Kì thi chọn đội tuyển chính thức dự thi HSG quốc gia lớp 12 THPT tỉnh Hà Tĩnh năm học 2020-2021 môn thi Tiếng Anh

SỞ GIÁO DỤC VÀ ĐÀO TẠO
KỲ THI CHỌN ĐỘI TUYỂN HÀ TĨNH
DỰ THI HỌC SINH GIỎI QUỐC GIA THPT NĂM HỌC 2020 - 2021 MÔN THI: TIẾNG ANH
Thời gian làm bài: 180 phút
ĐỀ THI CHÍNH THỨC Ngày thi: 23/9/2020
(Đề thi có 15 trang) 
Thí sinh không sử dụng bất kể tài liệu nào, kể cả từ điển.  Thí sinh l àm bài t rực tiếp v
ào đề thi, ghi câu trả lời vào các ô cho sẵn.  Riêng p
hần trắc nghiệm thí sinh chỉ ghi đáp án A, B, C hoặc D.  Gi
ám thị không giải thích gì thêm.
Điểm của toàn bài thi Các giám khảo Số phách (Bằng số) (Bằng chữ) (Ký và ghi rõ họ tên)
(Do chủ tịch Hội đồng ghi) Giám khảo 1: Giám khảo 2:
SECTION I. LISTENING ( 6.0 points)
Hướng dẫn phần thi nghe hiểu:
• Bài thi gồm 4 phần, mỗi phần được nghe 2 lần. Mở đầu và kết thúc bài nghe đều có tín hiệu và lời
dẫn. Thí sinh có 20 giây để đọc phần đề và nội dung bài nghe trước khi nghe.
• Sau khi nghe hết 4 phần của bài nghe, thí sinh có thời gian để viết đáp án vào các ô cho sẵn ở cuối các phần.
Part 1. You are going to hear a writer called Peter Watkins being interviewed by the programme
presenter, Sue Manchester. He is talking about his book, which discusses the behaviour of animals and
birds in relation to the weather. For questions 1-10, decide whether these statements are True (T) or
False (F). Write your answers in the corresponding numbered boxes provided.
1. Sue has little faith in the accuracy of sayings about the weather.
2. Peter says that nowadays people are less interested in sayings than in previous times.
3. Peter says that low-flying birds suffer badly in storms.
4. Peter believes that there is a logical explanation for why certain birds change their habits.
5. According to Peter, insects have difficulty in sensing changes in the atmosphere.
6. Sue concludes that the rain goose's behaviour is surprising.
7. Peter says that weather sayings used to be confined to the farming community.
8. Peter says that the sayings fulfilled a basic human need for control.
9. Sue agrees with Peter about the contradictory nature of some of the sayings.
10. Peter says that in the past people relied on animal and bird behaviour to predict the weather. Your answers: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 1
Part 2. For questions 11-15, listen to part of a news report about coronavirus vaccine and answer the
questions. Write NO MORE THAN FIVE WORDS taken from the recording for each answer.
11. What aspect concerning the corona virus vaccine does the show look at?
............................................................................................
12. Whose approval is required to launch a vaccine onto the market?
............................................................................................
13. Before Phase III, on whom is the vaccine tested?
............................................................................................
14. What do the group of American doctors who call for a coronavirus review trust?
............................................................................................
15. Who do consumers think some FDA committee members work for?
............................................................................................
Part 3. You will hear part of a discussion programme in which a businessman called David and a
linguist called Ivana are speaking about the theme of symbols. For questions 16-20, choose the answer
(A, B, C or D) which fits best according to what you hear. Write your answers in the corresponding
numbered boxes provided.
16. The view is expressed that brands should
A. symbolise something people enjoy.
B. seek to utilise something visually unusual.
C. learn to be more co-operative with each other.
D. represent more than just a business proposition.
17. When talking about globalisation both speakers agree that
A. the Internet has a huge influence.
B. the positive symbols outweigh the negative ones.
C. major sporting events are well-meaning but flawed.
D. people are right to take a benevolent view.
18. What point does Ivana make about language?
A. Some languages are particularly disposed towards symbols.
B. Writers use symbols in the same way as everyone else.
C. There is some debate as to what constitutes a symbol.
D. Speakers of a language use symbols without realising it.
19. What does David say about the symbol in his hockey team's name?
A. It should really be changed. B. It's somewhat misleading.
C. It was initially misinterpreted.
D. It puts pressure on the team.
20. What do both speakers find absurd about colour symbolism and cars?
A. the idea that a red car is any easier to see.
B. the notion of linking a driver's character with car colour.
C. the contradictory arguments used by one insurer.
D. the suggestion that insurers are influenced by cultural symbols. Your answers: 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 2
Part 4. For questions 21-30, listen to a news report about the three big businesses of Apple, Microsoft
and Amazon. Write NO MORE THAN FOUR WORDS taken from the recording in each blank. Write
your answers in the corresponding numbered boxes provided.
