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Đề cương Văn học Anh | English Teaching, Writing 4 | Đại học Huế
Đề cương Văn học Anh của Trường Đại học Huế. Hi vọng tài liệu này sẽ giúp các bạn học tốt, ôn tập hiệu quả, đạt kết quả cao trong các bài thi, bài kiểm tra sắp tới. Mời các bạn cùng tham khảo chi tiết bài viết dưới đây nhé.
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Phần 1: Poet
I. The Passionate Shepherd to His Love- Christopher Marlowe
Christopher Marlowe ( 1564-1593) was a poet and playwright at the forefront of
the 16th-century dramatic renaissance.
1. THE RENAISSANCE
Renaissance is a French word meaning “rebirth.” It refers to a period in European
civilization that was marked by a revival of Classical learning and wisdom. The
Renaissance saw many contributions to different fields, including new scientific
laws, new forms of art and architecture, and new religious and political ideas.
When did the Renaissance happen?
There is some debate over the actual start of the Renaissance. However, it is
generally believed to have begun in Italy during the 14th century, after the end
of the Middle Ages, and reached its height in the 15th century. The Renaissance
spread to the rest of Europe in the 16th and 17th centuries.
THE ENGLISH RENAISSANCE
The English Renaissance, an era of cultural revival and poetic evolution starting
in the late 15th century and spilling into the revolutionary years of the 17th
century, stands as an early summit of poetry achievement, the era in which the
modern sense of English poetry begins.
2. Tác Phẩm
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- The poem was published in 1599
- It is considered one of the earliest examples of the pastoral style of British
poetry in the late Renaissance period
- It is composed in iambic tetrameter, with seven (sometimes six, depending
on the version) stanzas each composed of two rhyming couplets
- The poem was the subject of a "reply" by Walter Raleigh, called "The
Nymph's Reply to the Shepherd".
3. Carpe diem
Carpe diem is a Latin phrase meaning “seize the day.”
4. The Garden of Eden
Garden of Eden, in the Old Testament Book of Genesis, is a biblical earthly
paradise inhabited by the first created man and woman, Adam and Eve, prior
to their expulsion for disobeying the commandments of God.
The story of the Garden of Eden is a theological use of mythological themes
to explain human progression from a state of innocence and bliss to the
present human condition of knowledge of sin, misery, and death.
In the poem "The shepherd falls in love with him", we can clearly feel the
love of the shepherd boy for the girl far away. The vision of life portrayed by
the boy in the poem is unrealistic and unachievable.
5. Social Constructionism
Social constructionism places emphasis on everyday interactions between
people and how they use language to construct their reality.
In the poem "The shepherd falls in love with him", the narrator in the poem is
a shepherd who proposes to a woman with many promises to win her love.
The boy tries to present an imaginary world that is unrealistically idealized
and simplified.
1. “The Passionate Shepherd to His Love” belongs to a genre called “the
pastoral”. Pastoral poetry provides an idealized, or idyllic, version of life in
the countryside. Do you know of any synonyms or near-synonyms of the
adjective “idyllic”?
2. Look up “the Garden of Eden”. What kind of place is it? Is it real or
fictional? If it is real, where is it supposed to be?
3. What is ecological tourism? How is it different from other forms of tourism?
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4. Do you know An Den, Khoai Lang Thang or Li Ziqi? What do they have in
common?
5. What does “carpe diem” mean?
6. Would you accept the shepherd’s invitation?
II. The Nymph’s Reply to the Shepherd- Walter Raleigh
1. Walter Raleigh
1552-1618 ,Hayes Barton in Denvon.
In 1578, Raleigh sailed to America with explorer Sir Humphrey Gilbert, his
half brother.
In 1580 - he first came to the attention of Elizabeth I
In 1584 - he became a member of parliament
In 1592 - he secretly got married to one of the queen’s maids
In 1603 - he was sentenced to death.
In 1616 - Raleigh was released to lead a second expedition to search for
Eldorado.
On 29 October 1618 - Raleigh’s execution took place.
2. Tác phẩm
The poem was published in 1600 in response to Christopher Marlowe’s
poem “The passionate Sheperd to His Love” published in 1599.
The poem was written in traditional pastoral poetic architecture.
The poem is in iambic tetrameter.
Stanzas: six four-lined stanzas or quatrains.
