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Bếp titếng n An A h n – Ms M Be B r 1
There are 8 basic types of words or parts of speech in English, including: noun pronoun adjective adverb Chapter 1 WHAT IS A SENTENCE? verb preposition conjunction article
Each part of speech holds a distinct function that wil be described in the fol owing
A sentence is a group of words that expresses a complete thought. chapter. Fo F r o re x e a x m a p m l p e: We live in Vietnam. An likes reading.
Words can go together to make a clause. A clause or a group of clauses can form a
sentence. Sentences can go together to make a paragraph. Final y, paragraphs can be
combined into an essay. Al go along the fol owing sequence: Letters Words Clause Sentence Paragraph Essay
So how many types of words or parts of speech are there? Let’s delve into this question in the fol owing sections. Bếp titếng n An A h n – Ms M Be B r 2 2. 2. W H W E H R E E R E C A C N A N WE W E F I F ND N D A A N O N U O N U ? N Chapter 2 PARTS OF SPEECH / A noun can be found : WORDS IN ENGLISH • • A ft A e ft r e ra n n a r a tritclce: e a / an / the • • Aft A e ft r e ra a ca c r a d r i d na n l a num u b m e b r
e :r one, two, three … or ran n or o d r i d na n l a nu n m u b m e
b r:r the first, the second… A A no n u o n n is s a a wo w r o d r d us u e s d e d to t ide d n e t n itfy fy an a y n y of o a a c lcas a s s of o pe p o e pl p e, e pl p ac a e c s e ,s or o r • • A ft A e ft r e ra a q u q a u nt n itfie fi r
e :r a lot of, many, some, a few, a great deal of, a number of, … I. NOUNS th t i h ng n s g s (co c m o m m o m n o n no n u o n) n ,) or o rto o na n m a e m e a a pa p r a tritcu c l u ar a ron o e n e of o th t e h s e e s e (p ( r p o r p o e p r e r • • A ft A e ft r e ra a p r p e r p e o p sistiton o :
n in, on, at, with, within, … no n u o n u ) n .) E . E g. g , h u h m u a m n a , n s c s ho h o o l o , p h p o h n o e n , i nt n e t r e n r e n t e ,t M i M ke k , e Oxfo x r fo d r , d … … • • A ft A e ft r e ra n n a d a j d ec e t c itve v :
e informed decision, beautiful beaches, bustling city, … 1.1 F U F N U C N T C I T ON O S N S O F O F A A N O N U O N U N I N N A A S E S N E T N E T N E C N E C • • A ft A e ft r e ra a p o p ss s e s s e s s isve v e ad a j d ec e t c ive v e o r o rc a c se s :
e my, your, his, her, our, their, its, Lan’s, movie’s, … • • A ft A e ft r e ra a t rta r ns n istitve v e v e v r e b r :
b take, make, import, export, raise, reduce, donate … 1. Humans are social animals. Subject • Aft A e ft r e ra a l ink n ikng n g v e v r e b r :
b be, is, are, become, remain, …
2. Language has elevated humans above the other animals. • • Be B fo e r fo e r e t h t e h e ma m i a n n v e v r e b r b t h t a h t a tc o c n o t n a t ins n s a a t e t n e se s Object of verb • • Be B fo e r fo e r e o r o rA ft A e ft r ra n a o n t o h t e h r rn o n u o n u
n : information technology, tourism industry, …
3. Industrial waste can pose a serious threat to humans and the environment. Ex E e x r e c r icse s
e 1 :1 Look at two gap-fil ing tasks in the Ielts Listening test below and figure Objects of preposition
out how you can identify if there must be a noun in the gap. 4. We are al humans. Subject complement
5. We cannot consider robot a human. Object complement Bếp titếng n An A h n – Ms M Be B r 3 3. 3. C O C U O N U T N A T B A L B E L E & & UN U C N O C U O N U T N A T B A L B E L E N O N U O N U S S CO C U O N U T N A T B A L B E L N O N U O N U S N S UN U C N O C U O N U T N AB A L B E L E N O N U O N U S N
• Have singular and plural form
• Cannot be plural : advice, information, Si S ng n u g l u ar a r P l P ur u a r l a furniture, data, … window windows
• Abstract nouns are uncountable: cat cats
freedom, privacy, contamination, … bike bikes
• Some uncountable nouns look plural person people but they are not: news, chaos man men shelf shelves box boxes
• A singular noun can be preceded by “a/an”.
