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PRACTICE TEST

I. LISTENING (50 POINTS)

Part 1. For questions 1-9, listen to the curator of a communications museum talking about the

telegraph and its inventor, and decide whether these statements are True (T), False (F) or Not

Given (NG). Write your answers in the corresponding numbered boxes provided.

1. Morse’s talent in painting facilitated his invention of the single-wire telegraph system.

2. While studying at Phillips Academy, Morse attended lectures of Benjamin Silliman.

3. Morse and his brothers were given several patents for pumps in 1832.

4. William Cooke and Charles Wheatstones’ commercial telegraph was soon overshadowed

by Morse’s invention.

5. During Morse’s historic demonstration, a message was sent from the city of Washington

DC to the city of Baltimore.

6. Morse’s invention was the first official telegraphy system in Europe.

7. Messages were transmitted between two telegraph operators via an electrical circuit.

8. Dots were used to indicate long taps, while dashes represented short ones.

9. The new Morse system developed in the US was capable of transmitting up to fifty words

a minute.

Your answers

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9.

Part 2. For questions 10-15, listen to part of a discussion with two scientists about global

population, and choose the correct answer A, B, C or D which fits best according to what you

hear. Write your answers in the corresponding numbered boxes provided.

10. How does Hugo feel about being asked to talk about overpopulation?

A. resigned to the fact that his arguments will attract criticism

B. frustrated that people refuse to try to understand his ideas

C. annoyed that he cannot resist getting into an argument about it

D. regretful that he doesn’t always manage to get his point across

11. When Hugo is asked about overpopulation being a problem, he says that humans

A. can modify their needs to suit their environment.

B. are quickly able to adapt to changing environments.

C. have always been innovative within their environment.

D. could rely more heavily on the natural environment.

12. When talking about the extinction of species,

A. Hugo chooses not to counter Bethany’s argument.

B. Bethany and Hugo are unable to find any common ground.

C. Bethany is prepared to back down on one particular point.

D. Bethany and Hugo express annoyance at each other’s viewpoint.

13. How does Bethany feel about overcrowding?

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A. alarmed at the rapid rate of development in cities

B. appalled by the conditions in which many people live

C. upset by the thought that little can be done about it

D. guilty about the impact she has personally had on things

14. When asked about food and hunger, Hugo says he

A. is in disagreement with the ideas put forward by some people.

B. feels upset that we have not yet worked out how to feed everyone.

C. is exasperated by the current slow rate of technological progress.

D. has concerns that there may not enough space for agriculture in future.

15. When discussing the subject of becoming vegan, Bethany and Hugo agree that

A. eating a plant-based diet is the best way forward.

B. having a wider variety of food would be healthier for us.

C. developing new sources of food would be beneficial.

D. nature is affected negatively by our present actions.

Your answers

10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15.

Part 3. For questions 16-25, listen to a talk about spitting cobras and supply the blanks with

the missing information. Write NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS taken from the recording

for each answer in the space provided.

Cobras’ practice of spitting venoms has been developed as a (16) _____________ against human

beings.

Only three among the 600 poisonous breeds of snakes worldwide have the ability to shoot (17)

_____________ in the face of danger.

It may seem odd for snakes to be capable of spewing venom, as venom’s initial function is to

(18) ____________.

The fact that these cobras’ mechanism of spitting venoms evolved three distinctive times

exemplifies (19) ______________, which happened when they faced similar issues in their

habitats. One such challenge was the encounter between snakes and (20) ______________,

consisting of modern humans and their extinct ancestors.

Apes can put (21) _____________ on snakes once they started walking upright, freed up their

hands and became capable of launching (22) ____________ attacks.

Research also suggested that snakes developed venom spitting at around the same time (23)

_____________ appeared. This can be seen in Asian breeds whose spitting ability appeared

around (24) _______________ million years ago, coinciding with the settlement of Homo

Erectus in the continent.

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It therefore seems a plausible hypothesis, according to the narrator, that human’s (25)

________________ are the reason for cobras’ current practice of venom slinging.

II. LEXICO-GRAMMAR (40 POINTS)

Part 1. For questions 1-10, choose the correct answer A, B, C or D to each of the following

questions and write your answers in the corresponding numbered boxes provided.

