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1
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A sentence is a group of words that expresses a complete thought.
For example
For example
For example
For exampleFor example
:
:
:
:: We live in Vietnam.
An likes reading.
Words can go together to make a clause. A clause or a group of clauses can form a
sentence. Sentences can go together to make a paragraph. Finally, paragraphs can be
combined into an essay. All go along the following sequence:
Letters
Words
Clause
Sentence
Paragraph
Essay
So how many types of words or parts of speech are there? Let’s delve into this question
in the following sections.
There are 8 basic types of words or parts of speech in English, including:
noun pronoun
adjective adverb
verb preposition
conjunction article
Each part of speech holds a distinct function that will be described in the following
chapter.
Chapter 1
WHAT IS A SENTENCE?
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I. NOUNS
A
A
A
A A
nou
nou
nou
nounou
n
n
n
n n
is
is
is
is is
a
a
a
a a
word
word
word
word word
used
used
used
used used
to
to
to
toto
identify
identify
identify
identify identify
any
any
any
any any
of
of
of
of of
a clas
a clas
a clas
a clasa clas
s
s
s
s s
of
of
of
of of
peo
peo
peo
peopeo
ple,
ple,
ple,
ple, ple,
places,
places,
places,
places, places,
or
or
or
or or
things
things
things
things things
(
(
(
((
common
common
common
common common
nou
nou
nou
nounou
n),
n),
n),
n), n),
or
or
or
or or
t
t
t
tt
o
o
o
o o
name
name
name
name name
a
a
a
a a
particular
particular
particular
particular particular
one
one
one
one one
of
of
of
of of
these
these
these
these these
(proper
(proper
(proper
(proper (proper
noun).
noun).
noun).
noun).noun).
E.g.
E.g.
E.g.
E.g. E.g.
, human, sc
, human, sc
, human, sc
, human, sc, human, sc
hool, phone
hool, phone
hool, phone
hool, phonehool, phone
, internet, Mike,
, internet, Mike,
, internet, Mike,
, internet, Mike, , internet, Mike,
O
O
O
OO
xford, …
xford, …
xford, …
xford, …xford, …
1. FUNCTIONS OF
1. FUNCTIONS OF
1. FUNCTIONS OF
1. FUNCTIONS OF 1. FUNCTIONS OF
A NOUN IN
A NOUN IN
A NOUN IN
A NOUN IN A NOUN IN
A SENTENCE
A SENTENCE
A SENTENCE
A SENTENCEA SENTENCE
1. Humans are social animals.
Subject
2. Language has elevated humans above the other animals.
Object of verb
3. Industrial waste can pose a serious threat to humans and the environment.
Objects of preposition
4. We are all humans.
Subject complement
5. We cannot consider robot a human.
Object complement
2. WHERE CAN
2. WHERE CAN
2. WHERE CAN
2. WHERE CAN 2. WHERE CAN
WE FIND A NOUN?
WE FIND A NOUN?
WE FIND A NOUN?
WE FIND A NOUN?WE FIND A NOUN?
A noun can be found :
• After a
• After a
• After a
• After a• After a
n article:
n article:
n article:
n article:n article: a / an / the
After
After
After
After After
a
a
a
a a
cardinal
cardinal
cardinal
cardinal cardinal
n
n
n
nn
umber:
umber:
umber:
umber:umber: one, two, three
o
o
o
oo
r
r
r
r r
a
a
a
aa
n
n
n
n n
ordinal
ordinal
ordinal
ordinal ordinal
numbe
numbe
numbe
numbenumbe
r:
r:
r:
r:r: the first, the second…
• After a qua
• After a qua
• After a qua
• After a qua• After a qua
ntifier:
ntifier:
ntifier:
ntifier:ntifier: a lot of, many, some, a few, a great deal of, a number of, …
• After a prepo
• After a prepo
• After a prepo
• After a prepo• After a prepo
sition:
sition:
sition:
sition:sition: in, on, at, with, within,
• After a
• After a
• After a
• After a• After a
n adjective:
n adjective:
n adjective:
n adjective:n adjective: informed decision, beautiful beaches, bustling city,
• After a po
• After a po
• After a po
• After a po• After a po
ssessive
ssessive
ssessive
ssessive ssessive
adject
adject
adject
adjectadject
ive or ca
ive or ca
ive or ca
ive or caive or ca
se:
se:
se:
se:se: my, your, his, her, our, their, its, Lan’s, movie’s, …
• After a tra
• After a tra
• After a tra
• After a tra• After a tra
nsitive verb:
nsitive verb:
nsitive verb:
nsitive verb:nsitive verb: take, make, import, export, raise, reduce, donate
After a li
After a li
After a li
After a liAfter a li
nking verb:
nking verb:
nking verb:
nking verb: nking verb: be,
is, are, become, remain,
Before the
Before the
Before the
Before the Before the
main verb that conta
main verb that conta
main verb that conta
main verb that contamain verb that conta
ins a ten
ins a ten
ins a ten
ins a tenins a ten
se
se
se
sese
Before or Afte
Before or Afte
Before or Afte
Before or AfteBefore or Afte
r anothe
r anothe
r anothe
r another anothe
r noun :
r noun :
r noun :
r noun :r noun : information technology, tourism industry, …
Exercise 1:
Exercise 1:
Exercise 1:
Exercise 1: Exercise 1: Look at two gap-filling tasks in the Ielts Listening test below and figure
out how you can identify if there must be a noun in the gap.
Chapter 2
PARTS OF SPEECH /
WORDS IN ENGLISH
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Exercise
Exercise
Exercise
Exercise Exercise
2:
2:
2:
2:2: Look at a gap-filling task in the Ielts Reading test below and figure out
how you can identify if there must be a noun in the gap.
3. COUNTABLE &
3. COUNTABLE &
3. COUNTABLE &
3. COUNTABLE & 3. COUNTABLE &
UNCOUNTABLE NOUN
UNCOUNTABLE NOUN
UNCOUNTABLE NOUN
UNCOUNTABLE NOUNUNCOUNTABLE NOUN
S
S
S
S S
COUNTABLE
COUNTABLE
COUNTABLE
COUNTABLECOUNTABLE
NOUNS
NOUNS
NOUNS
NOUNS NOUNS
UNCOUNT
UNCOUNT
UNCOUNT
UNCOUNTUNCOUNT
ABLE NOUNS
ABLE NOUNS
ABLE NOUNS
ABLE NOUNSABLE NOUNS
Have singular and plural form
Singular
Singular
Singular
Singular Singular
Plural
Plural
Plural
Plural Plural
window windows
cat cats
bike bikes
person people
man men
shelf shelves
box boxes
A singular noun can be preceded by
“a/an”.