• Most countable plural nouns end with
“s/es”. The irregular plural nouns wil be Ex E e x r e c r icse s e 2:
2 Look at a gap-fil ing task in the Ielts Reading test below and figure out presented below.
how you can identify if there must be a noun in the gap. RE R G E U G L U A L R A R R U R L U E L S E S TO T O T U T R U N R N A A S I S NGU G L U A L R A R N OU O N U N I NT N O T O A A PL P U L R U A R L A L O N O E N • • Re R g e u g l u ar rr u r l u e: ad a d d “ s “ ” s ”t o t o t h t e h e e n e d n d of o w f o w r o d r s d E.g., cup → cups sbottle → bottles s picture → pictures s • Ad A d d d “ e “ s e ” s ”t o t o wo w r o d r s d s t h t a h t a te n e d n d i n O, O S , S S S S , S S H S , H X , C H C , H Z E.g., tomato → tomatoes e class → classes e s box → boxes e s bus → buses e bush → bushes e church → churches e quiz → quizes e Bếp titếng n An A h n – Ms M Be B r 4
Only add “s” to words that have CH pronounced /k/ mosquitos/ volcanos/ mottos/ mottoes mosquitoes volcanoes E.g., stomach → stomachs epoch → epochs s flamingos/ flamingoes tornados/ tornadoes mangos/ monarch → monarchs s mangoes • • Wo W r o d r s d s t h t a h t a en e d n d i n n “ y “ ” y
Danh từ đuôi –f / -fe phải đổi thành –ves
➢ If there is a vowel before “y”, just add “s” calf – calves leaf – leaves self – selves wolf – wolves E.g., bay → bays s half – halves life – lives shelf – shelves scarf – scarfs/
➢ If there is a consonant before “y”, replace “y” with “ies” knife – knives loaf – loaves thief – thieves scarves E.g., baby → babies e s activity → activities e
Danh từ đuôi –f nhưng chỉ thêm –s (đặc biệt là những từ có 2 nguyên âm trước –f) IRR R E R G E U G L U A L R A R P L P U L R U A R L A L N O N UN U S N S chief – chiefs belief – beliefs roof – roofs spoof - spoofs
Danh từ có cách viết số ít và số nhiều như nhau
Danh từ số nhiều bất quy tắc deer – deer fish – fish* means – means species – species man – men child – children mouse – mice foot – feet sheep – sheep staff – staff woman – women ox – oxen louse – lice tooth – teeth person – people goose – geese
Danh từ là từ mượn có dạng số nhiều đặc biệt
Danh từ đuôi –o phải thêm –es criterion – criteria
analysis – analyses bacterium – bacteria phenomenon – basis – bases curriculum – curricula echo – echoes hero – heroes potato – potatoes tomato - phenomena domino – dominoes embargo - tomatoes embargoes crisis – crises datum – data cactus – cacti/ hypothesis – medium – media
Danh từ đuôi –o chỉ thêm –s (đặc biệt là những danh từ có nguyên âm đứng trước cactuses hypotheses memorandum - memoranda âm cuối –o) stimulus – stimuli oasis – oases solo – solos memo – memos soprano – radio – radios syl abus – syl abi/ parenthesis – zero – zeros photo – photos spranos tattoo – tattoos syl abuses parentheses kilo – kilos piano – pianos auto – autos video – videos thesis – theses buffalo - buffalos studio - studios zoo – zoos formula – formulas appendix –
Danh từ đuôi –o có thể thêm cả -s lẫn –es vetebra – vetebras appendices/ Bếp titếng n An A h n – Ms M Be B r 5 appendixes 13. a shelf → ………………. 17. a toy → ………………. index – indices/ 14. a tornado → ………………. 18. a species → ………………. indexes 15. a bacterium → ………………. 19. a wolf → ………………. WO W R O D R S D S T H T A H T A T A R A E R E C O C N O F N US U I S NG N G T O T O U SE S R E S R : S 16. a century → ………………. 20. a tattoo → ……………….
♣ Col ective nouns don’t have “s” at the end of the words but they carry the meaning CO C M O M M O M N O N U N U C N O C U O N U TA T B A L B E L E N O N U O N U S S of plural nouns. • Ty T p y e p s e s o f o un u c n o c u o n u t n a t b a l b e e no n u o ns n :s E.g.,
police, army, cattle, people, family ...