21. Apple and Microsoft are the two publicly traded companies to close over ...........................
22. Although there are many smart phone makers, Apple is the one to make them the most .....................
23. Years ago, Apple used to be a kind of ............................................., and then Steve Jobs came back and
helped develop products like Ipod and Iphone.
24. Phones became ............................................. in daily lives thanks to the revolution of Apple in mobile phone business.
25. Iphone makes up two thirds of Apple's revenue so it is quite impossible for anything other thing to
..................................... of that size in the foreseeable future.
26. In the late 20th century, time is considered .......................................................... , therefore, online
shopping offers many advantages which help avoid complicated procedures in the physical world.
27. Amazon Web Services gives customers access to the resources they need to create
......................................... of any size or shape.
28. What makes Microsoft so ................................... years ago is its Windows operating system that went on
PCs and went into almost every home in every business.
29. 5 years ago when a mobile revolution hit and a big .............................. came in, a new CEO helped
Microsoft focus more on new ways to approach the business.
30. Google's dominance in search activity proves that companies whose technology becomes so
.................................................. in everyday life have the highest market values. Your answers. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. 28. 29. 30.
SECTION II: LEXICO– GRAMMAR (2.5 points)
Part 1. For questions 31-50, choose the correct answer A, B, C or D to each of the following
questions and write your answers in the corresponding numbered boxes provided.
31. Life is full of both good fortune and misfortunes that you have to learn to take the rough with the ................... A. smooth B. ready C. calm D. tough
32. Peter was heart broken when Sue ................... his offer of marriage so cruelly. A. spurned B. disclaimed C. denied D. renounced
33. My mother told me that, as a child, I used to ................... continually for sweets. A. whine B. grumble C. complain D. pester
34. The latest advertising ................... for facial issues is a free gift with every purchase. A. scam B. snare C. gimmick D. plot
35. The headmaster of my last school was a stern disciplinarian and made sure we ................... the line. A. drew B. faced C. touched D. toed
36. Applications for the course are coming in thick and ................... A. thin B. quick C. fast D. skin
37. The exercise routine works in ................... with the diet. A. tandem B. league C. hand D. co-operation
38. The labourers decided to down ................... in support of their sacked workmate. A. equipment B. tools C. apparatus D. instruments
39. Jenny was so unhappy as she was under the ................... of her husband. 3 A. finger B. nose C. skin D. thumb
40. Martin just loves to ................... his teeth into a really challenging crossword. A. grind B. put C. get D. sink
41. We are on ................... for a significant increase in production this year. A. form B. track C. line D. target
42. The experimental play was only a ................... success, which disappointed the playwright. A. local B. qualified C. reserved D. cautious
43. The Oscar winning actress simply ................... charm and professionalism in her aceeptance speech. A. exuded B. excluded C. expunged D. extricated
44. Don't take it as ................... that you'll be promoted in your job; other colleagues stand a good chance too. A. fixed B. standard C. read D. word
45. Although she was able to walk with the aid of crutches, having a broken ankle ................... her movements considerably. A. barred B. hindered C. intervened D. blocked
46. It's true, I tell you! I got it from the ................... . My sister works at the Town Hall. She's the one who made the decision! A. nag's head B. cat's whiskers C. horse's mouth D. lion's den
47. Just look at the way he goes round giving people orders. He's getting a bit too big for his ..................., if you ask me. A. boots B. braces C. trousers D. brains
48. I'm afraid you've caught me on the ................... . I wasn't expecting you until this afternoon. A. stove B. grapevine C. spot D. hop
49. The judge's ruling ................... a wave of protest campaigns across the country. A. provoked B. instigated C. launched D. commenced
50. When the chairman retired he was given a ................... of £50,000. A. consolation prize B. golden handshake C. blank cheque D. parting shot Your answers: 31. 32. 33. 34. 35. 36. 37. 38. 39. 40. 41. 42. 43. 44. 45. 46. 47. 48. 49. 50.