Overview: A young female nymph, responds to the shepherd’s vision of
their “happily-ever-after”. The nymph, having superior rationality, coolly
objects to the shepherd’s offering and explains to him that all he proposes is
of the limited timeframe of a mortal being; his offering will not last.
3. Colonialisma policy or system in which a country controls another country
or area.
HISTORICAL CONTEXT
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During the late 16th and 17th centuries, England, France and the
Dutch Republic also established their own overseas empires, in direct
competition with one another.
- The Elizabethan Age set the British Empire in motion, and
Raleigh played a central role.
- Famous as an explorer and colonist, Raleigh took part in
numerous raids, rebellions, and conflicts, including early British
expeditions to the Americas.
LITERARY CONTEXT
During Elizabeth’s reign, the literary scene in England blossomed.
- Raleigh belonged to a group of writers known as the School of
Night, who were largely defined by their atheism and general
skepticism.
- Raleigh is an explorer and a colonist. Besides, Raleigh was
about a decade older than Marlowe, and this influenced his attitude
and outlook in this poem: more jaded and cynical; wiser and more
mature.
4. Intertextuality [ tính liên văn bản]
The shaping of a text’s meaning by another/ how texts refer to each other.
designate the various relationships that a given text may have with other
texts
"The Nymph's Reply to the Shepherd" (1600), by Walter Raleigh
"The Passionate Shepherd to His Love" (1599) by Christopher Marlowe +
"The Nymph's Reply to the Shepherd" (1600), by Walter Raleigh, is a
poem that responds to and parodies the poem "The Passionate Shepherd
to His Love" (1599) by Christopher Marlowe
+ The style of traditional pastoral poetry and follow the structure of
six four-line stanzas employing a rhyme scheme of AABB. + Length,
the ideas + Symmetric.
+ This poem by Sir Walter Raleigh uses the same meter and references to
present "mirror images" of Marlowe's poem.
- rocks grow cold
- fields yield to the harvest
-the flocks are driven to fold in winter
- rivers rage
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- birds complain of winter
5. PLAGIARISM
direct copying or paraphrasing of another text.
6. Tempus Fugit
Tempus fugit is a Latin phrase that means “time flies”
This phrase is used in both Latin and English as a proverbial phrase that
"Don't waste time ".
Tempus fugit is often used as advice against laziness and procrastination.
The philosophy of tempus fugit really begins to emerge in the third stanza
of "The Nymph's Reply." In this stanza, the speaker (taking the character of
the nymph who is being pursued) notes that "flowers do fade."
This is a reflection upon that most beautiful moment in a plant's life cycle
during which a flower emerges; however, this is short-lived, as all too
quickly, the flower begins to lose its brilliance of color and then slowly
succumbs to death.
7. Time
Linear: Past – Future
The past is begind us, The
future is in front of us
linear time
-> time as moving in line
Cyclical
Cyclical time
-> times as moving in a circle
Contrast of time
The nymph’s conception of time in the poem -> linear time-> Pessimisc
Thinking
Through time, the nymph shows the exhausting energy of human nature,
pointing out that there is a beginning that is followed by an end.
1. What does tempus fugit mean? How does it contrast with carpe diem?
2. The nymph rejects the shepherd’s proposal. However, does she actually say
that she does not love him in the poem? If not, what is the reason for her
rejection?
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3. Think of the poem Voi Vang by Xuan Dieu. What is the poet’s attitude to
time as shown through the poem?
4. Imagine meeting someone you really like. Will you love them if you know
already that there will not be a happy ending to your relationship?
5. Watch this video and think about how it is related to our discussion of The
Passionate Shepherd to His Love and The Nymph’s Reply to the Shepherd:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Yb-
OYmHVchQ&ab_channel=JasonSilva%3AShotsofAwe
IX. My Love is like a red rose- Robert Burns
1. Robert Burns
2. Tác phẩm
3. Burns night
4. Scotland,
5. cultural nationalism,
6. deep time
1.One of the important foods of Scottish culture is Haggis. Does Vietnamese
cuisine have any dish similar to Haggis?
2.Robert Burns is often credited with preserving Scottish culture by collecting and
documenting Scottish folktales and oral literature. Is anyone in Vietnam doing the
same thing that Burns did?
3.Do you know of any famous Scottish people?
4.Is this the first time we’ve heard of Scotland in the course British Literature 1?