1. In some parts of the world, not only ______ a form of entertainment, but it is also a

means of communication.

A. whistling B. is whistling C. that whistling is D. why is whistling

2. The spectacularly beautiful and sultry voice of Lena Horne made her _______.

A. being a nationally celebrated vocalist C. as nationally celebrated vocalist

B. a vocalist was nationally celebrated D. a nationally celebrated vocalist

3. When his family stopped at the lion’s enclosure, the young boy _______ in wonder at the

fierce-looking animals.

A. glanced B. gazed C. squinted D. glimpsed

4. The dog was frightened by the distant _______ of thunder and it started barking loudly.

A. rabble B. rubble C. rumble D. ramble

5. Did you know that female _________ carry their babies in their pouch?

A. marsupials B. amphibians C. herbivores D. nocturnals

6. Contact sports, like American football, require athletes to wear protective ________ to

prevent injury.

A. trophy B. gear C. uniform D. costume

7. Professional sports have become so competitive that all athletes know, no matter how

good they are, that one day they will ________.

A. paddle their own canoe C. take the wind out of their sails

B. blow their own trumpet D. meet their match

8. If you wish to keep in shape, there are certain foods that you need to avoid like the

______.

A. devil B. catastrophe C. wildfire D. plague

9. That he was using unscrupulous research methods only came out because his assistant

______ on him to the press.

A. ratted B. hounded C. fished D. bugged

10. Forgive me for ______ like this, but I think I know a better way to get to Trafalgar

Square.

A. talking around B. balking at C. chipping in D. coming across

Your answers

1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

6. 7. 8. 9. 10.

Part 2. For questions 11-15, write the correct form of each bracketed word in the numbered

boxes provided.

How braille system keeps up with the times

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It might have been around for 200 years, but there's nothing 11. __________ (antique) about

braille. Designers and artists are making sure this writing system, which is invaluable to those

with little or no sight, is keeping up with modern life. The system, invented by then 11-year-old

Louis Braille in 1824, himself unable to see, was first developed as a 12. __________ (vary) on

an existing military code. Louis thought it would be useful to simplify the code (which was used

by Napoleon's soldiers for silent communication in the dark) to six dots instead of 12, and

employ it as a means of communication for those with an inability to read and write in a

conventional manner.

Louis' innovation was an 13. __________ (deny) success, and while virtually unchanged since

the expanded 1905 version, the way in which braille is now applied differs significantly. Not

only does it appear in novels and other printed materials, but it is punched into food and 14.

__________ (pharmacy) packaging to make their contents 'visible' to those who can't see them.

There are also magazines, games instructions, sheet music - which can be used in conjunction

with a braille e-reader. And blind children can learn to read and write at an early age with the

help of braille bricks. Comparable to LEGO® in appearance but with one letter in raised dots per

brick, blind children can combine them to make words, and this provides them with the

assurance they need to communicate reliably with others. Today's braille applications open up

whole new worlds to those who previously found certain aspects of life 15. __________ (access).

Your answers

11. 12. 13. 14. 15.

Part 3. For questions 16-20, write the correct form of each bracketed word in the numbered

boxes provided.

16. Known for power, speed and _______, the goshawk has short wings and a long tail,

enabling them to dodge branches in pursuit of prey. (MANEUVER)

17. Many in the working class tend to be ________ towards authority figures and those in

superior class positions. (DEFER)

18. He has continually _______ chickens from different nations to create a hybrid that is ever

more robust in health and spectacular in physical attributes. (BREED)

19. Peter seems ______ by her sudden success and fame, he remained as cool as a cucumber.

(FAZE)

20. The star arrived in London with her usual ______ of dancers and backing singers. (TOUR)

Your answers

16. 17. 18. 19. 20.

Part 4. For questions 21-30, fill each of the following numbered blanks with ONE suitable

word and write your answers in the corresponding numbered boxes provided.

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Forget global terrorism - for most 21. _________ the world's population, ticking 22. _________

bombs like earthquakes, supervolcanoes and hurricanes 23. _________ a far greater threat.

Natural disaster expert Bill McGuire reveals a few of the top 24. _________ waiting to happen.

