Life 2ed British Upper Intermediate - Student's Book Answer Key

Life 2e
Upper Intermediate – Student’s Book Answer Key
a dog (labrador): they are often used by UNIT 1
farmers, hunters and also as guide dogs for the
blind or helping dogs for those with
disabilities; they are frequently kept as pets; 1 Example answers
domesticated dogs do not usually live in the
a faithful companion, a strong bond wild
Students may also argue that ‘true friends’ and
2 Students’ own answers – possible
‘an odd couple’ are possible.
characteristics of orang-utans may include
laid-back and shy, and of dogs: dependable, 2
energetic, good fun and outgoing.
1 husband 2 old friend 3 colleague 3 3
They hug and play together; the orang-utan
1 a ‘Blood is thicker than water’ = family shares his food.
relationships and loyalties are the strongest and most important ones 4
b ‘A friend in need is a friend indeed’ = a 1 co-operation
friend who helps you when you really need 2 they are scared of them help is a true friend 3 they have a strong bond
c ‘Like father, like son’ = you can expect a 4 as very generous
son’s personality or behaviour to be similar to 5 a basic social need for that of his father fun and interaction
d ‘No man is an island’ = nobody is self-
sufficient – people need the company and
support of other people (this is a quote from a 5
poem by the sixteenth century English poet 1 present continuous John Donne) 2 present simple 2/3 Students’ own answers
3 present perfect (simple and continuous) 1a Unlikely friends
Answers to Grammar Summary exercises 1 Example answers 1a
1 Positive: considerate, dependable, energetic, 1 are becoming good fun, outgoing 2 has bought Negative: selfish, unreliable 3 have known
Either positive or negative: laid-back, serious, 4 I often meet shy 5 She’s staying
2 (near) opposites: considerate/selfish; 6 is always
dependable/unreliable; energetic/laid-back; 7 It’s raining
outgoing/shy; good fun/ serious 8 I’m learning 3 Students’ own answers 1b
a 6 b 4 c 7 d 8 e 1 f 5 g 2 h 3 2
1 an orang-utan: they are rarely found 2
working, but are sometimes used in tourism; 1 are/’re
they are sometimes kept as pets in people's
2 he’s been going or he goes
homes; in the wild they are found in 3 haven’t seen
the forests of Indonesia and Malaysia 4 doesn’t like frenglish.ru
5 ’s looking or he’s been 3 show looking 4 has recovered 6 have moved 5 are now asking 7 ’m 6 have been living 8 ’s ringing 7 has provided 8 live 3 1 ’ve been waiting 9 2 ’ve had 1 ’m living; has 3 ’s been 2 ’ve just been learning 4 ’ve been working 3 ’ve been 5 have they been
4 do you know; ’ve known 6 ’ve been looking 5 often hangs; never comes 7 ’ve seen it 6 has always stood 7 have been teaching, ’re 6 writing
Suriya lives with his keepers. – something seen 8 never see as permanent
Most dogs avoid apes. – a fact 10
Each day the dog comes into the compound. –
get on (with) = to have a good relationship a habit or routine with
It’s clear they are having the time of their
stand by (someone) = to support and be friends
lives. – something happening around the time in difficult times of speaking
hang out (with) = an informal way of saying to
His understanding of the dog is growing day
spend time with (e.g. go for a coffee, to clubs
by day. – a changing situation or parties together)
This week we’re looking at animal friendships.
hang around = to stay in a place doing nothing
– something happening around the time of
or waiting for something to happen speaking
meet up = to come together with someone,
The story of Suriya has attracted a lot of
either as planned or unexpectedly
interest. – a past event that has relevance in the
keep up (with) = to stay in contact and share present news
Over four million viewers have watched them
come round = to visit (when a friend comes to
since their video was put up on YouTube. – visit you at your house)
something that started in the past and
go round = to visit (when you visit a friend at
continues into the present – it has an impact on their house) or relevance in the present
Phrasal verbs that contain two particles: get on
They have recognized a basic social need in
(with), hang out (with) and keep up (with)
each other. – it has an an impact on or relevance in the present 11
Recently, he has been spending time with a
local dog. – something that started in the past 1 get on
and continues into the present – it has an 2 hang out/around
impact on or relevance in the present 3 kept up
They have been doing this every day since they 4 come round
first met. – something that started in the past 5 stand by
and continues into the present – it has an 6 meet up
impact on or relevance in the present
1b A confused generation 7 present perfect continuous 1
1 It shows a girl who is sitting at a table with 8
her parents, her head in her hands. 1 have been
2 She is possibly having an argument, or she 2 have been discussing
has been told off by her parents for something frenglish.ru
she has done. In any case, she doesn’t look 7 for happy. 3 Students’ own answers 5 1 have been arguing 3 2 I’ve tried
3 ’s not spoken or hasn’t
Caring for the old: caring for aged parents has spoken
always been a child’s duty, but now families 4 helped
are putting their older relatives into care 5 have given
homes The relationship between parents and 6 didn’t teach
children: ‘Once parents taught children, but 7 ’ve been working
now we learn from them.’
Standard of living and shopping: the family
can buy many more things these days; Bella 8
wants to buy the ‘right’ western brands Examples of the past simple:
Experience and knowledge of the world: in
1 A few months ago, Bella’s family put Bella’s
spoken English Bella has overtaken her
grandfather into a nursing home. – refers to
parents; she has already, in her short life, something at a specific
learned more about the outside world than her
time in the past and uses an adverbial of parents have
finished time (a few months ago)
2 It was a painful decision ... – refers to
something at a specific time in the past 4
3 When she told us that ... – refers to
Bella’s parents are finding the changes
something at a specific time in the past
difficult (Her parents are part of a confused
4 Once parents taught children, but now we
generation in a confused time.; I suppose our
learn from them. – refers to something at a
child-raising has been a failure.). specific time in the past
Bella is part of the ‘new’ generation, so is
5 ... they gave up helping with Bella’s
finding the changes more natural.
homework some time ago. – refers to
something at a specific time in the past 5
and uses an adverbial of finished time (some
painful, selfish, dutiful, supportive, rebellious time ago)
Examples of the present perfect: 6
1 In the last twenty years, China’s economic 1 ambitious
boom has brought enormous material benefits 2 childish
... – (present perfect simple) impacts on the 3 decisive present or is relevant now 4 helpful
2 Have new possessions made our lives 5 respectful
richer? – (present perfect simple) impacts on 6 successful
the present or is relevant now
3 ... in China, caring for aged parents has
always been a child’s duty. – (present perfect 7
simple) a situation which started in the past 1 present perfect and is continuing now 2 past simple
4 This is something my daughter has been 3 past simple
trying to teach us. – (present perfect 4 present perfect
continuous) an action which started in the past and is continuing now
Answers to Grammar Summary exercises
5 ‘I suppose our child-raising has been a
failure.’ – (present perfect simple) impacts on
the present or is relevant now 4 1 from 2012 to 2014 2 twice this week 10 3 in 1998 1 Have you done 4 for a few days 2 didn’t do 3 was 5 since 6 over the last few months 4 ’ve studied frenglish.ru 5 asked 2 6 ’ve been looking Richard: 7 haven’t studied
1 His grandfather came to America (from 8 ’ve already arranged
Poland) when he was fifteen. He wanted to run away from his stepmother. 11 2 Richard is a builder.