♣ Danh từ chỉ chất rắn: glass coal wood
- The police are investigating two suspects in this area. thủy tinh than đá gỗ
♣ Danh từ chỉ chất lỏng: water milk oil
Danh từ people chỉ có “s” khi nó được dùng để nhắc đến nhiều dân tộc. nước sữa dầu
E.g., Al the peoples of the world desire peace.
♣ Danh từ chỉ chất khí: oxygen air smoke ô-xi không khí khói
♣ Some nouns end in “s” or “es” but carry the meaning of singular nouns.
♣ Danh từ chỉ chất nhão: butter cheese meat bơ phô mai thịt E.g.,
species, means, barracks, news, measles, rabies, mumps, logistics, mathematics,
♣ Các loại bột và hạt: rice sugar wheat
physics, economics, athletics, The United States, The Philipines, ... gạo đường lúa mì
- Mathematics is my most favorite subject at school.
♣ Danh từ trừu tượng: chaos advice motivation sự hỗn loạn lời khuyên động lực Ex E e x r e c r icse s e 3
: Write down the plural form of the fol owing words
♣ Hiện tượng thiên nhiên: sunshine rain weather 1. a mask → ………………. 7. a thief → ………………. ánh mặt trời mưa thời tiết
♣ Danh từ chỉ trạng thái: sleep beauty childhood 2. a formula → ………………. 8. a class → ………………. giấc ngủ vẻ đẹp tuổi thơ 3. a woman → ………………. 9. a cat → ……………….
♣ Danh từ chỉ cảm xúc: courage anger happiness 4. a belief → ………………. 10. a dish → ………………. sự dũng cảm sự tức giận niềm hạnh phúc 5. a watch → ………………. 11. a photo → ………………. ♣ Danh từ chung: charity income homework từ thiện thu nhập bài tập về nh à 6. a fish → ………………. 12. a mouse → ………………. Bếp titếng n An A h n – Ms M Be B r 6 • No N u o n u s n s t h t a h t a th a h v a e v e tw t o w o m e m a e ni n ng n s g :s Ex E e x r e c r icse s e 4
: Look at a sample Ielts Writing task 1 below and identify the words that ♣ HAIR I have so much ha
h ir rthat it takes longer to dry. are incorrect. There’re two ha h irs r s in my cup of coffee. ♣ LIGHT We need more ligh g t h ,t so open the door! There were only three ligh g t h s
t in our classroom. The other one is out. ♣ PAPER I want a pencil and some pap a e p r e rto draw a picture. He read a pa p p a er e ron economics. ♣ ROOM There isn’t enough ro r om
o in the suitcase for al of the clothes We booked two ro r o o m o s m s in advance. ♣ TIME Have you got titme m e for a cup of coffee.
I have frequented the shop many titme m s. ♣ WORK Everybody needs wo w r o k r .
Macbeth is one of Shakespeare's greatest wo w rk r s k . ♣ NOISE I just can’t stand the no n ise s .
The pie chart compare the amount of electricities produced using five different source of fuel in I thought I heard different no n i o se s s e s coming from the apartment
two country over two separate years. upstairs.
Total electricity production increased dramatical y from 1980 to 2000 in both Australia and France.
While the totals for both countries were similar, there were big difference in the fuel sources used. ♣ WOOD The house was built of wo w o o d o .
Coals was used to produce 50 of the total 100 units of electricity in Australia in 1980, rising to 130 We went for a walk in the wo w od o s d s after lunch.
out of 170 units in 2000. By contrast, nuclear power became the most important fuel source in • So S m o e m e u n u c n o c u o nt n a t b a l b e e n o n u o ns n s c a c n a n s t s itl lg o g o w i w th h “ a “ / a a / n a ” n ”b e b fo e r fo e r .
France in 2000, producing almost 75% of the country’s electricity.
Australia depended on hydro power for just under 25% of its electricity in both years, but the ♣ a a h e h l e p A good map would be a help.
amount of electricity produced using this type of powers fel from 5 to only 2 units in France. Oil, ♣ a a k n k o n w o l w ed e g d e g e of o f
He had a knowledge of Mathematics.
on the other hand, remained a relatively important fuel sources in France, but its use declined in ♣ a a fe a fe r a / r /a a r e r l e ief e I have a fear of heights.
Australia. Both countries relied on natural gases for electricity production significantly more in 1980 than in 2000.