Most countable plural nouns end with
“s/es”. The irregular plural nouns will be
presented below.
Cannot be plural : advice, information,
furniture, data ,
Abstract nouns are uncountable:
freedom, privacy, contamination, …
Some uncountable nouns look plural
but they are not: news, chaos
REGULAR RULES
REGULAR RULES
REGULAR RULES
REGULAR RULES REGULAR RULES
TO TURN A SIN
TO TURN A SIN
TO TURN A SIN
TO TURN A SINTO TURN A SIN
GULAR N
GULAR N
GULAR N
GULAR NGULAR N
OUN INTO A
OUN INTO A
OUN INTO A
OUN INTO A OUN INTO A
PLURAL ONE
PLURAL ONE
PLURAL ONE
PLURAL ONEPLURAL ONE
Regula
Regula
Regula
RegulaRegula
r rule
r rule
r rule
r ruler rule
:
:
:
: :
ad
ad
ad
adad
d “s” to the end
d “s” to the end
d “s” to the end
d “s” to the end d “s” to the end
of words
of words
of words
of wordsof words
E.g., cup cup bottle bottle picture picture
s
s
s
ss
s
s
s
ss
s
s
s
ss
Add “es” to
Add “es” to
Add “es” to
Add “es” to Add “es” to
words that end i
words that end i
words that end i
words that end iwords that end i
n
n
n
nn
O, S, SS, SH, X
O, S, SS, SH, X
O, S, SS, SH, X
O, S, SS, SH, XO, S, SS, SH, X
, CH, Z
, CH, Z
, CH, Z
, CH, Z, CH, Z
E.g., tomato → tomato
es
es
es
eses
class class
es
es
es
eses box box
es
es
es
eses
bus bus bush bush church church
es
es
es
eses
es
es
es
eses
es
es
es
eses
quiz quiz
es
es
es
eses
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Ms Be
Ms Be
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Only add “s” to words that have
CH
CH
CH
CHCH pronounced /k/
E.g., stomach → stomach
s
s
s
ss epoch → epoch
s
s
s
s s
monarch → monarch
s
s
s
s s
Words that
Words that
Words that
Words thatWords that
end in “y”
end in “y”
end in “y”
end in “y”end in “y”
If there is a vowel before “y”, just add “s”
E.g., bay → bay
s
s
s
s s
If there is a consonant before “y”, replace “y” with “ies”
E.g., baby → bab activity → activit
ies
ies
ies
ies ies
ies
ies
ies
iesies
IRREGULAR PLURAL NO
IRREGULAR PLURAL NO
IRREGULAR PLURAL NO
IRREGULAR PLURAL NOIRREGULAR PLURAL NO
UNS
UNS
UNS
UNS UNS
man men
woman women
person people
child children
ox oxen
mouse mice
louse lice
foot feet
tooth teeth
goose geese
echo echoes
domino dominoes
hero heroes
potato potatoes
embargo -
embargoes
tomato -
tomatoes
solo solos
zero zeros
kilo kilos
memo memos
photo photos
piano pianos
buffalo - buffalos
soprano
spranos
auto autos
studio - studios
radio radios
tattoo tattoos
video videos
zoo zoos
mosquitos/
mosquitoes
tornados/ tornadoes
volcanos/
volcanoes
mangos/
mangoes
mottos/ mottoes
flamingos/ flamingoes
Danh t f / -fe ph i thành ves đuôi – ải đổ
calf calves
half halves
knife knives
leaf leaves
life lives
loaf loaves
self selves
shelf shelves
thief thieves
wolf wolves
scarf scarfs/
scarves
Danh t thêm c bi t là ng t đuôi –f nhưng chỉ –s (đặ nh có 2 nguyên âm trước f)
chief chiefs
belief beliefs
roof roofs
spoof - spoofs
Danh t có cách vi t s ít và s ế nhiều như nhau
deer deer
sheep sheep
fish fish*
staff staff
means means
species species
Danh t là t n có d ng s c bi t mượ nhiều đặ
criterion criteria
phenomenon
phenomena
cactus cacti/
cactuses
stimulus stimuli
syllabus syllabi/
syllabuses
formula formulas
vetebra vetebras
analysis analyses
basis bases
crisis crises
hypothesis
hypotheses
oasis oases
parenthesis
parentheses
thesis theses
appendix
appendices/
bacterium bacteria
curriculum curricula
datum data
medium media
memorandum - memoranda
5
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Ms Be
Ms Be
Ms Be
Ms BeMs Be
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appendixes
index indices/
indexes
WORDS THAT ARE CONF
WORDS THAT ARE CONF
WORDS THAT ARE CONF
WORDS THAT ARE CONFWORDS THAT ARE CONF
USING TO U
USING TO U
USING TO U
USING TO UUSING TO U
SERS:
SERS:
SERS:
SERS:SERS:
Collective nouns don’t have “s” at the end of the words but they carry the meaning
of plural nouns.
E.g., police, army, cattle, people, family ...
- The police are investigating two suspects in this area.
Danh t n nhi u dân t people ch có “s” khi nó được dùng để nhắc đế c.
E.g., All the peoples of the world desire peace.
Some nouns end in “s” or “es” but carry the meaning of singular nouns.
E.g., species, means, barracks, news, measles, rabies, mumps, logistics, mathematics,
physics, economics, athletics, The United States, The Philipines, ...
- Mathematics my most favorite subject at school.is
Exercise 3
Exercise 3
Exercise 3
Exercise 3Exercise 3
:
:
:
:: Write down the plural form of the following words
1. a mask 7. a thief ……………….. ………………..
2. a formula 8. a class ……………….. ………………..
3. a woman 9. a cat ……………….. ………………..
4. a belief . a dish ……………….. 10 ………………..
5. a watch 11. a photo ……………….. ………………..
6. a fish 12. a mouse ……………….. ………………..
13. a shelf 17. a toy ……………….. ………………..
14. a tornado 18. a species ……………….. ………………..
15. a bacterium 19. a wolf ……………….. ………………..
16. a century 20. a tattoo ……………….. ………………..