With NASA's eminent climate scientist, Jim Hansen, concerned that collapsing polar ice sheets

could 25. _________ in sea levels rising 1-2m this century and several 26. _________ in the

next, prospects for the Earth's coastal zones are bleak. A 1m rise would threaten one third of the

world's agricultural land, while a 4m rise would maroon Miami 60km offshore. Rising sea levels

is not the only threat to 27. _________ regions. The Cumbre Vieja volcano 28. _________ the

Canary Island of La Palma is slowly creeping seawards. During a future eruption, this gigantic

landslide will plunge into the ocean, pushing up a bulge of water close to a kilometre 29.

_________, spawning a mega-tsunami 30. _________ of devastating all the coastal areas

surrounding the North Atlantic.

Your answers

21. 22. 23. 24. 25.

26. 27. 28. 29. 30.

Part 5. For questions 31-40, choose the correct answer A, B, C or D to each of the following

questions and write your answers in the corresponding numbered boxes provided.

For many people Los Angeles is the city of dreams; 31. ______, it is the home of Hollywood!

However, 32. ______ the image often 33. ______ is elegant and stylish, LA isn't just famous for

its glamour and warm climate. Sadly, it's also known for its urban sprawl. In a world rushing

towards growth, where objections to development can be 34. ______ as a barrier to progress,

cities like Los Angeles with their relentless expansion have swallowed up hundreds of square

miles of countryside. This desire of residents to move out of the inner city to outlying areas has

led to a(n) 35. ______ of cars on the road, causing huge environmental damage. Faced with 36.

______ conditions, lots of new schemes were introduced to control LA's urban sprawl problem.

Light rail and transit development in 37. ______ with incentives for building high-density

housing have provided rapid improvements. Such programmes mean that the city, residents and

the environment all 38. ______.

If these 39. ______ initiatives succeed and continue, then a better future is surely in 40. ______

for the residents of Los Angeles.

31. A. at which B. after all C. nevertheless D. notwithstanding

32. A. while B. despite C. albeit D. while

33. A. symbolised B. illustrated C. projected D. delineated

34. A. displaced B. disbanded C. disapproved D. dismissed

35. A. proliferation B. escalation C. multiplication D. amplification

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36. A. decreasing B. devolving C. deteriorating D. depreciating

37. A. unanimity B. assistance C. relationship D. conjunction

38. A. assist B. benefit C. improve D. advance

39. A. avant-garde B. innocuous C. prolific D. innovative

40. A. supply B. store C. order D. wait

III. READING (40 POINTS)

Part 1. For questions 1-13, read the following passage and do the tasks that follow.

1. In some European countries, sales of animal-based dairy milk have halved since the mid-

1970s, and similar trends have been reported in the US. By contrast, interest in milk products

derived from plant sources such as soya beans, rice, or nuts has exploded in recent years. The

plant-milk sector has annual growth of 20%, and the market is now estimated to be worth at least

$2.5 billion. The plant-milk market is dominated by almond milk, which accounts for 68% of all

plant-milk sales, and is the most well-known plant-based alternative to dairy milk.

2. Plant-milk products were once considered highly specialist items, but they are fast becoming a

common sight in supermarkets and cafes. In fact, the range of products available nowadays can

be quite overwhelming. Consumers can choose between numerous, different types of plant milk,

many of which are offered in sweet and plain versions. Consumers hoping to make the switch

away from animal-based products have to compare the individual pros and cons of different

options to find the product that meets their specific needs.

3. Many consumers are becoming increasingly uncomfortable with the ethics of consuming

animal products. Such concerns have led to a growing number of people excluding all animal

products from their diets. Obviously, since all plant milks are animal-free, these consumers can

simply select a plant milk based on taste or cost. Their choice may also depend on how they plan

to use the milk. For instance, some products such as rice milk are less suitable for cooking

compared to products made from nuts or soya.

4. However, when consumer choices are influenced by factors beyond basic taste preferences or

financial considerations, selecting the right plant milk becomes far more difficult. For instance,

many people arc interested in plant milk because these products are believed to be heathicr than

dairy milk. However, making comparisons between different types of milk is highly complex

since every product comes with health-related pros and cons.

5. It is known that cow's milk has higher amounts of saturated fat than plant-based alternatives.

Diets high in saturated fat can lead to serious medical problems including heart disease. Dairy

milk also contains more calories than many types of plant milk, which is a consideration for

people concerned about weight management. A cup of cow's milk contains, on average, 152

calories, whereas almond milk contains just 40 calories per cup. However, not all plant milks are

low in calories. Rice milk, for instance, contains 120 calories per cup, making it almost as

calorific as dairy milk.