Time expressions in the text: yet, yesterday,
3 He has a strong sense of belonging to a
before, a few days ago, all morning, since I
group that has struggled and fought together to
was a child, already succeed in America.
Past simple: yesterday, a few days ago Tanja: (finished time)
1 Her parents came to America from Jamaica.
Present perfect simple: yet, before, already,
Her father wanted to be a doctor in the US.
since I was a child (unfinished time) 2 Tanja is also a doctor.
Present perfect continuous: all morning
3 She has a desire to get ahead. (unfinished time) 3 13
1 T (a common feeling of pride in their 1 have been growing American identity) 2 has left
2 F (their ancestral roots; tracing back your
3 probably worked; didn’t have family tree) 4 have already retired
3 F (we infer he is unhappy: Tomas didn’t like 5 had his new stepmother) 6 has replaced
4 F (he saw an announcement in the paper by 7 rebelled; were
chance, but they arranged the meeting in New 8 have spoilt
York: Tomas got in touch and the two had an
emotional reunion in New York.) 14 Example answers
5 F (we infer this as she worked as a nurse and
Here are some possible differences from a UK
was very involved in her children’s lives)
perspective about the previous generation’s
6 T (Both my sister and I have followed them experience:
into the medical profession and now I’m
upbringing and school: stricter rules; wore working as a doctor)
uniform, ate simple school meals, strict
discipline work opportunities: more jobs in 4
factories, jobs for life, fewer opportunities in
1 a place where different people mix together
high tech industries, fewer opportunities for 2 where they came from women 3 look for a way to get rich
free time: more time outside, less time on 4 a necessity
computers, holidays at home not abroad
5 a belief that hard work is important
standard of living: less money to spend, fewer
electronic gadgets – no smartphones 6 Exercise 5 1c Bloodlines
Students’ own answers, but c and d are the main points of the article. 1 Example answers
c: ... how their grandparents and great-
Reasons for emigrating: work opportunities,
grandparents arrived in America what brought
better quality of life, friends and family, better
them there in the first place, and how they –
education, escaping war or poverty
their descendants – can best honour
Difficulties: learning a new language, getting
their memory; she never forgets family details.
used to local customs, finding work and
This has meant that all of us … now have a
housing, not having family and friends, racism
strong sense of belonging
or hostility from local people
d: a group that has struggled and fought Students’ own answers
together to succeed here; I don’t know if that
kind of dedication is genetic or just something
that you learn from your parents, but that
desire to get ahead … we’ve certainly both inherited it. frenglish.ru Exercise 6
d is the author’s main conclusion. 2
Mateo is in Sri Lanka (in the hills outside 7
Kandy). He’s there to try and get experience as 1 make
a freelance journalist and photographer. 2 common 3 humour 4 duty 3 5 direction
1 I hope all’s well with you; Do send everyone my love.
1d What have you been up to? (at the beginning and end)
2 How’s the family? Is Sarah still … ? 1 Example answers (3rd paragraph)
a How do you do? Pleased to meet you.
3 I’m now … ; At the moment I’m … ; I’m b How are you? trying to …
c How are things? How are you? How’s it (2nd paragraph); my plan is to … going? (3rd paragraph)
4 It would be great to get together with you 2 then. 1 a long time ago (3rd paragraph)
2 Tim has been working abroad (in India) for
5 I’ve been meaning to write with my news …
the last eighteen months doing some teacher (1st paragraph)
training for the British Council; Greta has been
doing a course and studying for her law 4 exams.
Contracted verb forms: all’s well; I’ve been
3 They are going to meet up for a drink the meaning to, etc.
next time Tim is back in the UK, in two
Informal linking words: but my work … ; But I months’ time. have to … ; So, my plan is to … 3
Conversational words: for ages; or so; get a
The following expressions should be ticked:
plane; go and chat to; great to get together; How are things?
working for that awful estate agent What have you been up to?
Idiomatic expressions: I hope all’s well with I’m doing fine, thanks.
you; you wouldn’t believe it; Fingers crossed!; Busy as ever.
Do send everyone my love; I’ll write again
I’ve been studying for my exams.
soon; All the best
You’re looking very relaxed / very well. It obviously suits you. 5 How’s she getting on?
All my love, Best wishes, Hello, Hi John, Love.
She was asking after you the other day.
Note that Kind regards, Regards and Warm
Please give her my best wishes.
regards are too formal for a close friend, but
I don’t mean to be rude, but I need to …
might be used with, for example, an elderly
It was really nice to see you. relative. It was great to see you. Good luck with …
getting quite homesick = becoming
get experience = to gain, achieve 4
get an interview = to receive, obtain, be given 1 What have you been up to?
get a plane = to catch, travel on 2 You’re looking very well.
get together = to meet up 3 Busy as ever.