Part 2: Read the text below. Use the word given in capitals in brackets to form a word that fits in the space. UNWANTED VISITORS
Loss of habitat poses the single greatest threat, (51. DANGER)........................ indigenous
species. The second largest threat to native flora and fauna would have to be the introduction of alien
species into an environment other than their own. Alien species are able to cause such cataclysmic
damage because they are usually more successful in competing for food. They introduce diseases to
which the local inhabitants do not possess immunity. Interbreeding has caused the destruction of entire
species because the first hybrid generation will eventually replace the parent stock. Hybrid individuals
tend to possess greater vigour and will therefore compete more effectively with the remaining pure
stock. Their offspring may also be infertile, resulting in the (52. POPULATE)........................ of an
entire species because of a reduction in the number of breeding animals. The (53. FORM)
........................ of guidelines has been called on to exclude (54. NATION)....................... wildlife,
contain it where it has a foothold, and eliminate it if possible. The principles call for border controls,
(55. CAUTION)........................ in international trade and technical and financial assistance to help poor
countries detect and combat invasion. Your answers: 51. 52. 53. 54. 55.
SECTION III. READING (5 points)
Part 1. For questions 56-65, read the text below and decide which answer A, B, C or D best fits each
gap. Write your answers in the corresponding numbered boxes provided. 4 FREEDOM
This morning, the (56)................. of the villages around Delhi streamed (57)................. towards their
rejoicing capital to celebrate the end of a colonization most of them had not even known.
'Oh lovely dawn of freedom that breaks in gold and purple over an ancient capital,' (58).................
India's poet laureate in benediction over the crowds. They came from all (59)................. . There were
bullocks, their hoofs painted with orange, green and white stripes, their bells (60)................. gaily. There
were trucks (61)................. with people, their roofs and flanks painted with snakes, eagles and sacred cows.
People came on donkey, horse and bicycle, walking and running, country people with turbans of every shape
and colour (62)................., the women in bright, festive saris, every bauble they owned (63)................. on their arms or faces.
For a (64)................. moment rank, religion and caste disappeared. Hindus, Sikhs, Moslems, Anglo-
Indians laughed, cheered, and occasionally wept with emotion. 'The British are going,' they cried. 'Nehru is
going to (65)................. a new flag. We are free!' 56. A. dwellers B. inhabitants C. lodgers D. inmates 57. A. triumphantly B. despondently C. desperately D. tranquilly 58. A. proclaimed B. stated C. testified D. indicated 59. A. edges B. positions C. sides D. views 60. A. clattering B. rattling C. jingling D. hooting 61. A. overlapping B. overhanging C. overriding D. overflowing 62. A. thinkable B. imaginable C. believable D. credible 63. A. flashing B. glaring C. scintillating D. glittering 64. A. quick B. temporary C. transient D. brief 65. A. erect B. raise C. elevate D. lift Your answers: 56. 57. 58. 59. 60. 61. 62. 63. 64. 65.
Part 2. Read the following passage and do the tasks that follow.
Three ways to Levitate a Magic Carpet.
It sounds like a science fiction joke, but it isn’t. What do you get when you turn an invisibility cloak
on its side? A mini flying carpet. So say physicists who believe the same exotic materials used to make
cloaking devices could also be used to levitate tiny objects. In a further breakthrough, two other research
groups have come to a step closer to cracking the mysteries of levitation. Scientists have levitated objects
before, most famously using powerful magnetic fields to levitate a frog. But that technique, using the
repulsive force of a giant magnet, requires large amounts of energy. In contrast, the latest theories exploit the
natural smaller amounts of energy produced by the quantum fluctuations of empty space.
In May 2006, two research teams led by Ulf Leonhardt at St Andrews University, UK, and John
Pendry at Imperial College, London, independently proposed that an invisibility cloak could be created from
exotic materials with abnormal optical properties. Such a cloaking device working in the microwave region –
was manufactured later that year.
The device was formed from so-called ‘metamaterials’ exotic materials made from complex arrays
of metal units and wires. The metal units are smaller than the wavelength of light and so the materials can be
engineered to precisely control how electromagnetic light waves travel around them. They can transform
space, tricking electromagnetic waves into moving along directions they otherwise wouldn’t,’ says Leonhardt.
Leonhardt and his colleague Thomas Philbin, also at St Andrews University, realized that this
property could also be exploited to levitate extremely small objects. They propose inserting a metamaterial
between two so-called Casimir plates. When two such plates are brought very close together, the vacuum
between them becomes filled with quantum fluctuations of the electromagnetic field. As two plates are
brought closer together fewer fluctuations can occur within the gap between them, but on the outer sides of
the plates, the fluctuations are unconstrained. This causes a pressure difference on either side of the plates,
forcing the plates to stick together, in a phenomenon called the Casimir effect.