6. Of course, milk is an important product for other nutritional reasons. It is a rich source of

protein, a nutrient which is vital for healthy muscle development. Dairy milk contains more

protein than other types of milk, but plant milk can still be a useful source of protein for people

who are avoiding animal products. Milk derived from beans or nuts is a better source of protein

than that derived from grains such as oats. In fact, soya milk provides almost as much protein as

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cow's milk, and almond milk is another reasonable source which fulfils most people's protein

requirements.

7. Comparing different types of milk becomes even harder when analysing the environmental

impact. Environmentalists have certainly been concerned about the detrimental effects of animal-

based farming for several years. This type of agriculture requires a considerable amount of land.

In fact, it has been estimated that producing just one glass of dairy milk requires approximately

650m

of land. Cows also release additional CO

(greenhouse gases) into the atmosphere, which

is known to contribute to global warming. Cows' waste can also pollute the surrounding land or

water supplies. Therefore, it is widely accepted that there is a need for more sustainable

alternatives.

8. In terms of carbon emissions, there is a strong argument that all forms of plant milk are better

choices for the planet. One recent study showed that plant-milk production creates approximately

three times fewer carbon emissions than dairy milk production. And, generally speaking, plant-

milk production requires nine times less land. These are two important factors which underline

why plant milk has become known for its sustainable image amongst consumers.

9. However, plant milk is not without its drawbacks. The main problem is that most of the crops

used for plant milk require extremely high quantities of water to grow. This is particularly true

for rice and almonds. Producing milk from these crops consumes far more water than is used in

dairy-milk production.

10. As demand for plant milk increases, the environmental impacts are becoming clearer. To

grow large quantities of crops all year round, farmers often use additional lighting and heating

sources, leading to extremely high energy usage. They may also use pesticides which can be

harmful for the soil and pollute water supplies. In addition, large-scale almond cultivation is

known to have adverse effects on wildlife, especially local bees. As well as the issues associated

with pesticide use, almond farming disrupts bees' natural cycles since they are forced to pollinate

the trees more often.

11. Of course, selecting the right milk product is ultimately a matter of personal preference.

Whether or not the deciding factor is dietary, environmental or simple taste preferences, there's

no doubt that consumers now have more choice than ever before.

Questions 1-6

Complete the table below.

Choose NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from Reading Passage for each answer.

Type of

milk

General comments Nutrition Environmental impact

Dairy

(milk from

animal

sources)

Demand for products

in this sector has been

falling

Known to be high in

(1) _________

Responsible for high

levels of greenhouse

gases

This type of farming

requires the most (2)

______

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Rice milk Not a good choice if

the milk will be used

for (3) ________

purposes

One cup has on

average (4) ______

calories

High water consumption

(5)

_______

milk

The market leader in

the plant-milk sector

Provides adequate (6)

_______ for most

people's needs

Harmful for bee

populations (e.g.

pesticides) and disrupt

their natural cycles

Questions 7-10

Do the following statements agree with the claims of the writer in Reading Passage? Write:

TRUE If the statement agrees with the information in the passage

FALSE If the statement contradicts the information in the passage

NOT GIVEN If there is no information on this in the passage

7. Plain plant milk has become more common than sweet plant-milk products.

8. Almond milk has fewer calories than rice milk.

9. Milk from nuts or beans contains more protein than dairy milk.

10. Plant-milk production uses eight times less land than dairy-milk production.

Questions 11-12

Answer the questions below using NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS from the passage

for each answer.

11. By how much has the plant-milk sector increased yearly?

12. What are extra energy sources used for large-scale crop agriculture?

Question 13

Which of the following is the most suitable title for Reading Passage? Choose the correct

letter, A, B, C, D or E.

A. Why plant milk is less eco-friendly than consumers believe

B. How consumers choose between plant and dairy milk

C. Why the plant-milk industry has become so influential

D. How milk trends affect dairy and plant farmers

E. Why the dairy industry is in decline

Your answers

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.

8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13.