COMMON UNCOUN
COMMON UNCOUN
COMMON UNCOUN
COMMON UNCOUNCOMMON UNCOUN
TABLE NOUN
TABLE NOUN
TABLE NOUN
TABLE NOUNTABLE NOUN
S
S
S
S S
Types of
Types of
Types of
Types of Types of
uncountable
uncountable
uncountable
uncountable uncountable
nou
nou
nou
nounou
ns:
ns:
ns:
ns:ns:
Danh t ch cht rn: glass coal wood
th y tinh gthan đá
Danh t ch cht lng: water milk oil
nước s a d u
Danh t ch cht khí: oxygen smoke air
ô-xi không khí khói
Danh t ch cht nhão: butter cheese meat
phô mai t th
Các loi bt và ht: rice sugar wheat
go đưng lúa mì
Danh t trừu tượng: chaos advice motivation
s h n lo n l i khuyên động lc
Hiện tượng thiên nhiên: sunshine rain weather
ánh m t tr i i ti t mưa th ế
Danh t ch trng thái: sleep beauty childhood
gic ng v đẹp tuổi thơ
Danh t ch cm xúc: courage anger happiness
s dũng cảm s tc gin nim hnh phúc
Danh t chung: charity income homework
t thi n thu nh p bài t p v nhà
6
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B
B
BB
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ế
ế
ếế
p ti
p ti
p ti
p tip ti
ế
ế
ế
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ng Anh
ng Anh
ng Anh
ng Anhng Anh
Ms Be
Ms Be
Ms Be
Ms BeMs Be
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rr
Nouns that have
Nouns that have
Nouns that have
Nouns that have Nouns that have
two mea
two mea
two mea
two meatwo mea
nings:
nings:
nings:
nings:nings:
HAIR I have so much that it takes longer to dry.
ha
ha
ha
haha
ir
ir
ir
irir
in my cup of coffee. There’re two
ha
ha
ha
haha
irs
irs
irs
irsirs
LIGHT We need more , so open the door!
l
l
l
ll
ight
ight
ight
ightight
There were only three in our classroom. The other one is out.
lights
lights
lights
lightslights
PAPER I want a pencil and some to draw a picture.
p
p
p
pp
aper
aper
aper
aperaper
He read a on economics.
pap
pap
pap
pappap
er
er
er
erer
ROOM in the suitcase for all of the clothes There isn’t enough
ro
ro
ro
roro
om
om
om
omom
We booked two in advance.
rooms
rooms
rooms
roomsrooms
TIME Have you got for a cup of coffee.
ti
ti
ti
titi
me
me
me
meme
I have frequented the shop many
time
time
time
timetime
s
s
s
ss.
WORK Everybody needs
work
work
work
workwork.
Macbeth is one of Shakespeare's greatest
wo
wo
wo
wowo
rks
rks
rks
rksrks.
NOISE the I just can’t stand
no
no
no
nono
ise
ise
ise
iseise.
I thought I heard different coming from the apartment
noi
noi
noi
noinoi
ses
ses
ses
sesses
upstairs.
WOOD The house was built of
wood
wood
wood
woodwood.
We went for a walk in the after lunch.
wo
wo
wo
wowo
ods
ods
ods
odsods
Some uncou
Some uncou
Some uncou
Some uncouSome uncou
ntable nou
ntable nou
ntable nou
ntable nountable nou
ns can still go wit
ns can still go wit
ns can still go wit
ns can still go witns can still go wit
h “a/an” before
h “a/an” before
h “a/an” before
h “a/an” beforeh “a/an” before
.
.
.
..
a help
a help
a help
a helpa help A good map would be a help.
a knowledge
a knowledge
a knowledge
a knowledge a knowledge
of
of
of
of of He had a knowledge of Mathematics.
a fear/ a relief
a fear/ a relief
a fear/ a relief
a fear/ a reliefa fear/ a relief
I have a fear of heights.
It was a relief to be able to talk to someone about it.
a pity/ a sha
a pity/ a sha
a pity/ a sha
a pity/ a shaa pity/ a sha
me/ a wonde
me/ a wonde
me/ a wonde
me/ a wondeme/ a wonde
r
r
r
rr It’s a pity you weren’t here.
Exercise 4
Exercise 4
Exercise 4
Exercise 4Exercise 4
:
:
:
: : Look at a sample Ielts Writing task 1 below and identify the words that
are incorrect.
The pie chart compare the amount of electricities produced using five different source of fuel in
two country over two separate years.
Total electricity production increased dramatically from 1980 to 2000 in both Australia and France.
While the totals for both countries were similar, there were big difference in the fuel sources used.
Coals was used to produce 50 of the total 100 units of electricity in Australia in 1980, rising to 130
out of 170 units in 2000. By contrast, nuclear power became the most important fuel source in
France in 2000, producing a lmost 75% of the country’s electricity.
Australia depended on hydro power for just under 25% of its electricity in both years, but the
amount of electricity produced using this type of powers fell from 5 to only 2 units in France. Oil,
on the other hand, remained a relatively important fuel sources in France, but its use declined in
Australia. Both countries relied on natural gas for electricity production significantly more in es
1980 than in 2000.
7
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ế
ế
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p ti
p ti
p tip ti
ế
ế
ế
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ng Anh
ng Anh
ng Anh
ng Anhng Anh
Ms Be
Ms Be
Ms Be
Ms BeMs Be
r
r
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rr
4. NOUN SUFFIXES
4. NOUN SUFFIXES
4. NOUN SUFFIXES
4. NOUN SUFFIXES 4. NOUN SUFFIXES
We can see the suffixes as an indicator for a noun
ABSTRACT N
ABSTRACT N
ABSTRACT N
ABSTRACT NABSTRACT N
OUNS
OUNS
OUNS
OUNS OUNS
COMMON N
COMMON N
COMMON N
COMMON NCOMMON N
OUNS FOR
OUNS FOR
OUNS FOR
OUNS FOR OUNS FOR
PEOPLE
PEOPLE
PEOPLE
PEOPLE PEOPLE
- Adj + : kindness, friendliness, ...
nes
nes
nes
nesnes
s
s
s
ss
- V + : agreement, entertainment,
ment
ment
ment
mentment
payment, ...
- Adj + - - : certainty,
ty/
ty/
ty/
ty/ty/
ity/
ity/
ity/
ity/ity/
ety
ety
ety
etyety
intensity, community, variety, ...
- Adj + : freedom, wisdom,
dom
dom
dom
domdom
kingdom, ...
- Adj + : width, length, strength, ...
th
th
th
thth
- N + - : friendship, internship,
ship/
ship/
ship/
ship/ship/
hood
hood
hood
hoodhood
boyhood, childhood,...