It was a relief to be able to talk to someone about it. ♣ a a p i p ty t / y /a a s h s a h me m / e /a a w o w n o d n e d r
It’s a pity you weren’t here. Bếp titếng n An A h n – Ms M Be B r 7 4. 4 N O N U O N U N S U S F U F F I F XE X S E S Ex E e x rc r icse s e 5:
5: Identify nouns in the fol owing Ielts Reading paragraph. Pay attention
We can see the suffixes as an indicator for a noun
to how many nouns you found end in a suffix and how many nouns are compound. Mi M nd n ' d s s e y e e y e b l b ind n d AB A S B T S R T A R C A T C T N OU O N U S N S CO C M O M M O M N O N N OU O N U S N S F O F R O R PE P O E P O L P E L E - Adj + ne n s
e s:s kindness, friendliness, . .
Ironical y, Niel now works in a bookshop, although he largely sticks to the non-fiction - V+ er e : teacher, employer, . .
aisles. His condition begs the question what is going on inside his picture-less mind. I - V + me m n e t n : agreement, entertainment, - V+ or : doctor, mayor, . . payment, . .
asked him what happens when he tries to picture his fiancee. "This is the hardest thing - V+ ar a r: liar, burglar,. .
to describe, what happens in my head when I think about things," he says. "When I think - Adj + ty t / y /-ity t / y /-et e y t : certainty, - N/ V + ye y r e / /y o y r o r: mayor, lawyer, . .
about my fiancee there is no image, but I am definitely thinking about her, I know today
intensity, community, variety, . . - V + ee
e : employee, trainee, interviewee,
she has her hair up at the back, she's brunette. But I'm not describing an image I am - Adj + do d m o : m freedom, wisdom, attendee, …
looking at, I'm remembering features about her, that's the strangest thing and maybe kingdom, . . - V + an a t n : assistant, . .
that is a source of some regret." - Adj + th t :
h width, length, strength, . . - N / Adj + ian a n : librarian, electrician,
The response from his mates is a very sympathetic: "You're weird." But while Niel is very - N + sh s i h p/ p -ho h o o d
o : friendship, internship, plotician, artisan, . .
relaxed about his inability to picture things, it is often a cause of distress for others. One boyhood, childhood,. . - N + ist
s t : scientist, biologist, chemist,
person who took part in a study into aphantasia said he had started to feel "isolated" - V + titon/ n /-sison o : n invasion, invention, economist, activist, …
and "alone" after discovering that other people could see images in their heads. Being information, . .
unable to reminisce about his mother years after her death led to him being "extremely - V + + a n a c n e c e / /e n e c n e c : e assistance, distraught".
importance, performance, dependence, Ex E e x rc r icse s e 6
: Identify nouns in the fol owing paragraph. Pay attention to how many confidence, existence, …
nouns you found end in a suffix. 5. 5. C O C M O P M O P U O N U D N D N O N U O N U S S ( N ( N + + N ) )
A study from Northwestern University shows that playing a musical instrument can
improve a person’s hearing ability. As a part of the study, two groups of people listened
There are 3 types of compound nouns:
to a person talking in a noisy room. The people in the first group were musicians, while ➀ Without space:
those in the second group had no musical training. The musicians were able to hear the
E.g., footbal , waterproof, airport, bedroom, watermelon, … talking person more clearly. ➁ With space:
E.g., high school, ice cream, air conditioner, bus stop, swimming pool, … ➂ With hyphens:
E.g., mother-in-law, state-of-the-art, self-control, 4-year-old girl, … Bếp titếng n An A h n – Ms M Be B r 8 Ex E e x rc r icse s
e 7: Identify which gaps of the summary need a noun and how you can Co C m o p m l p et e e t e t h t e h e su s m u m m a m r a y r y u s u isng n g t h t e h e l ist s to f w f o w r o d r s d ,s A -H - , H b el e ow o . w
navigate the nouns necessary in the list of words from A to G. Ar A tr ta n a d n d t h t e h e B r B ai a n Co C m o p m l p et e e t e th t e h e su s m u m m a m ry r y ba b s a e s d e d on o n Pa P r a tr tB B o f th t e h e pas a s s a s g a e g e us u isng n g th t e h e list s tof wo w r o d r s d ,s A - A - G, G be b l e ow o . w
The discipline of neuroaesthetics aims to bring scientific objectivity to the study of art.
