expiration date of their permits
- (D) It was higher than they had predicted.
- (B) Monthly
- (A) A fundraiser
- (B) To join the group
- (A) They have gardening experience.
- (B) A decade
- (B) The original bill of sale
- (C) In operation
- (B) To make an inquiry
- (C) She does not know where to send it.
- (B) To request a refund
- (D) 100% of the total price
- (C) To cover processing costs
- (B) October 30th
- (D) Not at all
E. Emails and Letters (page 198)
- (C) Esther Parks’ assistant
- (C) There will be seating arranged for 10 people.
- (B) To give a compliment
- (A) Anne has misplaced it somewhere.
- (C) To provide the requested program information
- (D) Finance
- (B) Prior internship experience
- (B) Give a talk at an upcoming company event
- (D) A coworker
- (A) New and original
- (C) By fax
- (D) On October 24th
- (D) In 10 days
- (C) $3.00
- (C) Telephone Lynda
- (B) To inquire about their anniversary packages
- (D) At an outdoor location 18. (B) It is large and growing.
- (C) 150
- (B) Their children’s menu
- (A) To place a grocery order 22. (D) She is a first-time customer.
- (A) With cash
- (B) The customer missed the cut-off time.
- (A) By registering for regular emails
F. Charts and Tables (page 208)
- (B) 400
- (A) It has not been paid yet.
- (C) The flavor of the day will be dropped.
- (B) It makes people feel good.
- (A) People were returning gifts they did not like.
- (C) Flat screen TVs 7. (B) It is an electronics store.
8. (D) To indicate the most money a buyer could expect to borrow to buy a house 9. (C) $66,000 is enough to purchase a house.
- (A) Suitable for
- (A) To fulfill the terms of a contract
- (B) 10%
- (B) The Stiles’ son
- (C) She wants an additional copy for her husband.
- (B) She will phone Mr. Stiles.
Chapter 4 Practice Test
Part 1 Picture Description (page 218)
Tips
<Who?= <Where?= <What?=
Tricks
|
- (C) The man is placing tile on the wall.
- (B) The woman has placed the bananas on the scale.
- (C) There is a cup in front of the woman.
- (A) Two people are working on a project.
- (C) The men are reviewing blueprints.
- (C) The man is reading something.
- (B) A family is standing on the ice.
- (D) There is a garage attached to the house.
- (A) The people are loading items into a truck.
- (A) A boy is getting off the bus.
Part 2 Questions and Responses
(page 224)
- (B) Yes, with only moments to spare.
- (A) Yes, as far as I know.
- (B) Yes, it really was.
- (B) Sure. Thanks for the invite.
- (C) Not that I can remember.
- (A) Sometime this spring, I hear.
- (A) No, only at the back.
- (C) Don’t worry. It’s on me today.
- (B) Check at the registration desk.
- (B) You’re just in time for it.
- (C) I fell on the way to work.
- (A) It could be as early as next week.
- (C) I have absolutely no idea.
- (A) It’s getting a bit late and I’m tired.
- (B) I need to read it first.
- (A) As soon as everything is sold.
- (B) It would be my pleasure.
- (A) Only when I’m out of the office.
- (A) You’ll do just fine, I’m sure.
- (C) It doesn’t seem so.
- (B) It was canceled.
- (A) It slipped our minds.
- (A) It’s all-inclusive.
- (C) Yes, and it isn’t just you.
- (B) No, she will call back later.
- (B) No, I have to finish this important fax.
- (A) I think it closes at four on weekdays.
- (C) More than 75, I believe.
- (C) He has too many appointments.
- (B) Just this once, and let’s keep it between us.
Part 3 Short Conversations (page 225)
Tips
|
- (B) In an office
- (A) By car
- (C) Pay a cancellation charge 44. (B) Her colleague
- (A) At 9 a.m.
- (A) There will be an important meeting.
- (C) A garage
- (A) She wants to pick up her vehicle.
- (D) Call the supplier
- (C) To find the store manager’s office
- (C) 3rd floor
- (B) To have a job interview
- (D) Her boss
- (B) His new flight time
- (A) Slightly more than two hours
- (D) She had to work.
- (C) To the countryside
- (A) She recently became a wedding planner.
- (B) Two
- (A) The hotel is full on the second night.
- (A) Contact another hotel
- (B) The location of a work party
- (A) Change the restaurant
- (D) The food is poor quality.
- (B) The woman is interviewing the man for a job.