4 She was asking after you the other day.
5 I don’t mean to be rude, but I need to (get back to college). 1e News from home frenglish.ru
1f ‘Lady Liberty’ and Ellis Island
of ancient stones that are arranged in a circle. The huge 1
stones make you feel small and thoughtful. It means the
1 because of significant damage from
world to British people. They are proud of its Hurricane Sandy history and 2 stewards and visitors
it makes them feel connected to their ancestors. I was 2b
disappointed when I visited because there were 1 d 2 b 3 a 4 e 5 c a lot of
tourists and it is close to a busy road. 3
1 immigrants from all over the world 10 Example answers 2 tourists
Reasons why it is hard to adapt to a new life: 3 no language
barrier, missing family and friends, having to 4 learn new 1 resident
customs and ways of doing things, having no
2 His two sets of grandparents came through money or Ellis Island (as immigrants).
contacts, racism or distrust from people
3 ‘everything that means the world to them’; already in the
pictures of their children or parents country 4 drop them
5 They have never lost a bag on Ellis Island. Unit 1 Review 5 1 1 Judith: Italy; – 1 need 2 Pablo: – ; emotional 2 means 3 Peter: Hong Kong; loves it 3 has been decreasing
4 Raea: Lithuania; gave her the chills 4 relied 5 We shared 6 6 were 7 are choosing 1 a day 8 have changed 2 up to 9 are losing 3 the infrastructure 10 have lost 4 the park 2 7a
1 A nuclear family is just the parents and 1 c 2 a 3 b 4 a 5 c 6 b
children; an extended family is all the people
who are related to us by blood or marriage, 7b Example answers
e.g. grandparents, cousins, aunts and uncles.
1 My job/promotion/family means the world to
2 help with childcare, being looked after in old me.
age, sharing domestic chores, cheaper living
2 I showed up late for work / my wedding / my costs daughter’s performance. 3
3 It was very gutsy of my brother to run a
1 3 Has been decreasing: it’s still continuing marathon /
4, 5 and 6 relied, shared, were: things that admit he was wrong. happened in the past
7 are choosing: it’s a trend 8 Example answers
8 have changed: (recent) past event with an
Stonehenge is an ancient monument in the UK. impact on the present It is made frenglish.ru
2 for some time = since the 1950s, for many years, in recent years 4
In the past = 50 years ago, last century, in my 1 original grandparents’ time 2 beautifully filmed 3 scary 4 4 fast-moving, gripping 1 companion 2 close 2a A key moment 3 mutual 4 flatmate 1 5 acquaintance 1 d 2 f 3 a 4 c 5 b 6 e 6 blood 2 5 Students’ own answers Students’ own answers 3 6 1 story/plot Students’ own answers 2 main characters / heroes 3 themes / central ideas 7 4 key moment / turning point 1 in 2 for 4 3 on
1 The track was narrow and bumpy, and in 4 with
poor condition, and many people, including 5 together
Lauda, considered it unsafe – in places, cars 6 up
actually took off into the air.
2 He came out of a left-hand corner too fast 8 and lost control of the car.
The sentences in the Student’s Book should be
3 Three other racing drivers stopped and
numbered as follows: 1, 9, 3, 7, 5, 11, 10, 6, 4, pulled him out of the car. 8, 2
4 He suffered extreme burns and was fighting
for his life immediately after the accident. He UNIT 2
survived, but needed to have serious plastic
surgery. Six weeks after the accident he began 1 Example answer
racing again. The Nürburgring race was
restarted and Hunt won, but it was the last
It could be a fantasy film, because it doesn’t
Formula 1 race at the Nürburgring track.
look like a real house/place. It looks very rural and idyllic.
Students may also suggest a historical (or 5
period) film because the watermill is very old a past simple
and the scene is very rural, or even a romantic
Examples: the cars set off; the race
film because they can imagine two lovers
progressed, the track began to dry and the meeting there.
drivers came into the pits;
he began to push harder; It hit a bank … , 2
bounced back and immediately burst into
1 d 2 e or a 3 a 4 f 5 c 6 b
flames; three of them stopped and ran to help;
They managed to pull him free; a helicopter
arrived and transported Lauda to 3
hospital; his wife fainted when she saw his 1 The Hobbit
face; the organizers restarted the race; Hunt
2 He remained true to the spirit of the book
went on to win; Lauda got back into his racing
and captured the heart of the story; visually
car … and finished fourth
stunning; feels like the book; fast-moving and b past perfect simple gripping frenglish.ru
Examples: Lauda had tried to … ; James Hunt 7
had argued for it to go ahead and had won; He 1 drove had suffered 2 was preparing c past continuous 3 knew
Examples: other drivers were following 4 refused
Lauda’s car; was fighting for his life 5 returned d past perfect continuous 6 had been lying
Examples: It had been raining; he had been sitting 9 e past simple
1 were driving (longer, background action to
Examples: It was July 1976; The next race the main story)
was; The track was narrow; Lauda, considered
2 fell (one of a sequence of events)
it unsafe – in places, cars actually took off;
3 landed (one of a sequence of events)
parts of the track were still wet; There were
4 had escaped (event that happened before
few safety marshals; that was the last Formula another event) 1 race held there
5 had been grazing (long action happening up to the main event)
Answers to grammar summary exercises
6 plunged (one of a sequence of events)
7 were suffering (longer, background action to 1a the main story) 1 e 2 i 3 b 4 g 5 a 6 f
8 had (one of a sequence of events) 7 d 8 h 9 c 10 1b
Students’ own answers. The actual ending will she’d left – e
be heard in the recording during Exercise 11.
had completely forgotten – b had – a 2b Visual storytelling was sitting – c ’d been waiting – d 1 a share / sum up / tell 2 b express / share / sum up
1 it had been raining all night. c present/share
2 he hadn’t been sleeping well. d engage/reach/tell
3 We hadn’t been waiting for long … e share
4 I had been studying all morning … f bring
5 Had you been looking for a new job for a g express long time …
6 he had been trying to pass the exam for 2 Example answers years.
1 The first photo aims to engage its audience
7 I had been singing all morning.
by expressing emotions such as happiness and
8 Had Maria been working at the company for
togetherness / bringing a story to life. The long …
second photo aims to bring a story to life / sum
up or express an idea / express a sense of loss. 3
2 Students' own answers. The first photo may 1 was reading
make the viewer think of many things 2 saw
depending on their own culture and context – 3 decided
childhood, education, happiness, etc. The 4 received
second may have more impact and make the 5 had received
viewer think of dangers at sea – losing lives, 6 didn’t understand
rescuing people, perhaps refugees escaping to 7 had printed Europe on life-rafts. 8 wrote 9 developed 3 10 had sent
1 using an image or series of images to convey
what is really happening in a place, or to a person frenglish.ru
2 because anyone can do it from anywhere (via
6 While you’re reading this sentence, about the internet)
1,000 messages are being sent every second.