5.What makes you Vietnamese? How do you know that you are a Vietnamese
person? When you meet someone, how do you know that they are Vietnamese or
not?
6.What is a nation? What responsibilities do we have with our national
identity/ies?
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III. Sonet 18- William Shakerspeare
1. William Shakerspeare
• William Shakespeare ( 1564 - 1616) was an English poet, playwright and
actor.
• Father: a successful local businessman; mother: the daughter of a landowner
• Career
• Shakespeare is widely known as the greatest writer in the English language
and the world’s pre-eminent dramatist
• He wrote about 38 plays, 154 sonnets, 2 long narrative poems, and a few
other verses.
• Some famous works: Hamlet, Othello, King Lear, and Macbeth
• → William Shakespeare spent most of his time developing his career in
London, in which his career flourished most.
2. Sonet 18
● Sonnet 18 is regarded as the most famous of the 154 sonnets Shakespeare
wrote in his lifetime.
● Form of Sonnet 18:
+ Three 4-line stanzas + a couplet
+ Iambic pentameter
● The message: Through this poem, the boy uses flowery words to express his
love to the girl he loves and It's an eternal love that lasts forever regardless
of time.
3. Stratford
• Stratford-upon-Avon, located on the River Avon, 146 kilometers
north-west of London, is the birthplace where William Shakespeare
was born and is buried.
• William Shakespeare’s childhood home in the heart of Stratford-
uponAvon;
• He was the eldest son of John Shakespeare, a glover, and Mary Arden,
the daughter of a local farmer;
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• Shakespeare was probably educated at the King's New School,
Stratford-upon-Avon, where he would have learned such subjects as
Latin, Greek, rhetoric, and logic;
• He is next recorded in the license to allow him to marry Anne
Hathaway issued on 27 November 1582 and followed by three
children;
- Between 1597 and 1592, Shakespeare disappears from all the surviving
records known as “lost year”;
- By 1592, he was in London and as an actor and dramatist. Although during
his career spent in London, Shakespeare maintained his links with
Stratfordupon-Avon and his wife and children still lived there;
- By 1613, he had apparently returned to live in Stratford-upon-Avon for the
rest of his life and passed away there;
- Nowadays, Stratford-upon-Avon is still a peaceful and beautiful town
attracting hordes of tourists to visit.
4. Italy
Features of “ Sonnet”
• The word sonnet is derived from the Italian literary word “ sonetto”, which
means a “ little song”, or small lyric.
• In Renaissance Italy and later in Elizabethan England in the 16
th
century, the
sonnet became a fixed form of verse, consisting of 14 lines, and is written
in iambic pentameter.
• An Italian sonnet consists of two parts, an octave ( the first 8 lines) which
describes the problem, and a sestet ( the last 6 lines) which proposes a
solution.
• Topic: Love, jealousy, beauty, infidelity, the passage of time, and death.
• 154 sonnets written by Shakespeare reflected the poet’s own emotional
experiences or imaginary situations.
• Shakespeare does not use the Italian rhyme scheme but a form preferred by
many of the Elizabethan sonneteers.
• Three four-line stanzas with an alternate rhyme in each and summarized in
a rhymed couplet at the end.
5. Climate change
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Climate change is the global phenomenon of climate transformation
characterized by the changes in the usual climate of the planet (regarding
temperature, precipitation, and wind) that are especially caused by human
activities.
As a result of unbalancing the weather of Earth, the sustainability of the🡪
planet’s ecosystems is under threat, as well as the future of humankind and
the esstability of the global economy.• In this poem:
“Sometimes too hot the eye of heaven shines,
And often is his gold complexion dimmed;
And every fair from fair sometimes declines,
By chance or nature’s changing course untrimmed;”
➢ Nature does not change through permutation, change, transformation, or
growth, but the eternal summer (here is his love) will not die. Climatic
factors in Sonnet 18?
• Sometimes it's too hot and the eyes of heaven shine and the eyes here are the
suns.
• He makes a rather interesting statement: the splendor sometimes diminishes-
> which means all beauty will at some point diminish.
• The sun shines too hot or it's too dim, and summer's lease too short shakes
nature, making the natural world seem like no match for the one he loves
because she's more adorable than these. She is more temperate, even more
balanced, and more consistent.