Leonhardt and Philbin believe that inserting a section of metamaterial between the plates will disrupt
the quantum fluctuations of the electromagnetic field. In particular, metamaterials have a negative refractive
Index. so that electromagnetic light waves entering a metamaterial bend in the opposite way than expected, 5
says Leonhardt. That will cause the Casimir force to act in the opposite direction – forcing the upper plate to
levitate. The work will appear in the New Journal of Physics.
Federico Capasso, an expert on the Casimir effect at Harvard University in Boston, is impressed.
‘Using metamaterials to reverse the Casimir effect is a very clever idea,’ he says. However, he points out that
because metamaterials are difficult to engineer, it’s unlikely that they could be used to levitate objects in the near future.
But there are good signs that quantum levitation could be achieved much sooner, by other methods.
Umar Mohideen at the University of California Riverside and his colleagues have successfully manipulated
the strength of the Casimir force by increasing the reflectivity of one of the plates so that It reflects virtual
particles more efficiently. Modifying the strength of the Casimir force is the first step towards reversing it,
says team member Galina Klimchitskaya at North-West Technical University in St Petersburg, Russia.
Capasso and his colleagues have also been working on an alternative scheme to harness a repulsive Casimir
effect. Their calculations show that a repulsive Casimir force could be set up between a 423 micrometer-
wide gold-coated polystyrene sphere and a silicon dioxide plate if the two are immersed in ethanol.
‘Although the Casimir force between any two substances — the ethanol and gold, the gold and the silicon
dioxide, or the silicon dioxide and the ethanol – is positive, the relative strengths of attraction are different,
and when you combine the materials, you should see the gold sphere levitate: he says.
Capasso’s early experiments suggest that such repulsion could occur and that in turn could be used
to levitate one object above another. ‘It’s very early work, and we still need to make certain this is really
happening, but we are slowly building up experimental evidence for quantum levitation,’ says Capasso, who
presented his results at a conference on Coherence and Quantum Optics in Rochester, New York, in June.
‘This is a very exciting experimental result because it is the first demonstration that we can engineer a
repulsive Casimir force,’ says Leonhardt. Questions 66-70.
Do the following statements agree with the claims of the writer in the reading passage? Write
YES if the statement agrees with the writer’s claims
NO if the statement contradicts the writer’s claims
NOT GIVEN if it is impossible to say what the writer thinks about this
Question 66. A mini flying carpet is a possibility according to some scientists.
Question 67. Cloaking devices can be used for levitation.
Question 68. Scientists now know all about levitation.
Question 69. Things can be transported from place to place using empty space technology.
Question 70. The most recent research into levitation has made use of large magnets. Your answers: 66. 67. 68. 69. 70.
Questions 71-75. Choose the correct letter, A. B, C or D.
Question 71. Ulf Leonhardt and John Pendry
A. worked together on a project in 2006.
B. both came up with the same idea.
C. invented the microwave oven.
D. used only basic objects in their research.
Question 72. Metamaterials are
A. similar to light, but with a smaller wavelength.
B. a combination of simple metals and wires.
C. able to change where electromagnetic waves go.
D. engineered when light waves travel around them.
Question 73. The importance of the Casimir effect is that it
A. doesn’t require a vacuum in order to work.
B. increases the number of plates that can be used.
C. creates large and frequent fluctuations
D. creates pressure difference and stickiness.
Question 74. Leonhardt and Philbin think that putting a metamaterial between two plates will
A. cause the top plate to rise above the bottom plate. 6
B. stop electromagnetic light waves bending.
C. stop the Casimir force from working.
D. not affect electromagnetic fluctuations.
Question 75. Why is it important to change the strength of the Casimir force? A. to reflect the plates B. to help reverse the force
C. to see virtual particles better
D. to enable other scientists to progress
Questions 76-78. Complete each sentence with the correct ending A-F below.
Question 76. Capasso is unconvinced that
Question 77. Capasso has calculated that
Question 78. Capasso has admitted that
A. gold can be used to produce levitation.
B. a particular type of ethanol has to be used.
C. the levitation will last for only a few seconds.
D. using metamaterials will help lead to levitation in the short term.
E. his experiment will be extremely costly to perform.
F. his idea is still only a theory. Your answers: 71. 72. 73. 74. 75. 76. 77. 78.
Part 2: You are going to read an extract from a book on human rights. Seven paragraphs have been
removed from the extract. Choose from the paragraphs A-H the one which fits each gap (79-85).There
is one extra paragraph which you do not need to use. Write your answers in the numbered boxes.