3 the first photo captures an emotion (boys’
delight at hearing a joke); the second photo 5
brings the migrant crisis to the world's 1 was made
attention by conveying the idea of refugees 2 being read
who risked their lives by crossing the sea to 3 has been downloaded Greece 4 had already been taken out 5 be seen 4 6 to be awarded
1 F (whenever I went travelling with my
camera I sort of treated it like a job. I acted 7
like I had been paid by a magazine or
In infographics, data and images are
newspaper to get some great photos to
combined to communicate information. The go with a story)
data can be presented using numbers or
2 T (A good photo immediately engages the
words. The first infographics were probably viewer emotionally.)
created by William Playfair in his book of
3 T (not just photos, but icons, video
1786, A Commercial and Political Atlas of
animations, infographics)
England. However, Edward Tufte, a teacher at
4 F (Stories can be shared by anyone in the
Princeton University, has been called
world from anywhere, simply by uploading a
the true father of the modern infographic. His
photo or sharing a link to an infographic or a
book, Visual Display, was published in 1982.
striking image; it doesn't matter if the photo is
Today, infographics are being created by
taken with a professional camera or just an
non-experts too, with simple web design tools.
ordinary mobile phone; you have a way of
reaching thousands of people with it very 8 quickly)
1 a or b 2 b 3 a 4 a or b 5 b 6 a
5 T (the good work that John Stanmeyer did in
helping to bring the migrant crisis to the 9
world’s attention: for example, his photos of 1 Where was this photo taken?
life jackets left on the beach)
2 What is (being) shown in the photo?
3 What story does the photo tell? 5
4 What emotions or ideas are expressed in the 1 object; subject photo? 2 be + past 3 by 10 Example answers
4 you don’t always have to (because either it’s
A 1 It was taken in the Maasai Mara National
obvious or you don’t know exactly who the Reserve in Kenya. agent is)
2 The picture shows a Kenyan chef. He’s
5 has (In addition, we occasionally use the
waiting to serve breakfast to tourists on safari
passive because putting the agent after the
in the Maasai Mara National Reserve.
action gives more emphasis to it, e.g. The
3 It tells the story of how tourists in Kenya pay
television was invented by Vladimir Zworykin,
over $300 per day for a hot air balloon safari. not John Logie Baird.)
Included in the safari is a champagne breakfast.
Answers to Grammar Summary exercises
4 One idea that is expressed is that some tourists enjoy luxury there. 4
B 1 It was taken in Ontario, Canada.
1 It can be seen in the British Library in
2 The picture shows twin girls, Lily and London.
Gillian, who were born in China. They are
2 It was written and performed by Pharrell
meeting each other after a long separation. Williams.
3 It tells the story of Lily and Gillian. They
3 In 2024, they will be held in Paris.
were adopted when they were less than one
4 It had been stolen two years earlier from a
year old by two different families in Canada. gallery in Oslo.
Now the families meet regularly so the girls 5 They were never found … can spend time together. frenglish.ru
4 Happiness at being reunited is expressed,
3 keep your promises = do what you promise;
and the strong bond between twins is shown. not break your promises 2c Once upon a time… 6 1 watch / be aware of 1 2 stay positive Students’ own answers 3 not telling people
4 record or have a system to record 2
5 delay or stop (someone) from leaving
1 in Germany, in the late 1700s to 1800s
6 write down your experiences each day (in a
2 people who told them stories / (oral) book, or digitally) storytellers
3 they were ‘students of local folklore, who 7
were trying to save the stories … from b is correct disappearing’
a is not true – the brothers didn’t know or
4 (from final paragraph): ‘Some suggest that it
expect they would be popular: ’early editions
is because they are about our struggle for
were not even aimed at children.
happiness’; ‘an escape from the hard realities
They had no illustrations, and scholarly
of daily life, but also hope for a better future’
footnotes (were included)’ and ‘they were just keeping records of tales’ 3
c is not true – it wasn’t ‘an academic book 1 while at school
about the history of folk tales’, but a ‘story
2 We infer that it sells very well – it has been collection’
‘translated into more than 160 languages’ and
is a ‘global publishing phenomenon’ and it 8
‘competes with the Bible’ (competes = sells as
1 paragraph 1 – ‘a treasure’ well as).
2 paragraph 3 – ‘trying to save the stories of 3 illustrations
oral storytellers from disappearing’ 4 scholarly footnotes
3 paragraph 3 – ‘During their lifetime the
5 for over 45 years (from before the first
collection sold only a few copies’ and
publication in 1812 to the publication of the
paragraph 2 – ‘As a global publishing final edition in 1857)
phenomenon it competes with the Bible’
6 morals – ‘In an effort to make them more
and paragraph 7 – ‘they ensured that Grimms’
acceptable to children’s parents, he stressed
fairy tales would live happily ever after’ the moral of each tale.’ 7 unpleasant details 2d What a nightmare!
8 ‘poor to rich’, i.e. a story of someone who is poor and then becomes rich 1 Example answers
Computers: computer crashing, accidentally 4
deleting data, programs freezing, batteries on 1 Once upon a time
laptops running out, forgetting a power cable 2 villain
Transport: missing the bus/train, heavy traffic, 3 wise
getting on the wrong bus/train, delays, 4 faraway lands
cancelled services, losing a ticket, missing 5 the moral your bus/train stop 6 cruel
Things in the house: appliances breaking 7 witch
down, water leaks, accidentally dropping or 8 ever after
breaking something, power cuts
Forgetting things: not buying someone a 5
birthday card or present, leaving a
1 keep each other entertained = here, tell lots
wallet/phone on the bus or train, forgetting
of stories over a period of time so that people
where you put your car/house keys, missing a didn’t get bored
meeting/ appointment, forgetting to pay a bill
2 keeping records = storing or maintaining or renew insurance
records (e.g. by writing them down and putting them in a library) 2 frenglish.ru
1 Another bus came within about fifteen 3b
minutes and they all transferred to that one. Speaking:
2 He had to walk right across the restaurant
1 screamed = shouted in a loud voice because
back to his table with his hands over the hole.
the person was angry, in pain or, in this case,
3 She went to the neighbours’ house, but they
trying to get people’s attention
weren’t at home. So she just had to wait for
2 muttering = speaking quietly and in a low, someone else to come home.
slightly angry voice because the person is
4 The lights in the lift went off and one of the unhappy with the situation
other two people in the lift started screaming.
3 mumbled = spoke in a quiet and unclear way
5 She fell off the bike and cut her hand.
that made it difficult for others to understand
Luckily there were no cars behind her.