● All splendor sometimes declines by chance or by an irregular change of
nature
"fair from sometimes declines.
By chance or nature's changing course untrimmed."
● And its process is constantly changing as summer flowers fade away, or
simply the nature of time.
● Time is urging us to move forward and by nature time, and age is an ever-
changing process.
● Through the next stanza "But thy eternal summer shall not fade" he has
moved from the change of nature to his love. Nature does not change
through permutation, change, transformation, or growth, but the
eternal summer (here is his love) will not die.
6. Immortality
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Unlike summer’s beauty, the man's beauty that his sonnets portray lasts long
and forever.
The beloved of the poet is preserved in the eternal poetry. The more people
read his poetry, the more his beloved will enjoy his life.
Shakespeare wants to possess this beauty forever. Therefore, The poet wants
to immortalize his beloved in his poetry and his beloved’s youth and beauty
will be immortal.
1. Have you heard of William Shakespeare before? If yes, in what contexts?
2. Look up Stratford-upon-Avon. What do you think of Shakespeare’s
hometown?
3. Look up the position of Italy on the map of the world. Is it far from
England?
4. What does Shakespeare wish to accomplish at the end of the poem? Is that
wish successful? Is there any Vietnamese author who has tried to do the
same?
5. Is climate change real or is it only a hoax? How do you think this poem can
allow us to think about climate change?
6. What does the author want to refer to by “this” in the last line of the poem?
IV. Sonet 29
Sonnet 29 is one of 154 sonnets written by the English playwright and poet
William Shakespeare. Sonnet 29 was originally published in 1609 by Thomas
Thorpe of London. Sonnet 29 is written in the typical Shakespearean sonnet form,
having 14 lines of iambic pentameter ending in a rhymed couplet. In the sonnet,
the speaker bemoans his status as an outcast and failure. Sonet 29 focuses on the
speaker's initial state of depression, hopelessness, and unhappiness in life and the
subsequent recovery through happier thoughts of love.
1. Redemption
TO BE TOO BAD TO BE IMPROVED OR SAVED BY ANYONE
The speaker is full of self-accusation and inner turmoil. He feels disgraced.
Out in the public sphere, he knows the males are taking note of his angst and
his self-loathing is even having an effect on Fortune—this guy is way down
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on his luck. 'I all alone beweep my outcast state' is one of the most
selfpitying moans ever put into iambics.
The happier time when he remembers his friends. Such is the optimism and
inspiration gained from this memory that the speaker now feels rich,
wealthier than a king, and better off in all respects. The former darker world
fades away; life is refreshed and the speaker wouldn't change places with a
king.
2. BUBONIC PLAGUE
Bubonic plague is the most common form of the plague (bệnh dịch hạch).
It's usually spread by the bite of an infected flea. It related to one of two
events that may have shaped the theme of the sonnet.
Sonnet 29, written around 1592. At that time, the bubonic plague returned
continually to England. The government shut down all theatres. The closing
of the playhouses made it hard for Shakespeare and other actors of the day
to earn a living. As a result, not only was his name being trashed,
Shakespeare was facing financial ruin. With plague and poverty looming it
is expected that he would feel "in disgrace with fortune".
3. ROBERT GREENE (1558–1592)
He is said to have been born in Norwich. He was an English author popular
in his day. He was prolific and published in many genres including
romances, plays, and autobiographies. He was a popular Elizabethan
dramatist and pamphleteer known for his negative critiques of his
colleagues.
THE SCATHING ATTACK WIL IAM SHAKESPEARE IN 1952
-"There is an upstart Crow, beautified with our feathers, that with his Tygers
heart wrapt in a Players hide, supposes he is as well able to bombast out a
blanke verse as the best of you; and, beeing an absolute Johannes factotum,
is in his owne conceit the only Shakescene in a countrey. "
-Using a line from Shakespeare's own 3 Henry VI (1.4.138), he describes
Shakespeare as a pompous, scheming, vicious ingrate, riding the coattails of
better writers. He wrote: "O that I might intreat your rare wits to be imploied
in more profitable courses and let those Apes imitate your past excellence,
and never more acquaint them with your admired inventions, for it is pity
men of such rare wits should be subject to the pleasures of such rude
groomes.