- V + - : invasion, invention,
tio
tio
tio
tiotio
n/
n/
n/
n/n/
sion
sion
sion
sionsion
information, ...
- : assistance, V
+ ance
+ ance
+ ance
+ ance + ance
/ ence
/ ence
/ ence
/ ence/ ence
importance, performance, dependence,
confidence, existence, …
- V+
er
er
er
erer : teacher, employer, ...
- V+ : doctor, mayor, ...
or
or
or
oror
- V+ : liar, burglar,...
ar
ar
ar
arar
- N/ V + : mayor, lawyer, ...
yer
yer
yer
yeryer
/ yor
/ yor
/ yor
/ yor/ yor
- V +
ee
ee
ee
eeee : employee, trainee, interviewee,
attendee, …
- V + : assistant, ...
ant
ant
ant
antant
- N / Adj : librarian, electrician, +
ian
ian
ian
ian ian
plotician, artisan ... ,
- N + : scientist, biologist, chemist,
ist
ist
ist
istist
economist, activist, …
5. COMPOUND NOUN
5. COMPOUND NOUN
5. COMPOUND NOUN
5. COMPOUND NOUN5. COMPOUND NOUN
S (N + N
S (N + N
S (N + N
S (N + NS (N + N
)
)
)
) )
There are 3 types of compound nouns:
Without space:
E.g., football, waterproof, airport, bedroom, watermelon, …
With space:
E.g., high school, ice cream, air conditioner, bus stop, swimming pool, …
With hyphens:
E.g., mother- -law, state- -the-art, self-control, 4-year- in of old girl, …
Exe
Exe
Exe
ExeExe
rcise
rcise
rcise
rcise rcise
5:
5:
5:
5: 5: Identify nouns in the following Ielts Reading paragraph. Pay attention
to how many nouns you found end in a suffix and how many nouns are compound.
Mind's eye bli
Mind's eye bli
Mind's eye bli
Mind's eye bliMind's eye bli
nd
nd
nd
nd nd
Ironically, Niel now works in a bookshop, although he largely sticks to the non-fiction
aisles. His condition begs the question what is going on inside his picture-less mind. I
asked him what happens when he tries to picture his fiancee. "This is the hardest thing
to describe, what happens in my head when I think about things," he says. "When I think
about my fiancee there is no image, but I am definitely thinking about her, I know today
she has her hair up at the back, she's brunette. But I'm not describing an image I am
looking at, I'm remembering features about her, that's the strangest thing and maybe
that is a source of some regret."
The response from his mates is a very sympathetic: "You're weird." But while Niel is very
relaxed about his inability to picture things, it is often a cause of distress for others. One
person who took part in a study into aphantasia said he had started to feel "isolated"
and "alone" after discovering that other people could see images in their heads. Being
unable to reminisce about his mother years after her death led to him being "extremely
distraught".
Exe
Exe
Exe
ExeExe
rcise 6
rcise 6
rcise 6
rcise 6rcise 6
:
:
:
: : Identify nouns in the following paragraph. Pay attention to how many
nouns you found end in a suffix.
A study from Northwestern University shows that playing a musical instrument can
improve
a person’s hearing ability. As a part of the study, two groups of people listened
to a person talking in a noisy room. The people in the first group were musicians, while
those in the second group had no musical training. The musicians were able to hear the
talking person more clearly.
8
B
B
B
BB
ế
ế
ế
ếế
p ti
p ti
p ti
p tip ti
ế
ế
ế
ếế
ng Anh
ng Anh
ng Anh
ng Anhng Anh
Ms Be
Ms Be
Ms Be
Ms BeMs Be
r
r
r
rr
Exe
Exe
Exe
ExeExe
rcise
rcise
rcise
rcise rcise
7
7
7
77
:
:
:
: : Identify which gaps of the summary need a noun and how you can
navigate the nouns necessary in the list of words from A to G.
Complete
Complete
Complete
Complete Complete
the
the
the
the the
summa
summa
summa
summasumma
ry
ry
ry
ry ry
based
based
based
based based
on
on
on
on on
Part
Part
Part
Part Part
B o
B o
B o
B oB o
f
f
f
f f
the
the
the
the the
p
p
p
pp
assage
assage
assage
assage assage
using
using
using
using using
the
the
the
the the
li
li
li
lili
st
st
st
st st
o
o
o
oo
f
f
f
f f
words,
words,
words,
words,words,
A-
A-
A-
A- A-
G,
G,
G,
G, G,
below.
below.
below.
below. below.
Museums of
Museums of
Museums of
Museums of Museums of
cent
cent
cent
cent cent
ury
ury
ury
ury ury
21
21
21
2121
st
st
st
stst
Modern museums have become (1) ________ places to visit with the adoption of various
interactive technologies. In the Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York, visitors can
get (2) ________ about any artwork by scanning it through their smartphones. The
National Museum of African Art provides the opportunity for a virtual (3) ________ with
the curator, artists, and social media groups through an app. Thus, the latest technology
is (4) _______ the existing museums by giving an enriched experience to the visitors.
A dull communication information B C
D tour interesting complementing E F
G replacing
Complete the
Complete the
Complete the
Complete the Complete the
summary usi
summary usi
summary usi
summary usisummary usi
ng the list o
ng the list o
ng the list o
ng the list ong the list o
f words, A
f words, A
f words, A
f words, Af words, A
-
-
-
--
G, below.
G, below.
G, below.
G, below. G, below.
The ‘algo
The ‘algo
The ‘algo
The ‘algoThe ‘algo
rithmication’ of job
rithmication’ of job
rithmication’ of job
rithmication’ of jobrithmication’ of job
s
s
s
ss
Stella Pachidi of Cambridge Judge Business School has been focusing on the
‘algorithmication’ of jobs which rely not on production but on (1) ________.
While monitoring a telecommunications company, Pachidi observed a growing
32 (2) ________ on the recommendations made by AI, as workers begin to learn through
the ‘algorithm’s eyes’. Meanwhile, staff are deterred from experimenting and using their
own (3) ________, and are therefore prevented from achieving innovation.