- (A) In an office
- (C) Lend the man a pen
- (B) His supervisor 69. (A) Because of an appointment
70. (D) He rarely takes time off.
Part 4 Short Talks (page 228)
Tips
- Listen closely to the introduction preceding the talk. It will tell you what type of information you will hear (news report, weather report, advertisement, recorded
message, announcement, etc.)
- Try to preview the questions before the talk
begins. This will help you listen for the
information required by the questions.
- Begin to answer the questions as soon as the
talk is finished.
- Watch out for the same traps that are seen in
Parts 1-3.
- (C) On a train
- (A) Denver
- (C) They will remain quiet.
- (A) In the exhibitor’s area
- (D) Those in the legal profession 76. (D) 1:30 p.m.
- (C) A librarian
- (B) Photocopiers
- (A) One
- (B) A new staff member 81. (B) The roads are less congested.
- (C) Read some information
- (A) A hotel chain
- (A) To book a room
- (D) Wait on the line patiently
- (B) People who lack adequate dance skills
- (B) To view a list of the classes offered
- (A) 30 days of unlimited classes for new students
- (C) On the radio
- (A) In January
- (D) An additional discount
- (A) In a company boardroom
- (D) All staff members
- (B) A new recruit
- (B) To inform passengers of a delay
- (C) 8:35 p.m.
- (C) Everyone on Flight 425
- (B) To facilitate effective treatment
- (D) The doctor’s name
- (A) In a box at the station
Part 5 Incomplete Sentences (page 231)
Tips
- Listen closely to the introduction preceding the talk. It will tell you what type of information you will hear (news report, weather report, advertisement, recorded message, announcement, etc.)
- Try to preview the questions before the talk begins. This will help you listen for the information required by the questions. Begin to answer the questions as soon as the talk is finished.
- Watch out for the same traps that are seen in Parts 1-3.
- (A) tightly 4 The correct choice is the adverb tightly, which describes the past participle closed in this sentence.
- (C) biggest 4 The correct choice is the superlative
form of the adjective big. In this sentence, the superlative is needed because several different influences have been compared. 103. (D) arranged 4 In this sentence, the past
participle is used to express the passive. 104. (C) decreased 4 The correct choice is the present perfect, which expresses a finished action that is connected with the present: there are now fewer thefts.
- (C) either 4 The correct choice is the correlative conjunction either, which expresses a choice between two possibilities when used with or.
- (A) applicant 4 The correct choice is the noun form applicant, meaning <someone who applies for something (such as a job).=
- (B) agreement 4 The correct choice is the noun form agreement used as the object of the preposition for.
- (B) is believed 4 In this sentence, the impersonal passive is used to express an opinion. It is implied that this is a commonly held belief.
- (D) refer 4 The correct choice is the verb refer, meaning <seek information from.= This verb is used with the preposition to.
- (C) timely 4 The correct choice is the adjective timely, meaning <within an appropriate time.= 111. (A) has warned 4 The correct choice is the present perfect has warned because it refers to an event in the past which is connected to the present.
112. (C) exception 4 The correct choice is exception, which means <not included in a group.= 113. (B) used 4 The correct choice is used. Used to + infinitive expresses a regular activity in the past which no longer occurs.
- (D) prevented 4 The correct choice is prevented, meaning <kept from happening.=
- (C) being 4 The correct choice is the present participle being. The participle clause which it completes describes the mayor’s speech. A participle clause with an -ing form of the be-verb is used to express reason or cause. 116. (A) to assemble 4 The correct choice is the infinitive to assemble because of the use of the verb like. It is used here in the construction like + object + to-infinitive.
117. (B) keep 4 The correct choice is the verb keep. When used with the adverb away, it forms the phrasal verb keep away, meaning <to prevent from going somewhere or near somewhere.= 118. (A) its 4 The correct choice is the possessive pronoun. In this sentence, its refers to the products of the company.
- (C) to hear 4 After the adjective shocked, a to-infinitive is used.
- (B) are 4 The correct choice is the 3rd person plural form are because it agrees with the plural noun places. The adverb currently tells us that we are talking about a present situation. 121. (A) which 4 In this non-identifying relative clause, the correct choice is the relative pronoun which. 122. (C) by 4 The correct choice is by, referring to something which happens by a particular time, and no later.
123. (A) care 4 The noun care completes the expression handle with (great) care. 124. (B) have I 4 After seldom, the subject and verb are inverted, making have I the correct choice. 125. (A) which 4 The correct choice is the relative pronoun which because the antecedent is a thing.