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4. Religion
Shakespeare's father, John Shakespeare would have been brought up a
Roman Catholic. Shakespeare was brought up in the newly established
Church of England, which itself had inherited much from the Roman
Catholic tradition. A presentation of Shakespearean religious extracts was
published by Sir Frederick Beilby Watson and Frederic Dan Huntington . In
Watson's words, "by proving from Shakespeare's own writings, that he lived
and died as a true protestant, "
Shakespeare editor and historian A. L. Rowse wrote a biography of
Shakespeare where he firmly asserted that the writer was not a secret
Catholic, but a Protestant. Rowse identifies anti-Catholic sentiment in
Sonnet 124.
Officially, he was a Protestant. But a number of scholars have argued that
there is evidence that Shakespeare had connections through his family and
school teachers with Roman Catholicism, a religion which, through the
banning of its priests, had effectively become illegal in England.
Major Themes in “Sonnet 29”: Anxiety, love, and jealousy. The poet
discusses his miserable plight and the impact of love. The poem also
explains how love brings optimism and hope to people who feel lonely and
oppressed. In short, sonnet 29 is also about self-motivation.
1. What are the emotions that the speaker experiences in the poem? Try
grouping them into two groups.
2. How many times is the word “heaven” mentioned in the poem? How does
the speaker’s attitude to heaven change from the beginning to the end of the
poem?
3. Look up Robert Greene. Who was he? What kind of person was he? What
relationship did he have with Shakespeare?
4. In your opinion, why do we have religion? What are the roles of religion?
5. There is a dramatic change to the speaker’s mood. Where in the poem does
this change happen? https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=t-
5alamjWms&ab_channel=SouthbankCentre
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V. Sonet 43- Elizabeth Browning
1. Elizabeth Browning
March 6, 1806 – June 29, 1861)
-One of the most prominent English poets of the Victorian era.
-Born in County Durham
-Wrote poetry from about the age of six.
-Became ill at 15, suffering intense head and spinal pain for the rest of her life.
-Developed lung problems and a chronic cough, possibly tuberculosis.
In 1820, The Battle of Marathon was printed with help of her father.
In 1838, the collection of poems Seraphim and Other Poems was published and
became widely known.
In 1843 published the poem The Cry of the Children about child slavery.
She campaigned for the abolition of slavery and her work helped influence reform
in the child labour legislation.
The writer Robert Browning expressed his admiration for Elizabeth's poetic talent,
they began to communicate by correspondence and write letters of love and then
secretly married.
Following the wedding she was indeed disinherited by her father.
They went to Italy and gave birth to their first child there.
2. Sonet 43
The series of 44 sonnets is Sonnets From the Portuguese.
Sonnet 43 is the second-to-last in the sequence of 44 love poems.
Elizabeth defines her present happiness by explaining how her love incorporates
and transcends her past spiritual and emotional experiences.
3. Tuberculosis
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• Tuberculosis (TB) is a bacterial infection spread through inhaling tiny
droplets from the coughs or sneezes of an infected person. Tuberculosis
was one of the most common causes of disease in the 18th and 19th
Centuries.
• The last stage of tuberculosis was also known as consumption in
Victorian times, and was nearly always fatal.
*Tuberculosis in Literature
• Tuberculosis was also known as “the romantic disease”.
• In the 19th century, TB's high mortality rate among young and middle-
aged adults and the surge of Romanticism, which stressed feeling over
reason, caused many to refer to the disease as the "romantic disease".
• At the time, literature and visual arts presented the plague as a reflection
of the differentiation of social stratification. *Elizabeth Barrett
Browning's illness
• During 1837-1838, Elizabeth Barrett Browning was struck with illness,
with symptoms today suggesting tuberculous ulceration of the lungs.
• She began to take opiates for the pain, laudanum (an opium concoction)
followed by morphine, then commonly prescribed.
• => This may also have contributed to the wild vividness of her
imagination and the poetry that it produced.
4.The Victorian Era
• In the history of the United Kingdom, this period is named for the reign
of Queen Victoria.
• During this time, the Industrial Revolution was also taking place in
Britain.
• In the history of the United Kingdom, this period is named for the reign
of Queen Victoria.
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• During this time, the Industrial Revolution was also taking place in
Britain.
*The Victorian Literature
• The literature of the Victorian age (1837 – 1901) entered in a new period
after the romantic revival.
• Literature of this age tends to come closer to daily life.