4 said with a sigh = said with a deep, slow
6 He had lost about four hours’ work, but
outward breath that shows the person is sad,
when he rebooted the computer he searched disappointed or upset
for some of the key words in the document and
5 said bravely = spoke with a strong, firm
then found a temporary file which had most of
voice even though the person was scared the document in it. Moving:
6 moved cautiously = moved in a very careful 3 way
1 That must have been a relief. 7 leapt = jumped suddenly
2 Oh, that’s awful. / How embarrassing!
8 tripped = fell over something small or low
3 Yeah, a similar thing happened to me once.
because the person hit a foot against it
4 What a nightmare! / Yeah, I think I would
9 hurried on = continued going in a quick way have done the same thing.
because they wanted to get somewhere sooner 5 Poor you! / That was lucky.
10 turned anxiously = changed the position of
6 Really? How strange! / That was good
her head or body in a worried way, so that she thinking
was facing in a different direction 3c Example answers 2e A real-life drama
Speaking: shout, call, whisper, grumble
Moving: run, jump, race, hop, step, stride, 1 walk, hike
1 He got his foot (right ankle) caught in a metal animal trap.
2f How not to climb a mountain
2 They are both tired and want to return to the camp before it gets dark. 1
peak/summit = both can mean the top of a 2
mountain, but peaks can refer to a series of 1 d 2 c 3 b 4 a 5 e 6 f
high points as you go up a mountain, whereas
The writer probably chooses to begin with
summit is the very top of a high mountain (e.g.
Rowan crying out because it is the most
the summit of Everest, not the peak)
dramatic point in the story and is likely to
ridge = a flat section up in the mountains
immediately engage the reader’s interest.
vertical face = the face of a mountain is the
part that ‘faces’ out – if it’s ‘vertical’ it’s
straight up and down and difficult to climb 3a
base = the bottom – base camp is the place
Movement: struggling (= finding it difficult to
from which mountain climbers start
do something); hiking (= walking long
distances at a good speed); walking back 2 Example answers
slowly (= returning on foot slowly) Possible additional mistakes:
A way of speaking: cried (= here, shouted);
They set off without checking the map/route.
moaning (= complaining in a miserable voice); They wore the wrong clothes.
said encouragingly (= said to try to help
They didn’t take enough food/water.
somebody feel better or try harder)
They didn’t have enough / the right experience. frenglish.ru 3 7 was picked
They climbed the wrong mountain. 8 has even played 9 were called 4 10 had reported 1 14,000-foot 11 were not expecting 2 had already read 12 had been made 3 really difficult 13 stepped 4 route 5 the summit register 2 6 walk along
a The 1989 incident where the police were 7 thin pieces called to sightings of a UFO. 8 twelve
b The 2011 story that Branson had just bought the planet Pluto. 5 1 biggest 3 2 vertical 3 awesome
1 an article was published: we are interested in 4 treacherous; stick
the article, not in who published it 5 paper
2 the story was picked up: the object is the 6 false
focus of the sentence, not the subject, so it is 7 exhausted placed first 8 Good
3 they [the police] were called: the action was
happening to the police, it wasn’t being done 6a by them 1 b 2 a 3 c 4 b 5 c
4 a hot air balloon that had been made: we do
not know who performed the action 6b Example answers
1 The house was in a bad condition. The paint 4
was peeling off the walls in all the bedrooms Students’ own answers
and the roof was falling down.
2 I was very ill-prepared for the examination / 5
having to go into hospital. 1 gripping
3 For our summer holidays we are heading to 2 setting
the beach / the mountains / my grandmother’s 3 plot villa. 4 told 5 bringing 8 Example answers 6 engaging
2 Your car breaks down or you get stuck in
traffic. You realize you have forgotten your 6 passport. Students’ own answers
3 You wrote the wrong name on the card. You Unit 3
lose the card and present. You go to the wrong place. 1 Example answers
4 Your car breaks down or you get stuck in
I’d lose the contact details of friends and
traffic. You go the wrong way or go to the
people I work with; I’d lose hours of work on wrong place.
my computer; I might not have access to
documents for a meeting; I couldn’t work Unit 2 Review
at all; I’d lose photos, diaries; It really gets to
me when my phone runs out of battery; I’d 1
literally panic if I lost my phone; I wouldn’t 1 have heard mind actually. 2 was published 3 had just bought 2 Example answers 4 revealed
The areas of technology represented in the 5 had been working
photo could be: artificial intelligence and 6 were flying communications. frenglish.ru
Students will have their own ideas, but 4
breakthroughs could include bionic body parts
1 F (overpopulation … is a situation where
(medicine), fuel in cars (energy use) and there are more
integrating information on the internet
people than there are resources)
with our surroundings (communications).
2 T (people might even begin to fight over the limited resources) 3
3 T (Paul Ehrlich wrote … that … we were
1 Quite a few people are already living to be keeping too
100 and those numbers are predicted to many people alive) increase.
4 F (the population … at the current rate, is
2 The technology already exists (chatbots). going to
3 The benefits are great so someone will work
reach nine billion by 2050)
out a way of controlling the weather.
5 T (The real question is: have we now reached a point
3a Is technology the answer?
– with incomes rising and the world’s middle classes 1 Example answers
expanding – where we cannot simply rely on
Congestion is the most obvious answer: the science
taxis can hardly move because the streets are
to provide the answers?) crowded.
Students may also suggest pollution (from the 5a
traffic) and poverty (this is a photo from a
She pronounces a rolled /r/ sound clearly developing country). (British English
speakers don’t pronounce the /r/) and changes 2 Example answers the /t/
Congestion: better information on traffic with
sounds to something closer to /d/ sounds in the
GPS systems; robot traffic police officers; words.
improved road building to ease traffic;
See Pronunciation notes below.
advanced computer software to predict and
solve traffic problems; improved or new public 5b transport methods 1 eight (UK: /eɪt/)
Epidemic: new medicines; new hygiene
2 Internet (UK: /ˈɪntənet/)
solutions; cheaper drugs; genetic modification
3 twenty-first (UK: /ˈtwentiˈfɜːst/)
to improve resistance to disease 4 poverty (UK: /ˈpɒvəti/)
Overpopulation: improved contraception; 5 energy (UK: /ˈenədʒi/)
better education and family advice 6 reality (UK: /riˈæləti/)
Pollution: new methods to monitor and treat
pollution; new technologies to create clean 6 energy
1 1 is the most definite prediction; 2 is the
Poverty: computer technology enables people least definite
in poor countries to work online; improved 2 be about to
agricultural techniques help poor people grow 3 3
food; new technologies to create ‘free’ energy, 4 5; 6
e.g. from solar and wind power 5 8; 7
Starvation: improved agricultural techniques;
technology to build infrastructure such as
Answers to Grammar Summary exercises
dams and wells; GM (genetically modified)
foods that are more resistant to drought, 1 disease, etc. 1 won’t 2 going to 3 3 might 1 b 2 a 3 c 4 it’s about to 5 isn’t going to 6 we might not 7 I’ll frenglish.ru 2a A: Will you help; won't take
1 I’m flying to Canada next month! B: ’ll just finish
2 I’ll have some coffee, please. 4
3 We’re going to visit Tom’s parents some
B: ’m about to start / ’m going to start time next month. A: ’ll be 4 I’ll make you a sandwich. 5
5 They’re eating out tonight.
A: ’s just going to carry on
6 … so she’s going to look for her own place B: will probably reach soon.