126. (D) prior to 4 The correct choice is the prepositional phrase prior to, meaning <before.= 127. (D) equally 4 The correct choice is the adverb equally which modifies the adjective valid. 128. (B) retail 4 The correct choice is the noun retail which completes the compound noun retail businesses.
- (B) their 4 The correct choice is the 3rd person plural possessive pronoun their. It refers to every customer, meaning <all people within the collective group, customers.=
- (C) that 4 The missing word is that. It completes the subordinating conjunction so that. 131. (C) preference 4 The correct choice is preference, meaning <liking one thing over another.= 132. (D) All 4 The correct choice is the quantifier all, signifying that without exception, visitors have to sign in.
133. (C) nevertheless 4 The adverb nevertheless has the meaning of <despite what has been said.= It expresses that regardless of traffic problems, everyone should be at the meeting. 134. (B) because of 4 The prepositional phrase because of is followed by a noun and connects cause and effect.
- (B) be announced 4 In this sentence, the simple future passive is used.
- (A) join 4 With the verb request, the subjunctive is needed.
- (C) Whoever 4 The relative pronoun whoever is the correct choice because the sentence refers to an unidentified person.
- (B) not enough 4 Before a noun, not enough can be used to make the sentence negative. 139. (D) much 4 Much is used to modify the comparative adverb better.
140. (A) why 4 In this cleft sentence, the focus is on the reason for holding a meeting due to the expression the reason why.
Part 6 Text Completion (page 236)
Tips
Remember that you are looking for the most appropriate word to fill in the blank. Read the whole text, not just the words around the blank. Try to understand the meaning of the text.
- (B) valued 4 In this context, the correct choice is the adjective valued.
- (C) be reduced 4 The correct choice be reduced completes the future simple passive in this sentence.
- (A) local 4 The correct choice is the adjective
local, which describes the noun hospital.
- (C) mailed 4 The past participle mailed is used as
an adjective, with the meaning <which was mailed.=
- (B) apologize 4 In this context, the correct choice is the verb apologize.
- (D) to serving 4 The expression look forward to is followed by the -ing form of the verb. 147. (A) amazing 4 The correct choice is the present participle amazing, used here as an adjective. 148. (C) those 4 The correct choice is the demonstrative pronoun those, which refers to the plural noun seeds.
149. (C) incentive 4 In this context, the correct choice is incentive, meaning <something that encourages you to do something.= 150. (D) to adhere 4 After the verb require, a to-infinitive is used.
- (C) If 4 This conditional clause is introduced by the conjunction if.
- (D) mandatory 4 In this context, mandatory, meaning <ordered by rules or law= is the correct choice.
Part 7 Reading Comprehension (page 240)
Tricks:
- Many answers use information that appears in the passage. However, they may not directly answer the question.
- Watch out for similar sounding words, confusing numbers, wrong word forms, and words with similar meanings.
- Don’t be confused by questions that follow these formats:
Which of the following is NOT mentioned in the reading?
The text refers to all of the following EXCEPT&
- (A) To announce a parking restriction
- (B) Park their vehicles on a different street 155. (A) To encourage participation in a course
- (C) Adults only
- (A) Self improvement
- (C) Business people 159. (B) On the company’s website
- (B) It is an annual event.
- (A) $29.50
- (D) On the weekend
- (C) Economic development
- (D) Upgrades to downtown buildings
- (C) The construction of roadways 166. (B) To provide a reference 167. (B) She is interested in financial matters.
- (A) She is a recent college graduate.
- (D) Business professionals
- (C) Stand out
- (C) 500
- (B) Contact information
- (A) To inform employees of an upcoming event 174. (C) It will be led by a group of amateurs. 175. (A) At the event venue
- (B) Only staff can attend the event.
- (B) Arts and Literature
- (D) The Symbol
- (C) To promote a writer and his latest work
- (C) 2003
- (A) Small businesses
- (D) Bank account set-up
- (B) Just under $30
- (A) He needs such services for his own business.
- (D) A representative will get in touch with Mr.
Lightfoot.
- (A) To request payment for services rendered 187. (D) They provide excellent service.
- (B) Early May
- (D) A contact number
- (B) Contact the sales department
- (C) Residents who own their own houses
- (B) $90
- (A) The added charges for installation
- (C) A concerned local citizen
- (A) Because they have been approved by the
state
- (C) To make a request
- (C) He was away on business for a while.
- (B) She no longer works at the gym.
- (A) He gave Keith two months’ free membership.
- (D) Manager