VALUES FOR A GODLESS AGE
When the Berlin Wall came tumbling down in 1989 so did the plaster cast which had kept the idea of human
rights in limbo. It was now free to evolve in response to the changing conditions of the late twentieth century. 79.
Of course, in one sense, the quest for universal human rights standards after the Second World War was an
early attempt to communicate across national boundaries, albeit a rather faltering endeavour, with its claims
to universality challenged both in terms of authorship and content. More recently, a loosening of the reins of
the human rights dialogue has ushered in wider debate. 80.
Perhaps the best known of these is Amnesty International, established in 1961. Before Amnesty, there were
very few organizations like it, yet now there are thousands operating all over the world. Whether
campaigning for the protection of the environment or third-world debt relief, any such organization is
engaged in the debate about fundamental human rights. And it is no longer just a soft sideshow. 81.
The fact that strangers from different countries can communicate with each other through the worldwide web
is having a similar effect in dealing a blow to misinformation. During one recent major human rights trial
over sixty websites sprang up to cover the proceedings, while sales of the government-controlled newspaper in that country plummeted. 82.
The effect of increased responsibility at this highest level has been to continually extend the consideration of
who is legally liable, directly or indirectly, under international human rights law. In part, this is an
acknowledgement that even individuals need to be held responsible for flagrant breaches of others'rights,
whether these are preventing protesters from peacefully demonstrating or abusing the rights of children. 83. 7
It has been noted that paradoxically, in such circumstances, it may be in the interests of human rights
organizations to seek to reinforce the legitimary and authority of the state, within a regulated global framework. 84.
Part of the new trend in human rights thinking is therefore to include powerful private bodies within its
remit. The International Commission of Jurists has recently explored ways in which international human
rights standards could be directly applied to transnational corporations. 85.
Whatever the way ahead, the lessons of the past must be learnt. Any world view or set of values which is
presented as self-evident is ultimately doomed to failure.The case for human rights always needs to be made
and remade. In a world where globalization too often seems like a modernized version of old-fashioned
cultural imperialism, it is important to query the claim that human rights are universally accepted. Missing paragraphs:
A. The problem is that the growth of globalization makes the protection of nation states a pointless goal in
certain circumstances. Ttansnational corporations with multiple subsidiaries operating in a number of
countries simultaneously wield significant economic and political power and it is often extremely difficult
for the state - both home and host governments - to exercise effective legal control over them.
B. If the proliferation of pressure groups has raised the profile of the human rights debate, satellite television
has reinforced much of the content of their campaigns. The fact that from our armchairs we can all see live
what is happening to others around the world has had an enonnous impact on the way the struggle for human
rights is viewed. It would not be remotely believable to plead ignorance nowadays, for 24-hour news
coverage from the world's hotspots reaches us all.
C. This is, after all, a uniquely propitious time, as the values and language of human rights are becoming
familiar to more and more people, who judge the merits or otherwise of political and economic decisions
increasingly in human rights terms. Arguments seem fresh and appealing in many quarters where once they sounded weak and stale.
D. On a global scale, it is not strong states that are the problem here but weak ones, as they fail to protect
their citizens from private power - whether it is paramilitaries committing murder and torture or
transnational corporations spreading contamination and pollution.
E. One of the most significant of these is what has come to be called'globalization', the collapsing of national
boundaries in economic, political and cultural life. From the expanding role of the world's financial markets
and the spread of transnational corporations to the revolution in communications and information
technology, more and more areas of people's lives are affected by regional, international or transnational
developments, whether they are aware of this or not.
F. Not only must states not infringe rights, and enforce those rights which fall within their direct sphere (like
providing a criminal justice system or holding fair elections), but they also have'positive obligations' to
uphold rights enshrined in human rights treaties, even when it is private parties which have violated them.
G. The results of its investigations were published in 1999 in a unique pamphlet on Globalization, Human
Rights and the Rule of Law. The issue to be faced is whether to treat these and other corporations as 'large
para-state entities to be held accountable under the same sort of regime as states', or whether to look for
different approaches to accountability 'that are promulgated by consumer groups and the corporations themselves.'
H. No longer the preserve of representatives of nation states meeting under the auspices of the United
Nations, a developing conversation is taking place on a global scale and involving a growing cast of people -
for an increasing range of pressure groups now frame their aspirations in human rights terms. 8 Your answers: 79. 80. 81. 82. 83. 84. 85.
Part 4: Read the following passage and choose the best answer (A, B, C or D) according to the text.
Write your answers (A, B, C or D) in the corresponding numbered boxes.