3b Just press ‘print’ 2b a 3, 6 b 1, 5 c 2, 4 d 4 1 Example answers
a a chair: leather, metal, plastic, wood 3
b a wall: brick, concrete (wood, glass, metal
1 are you going to come or are you coming and plastic possible) 2 ’re going c a shirt: cotton, nylon
3 ’m meeting or ’m going to meet
d a box: cardboard, plastic, wood (possibly 4 ’ll call glass) 5 ’ll pick
e a pair of shoes: leather (possibly rubber or 6 ’s going to come plastic)
f a screen: glass, metal, plastic (possibly wood 7
depending on the type of screen, e.g. to
1 be going to for plans separate areas in a room)
2 will for fairly definite predictions
3 be about to for predictions about something 2 Example answers happening very soon
1 3D printing is designing then printing 4 will for offers
objects in three dimensions. It can be used for
5 might for less definite predictions
making simple objects like cups as well as
6 the present continuous for arrangements
more complex things like body parts
7 be going to for predictions based on some or homes. evidence 2 Students’ own answers
8 will for decisions made at the time of speaking 3
1 a machine that can make different kinds of 8 three-dimensional objects 1 I’m just going to wait
2 It prints like an ink-jet printer does and you 2 I’ll begin
also connect a 3D printer to a computer just 3 I’m going to speak like an ordinary printer. 4 (both are possible)
3 A 3D printer uses a range of materials like 5 (both are possible)
plastic or metal or wood. Each layer comes out 6 you’ll find
as a liquid or paste or as powder. They then set 7 she's going to speak
or are bonded together using heat or light. 8 I’m going to show
4 You can make individual things cheaply. In
the future, anyone with a 3D printer will be 9 Example answers able to make what they want. 5 body parts 1
6 3D printers are still expensive and they don’t
A: are you doing / are you going to do
mass-produce things, so the cost of each item
B: might go / ’ll go / ’re going to go you print is high. A: ’re just going to stay
7 A lot of people will have bought their own 2
3D printer and we’ll be making parts for things
A: ’m going to go; are going travelling / are
at home that have broken or can’t easily be going to travel replaced.
B: Are you going to show / Will you show A: ’ll let 4 3
coffee cups; sunglasses; replacement car parts;
a house next to a canal in Amsterdam; human frenglish.ru
body parts made of real cells and electronic
components; new 3D-printed ears, all kinds of 9
body parts; parts for things at home that have 1 will have learned/learnt
broken or can’t easily be replaced: a light 2 will be wearing
switch, your favourite bottle opener, an old 3 ’ll be eating phone charger 4 will have found 5 will have come 5 6 will be making
can opener, coat hook, coffee cup, cup holder, 7 will be trying
credit card, phone charger, printer cartridge, replacement key/charger 10 Example answers
Students may feel 3D food printing, which 6 Example answers
would allow us to create new, healthier foods,
ID card, library card, phone card, ink
is the most positive of those mentioned.
cartridge, battery charger, fish hook, hotel key,
Other positives: people can be creative, people room key, bottle opener
won’t need to go to shops, you can replace
things that are important to you, it is cheaper 7 than buying things 1 an action in progress
Some negatives: bad for manufacturers and 2 before
designers, people will illegally copy products,
some will make things that are illegal and/or
Answers to Grammar Summary exercises
dangerous such as guns or drugs 4 11 Example answers 1 will have increased
1 How many more years do you think you will 2 will be using be studying English? 3 will have started
I’ll be studying for a few more years. / I’ll be 4 will be producing
taking my exams this year, so I won’t be 5 will have become
studying after that. / I think I’ll always be 6 will be selling learning new words. 7 will be using
2 What things do you hope you will have
achieved by the end of this year? 5
I’ll have passed my exams / got married /
1 won’t be sitting; will have started bought a house, etc.
2 ’ll be teaching; won’t have finished
3 What do you think you will be doing in five
3 won’t be driving; will have stopped
years’ time? I’ll be working for a
4 ’ll be passing; won’t have got
multinational. / I’ll be living on a beach. /
5 Will you be using; won’t have fixed
With any luck I’ll be earning lots of money.
4 Ten years from now, which of your friends 6
or colleagues do you think will have enjoyed 1 will have started
the most success in their careers? 2 won’t have finished
My friend Karen – she’s very clever and 3 ’ll be having lunch
ambitious. / I think Mark will have worked his 4 won’t be talking
way to the top of his company by then. / Sue 5 will be working out
will probably have made a fortune and will 6 will have been have already retired!
5 When do you think you will have earned / 8
will be earning enough money to retire?
1 will be making (happening around the time
I hope I’ll have earned enough by the time I’m
of ‘twenty years from now’)
50. / I don’t think I’ll ever have enough to
2 will already have bought (happening after
retire! / Hopefully I’ll be earning enough after
‘now’, but before ‘fifteen years from now’) my next promotion.