To avoid the kind of situations which Pachidi observed, researchers are trying
to make AI’s decision ease users’ -making process easier to comprehend, and to incr (4)
________ with regard to the technology.
A pressure satisfaction intuition B C
D promotion reliance confidence E F
G information
Complete the
Complete the
Complete the
Complete the Complete the
summary usi
summary usi
summary usi
summary usisummary usi
ng the list o
ng the list o
ng the list o
ng the list ong the list o
f words, A
f words, A
f words, A
f words, Af words, A
-H, b
-H, b
-H, b
-H, b-H, b
elow.
elow.
elow.
elow. elow.
Art and the Br
Art and the Br
Art and the Br
Art and the BrArt and the Br
ain
ain
ain
ainain
The discipline of neuroaesthetics aims to bring scientific objectivity to the study of art.
Neurological studies of the brain, for example, demonstrate the impact which
Impressionist paintings have on our .................... (1)
Alex Forsythe of the University of Liverpool believes many artists give their works the
precise degree of .................... (2) which most appeals to the viewer’s brain.
She also observes that pleasing works of art often contain certain
repeated .................... which occur frequently in the natural world. (3)
A interpretation complexity emotions B C
D movements skills layout E F
G concern - images H
Complete the
Complete the
Complete the
Complete the Complete the
summary usi
summary usi
summary usi
summary usisummary usi
ng the list o
ng the list o
ng the list o
ng the list ong the list o
f words, A
f words, A
f words, A
f words, Af words, A
-I
-I
-I
-I-I
, below.
, below.
, below.
, below. , below.
The lang
The lang
The lang
The langThe lang
uage debate
uage debate
uage debate
uage debateuage debate
According to (1) ………….., there is only one correct form of language. Linguists who take
this approach to language place great importance on grammatical ......................... (2)
Conversely, the view of is that grammar should be (3) ………….., such as Joseph Priestley,
based on .(4) …………..
A descriptivists aesthetic popular speech B C
D formal language evaluation rules E F
G negative prescriptivists important H I
6. NOUN PHRASE
6. NOUN PHRASE
6. NOUN PHRASE
6. NOUN PHRASE6. NOUN PHRASE
9
B
B
B
BB
ế
ế
ế
ếế
p ti
p ti
p ti
p tip ti
ế
ế
ế
ếế
ng Anh
ng Anh
ng Anh
ng Anhng Anh
Ms Be
Ms Be
Ms Be
Ms BeMs Be
r
r
r
rr
From a simple noun or compound noun, we can form a noun phrase by adding a little spice to it with the following components.
Type 1
Noun
man
Noun phrase (NP)
determiner + noun
a man
Expanded noun phrase
determiner + adjective + noun
a young man
Expanded noun phrase
determiner + adverb + adjective + noun
a really young man
Expanded noun phrase
determiner + adverb + adjective + noun + prepositonal phrase
a really young man in my neighborhood
Type 2
Noun
demand
Noun phrase
determiner + noun
the demand
Expanded noun phrase
determiner + adjective + noun
the high demand
Expanded noun phrase
determiner + adverb + adjective + noun
the increasingly high demand
Expanded noun phrase
determiner + adverb + adjective + noun + of + (expanded) noun phrase
the increasingly high demand of some employers
Type 3
Noun phrase
the increase
Expanded noun phrase
determiner adverb + adjective + + noun
the most recent increase
Expanded noun phrase
determiner + adverb + adjective + noun + of + (expanded) noun phrase
the most recent increase of female graduates
Expanded noun phrase
determiner + adverb + adjective + noun + of + (expanded) noun phrase + relative clause
the most re cent increase of female graduates who have studied …
A determiner can be classified as one of the following parts of speech:
- An article: a / an / the
- A possessive adjective or possessive case: my, your, his, her, our, their, its ; Mai’s, the city’s, the world’s, John’s, …
- A quantifier: many, much, some, any, a few, a little, a great deal of, plenty of, …
- A pronoun: such, another, other, the other, this, that, these, those, one
- A number: one, two, one hundred, a thousand, 10 million,
10
B
B
B
BB
ế
ế
ế
ếế
p ti
p ti
p ti
p tip ti
ế
ế
ế
ếế
ng Anh
ng Anh
ng Anh
ng Anhng Anh
Ms Be
Ms Be
Ms Be
Ms BeMs Be
r
r
r
rr
| 1/216

Preview text:

Bếp titếng n An A h n – Ms M Be B r 1
There are 8 basic types of words or parts of speech in English, including: noun pronoun adjective adverb Chapter 1 WHAT IS A SENTENCE? verb preposition conjunction article
Each part of speech holds a distinct function that wil be described in the fol owing
A sentence is a group of words that expresses a complete thought. chapter. Fo F r o re x e a x m a p m l p e: We live in Vietnam. An likes reading.
Words can go together to make a clause. A clause or a group of clauses can form a
sentence. Sentences can go together to make a paragraph. Final y, paragraphs can be
combined into an essay. Al go along the fol owing sequence: Letters Words Clause Sentence Paragraph Essay
So how many types of words or parts of speech are there? Let’s delve into this question in the fol owing sections. Bếp titếng n An A h n – Ms M Be B r 2 2. 2. W H W E H R E E R E C A C N A N WE W E F I F ND N D A A N O N U O N U ? N Chapter 2 PARTS OF SPEECH / A noun can be found : WORDS IN ENGLISH • • A ft A e ft r e ra n n a r a tritclce: e a / an / the • • Aft A e ft r e ra a ca c r a d r i d na n l a num u b m e b r
e :r one, two, three … or ran n or o d r i d na n l a nu n m u b m e
b r:r the first, the second… A A no n u o n n is s a a wo w r o d r d us u e s d e d to t ide d n e t n itfy fy an a y n y of o a a c lcas a s s of o pe p o e pl p e, e pl p ac a e c s e ,s or o r • • A ft A e ft r e ra a q u q a u nt n itfie fi r
e :r a lot of, many, some, a few, a great deal of, a number of, … I. NOUNS th t i h ng n s g s (co c m o m m o m n o n no n u o n) n ,) or o rto o na n m a e m e a a pa p r a tritcu c l u ar a ron o e n e of o th t e h s e e s e (p ( r p o r p o e p r e r • • A ft A e ft r e ra a p r p e r p e o p sistiton o :