Part 2. You are going to read an article about the reinvention of a brand. Seven paragraphs

have been removed from the article. For questions 14-20, choose from the sentences A-H the

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one which fits each gap. There is one extra sentence which you do not need to use. Write your

answers (A-H) in the corresponding numbered boxes provided.

THE REINVENTION OF A BRAND

Almost everyone knows what Lego is and has probably played with it at some point in their

lives. Since the company’s foundation in 1932, millions have been delighted by the interlocking

bricks that can unleash the creative ideas lurking inside us, adults and children alike. Part of the

attraction is in the attention to detail, which of course the customer is largely unaware of. The

Danish creator, Ole Kirk Christiansen, was meticulous about ‘doing things right’, which is one of

the reasons why this popular toy has stood the test of time.

14. ________

What led to this unfortunate state was a series of bad decisions based on advice given by external

business consultants. At this time, product diversity and business expansion were very much in

fashion in all sorts of different industries and so The Lego Group had started to move into

various sectors that lay well outside its expertise. It had created theme parks, and clothes and

jewellery for girls, none of which were creating significant revenues so it was clearly time to get

back to basics and rethink their product strategy.

15. ________

This renewed focus chimed well with the company’s motto, created by the founder, Christiansen,

and which is carved into a plaque at the Lego Museum in Billund in Denmark: ‘Only the best is

good enough’. This idea of focusing on strengths and not expanding into unknown areas is a key

feature of the thinking in Danish business culture, and the mentality of The Lego Group is that

the company is about engineering good-quality products for play and that they should not stray

from this focus.

16. ________

The change in the company’s fortunes has been analysed extensively by business experts

fascinated by such a momentous financial turnaround ever since. Countless books have been

written about it and many other large brands have analysed The Lego Group’s approach to see

how it can help their businesses. One of the fundamental approaches taken by the Danish

company is based on forging partnerships that allow collaboration on innovative projects while

at the same time remaining true to their principles of doing what they do best.

17. ________

One of the most successful of these was with NASA, the American space agency. The two

organisations participated in a robotics competition during the 1990s, which was a big hit among

the participants and the organisations’ relationship has remained strong ever since. This is partly

because The Lego Group is deeply interested in how children play and learn, and also because

NASA has a long history of being involved in educational projects for young people. Both want

to encourage children to develop an interest in science and engineering through fun.

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18. ________

The Lego Group has never targeted its products on just one gender. However, historically, its

popularity has been overwhelmingly enjoyed by boys. They love the mini figures of people and

don’t much care how realistic they are. Girls, on the other hand, need to be able to identify with

model people. Apparently, this does not happen with the traditional figures, which is why, after

several years of market research, a set of figures aimed at girls was developed.

19. ________

Focusing on what customers like and want has proven to be useful in a variety of ways. In what

could be called one of the first attempts at crowd sourcing, The Lego Group got its fans and

customers to vote on designs and even suggest ideas for new products. Ideas that went on to be

commissioned earned 1% of sales for the people that had suggested them – a great way to build

customer engagement.

20. ________

The missing paragraphs:

A. A team from The Lego Group travels extensively and engages with children and parents to

develop a better understanding of what kinds of toys children like and dislike. By observing

children interacting with toys and each other, the company can target its products more

effectively, which is how the team learned more about marketing to girls, a sector that had

previously eluded them.

B. Innovation has been key to maintaining customers’ interest, too, as can be seen in the Lego

movies and the adult architecture range, and also in the new kids’ social media platform, which

allows children too young to partake in other social networking platforms to share their designs

safely online. These extensions into cinema, adult play and technology seem to represent the

final pieces of a huge jigsaw puzzle for a complete learning and creativity system by one

company.

C. In order to do this, the newly appointed CEO set about rebuilding the organisation. Business

operations were streamlined, and many things were scaled back such as staff and the product

ranges. In addition, the company sold all the extras that were not a core part of the business,

which meant that it was able to return to its roots.

D. By returning to the original ethos, the company was able to put emphasis on renewed energy

in the brand and become financially stable. Over a decade later the results were clear to see, and

they were extremely positive. In 2017 the company was voted the number one toy brand in many

countries. It reported sales of over £600 million that year, and the turnaround was seen as

amazing, one of the most impressive success stories in commercial history.