3 ’ll be making (happening around the time of ‘fifteen years from now’)
3c Appropriate technology
4 ’ll all have forgotten (happening after ‘now’
but before ‘fifteen years from now’) 1 Example answers frenglish.ru
smartphone – it’s useful for keeping in touch
with people, keeping informed about news, 5
listening to music, providing travel directions, 1 b 2 c 3 a 4 d taking photographs, etc.
computer – it’s useful for my work, for storing 6 Example answers
and finding information, for keeping in contact
It could be argued that all the examples were with friends and family, etc.
effective for the following reasons:
digital alarm clock – it gets me up in the
1 b: It’s cheap because it doesn’t require the morning
user to pay for electricity; it is eco-friendly
ebook reader – it’s useful for reading on my
because it uses the sun not carbon fuels.
way to work, it’s a good way of taking lots of
2 c: It’s in Sweden; it uses people’s body heat books on holiday
(eco-friendly) and reduces costs by 20% (cheap). 2
3 a: It’s faster than walking and can be used to
1 a sewing machine: India, where people are
go to work or from village to village.
poor a solar-powered lamp: rural communities
4 d: The Guatemalan villagers preferred the
in developing or less industrialized countries /
manual labour as it was part of their daily lives
areas with no electricity a water purifier: rural
and gave opportunities for social interaction.
communities in developing or less
industrialized countries a central heating 7
system: Sweden, a busy train station 1 appropriate
and a nearby office building a machine for 2 efficient
shelling corn: Guatemala, poor women 3 long-term working in villages 4 useful
2 They are all examples of ‘appropriate 5 old
technology’, or at least they are initiatives that 6 easy
intended to be ‘appropriate technology’. 7 recycled 8 little 3
a ✓ it does not cost a lot (‘affordable’, ‘takes 8
into account … cost considerations’, ‘expected Product 1:
to bring down central heating costs in the 1 It can hold up to 6 people.
building by up to twenty per cent’)
2 It’s made of strong nylon.
b ✓ it is easy for the user to understand (‘suits
3 It can be put up in a few minutes.
the needs and abilities of the user’, ‘needs to 4 It weighs only 2 kilos.
fit in with people’s customs and social
This product could be a tent, a trampoline or practices’) even a hammock of some kind. Product 2:
c ✗ it is only used in developing countries 5 It runs on solar power. (Sweden) 6 It lasts up to 6 hours.
d ✗ it uses very simple ideas (‘it did not 7 It costs only £1.90.
matter whether the technological answers to
8 It provides light and a little heat.
people’s needs were simple or sophisticated’)
This product could be a light, a torch or a
e ✓ it is good for the environment (‘takes into lamp.
account environmental … considerations’)
f ✗ it is a new form of technology (sewing
3d I can’t get the TV to work
machine / bicycle ‘It’s old technology – a
system of pipes, water and pumps’) 1 Example answers
g ✗ it does not upset people’s way of life noise from other guests (Guatemalan village)
no Internet connection or having to pay extra for the 4 connection 1 rich and not enough hot water 2 and by unpleasant smells 3 the station’s no room service 4 successful in uncomfortable bed frenglish.ru dirty sheets 5a empty mini bar
Verbs: the stress usually falls on the second rude staff
syllable of a two-syllable verb. Open doesn’t
noisy fridge or air conditioning follow the rule. problems with the room key
Nouns: the stress usually falls on the first
the wrong type of room or the room not being
syllable of a two-syllable word. Control ready in doesn’t follow the rule. time 5b 2
Verbs: intend, manage, prefer, provide,
1 d 2 h 3 g 4 a 5 f 6 b 7 c 8 e replace, undo
Nouns: carpet, curtain, entrance, pleasure, 3 shower, wallet, wardrobe Problem Resolved? Yes / No / Partly 3e Technical help 1 The window Yes won’t close and 1 there’s a lot of noise
A 4 Sophie – He/she suggests a place to take coming from the
the bike which is very good and not too street. expensive. 2 The guest can’t Partly (‘… you’re
B 2 Kevin (Lyons) – She attaches some tips on
(seem to) connect to welcome to come
how to make the printer run faster. the internet. down here to the
C 3 Nathan – He suggests looking at the lobby where there’s
discussions boards on the Internet for the a stronger signal.’) particular model of car. 3 The guest has No
D 1 Kate (Winslow) – She suggests locked her wallet
downloading a user manual and gives the link and passport in the to do this. security box and now can’t get it 2a open again. Polite requests I wonder if you can help me. 4
Could you please tell me where I can find one? Asking for help:
Please can you advise me how to go about
Do you have any idea how I can turn off the this? … G3
do you know what kind of oil is best to use Can you tell me how to … ? with an old car?
I don’t know if it’s just me, but …
can you drop me a line and let me know? Explaining problems:
Would you mind popping over to have a look
I can’t seem to open / turn on / connect (to) the at my bike some time? … G2 Apologies
I can’t get the … to work / open / switch on.
Sorry, Sophie, I’d normally say yes, but I’m G3
going on holiday tomorrow for three weeks.
The … won’t close/open/work. G1
I am sorry, but an exchange is not possible.
The … is broken/blocked/stuck/faulty. My apologies again.
There’s no … in the room/bathroom. I’m afraid I’ve no idea.
There’s a lot of noise / a bad smell coming I regret to say (that) we … from … G1
Responding to a problem: 2b Example answers
Have you tried turning/putting/switching … ? 1 R (conversation 1)
1 D customer and customer care operative or
I’ll send someone to look at it. store/ company manager
I’m afraid there’s not much I can do about it.
2 B customer and customer care operative or R (conversation 2) store/ company manager
OK. Thanks / I’ll give that a try. G1 3 C two friends frenglish.ru
4 A two friends, or perhaps a customer who is
date. We will send new ones in the post
very friendly with local bike shop owner immediately. 2 Our apologies again.
1 D is quite small, so although the situation is Kind regards
formal, the writer does not use very formal Sophie Wilson language. Manager
2 B is a bigger, more demanding request in a formal context.
3f 3D-printed prosthetic limbs
3 C is small – hence the chatty language used.
4 A is quite big – Sophie is asking a real 1 Example answers
favour from Jim – that’s why she uses the
Five-year-old children typically enjoy: playing
more polite Would you mind, even though she
games, playing with toys, drawing pictures,
is generally using more informal language that
watching animated cartoons and films,
friends use – popping over.
listening to stories, playing running/jumping/ 3
skipping games, talking to friends, craft
Phrases only used formally: Could you please activities, etc. tell me …;
Please can you advise me … ; My apologies 3 Example answers
again; I regret to say …
1 brave, independent, resourceful
Phrases only used informally: do you know … ;
2 They are cheap, easy to make and can
can you drop me a line; Sorry, I’d normally
affordably be changed every year. say yes, but …
Phrases that are polite and neutral: I wonder if 4
you can … ; Would you mind …
1 She is mobile and has fine motor skills – writing and drawing. 3a
2 She doesn’t need any – definitely not.
a shop … which has since gone out of business
3 The legs are basic, but do the job. The hands
= a shop that has closed and is no longer
are crude and of little use as she grows up. trading
4 The image suggests she operates it by
Just out of interest … = it’s not important, but
stretching the limb to make the two parts of I am interested in knowing the hook grip.