Icebergs are massive blocks of ice, irregular in shape; they float with only about 12 percent of
their mass above the sea surface. They are formed by glaciers – large rivers of ice that begin inland in
the snows of Greenland, Antarctica, and Alaska – and move slowly toward the sea. The forward
movement, the melting at the base of the glacier where it meets the ocean, and waves and tidal action
cause blocks of ice to break off and float out to sea.
Icebergs are ordinarily blue to white, although they sometimes appear dark or opaque because
they carry gravel and bits of rock. They may change color with changing light conditions and cloud
cover, glowing pink or gold in the morning or evening light, but this color change is generally related to
the low angle of the Sun above the horizon. However, travelers to Antarctica have repeatedly reported
seeing green icebergs in the Weddell Sea and, more commonly, close to the Amery Ice Shelf in east Antarctica.
Scientists have differed as to whether icebergs appear green as a result of light conditions or
because of something in the ice itself. One explanation for green icebergs attributes their color to an
optical illusion when blue ice is illuminated by a near-horizon red Sun, but green icebergs stand out
among white and blue icebergs under a great variety of light conditions. Another suggestion is that the
color might be related to ice with high levels of metallic compounds, including copper and iron. Recent
expeditions have taken ice samples from green icebergs and ice cores – vertical, cylindrical ice samples
reaching down to great depths – from the glacial ice shelves along the Antarctic continent. Analyses of
these cores and samples provide a different solution to the problem.
The ice shelf cores, with a total length of 215 meters (705 feet), were long enough to
penetrate through glacial ice – which is formed from the compaction of snow and contains air bubbles
– and to continue into the clear, bubble-free ice formed from seawater that freezes onto the bottom of
the glacial ice. The properties of this clear sea ice were very similar to the ice from the green iceberg.
The scientists concluded that green icebergs form when a two-layer block of shelf ice breaks away and
capsizes (turns upside down), exposing the bubble-free shelf ice that was formed from seawater.
A green iceberg that stranded just west of the Amery Ice Shelf showed two distinct layers:
bubbly blue-white ice and bubble-free green ice separated by a one-meter-long ice layer containing
sediments. The green ice portion was textured by seawater erosion. Where cracks were present, the
color was light green because of light scattering; where no cracks were present, the color was dark
green. No air bubbles were present in the green ice, suggesting that the ice was not formed from the
compression of snow but instead from the freezing of seawater. Large concentrations of single-celled
organisms with green pigments (coloring substances) occur along the edges of the ice shelves in this
region, and the seawater is rich in their decomposing organic material. The green iceberg did not
contain large amounts of particles from these organisms, but the ice had accumulated dissolved organic
matter from the sea- water. It appears that unlike salt, dissolved organic substances are not excluded
from the ice in the freezing process. Analysis shows that the dissolved organic material absorbs enough
blue wavelengths from solar light to make the ice appear green.
Chemical evidence shows that platelets (minute flat portions) of ice form in the water and then
accrete and stick to the bottom of the ice shelf to form a slush (partially melted snow). The slush is
compacted by an unknown mechanism, and solid, bubble- free ice is formed from water high in soluble
organic substances. When an iceberg separates from the ice shelf and capsizes, the green ice is exposed.
The Amery Ice Shelf appears to be uniquely suited to the production of green icebergs. Once
detached from the ice shelf, these bergs drift in the currents and wind systems surrounding Antarctica
and can be found scattered among Antarctica’s less colorful icebergs.
Question 86. According to paragraph 1, all of the following are true of icebergs EXCEPT
A. They do not have a regular shape.
B. They are formed where glaciers meet the ocean.
C. Most of their mass is above the sea surface.
D. Waves and tides cause them to break off glaciers.
Question 87. According to paragraph 2, what causes icebergs to sometimes appear dark or opaque? 9
A. A heavy cloud cover.
B. The presence of gravel or bits of rock.
C. The low angle of the Sun above the horizon.
D. The presence of large cracks in their surface.
Question 88. The word “penetrate” in the passage is closest in meaning to A. collect B. pierce C. melt D. endure
Question 89. According to paragraph 4, how is glacial ice formed?
A. By the compaction of snow.
B. By the freezing of seawater on the bottom of ice shelves.
C. By breaking away from the ice shelf.
D. By the capsizing of a two-layer block shelf ice.
Question 90. According to paragraph 4, ice shelf cores helped scientists explain the formation of
green icebergs by showing that
A. the ice at the bottom of green icebergs is bubble-free ice formed from frozen seawater.
B. bubble-free ice is found at the top of the ice shelf.
C. glacial ice is lighter and floats better than sea ice.
D. the clear sea ice at the bottom of the ice shelf is similar to ice from a green iceberg.
Question 91. Why does the author mention that “ The green ice portion was textured by seawater erosion” ?