E. This rethink led to moving the company’s factories to alternative locations. Many large

corporations outsource their production operations to parts of the world offering lower labour

costs, but The Lego Group has factories in Europe, South America and Asia so that a wide range

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of products can be quickly shipped to their key markets to keep their customers, both adults and

children, happy.

F. However, this hasn’t always been the case. Despite its huge success during the 1970s and 80s,

by the beginning of the twentyfirst century, the company’s fortunes were looking decidedly

precarious. It was in debt to the tune of $800 million, and sales were in fast decline. What had

seemed inconceivable throughout the company’s history, a total and utter collapse was beginning

to look like reality.

G. The company became extremely successful and sales skyrocketed in a short space of time.

This attention to detail shows how serious The Lego Group is about understanding play. In fact,

the company thinks that it is important enough to have set up a sister company to study child

development as well as partnering with the children’s charity UNICEF and financing the first

Professor of Play at Cambridge University in the UK.

H. In recent years The Lego Group has worked with quite a diverse set of companies in order to

innovate, and an example of this is the collaboration with Lucasfilm, the production company

behind the Star Wars films. In 1999 the Lego Star Wars franchise was launched at a toy fair in

New York and it became instantly popular. The partnership worked well for both companies and

paved the way for further innovative Lego Group partnerships.

Your answers

14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20.

Part 3. For questions 21-30, read the following passage and choose the answer A, B, C or D

that fits best according to the text. Write your answers in the corresponding numbered boxes

provided.

Except for flies, all flying insects have two pairs of wings, one of which is attached to the upper

mesothorax and the other to the upper metathorax. It is likely that their wings originated as flaps

that could be extended from the thorax, allowing wingless insects to escape danger by leaping

from an elevated perch and gliding some distance away. Insect wings are unique, having evolved

specifically for flight, while the wings of birds and bats are merely modifications of preexisting

limbs.

The earliest insects known to be capable of true flight had two pairs of wings that remained

extended and did not fold, even when the creature was at rest. Each pair flapped independently of

the other pair, a contemporary parallel to this feature being found in the wings of dragonflies,

which are members of a primitive but common order of insects. Many advanced insects, such as

beetles, butterflies, and wasps, have evolved means to link their forewings and hind wings to

form two coordinated flight surfaces rather than four.

Most insect wings are laced with veins. These are distinct ridges, the pattern of which is often

critical to the identification of individual species. The spaces between the veins are called cells;

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those extending to the wing margin are open cells, and those enclosed by veins on all sides are

closed cells. Adult insects that emerge from a pupa have wings that at first look crumpled and

useless. Extensions of the tracheal respiratory system run through the veins, and blood circulates

in the spaces around the tracheae. As air is pumped through the veins, the wings of these newly

emerged insects unfurl and straighten. As the veins harden, they provide both strength and a

degree of flexibility, and the wings become capable of sustaining flight.

The veins of the wings tend to be thicker and stronger near the body and along the forward, or

leading, edge and thinner and more flexible near the tip and along the trailing edge. The trailing

edge curls on both the upstroke and the downstroke, pushing against the air behind it and

producing not only lift but forward propulsion and reduced drag.

21. The wings of insects are compared to the wings of birds and bats in terms of

(A) their size

(B) the way they evolved

(D) their role in the survival of the species

22. Which of the following is a characteristic of the earliest insects known to be capable of

true flight?

(A) They had one pair of wings.

(B) Their wings were only folded when at rest.

(D) Their wings were always extended.

23. The author mentions dragonflies in the second paragraph as an example of insects whose

wings are

(A) not symmetrical in design

(B) commonly found in advanced insects

(D) capable of circular movements

24. According to the passage, how do the veins of insect wings differ among species?

(A) Some species do not have spaces between the veins.

(B) Veins are difficult to see in some species.

(D) Some species do not pump air through the veins.

25. Where can open cells be found?

(A) At the edge of the wings (B) In the middle of the wings

26. The word “they” in paragraph 3 refers to

(A) spaces (B) wings (C) insects (D) veins

27. How do the forward and trailing edges of insect wings differ?

(A) There are fewer veins in the trailing edge.

(B) They have veins of different thicknesses.

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(D) One curls on the upstroke and the other curls on the downstroke.