• The Period is often divided into two parts:
• + The early Victorian Period (ending around 1870)
• Lord Tennyson (1809–1892), Robert Browning (1812–1889) represent
the mainstays of Victorian poetry
• George Eliot (1819–1880), Charles Dickens (1812-1870) contributed to
the development of the English novel
• The most quintessential Victorian poetic works: "In Memorium" (1850),
"Middlemarch" (1872)
• + The late Victorian Period.
• · Thomas Hardy (1840-1928), Robert Louis Stevenson (1850-1894)
were prominent writers at the end of this period.
• · Some literary works: Tess of the d’Urbervilles (1891), Strange Case
of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde (1886)
5.Dualism
• In religion, dualism means the belief in two supreme opposed powers or
gods, or sets of divine or demonic beings, that caused the world to exist.
• In Victorian literature , there is an exploration and practice of the idea of
duality. Duality, humorously and simply stated, is the split of one into
two, while still existing as one.
Intense: Mundane Love Love with depth of spirituality
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- Mundane level: “I love” with
FREELY and PURELY: no agenda +
nothing to be gained →I need + love
you even when all i have is light - freely
- Childhood's faith: troubled -->
that much emotion, children are naive
and believe anything
- Loosing her belief in organized
religion romantic
6.Feminism
- Spirituality: "Being and ideal
Grace" - "Candlelight". “soul can
reach” and “feeling out of sight”
- “Love lose with lost saints":
losing naivety loosing her belief in
organized religion romantic
- “Love thee better after death”:
love you more
Feminism is the advocacy of women's rights on the basis of gender equality.
Feminism in Sonnet 43
The poem is written in a first-person voice that gives the speaker an air of authority
and reinforces the theme of agency and free choice. “Let me count the ways,”
● This is an imperative sentence that puts her firmly in control of the poem’s
narrative. This shows that the speaker is asserting her own feelings and
emotions.
● The speaker often describes love as a free choice; her poem places a high
value on choice and freedom as romantic values “I love thee freely, as men
strive for right.”
● The poem emphasizes that her love is a choice made in adulthood, not
childhood.
“Passion” away from her “childhood faith”
➔ emphasizes that she loves “freely” and that her affection for her partner is a
result of her own assessment of his value.
It is not a “childhood’s faith,” => expression of her own agency.
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➔ Sonnet 43 is a love poem, it candidly expresses the romantic love of a
woman to her beloved, which is a very novel and unusual thing for British
Victorian women.
1.Look up tuberculosis. What are some other names for this disease? How is it
often portrayed in literature and visual art?
2.Between men and women, who is often associated with reason, who is often
associated with emotions? Why?
3.Does Elizabeth Browning’s Sonnet 43 remind you of any Vietnamese poem?
4.How does the author explain her love to her husband? In what specific ways?
Using what specific explanations?
5.What were some major social, political, scientific and technological changes that
were happening during Elizabeth Browning’s lifetime?
VI.The tragedy of Macbeth- ACT1, Scene 1- William Shakespeare
1.William Shakespeare
Poet, playwright, actor. Greatest writer. Pre-eminent. English national poet. Bard
of Avon. 38 plays, 154 sonnets, 2 narrative poems
1589 and 1613. Early plays: comedies & histories. 1608: tragedy: Hamlet, Othello,
King Lear, Macbeth. Last phase: tragicomedies
2. Characters in Macbeth
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Morally ambiguous characters whose prophecies drive Macbeth to his
tyrannical desire for power.
Generous, good King but easy to trust people → Killed by The Macbeths
Brave Scottish general in King Duncan’s army.
Follow the prophecies → Kill Duncan, Banquo, Macduff’s family.
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Macbeth's wife. More ambitious and ruthless than her husband Macbeth →
Kill herself because of paralyzing guilt.
Thane of Lochaber, is a Scottish general known for his bravery like his friend
Macbeth → Killed by Macbeth
Thane of Fife, is loyal to King Duncan. He is the first to discover Duncan’s
dead body → kill Macbeth in the final combat.
One of King Duncan’s sons → crowned as king at the end.
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Act 1 - scene 1
The appearance of three witches out of the storm with thunder and lightning. They
are haggard old women, in eerie, chanting tones. They make plans to meet again
upon the heath, after the battle, to confront Macbeth. As quickly as they arrive,
they disappear.
3.Fake News
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