A. To explain why cracks in the iceberg appeared light green instead of dark green.
B. To suggest that green ice is more easily eroded by seawater than white ice is.
C. To support the idea that the green ice had been the bottom layer before capsizing.
D. To explain how the air bubbles had been removed from the green ice.
Question 92. The word “ accumulated” in the passage is closest in meaning to A. collected B. frozen C. released D. covered
Question 93. The word “ accrete” in the passage is closest in meaning to A. advance B. transfer C. flatten out D. come together
Question 94. Which of the following is NOT explained in the passage?
A. Why blocks of ice break off where glaciers meet the ocean.
B. Why blocks of shelf ice sometimes capsize after breaking off.
C. Why green icebergs are commonly produced in some parts of Antarctica.
D. Why green icebergs contain large amounts of dissolved organic pigments.
Question 95. The passage supports which of the following statements about the Amery ice Shelf?
A. The Amery Ice Shelf produces only icebergs.
B. The Amery Ice Shelf produces green icebergs because its ice contains high levels of metallic
compounds such as copper and iron.
C. The Amery Ice Shelf produces green icebergs because the seawater is rich in a particular kind of soluble organic material.
D. No green icebergs are found far from the Amery Ice Shelf. Your answers: 86. 87. 88. 89. 90. 91. 92. 93. 94. 95.
Part 5. You are going to read an article about a visit to a zoo. For questions 96–105, choose from the
sections (A–D). The sections may be chosen more than once.
In which section does the writer 96..........
mention a noise that made him feel slightly uneasy? 97..........
acknowledge the forethought of one of his hosts? 98..........
allude to the cleanliness of a section of the zoo? 99..........
suggest that most visitors don’t see the animals at their best? 100..........
imply that the activity he attended would benefit from wider publicity? 101..........
admit to an initial reluctance to take up a suggestion? 102..........
give us an impression of the scale and extent of the whole site? 103..........
describe a physical sensation that more than lived up to expectations? 10 104..........
report on one way in which the well-being of the animals is ensured? 105..........
mention a thrilling encounter with one particular species? A NIGHT TO REMEMBER
Our reporter spent a night camping out inside a zoo in Australia
A Scanning the breakfast menu, I found myself swiftly losing my appetite: on offer were beetle larvae,
maggots and frozen mice. Fortunately, spending the night at Sydney’s Taronga Zoo needn’t involve
sampling the animals’ meals, though it does entail getting extremely close to all manner of creatures. The
Roar and Snore programme, curiously little known in Australia let alone overseas, allows you to spend a
night camping in the heart of the zoo, long after the crowds of day trippers have dispersed. And if your
experience of zoos is creatures slumped motionless in their enclosures, or skulking in their dens, then let me
assure you that at dusk, the place comes alive and echoes with the din of hundreds of creatures making their
presence known. A ferryboat dropped me off at the foot of the zoo, which sprawls across a steeply sloping
swathe of bushland across the bay from the city. Guides, Steve and Nikki, awaited with bright, enthusiastic
smiles. Ten of us had signed up and, in no time at all, we were busily erecting tents on a rectangle of grass
outside the zoo’s education centre. An adjacent area of gum trees was inhabited by kangaroos, wallabies and
an alarmingly inquisitive emu – our first animal encounter.
B After a quick briefing, we set off into the gathering gloom. Steve unlocked a huge metal gate that then
clanged ominously behind us. We were in, though not without some trepidation – what had we let ourselves
in for? It was just us, a handful of security staff and 2,000 furred and feathered inmates. A gibbon let out a
haunting, liquid whoop and wild possums frolicked noisily through the eucalyptus trees above us, their dark
silhouettes framed against a full moon. The skyscrapers of the city centre twinkled in the distance as a pair of
zebras scuffled in a cloud of dust; farther along, a giant Kodiak bear lumbered menacingly around a large,
rock-strewn enclosure. An awesome spectacle in the gloom, but the buzz that evoked was soon surpassed
when a pair of snow leopards came within a few feet of us as they paced around the rocky ledges of their cage.