28. The word “flexible” in paragraph 4 is closest in meaning to

(A) pointed (B) weak (C) able to expand (D) able to bend

29. Which of the following can be inferred from the passage about the capabilities of an adult

insect that has recently emerged from the pupa?

(A) It cannot fly immediately.

(B) It has difficulty breathing.

(D) It cannot remain upright.

30. Which of the following aspects of insects that can fly is NOT discussed in the passage?

(A) The origin of their wings

(B) Their movements while in flight

(D) The speed at which they can fly

Your answers:

21. 22. 23 24. 25. 26. 27. 28. 29. 30.

Part 4. You are going to read an article in which four scientists talk about the emotional side

of their work. For questions 31-40, choose from the people (A-D).

Which scientist

acknowledges the role another scientist has had in the development of their career?

draws a parallel between significant and less well-known scientific findings?

points out how unimpressed by reputation scientists tend to be?

mentions the desire scientists have to achieve a major breakthrough?

says that certain aspects of their work can be tedious?

comments on the impact discussion can have on the generation of new ideas?

draws attention to a common misconception?

mentions the satisfaction derived from thinking about the value of their work?

mentions a reconciliation with a colleague?

describes the anxiety involved in switching from one field of study to another?

31. ______

32. ______

33. ______

34. ______

35. ______

36. ______

37. ______

38. ______

39. ______

40. ______

Scientists and their emotions

A. Steven Greene, biologist Not long ago, I had a long argument with a fellow biologist about a

particular set of experiments. Things got pretty loud and heated, and harsh words were said. A

week later, we sent mutually apologetic texts and made up. This sort of thing doesn't find its way

into scientific papers. We have to present our data, analysis and interpretation in a way that

allows another scientist to understand each step. I am sometimes jealous of artists for whom

sharing and explaining the emotional journey of a piece of work is celebrated. The absence of a

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natural forum for scientists to describe their emotions in their work can lead to the erroneous

view that we don't have any. In fact, we usually make a huge emotional investment in our work.

Science is not for the faint-hearted. I remember attending a talk years ago, at which the speaker,

a distinguished biologist, was continually challenged by the audience. At one point, a fierce

debate broke out at which the speaker was a mute bystander. This lack of deference is by no

means exceptional.

B. Catherine Edwards, oceanographer Writing a proposal is where most new science begins

these days and it's set out like a business case. After all, your fabulous new idea needs money:

equipment, salaries, overheads. The funding bodies are tough to impress. So the excitement of

having a big new idea is only the first step. The first proposal I ever wrote was for a three-year

project. Initially, writing about why my research topic mattered cheered me up no end. It's easy

to forget the bigger picture when you're working on details, and it was reassuring to be reminded

of the importance of my research subject. Working out the project details was fiddly and time-

consuming.Then it slowed down even more, to a dull plod, as I checked and rechecked things.

This was my idea and I desperately wanted it to be good, to deserve funding. Months after the

deadline, an email told me my project would be funded. My idea wasn't rubbish! Others wanted

it too!

C. Dominika Gajewska, neuroscientist While doing my postgraduate studies in psychology, I got

temporarily side-tracked by the question of why certain serious psychological problems that

afflict some people always seem to emerge at the end of adolescence. You can make it through

childhood and adolescence and then suddenly become affected. Does something happen in brain

development during adolescence that acts as a trigger? As I read the existing literature, I became

increasingly frustrated that there didn't seem to be many answers. I talked to my psychology

professor, an expert on child development, and she said: 'Why don't you fill the gap yourself?

Apply for funding and start some new research in developmental neuroscience focusing on

human adolescence?' As she said those words, I remember feeling excited and slightly

apprehensive. It wasn't until then that I realised it was exactly what I wanted to do — move into

a subject that was rather unknown territory to me. I was taking a risk by moving into

developmental work with so little experience, but my mentor's encouragement made all the

difference. Ten years later, I'm pleased with the outcome.

D. Arif Shah, chemist In a lab recently, a student of mine excitedly showed me a flask containing

a dark solution. She shone a torch and it lit up, in a vivid bright green. 'Fluorescence,' I said. The

glow attracted a small crowd. Although not a research-changing observation, it sparked off

excited speculation. What was the structure? How was the light being generated? What

spectrums and measurements should be recorded to understand the observation?