Neurological studies of the brain, for example, demonstrate the impact which Mu M s u e s u e m u s m s o f o 21 2 sts tc e c n e t n ur u y r y
Impressionist paintings have on our (1) . . . . . . . . . .
Modern museums have become (1) ________ places to visit with the adoption of various
interactive technologies. In the Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York, visitors can
Alex Forsythe of the University of Liverpool believes many artists give their works the
get (2) ________ about any artwork by scanning it through their smartphones. The
precise degree of (2) . . . . . . . . . . which most appeals to the viewer’s brain.
National Museum of African Art provides the opportunity for a virtual (3) ________ with
She also observes that pleasing works of art often contain certain
the curator, artists, and social media groups through an app. Thus, the latest technology
is (4) _______ the existing museums by giving an enriched experience to the visitors.
repeated (3) . . . . . . . . . . which occur frequently in the natural world. A – dul B – communication C – information A – interpretation B – complexity C – emotions D – tour E – interesting F – complementing D – movements E – skil s F – layout G – replacing G – concern H - images Co C m o p m l p et e e t e t h t e h e su s m u m m a m r a y r y u s u isng n g t h t e h e l ist s to f w f o w r o d r s d ,s A -G, G b e b l e ow o . w Co C m o p m l p et e e t e t h t e h e su s m u m m a m r a y r y u s u isng n g t h t e h e l ist s to f w f o w r o d r s d ,s A -I-, b e b l e ow o . w Th T e h e ‘ al a go g rirth t m h i m ca c t a iton o ’ n o f o j f ob o s
Stel a Pachidi of Cambridge Judge Business School has been focusing on the Th T e h e l an a g n ua u g a e g e d e d b e a b t a e t
‘algorithmication’ of jobs which rely not on production but on (1) ________.
According to (1) …………. , there is only one correct form of language. Linguists who take
While monitoring a telecommunications company, Pachidi observed a growing
this approach to language place great importance on grammatical (2) . . . . . . . . . . . . .
32 (2) ________ on the recommendations made by AI, as workers begin to learn through
Conversely, the view of (3) …………. , such as Joseph Priestley, is that grammar should be
the ‘algorithm’s eyes’. Meanwhile, staff are deterred from experimenting and using their
own (3) ________, and are therefore prevented from achieving innovation. based on (4) …………. .
To avoid the kind of situations which Pachidi observed, researchers are trying A – descriptivists B – aesthetic C – popular speech
to make AI’s decision-making process easier to comprehend, and to increase users’ (4) D – formal language E – evaluation F – rules
________ with regard to the technology. G – negative H – prescriptivists I – important A – pressure B – satisfaction C – intuition D – promotion E – reliance F – confidence G – information 6. 6. N O N U O N U N P H P R H A R S A E S Bếp titếng n An A h n – Ms M Be B r 9
From a simple noun or compound noun, we can form a noun phrase by adding a little spice to it with the fol owing components. Type 1 Noun man Noun phrase (NP) determiner + noun a man Expanded noun phrase
determiner + adjective + noun a young man Expanded noun phrase
determiner + adverb + adjective + noun a real y young man Expanded noun phrase
determiner + adverb + adjective + noun + prepositonal phrase a real y young man in my neighborhood Type 2 Noun demand Noun phrase determiner + noun the demand Expanded noun phrase
determiner + adjective + noun the high demand Expanded noun phrase
determiner + adverb + adjective + noun the increasingly high demand Expanded noun phrase
determiner + adverb + adjective + noun + of + (expanded) noun phrase the increasingly high demand of some employers Type 3 Noun phrase the increase Expanded noun phrase
determiner + adverb + adjective + nou n the most recent increase Expanded noun phrase
determiner + adverb + adjective + noun + of + (expanded) noun phrase the most recent increase of female graduates Expanded noun phrase
determiner + adverb + adjective + noun + of + (expanded) noun phrase + relative clause the most recent increase of female graduates who have studied …
A determiner can be classified as one of the fol owing parts of speech: - An article: a / an / the
- A possessive adjective or possessive case: my, your, his, her, our, their, its ; Mai’s, the city’s, the world’s, John’s, …
- A quantifier: many, much, some, any, a few, a little, a great deal of, plenty of, …
- A pronoun: such, another, other, the other, this, that, these, those, one …
- A number: one, two, one hundred, a thousand, 10 mil ion, … Bếp titếng n An A h n – Ms M Be B r 10