C Not all the animals at Taronga are behind bars. Semi-tame African guinea fowl nest in the gum trees and
a water buffalo let out a surprisingly cow-like moo, whilst a group of macaws screeched as we climbed back
up to the education centre. It gets chilly after dusk, but Steve had left nothing to chance and a warming
barbecue was already sizzling with sausages and chicken kebabs. Meanwhile, Nikki brought out some
animals that are used to being handled: first a diamond python called Little Spots and then a koala. Even the
Australians in the group were enthralled as Nikki showed us the pad of hardened skin that enables the
species to sit for hours at a time in the crook of a tree. As she explained, the gum trees they eat contain only
four percent protein, so they have little energy to do much else.
D After a bitterly cold night under canvas, it was a relief to be woken at dawn for breakfast. As the sun
rose and bathed the zoo in a soft, orange light, we fed carrots to the zoo’s small herd of giraffes. One of
them, Hope, is blind, and sought out the carrots, with her long, slobbering blue tongue. ‘If you touch it,
you’ll notice it feels rough, like a cat’s,’ said her keeper. As Hope wrapped hers around my outstretched
finger, it felt more like sandpaper. As the sun’s rays warmed our chilled bodies, we were taken on a behind-
the-scenes tour, down a corridor with doors leading to each enclosure, and notices reminding keepers of the
animals’ diet and welfare requirements. In a scrubbed kitchen, the inmates’ food is prepared. Here another
cheery keeper, Kristy, showed me the grey-coloured gloop that is fed to small marsupials. ‘Have a taste,’ she
said. I hesitated, then dipped in my finger. It was delicious, like honey yoghurt. We were at the end of our
visit and the zoo was again admitting the public. Within an hour it seemed as though every four-year-old in
Sydney was careering around the place, letting out squeals of excitement – a sharp contrast to the peaceful,
privileged glimpse we’d been given. Your answers: 96. 97. 98. 99. 100. 101. 102. 103. 104. 105. 11
SECTION IV. WRITING (6.5 points)
Part 1. Read the following extract and use your own words to summarise it. Your summary should be
between 100 and 120 words long.
PLAGIARISM DETECTORS ARE A CRUTCH, AND A PROBLEM Debora Weber-Wulff
I have been testing plagiarism-detection software for the past 15 years. The results are often hard to
interpret, difficult to navigate, and sometimes just wrong. Many systems report false positives for common
phrases, long names of institutions or even reference information. Software also produces false negatives. A
system might fail to find plagiarism if the source of the plagiarized text has not been digitized, contains
spelling errors or is otherwise not available to the software system. Many cases of plagiarism slip through
undetected when material is translated or taken from multiple sources. Assessments depend on both the
algorithms used and on the corpus of work available for comparison. I have also seen different systems rank
a text as completely or partially plagiarized, or plagiarism-free.
Yet the number that these systems produce — variously known as ‘originality score’, ‘non-unique
content’ or ‘PlagLevel’ — is usually taken at face value. A second opinion is seldom sought, although there
are dozens of systems available. Actually reading the reports produced by the software can reveal correctly
quoted material, such as a properly referenced methods section, marked as plagiarism.
Duplicated and plagiarized texts do harm: they distort scholars’ true academic output and make the
literature even harder to navigate. It cannot be tolerated, but these dodgy numbers are not the solution. I have
been corresponding with journal editors about problematic publications for years. Duplicate publications are
those that have essentially the same text (or even data) and share at least one author. In some cases, the title
and the abstract are different, and authors have been added, removed or shuffled. Plagiarized articles have no authors in common.
Software cannot determine plagiarism; it can only point to some cases of matching text. The systems
can be useful for flagging up problems, but not for discriminating between originality and plagiarism. That
decision must be taken by a person. The most important method for finding plagiarism is reading a text and
studying the references for inconsistencies. A spot check with an Internet search engine, using three to five
words from a paragraph or a particularly nice turn of phrase can uncover copyists. Only if a text is somehow
off, and online searching does not help, should software systems be consulted. In those cases, it’s best to use
two or three systems, and to read the reports, not take the numbers at face value.
Academic integrity is a social problem; due diligence cannot be left to unknown algorithms. Keeping
science honest depends on scientists willing to work hard to protect the literature.
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Part 2. The graph below shows the new daily confirmed COVID-19 cases and recoveries worldwide.
Summarise the information by selecting and reporting the main features, and make comparisons
where relevant. Write at least 150 words.
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Some people say that supermarkets and manufacturers have a responsibility to reduce the amount of
packaging on products they sell. Others believe that it is the consumer’s responsibility to avoid buying
products which have a lot of packaging.
Discuss both views and give your opinions.
Give reasons for your answer and include any relevant examples from your own knowledge or
experience. Write at least 350 words.
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