n in, on, at, with, within, … no n u o n u ) n .) E . E g. g , h u h m u a m n a , n s c s ho h o o l o , p h p o h n o e n , i nt n e t r e n r e n t e ,t M i M ke k , e Oxfo x r fo d r , d … … • • A ft A e ft r e ra n n a d a j d ec e t c itve v :
e informed decision, beautiful beaches, bustling city, … 1.1 F U F N U C N T C I T ON O S N S O F O F A A N O N U O N U N I N N A A S E S N E T N E T N E C N E C • • A ft A e ft r e ra a p o p ss s e s s e s s isve v e ad a j d ec e t c ive v e o r o rc a c se s :
e my, your, his, her, our, their, its, Lan’s, movie’s, … • • A ft A e ft r e ra a t rta r ns n istitve v e v e v r e b r :
b take, make, import, export, raise, reduce, donate … 1. Humans are social animals. Subject • Aft A e ft r e ra a l ink n ikng n g v e v r e b r :
b be, is, are, become, remain, …
2. Language has elevated humans above the other animals. • • Be B fo e r fo e r e t h t e h e ma m i a n n v e v r e b r b t h t a h t a tc o c n o t n a t ins n s a a t e t n e se s Object of verb • • Be B fo e r fo e r e o r o rA ft A e ft r ra n a o n t o h t e h r rn o n u o n u
n : information technology, tourism industry, …
3. Industrial waste can pose a serious threat to humans and the environment. Ex E e x r e c r icse s
e 1 :1 Look at two gap-fil ing tasks in the Ielts Listening test below and figure Objects of preposition
out how you can identify if there must be a noun in the gap. 4. We are al humans. Subject complement
5. We cannot consider robot a human. Object complement Bếp titếng n An A h n – Ms M Be B r 3 3. 3. C O C U O N U T N A T B A L B E L E & & UN U C N O C U O N U T N A T B A L B E L E N O N U O N U S S CO C U O N U T N A T B A L B E L N O N U O N U S N S UN U C N O C U O N U T N AB A L B E L E N O N U O N U S N
• Have singular and plural form
• Cannot be plural : advice, information, Si S ng n u g l u ar a r P l P ur u a r l a furniture, data, … window windows
• Abstract nouns are uncountable: cat cats
freedom, privacy, contamination, … bike bikes
• Some uncountable nouns look plural person people but they are not: news, chaos man men shelf shelves box boxes
• A singular noun can be preceded by “a/an”.
• Most countable plural nouns end with
“s/es”. The irregular plural nouns wil be Ex E e x r e c r icse s e 2:
2 Look at a gap-fil ing task in the Ielts Reading test below and figure out presented below.
how you can identify if there must be a noun in the gap. RE R G E U G L U A L R A R R U R L U E L S E S TO T O T U T R U N R N A A S I S NGU G L U A L R A R N OU O N U N I NT N O T O A A PL P U L R U A R L A L O N O E N • • Re R g e u g l u ar rr u r l u e: ad a d d “ s “ ” s ”t o t o t h t e h e e n e d n d of o w f o w r o d r s d E.g., cup → cups sbottle → bottles s picture → pictures s • Ad A d d d “ e “ s e ” s ”t o t o wo w r o d r s d s t h t a h t a te n e d n d i n O, O S , S S S S , S S H S , H X , C H C , H Z E.g., tomato → tomatoes e class → classes e s box → boxes e s bus → buses e bush → bushes e church → churches e quiz → quizes e Bếp titếng n An A h n – Ms M Be B r 4
Only add “s” to words that have CH pronounced /k/ mosquitos/ volcanos/ mottos/ mottoes mosquitoes volcanoes E.g., stomach → stomachs epoch → epochs s flamingos/ flamingoes tornados/ tornadoes mangos/ monarch → monarchs s mangoes • • Wo W r o d r s d s t h t a h t a en e d n d i n n “ y “ ” y
Danh từ đuôi –f / -fe phải đổi thành –ves
➢ If there is a vowel before “y”, just add “s” calf – calves leaf – leaves self – selves wolf – wolves E.g., bay → bays s half – halves life – lives shelf – shelves scarf – scarfs/
➢ If there is a consonant before “y”, replace “y” with “ies” knife – knives loaf – loaves thief – thieves scarves E.g., baby → babies e s activity → activities e
Danh từ đuôi –f nhưng chỉ thêm –s (đặc biệt là những từ có 2 nguyên âm trước –f) IRR R E R G E U G L U A L R A R P L P U L R U A R L A L N O N UN U S N S chief – chiefs belief – beliefs roof – roofs spoof - spoofs
Danh từ có cách viết số ít và số nhiều như nhau
Danh từ số nhiều bất quy tắc deer – deer fish – fish* means – means species – species man – men child – children mouse – mice foot – feet sheep – sheep staff – staff woman – women ox – oxen louse – lice tooth – teeth person – people goose – geese
Danh từ là từ mượn có dạng số nhiều đặc biệt
Danh từ đuôi –o phải thêm –es criterion – criteria
analysis – analyses bacterium – bacteria phenomenon – basis – bases curriculum – curricula echo – echoes hero – heroes potato – potatoes tomato - phenomena domino – dominoes embargo - tomatoes embargoes crisis – crises datum – data cactus – cacti/ hypothesis – medium – media
Danh từ đuôi –o chỉ thêm –s (đặc biệt là những danh từ có nguyên âm đứng trước cactuses hypotheses memorandum - memoranda âm cuối –o) stimulus – stimuli oasis – oases solo – solos memo – memos soprano – radio – radios syl abus – syl abi/ parenthesis – zero – zeros photo – photos spranos tattoo – tattoos syl abuses parentheses kilo – kilos piano – pianos auto – autos video – videos thesis – theses buffalo - buffalos studio - studios zoo – zoos formula – formulas appendix –
Danh từ đuôi –o có thể thêm cả -s lẫn –es vetebra – vetebras appendices/ Bếp titếng n An A h n – Ms M Be B r 5 appendixes 13. a shelf → ………………. 17. a toy → ………………. index – indices/ 14. a tornado → ………………. 18. a species → ………………. indexes 15. a bacterium → ………………. 19. a wolf → ………………. WO W R O D R S D S T H T A H T A T A R A E R E C O C N O F N US U I S NG N G T O T O U SE S R E S R : S 16. a century → ………………. 20. a tattoo → ……………….
♣ Col ective nouns don’t have “s” at the end of the words but they carry the meaning CO C M O M M O M N O N U N U C N O C U O N U TA T B A L B E L E N O N U O N U S S of plural nouns. • Ty T p y e p s e s o f o un u c n o c u o n u t n a t b a l b e e no n u o ns n :s E.g.,
police, army, cattle, people, family ...
