TRANSITION WORDS & PHRASES/ FUNCTIONAL LANGUAGE 1. Addition Additionally, In addition, Moreover, Furthermore, Similarly,
My friend is very lazy. In addition, he is stupid. In similar fashion,
(it would be much better to use when you want to add In like manner, a new big idea) Likewise, Equally important,
Also => My friend is very lazy. He is stupid also
Use when you want to add more
As well => My friend is very lazy. He is stupid as well
info/ small idea in the same big
As well as => My friend is very lazy as well as stupid idea 2. Contradiction In contrast, On the contrary, However,
My friend is lazy. In contrast, he is kind to people. Nevertheless, Nonetheless, Although……,
- Mike is lazy. Unlike Mike, Sue is hard working Even though….,
- Although/Even though Mike is lazy, when his mother Unlike…….,
shouts at him, he still has to clean his room
Despite his bad manner, I still love him Despite
Despite the fact that he has a bad manner, In spite of + NP,….. I still love him
+ the fact that + Cl,…..
The percentage of grass increased the perc while entage of zebras
Cl + while/whereas/ whilst + Cl => decreased 3. Emphasis
It is important/ vital/essential/ crucial to note that
=>Human demands about food or Obviously,
clothes are getting higher. +Cl
Particularly,/ Especially,/ in particular,
Particularly, they kill more In fact,
animals to satisfy their needs. Indeed, 4. Restate In other words,
=> My brother is lazy. In other Cl + To put it differently, +Cl
words, he only does things if there That is to say,
is someone who forces him to do. To put it another way, 5. Problem-Solution State solutions •
The right step/ measure to be taken is… (TS) •
the first step would be to ensure that….(TS) •
It is also vitally important to make sure that….(TS) •
It is time for government/ individual/ companies/ schools/families to… (TS) •
it is advisable/wise/sensible/necessary/highly desirable that….(TS) •
What needs to be done is…(TS) •
(solution 1) and (solution 2) are two major measures which could be taken to stop the problem of (problem) (THs) 6. Comparison
Sample Language frames for Comparison and Contrast Comparison
1. _______ and ___________ both show ________________
2. _______ and _____________ are like in that they both HAVE/ ARE ____________. Commonly used transitions:
3. __________ and _____________ all show _____________. Likewise, Similarly,
4. Likewise, both are __________________ Along the same lines,
5. Similarly, ___________ and __________ are __________________ In the same way, Both,
6. In the same way, _______ and __________ are __________________. As well as, On a similar note,
7. Along the same lines, _______ and __________ are __________________. Alike, Also
8. _____________as well as _____________+VERB+ _____________ In like manner, 9. ___ also has ___ Contrast
1. _______ is ________, while ___________ is __________________. Commonly used
2. __________ is___________, but ____________ is _______________ transitions: Although,
3. _________ and ____________ are different in _______________. but, by contrast,
4. While ________ shows __________, __________ shows __________. Conversely, Despite the fact,
5. ______ is _______, on the other hand/ On the contrary, _______ is __________. even though, however,
6. ________________, yet _______________________. in contrast,
7.Although _________________, ________________________ Nevertheless, Nonetheless,
8. Unlike _________________, _________________is_________________ On the contrary,
9. Even though ___ has ___, ___ has ___. On the other hand, regardless,
10. ___ and ___ differ because ___ Whereas, While, Yet Unlike
LANGUAGE FOR TOPIC SENTENCE •
One of the most obvious differences between cat and dog is……… •
There is a great difference in ……….. •
One important difference is………… •
Another prominent difference between cat and dog is………… •
………………is a noticeable dissimilarity •
Another difference to consider is…………. •
Cat and dog differ in ……………. 7. Cause and effect Result in Lead to Cl + NP
Smoke released from factories leads to Contribute to (cause)+ (effect)=> air pollution Bring about Cause Cl (effect) + Because of
=> Animals die because of the + NP (cause) On account of
environmental destruction Due to Owing to Because Cl (effect) + As + NP (cause)
=> Animals die because people destroy Since
the environment excessively As a result, As a consequence, Consequently, Cl Because of this, + Cl (effect)
=> People destroy the environment (cause)+ Accordingly,
excessively. As a result, animals die Hence, Therefore, Thus,
=> People destroy the environment excessively, and For this reason,
animals die for this reason. Result in Lead to Cl
=> Smoke released from the factories Contribute to (cause)+
leads to the fact that the air is + the fact that + Cl Bring about polluted Cause Introducing the cause Introducing the effect A major cause of X is Y
One of the most serious issues is….
Perhaps the major cause of this is….
The main/primary cause of this is…. A further cause of this is… An additional cause of X is Y
….also plays a role in (effect)
….is often/usually responsible for (effect)