Please don’t go out of your way though. = a 5 £40,000
friendly way to say don’t do anything extra or
6 every year, because she is growing
make a lot of effort to do this 5 3b 1 £1,200; normal 1 practice 2 muscles 2 order 3 tablet computer; bit by bit 3 date 4 prosthetics 4 time 5 working 5 luck 6a 5 Example answers 1 c 2 a 3 b 4 c 5 b 6 a Email request: Dear Sir or Madam, 6b Example answers
I wonder if you can help me. I bought two ink
1 I’d say that my language skills are on a par
cartridges for my printer online, but when they with my DIY skills.
arrived I noticed that the best-before date on
2 I recommend buying a bike. They don’t cost
them had already passed. Could
the earth and they are a way of getting around
you please send replacements for these and keeping fit. cartridges?
3 It would be great if someone could custom- Tom Smith
build a walk-in wardrobe for me. Then I could Email reply:
use the oddshaped corner in my bedroom for Dear Mr Smith storing clothes.
I am sorry that we sent you cartridges which are out of frenglish.ru 7 Example answers 1
Charlotte’s a young girl who had an illness 1 will face
that affected her limbs when she was younger. 2 will have risen
In spite of this, she is independent and mobile, 3 ‘ll tell and has fine motor skills. 4 ‘re having
Currently, the prosthetic limbs she uses are 5 will be
basic and crude, but her family can’t afford 6 might never happen
more sophisticated prosthetic limbs. 7 is going to
Hopefully, in the future, a new 3D 8 is about to boom
technique will allow children like Charlotte to 9 will be celebrating
have inexpensive but useful prosthetic limbs 10 will have solved
that they can change every year as they grow. 2 8 Example answers
The author thinks that, if successful, a super
1 Benefits: it’s easy to use, it’s quicker to
battery would solve the problem of global
speak instructions than to type, you could use
warming. The energy from wind and solar
it hands-free, it’s a single device which can
power doesn’t emit CO2, but we have no control a number of things
control over when the energy is available. A
Most useful for: children to research or to find
super battery would store this energy and
the answer to a question; people who travel a
make it available to us at any time, meaning
lot to find directions while driving, traffic
we could rely on environmentally safe energy.
alerts or for other information while travelling;
elderly people to set reminders, or carers could 3
set up reminders for them, automatically 1 will be celebrating
switch on/off heating, lights, etc.; 2 I’ll tell
(There are many possible answers.) Example questions:
2 Other things the device could be used for in
Can you find a future form that predicts
the home: to do research or to find the answer
something based on some evidence? (is going
to a question; to give traffic alerts or for other
to produce) predicts something happening
information before setting out on a journey
very soon? (is about to boom) is a prediction
(e.g. business addresses, restaurants); give
based on personal opinion? (might never
reminders for appointments, to pay bills or
happen) describes an arrangement? (we’re
check smoke alarms; it could be linked to an
having a cold meal tonight) describes an
intelligent burglar alarm system; it could play
action completed before a certain time in the
music in different rooms; control pet access
future? (by the end of the century … will have
into / out of the house or certain rooms and risen) automatically feed pets, etc.
3 Disadvantages: How do you set it up to do 4
all these things around the home (could be 1 cutting; date; lasts
complicated/ complex)? Do you need other 2 runs; economical; interest
expensive equipment to go with it – like an 3 labour
intelligent fridge or special lights and door 4 handy; weighs
locks? Could it be confusing for people to 5 neat; hold
use? What if it breaks / runs out of power?
There could be safety/security issues if it gets 5
lost or stolen, or if someone hacks into it. 1 a cotton sheet Over-reliance on a gadget? 2 a leather wallet
Could argue it could affect literacy skills 3 a concrete floor
(people don’t need to read or write). You 4 a glass window
could disturb other people in the house by 5 a brick (or concrete) wall
constantly having to speak out loud the 6 rubber (or leather) boots instructions. 7 a plastic (or glass) bottle 8 a cardboard box Unit 3 Reviews 6
1 I can’t get the shower to work. (P) frenglish.ru
2 Have you tried turning the thermostat up? 3
3 I can’t seem to connect to the internet. (P)
1 permission 2 dirt 3 pollution 4 crime 5
4 Do you have any idea how I can turn off the tunnel heating? (P)
5 I’ll give that a try, thanks. (P) 5
6 I don’t know if it’s just me, but the TV won’t
1 art exhibition; art gallery; artists work. (P)
2 street art; street art/artwork
7 I’m afraid there’s not much I can do about it. 3 Fine art; the arts
8 There’s a bad smell coming from the 4 arty; artistic bathroom. (P) 6
Some graffiti artists use pictures, some use UNIT 4
words, some both.
no permission to paint
most city authorities 1
certain places, such as Students’ own ideas
Each artist has their own style
all (artists) share a common aim 2
many car tunnels
Who: an actor, an artist, a band, a busker, a
Every motorist sits in the comfort of their car
circus performer, a comedian, a dancer, an
any consideration to the cost orchestra
Both options seemed unsatisfactory
What: a classical concert, an exhibition, a gig,
any graffiti was wrong
a musical, a performance, a play, a show
all parts of the tunnel
Where: a concert hall, a gallery, a live music
both sides of the tunnel
venue, a (night)club, the street, a theatre
the whole tunnel Example sentences:
every other car tunnel in São Paulo
A busker puts on a show in the street.
Singular countable nouns are used with the
An artist has an exhibition in a gallery.
following determiners: each, every, either, the
A band plays a gig in a live music venue. whole.
An orchestra performs a classical concert in a
Plural or uncountable nouns are used with the concert hall.
following determiners: some, most, all.
A comedian puts on a show in a theatre or a
Plural (but not uncountable nouns) are used club.
with the following determiners: certain, both.
All types of nouns can be used with the 3
following determiners: no, any. 1 1 teacher 2 accountant
Many is used with plural nouns and much is
2 1 street performer/acrobat 2 writes poetry used with uncountable nouns. 4a Reverse graffiti
Answers to Grammar Summary exercises 1 1 Students’ own answers 1 All the 2 either 2 3 certain
Reverse graffiti artists take a dirty wall and 4 Most
make images by removing the dirt. They aim 5 Some
to draw attention to the pollution in our cities. 6 any Possible predictions: 7 no
Drawing designs or writing slogans that are 8 Neither the wrong way round.
Graffiti that is legal and paid for by the state. 2
Cleaning up graffiti from the walls. 1 each 2 all 3 an 4 any frenglish.ru