♣ Danh từ chỉ chất rắn: glass coal wood
- The police are investigating two suspects in this area. thủy tinh than đá gỗ
♣ Danh từ chỉ chất lỏng: water milk oil
Danh từ people chỉ có “s” khi nó được dùng để nhắc đến nhiều dân tộc. nước sữa dầu
E.g., Al the peoples of the world desire peace.
♣ Danh từ chỉ chất khí: oxygen air smoke ô-xi không khí khói
♣ Some nouns end in “s” or “es” but carry the meaning of singular nouns.
♣ Danh từ chỉ chất nhão: butter cheese meat bơ phô mai thịt E.g.,
species, means, barracks, news, measles, rabies, mumps, logistics, mathematics,
♣ Các loại bột và hạt: rice sugar wheat
physics, economics, athletics, The United States, The Philipines, ... gạo đường lúa mì
- Mathematics is my most favorite subject at school.
♣ Danh từ trừu tượng: chaos advice motivation sự hỗn loạn lời khuyên động lực Ex E e x r e c r icse s e 3
: Write down the plural form of the fol owing words
♣ Hiện tượng thiên nhiên: sunshine rain weather 1. a mask → ………………. 7. a thief → ………………. ánh mặt trời mưa thời tiết
♣ Danh từ chỉ trạng thái: sleep beauty childhood 2. a formula → ………………. 8. a class → ………………. giấc ngủ vẻ đẹp tuổi thơ 3. a woman → ………………. 9. a cat → ……………….
♣ Danh từ chỉ cảm xúc: courage anger happiness 4. a belief → ………………. 10. a dish → ………………. sự dũng cảm sự tức giận niềm hạnh phúc 5. a watch → ………………. 11. a photo → ………………. ♣ Danh từ chung: charity income homework từ thiện thu nhập bài tập về nh à 6. a fish → ………………. 12. a mouse → ………………. Bếp titếng n An A h n – Ms M Be B r 6 • No N u o n u s n s t h t a h t a th a h v a e v e tw t o w o m e m a e ni n ng n s g :s Ex E e x r e c r icse s e 4
: Look at a sample Ielts Writing task 1 below and identify the words that ♣ HAIR I have so much ha
h ir rthat it takes longer to dry. are incorrect. There’re two ha h irs r s in my cup of coffee. ♣ LIGHT We need more ligh g t h ,t so open the door! There were only three ligh g t h s
t in our classroom. The other one is out. ♣ PAPER I want a pencil and some pap a e p r e rto draw a picture. He read a pa p p a er e ron economics. ♣ ROOM There isn’t enough ro r om
o in the suitcase for al of the clothes We booked two ro r o o m o s m s in advance. ♣ TIME Have you got titme m e for a cup of coffee.
I have frequented the shop many titme m s. ♣ WORK Everybody needs wo w r o k r .
Macbeth is one of Shakespeare's greatest wo w rk r s k . ♣ NOISE I just can’t stand the no n ise s .
The pie chart compare the amount of electricities produced using five different source of fuel in I thought I heard different no n i o se s s e s coming from the apartment
two country over two separate years. upstairs.
Total electricity production increased dramatical y from 1980 to 2000 in both Australia and France.
While the totals for both countries were similar, there were big difference in the fuel sources used. ♣ WOOD The house was built of wo w o o d o .
Coals was used to produce 50 of the total 100 units of electricity in Australia in 1980, rising to 130 We went for a walk in the wo w od o s d s after lunch.
out of 170 units in 2000. By contrast, nuclear power became the most important fuel source in • So S m o e m e u n u c n o c u o nt n a t b a l b e e n o n u o ns n s c a c n a n s t s itl lg o g o w i w th h “ a “ / a a / n a ” n ”b e b fo e r fo e r .
France in 2000, producing almost 75% of the country’s electricity.
Australia depended on hydro power for just under 25% of its electricity in both years, but the ♣ a a h e h l e p A good map would be a help.
amount of electricity produced using this type of powers fel from 5 to only 2 units in France. Oil, ♣ a a k n k o n w o l w ed e g d e g e of o f
He had a knowledge of Mathematics.
on the other hand, remained a relatively important fuel sources in France, but its use declined in ♣ a a fe a fe r a / r /a a r e r l e ief e I have a fear of heights.
Australia. Both countries relied on natural gases for electricity production significantly more in 1980 than in 2000.
It was a relief to be able to talk to someone about it. ♣ a a p i p ty t / y /a a s h s a h me m / e /a a w o w n o d n e d r
It’s a pity you weren’t here. Bếp titếng n An A h n – Ms M Be B r 7 4. 4 N O N U O N U N S U S F U F F I F XE X S E S Ex E e x rc r icse s e 5:
5: Identify nouns in the fol owing Ielts Reading paragraph. Pay attention
We can see the suffixes as an indicator for a noun
to how many nouns you found end in a suffix and how many nouns are compound. Mi M nd n ' d s s e y e e y e b l b ind n d AB A S B T S R T A R C A T C T N OU O N U S N S CO C M O M M O M N O N N OU O N U S N S F O F R O R PE P O E P O L P E L E - Adj + ne n s
e s:s kindness, friendliness, . .
Ironical y, Niel now works in a bookshop, although he largely sticks to the non-fiction - V+ er e : teacher, employer, . .
aisles. His condition begs the question what is going on inside his picture-less mind. I - V + me m n e t n : agreement, entertainment, - V+ or : doctor, mayor, . . payment, . .
asked him what happens when he tries to picture his fiancee. "This is the hardest thing - V+ ar a r: liar, burglar,. .
to describe, what happens in my head when I think about things," he says. "When I think - Adj + ty t / y /-ity t / y /-et e y t : certainty, - N/ V + ye y r e / /y o y r o r: mayor, lawyer, . .
about my fiancee there is no image, but I am definitely thinking about her, I know today
intensity, community, variety, . . - V + ee
e : employee, trainee, interviewee,
she has her hair up at the back, she's brunette. But I'm not describing an image I am - Adj + do d m o : m freedom, wisdom, attendee, …
looking at, I'm remembering features about her, that's the strangest thing and maybe kingdom, . . - V + an a t n : assistant, . .
that is a source of some regret." - Adj + th t :
h width, length, strength, . . - N / Adj + ian a n : librarian, electrician,
The response from his mates is a very sympathetic: "You're weird." But while Niel is very - N + sh s i h p/ p -ho h o o d
o : friendship, internship, plotician, artisan, . .
relaxed about his inability to picture things, it is often a cause of distress for others. One boyhood, childhood,. . - N + ist
s t : scientist, biologist, chemist,
person who took part in a study into aphantasia said he had started to feel "isolated" - V + titon/ n /-sison o : n invasion, invention, economist, activist, …
and "alone" after discovering that other people could see images in their heads. Being information, . .
unable to reminisce about his mother years after her death led to him being "extremely - V + + a n a c n e c e / /e n e c n e c : e assistance, distraught".
importance, performance, dependence, Ex E e x rc r icse s e 6
: Identify nouns in the fol owing paragraph. Pay attention to how many confidence, existence, …
nouns you found end in a suffix. 5. 5. C O C M O P M O P U O N U D N D N O N U O N U S S ( N ( N + + N ) )
A study from Northwestern University shows that playing a musical instrument can
improve a person’s hearing ability. As a part of the study, two groups of people listened
There are 3 types of compound nouns:
to a person talking in a noisy room. The people in the first group were musicians, while ➀ Without space:
those in the second group had no musical training. The musicians were able to hear the
E.g., footbal , waterproof, airport, bedroom, watermelon, … talking person more clearly. ➁ With space:
E.g., high school, ice cream, air conditioner, bus stop, swimming pool, … ➂ With hyphens:
E.g., mother-in-law, state-of-the-art, self-control, 4-year-old girl, … Bếp titếng n An A h n – Ms M Be B r 8 Ex E e x rc r icse s
e 7: Identify which gaps of the summary need a noun and how you can Co C m o p m l p et e e t e t h t e h e su s m u m m a m r a y r y u s u isng n g t h t e h e l ist s to f w f o w r o d r s d ,s A -H - , H b el e ow o . w
navigate the nouns necessary in the list of words from A to G. Ar A tr ta n a d n d t h t e h e B r B ai a n Co C m o p m l p et e e t e th t e h e su s m u m m a m ry r y ba b s a e s d e d on o n Pa P r a tr tB B o f th t e h e pas a s s a s g a e g e us u isng n g th t e h e list s tof wo w r o d r s d ,s A - A - G, G be b l e ow o . w
The discipline of neuroaesthetics aims to bring scientific objectivity to the study of art.
Neurological studies of the brain, for example, demonstrate the impact which Mu M s u e s u e m u s m s o f o 21 2 sts tc e c n e t n ur u y r y
Impressionist paintings have on our (1) . . . . . . . . . .
Modern museums have become (1) ________ places to visit with the adoption of various
interactive technologies. In the Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York, visitors can
Alex Forsythe of the University of Liverpool believes many artists give their works the
get (2) ________ about any artwork by scanning it through their smartphones. The
precise degree of (2) . . . . . . . . . . which most appeals to the viewer’s brain.
National Museum of African Art provides the opportunity for a virtual (3) ________ with
She also observes that pleasing works of art often contain certain
the curator, artists, and social media groups through an app. Thus, the latest technology
is (4) _______ the existing museums by giving an enriched experience to the visitors.
repeated (3) . . . . . . . . . . which occur frequently in the natural world. A – dul B – communication C – information A – interpretation B – complexity C – emotions D – tour E – interesting F – complementing D – movements E – skil s F – layout G – replacing G – concern H - images Co C m o p m l p et e e t e t h t e h e su s m u m m a m r a y r y u s u isng n g t h t e h e l ist s to f w f o w r o d r s d ,s A -G, G b e b l e ow o . w Co C m o p m l p et e e t e t h t e h e su s m u m m a m r a y r y u s u isng n g t h t e h e l ist s to f w f o w r o d r s d ,s A -I-, b e b l e ow o . w Th T e h e ‘ al a go g rirth t m h i m ca c t a iton o ’ n o f o j f ob o s
Stel a Pachidi of Cambridge Judge Business School has been focusing on the Th T e h e l an a g n ua u g a e g e d e d b e a b t a e t
‘algorithmication’ of jobs which rely not on production but on (1) ________.
According to (1) …………. , there is only one correct form of language. Linguists who take
While monitoring a telecommunications company, Pachidi observed a growing
this approach to language place great importance on grammatical (2) . . . . . . . . . . . . .
32 (2) ________ on the recommendations made by AI, as workers begin to learn through
Conversely, the view of (3) …………. , such as Joseph Priestley, is that grammar should be
the ‘algorithm’s eyes’. Meanwhile, staff are deterred from experimenting and using their
own (3) ________, and are therefore prevented from achieving innovation. based on (4) …………. .
To avoid the kind of situations which Pachidi observed, researchers are trying A – descriptivists B – aesthetic C – popular speech
to make AI’s decision-making process easier to comprehend, and to increase users’ (4) D – formal language E – evaluation F – rules
________ with regard to the technology. G – negative H – prescriptivists I – important A – pressure B – satisfaction C – intuition D – promotion E – reliance F – confidence G – information 6. 6. N O N U O N U N P H P R H A R S A E S Bếp titếng n An A h n – Ms M Be B r 9
From a simple noun or compound noun, we can form a noun phrase by adding a little spice to it with the fol owing components. Type 1 Noun man Noun phrase (NP) determiner + noun a man Expanded noun phrase
determiner + adjective + noun a young man Expanded noun phrase
determiner + adverb + adjective + noun a real y young man Expanded noun phrase
determiner + adverb + adjective + noun + prepositonal phrase a real y young man in my neighborhood Type 2 Noun demand Noun phrase determiner + noun the demand Expanded noun phrase
determiner + adjective + noun the high demand Expanded noun phrase
determiner + adverb + adjective + noun the increasingly high demand Expanded noun phrase
determiner + adverb + adjective + noun + of + (expanded) noun phrase the increasingly high demand of some employers Type 3 Noun phrase the increase Expanded noun phrase
determiner + adverb + adjective + nou n the most recent increase Expanded noun phrase
determiner + adverb + adjective + noun + of + (expanded) noun phrase the most recent increase of female graduates Expanded noun phrase
determiner + adverb + adjective + noun + of + (expanded) noun phrase + relative clause the most recent increase of female graduates who have studied …
A determiner can be classified as one of the fol owing parts of speech: - An article: a / an / the
- A possessive adjective or possessive case: my, your, his, her, our, their, its ; Mai’s, the city’s, the world’s, John’s, …
- A quantifier: many, much, some, any, a few, a little, a great deal of, plenty of, …
- A pronoun: such, another, other, the other, this, that, these, those, one …
- A number: one, two, one hundred, a thousand, 10 mil ion, … Bếp titếng n An A h n – Ms M Be B r 10