That buzz was a faint echo of the moment, over 200 years ago, when the pioneering chemist

Humphry Davy first electrolysed molten potash and was rewarded with a spray of brilliant

flashing droplets of potassium. Davy apparently danced round the room in delight. Few of us are

likely to come close to a discovery of that importance, though it's something many yearn for.

There is, however, something profoundly pleasurable in going over results and observations with

students and colleagues. The unexpected turns up in little ways in day-to-day research and each

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time a miniature brainstorming session ensues, where adjustments are made to the way research

is going.

IV. WRITING (50 POINTS)

Part 1. For questions 1–6, complete the second sentence so that it has a similar meaning to the

first sentence, using the word given. Do not change the word given.

1. It was only after I left the office that I realised I had forgotten the file. DID

 Only after _______________________________ I had forgotten the file.

2. The identity of the murderer was never discovered. NEVER

 The police ______________________________ was.

3. ‘It’s not a good idea to call Leo just yet,’ Valerie told me. AGAINST

 Valerie advised _____________________________ for a while.

4. If I lose this match, people will never let me forget it! LIVE

 If I lose this match, I ______________________________ down!

5. Internal Affairs are investigating allegations of police fraud. INTO

 Allegations of police fraud ____________________________ Internal Affairs.

Part 2. The chart below shows what Anthropology graduates from one university did after

finishing their undergraduate courses. The table shows the salaries of the anthropologists in

work after five years.

Summarise the information by selecting and reporting the main features, and make

comparisons where relevant.

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..................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

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........................................ .........................................................................................................................................................................................................

......... ..................................................................................................................................................................................................................

....................................................................................................................................

Part 3. Some people believe that competition for high grades motivates students to excel in the

classroom. Others believe that such competition seriously limits the quality of real learning.

Discuss both these views and give your own opinion.

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........................................

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........................................ .........................................................................................................................................................................................................

V. SPEAKING (20 POINTS)

Describe a book you have read or a film you have seen. You should say:

 what this book or film was

 when you read or saw it

 why you decided to see the film or read the book

and say if you enjoyed it and why.

Bấm Tải xuống để xem toàn bộ.

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FANPAGE TÀI LIỆU TIẾNG ANH NÂNG CAO hohaidang1807@gmail.com PRACTICE TEST
I. LISTENING (50 POINTS)
Part 1. For questions 1-9, listen to the curator of a communications museum talking about the
telegraph and its inventor, and decide whether these statements are True (T), False (F) or Not
Given (NG). Write your answers in the corresponding numbered boxes provided.
1. Morse’s talent in painting facilitated his invention of the single-wire telegraph system.
2. While studying at Phillips Academy, Morse attended lectures of Benjamin Silliman.
3. Morse and his brothers were given several patents for pumps in 1832.
4. William Cooke and Charles Wheatstones’ commercial telegraph was soon overshadowed by Morse’s invention.
5. During Morse’s historic demonstration, a message was sent from the city of Washington DC to the city of Baltimore.
6. Morse’s invention was the first official telegraphy system in Europe.
7. Messages were transmitted between two telegraph operators via an electrical circuit.
8. Dots were used to indicate long taps, while dashes represented short ones.
9. The new Morse system developed in the US was capable of transmitting up to fifty words a minute. Your answers 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9.
Part 2. For questions 10-15, listen to part of a discussion with two scientists about global
population, and choose the correct answer A, B, C or D which fits best according to what you
hear. Write your answers in the corresponding numbered boxes provided.
10. How does Hugo feel about being asked to talk about overpopulation?
A. resigned to the fact that his arguments will attract criticism
B. frustrated that people refuse to try to understand his ideas
C. annoyed that he cannot resist getting into an argument about it
D. regretful that he doesn’t always manage to get his point across
11. When Hugo is asked about overpopulation being a problem, he says that humans
A. can modify their needs to suit their environment.
B. are quickly able to adapt to changing environments.
C. have always been innovative within their environment.
D. could rely more heavily on the natural environment.
12. When talking about the extinction of species,
A. Hugo chooses not to counter Bethany’s argument.
B. Bethany and Hugo are unable to find any common ground.
C. Bethany is prepared to back down on one particular point.
D. Bethany and Hugo express annoyance at each other’s viewpoint.
13. How does Bethany feel about overcrowding?
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A. alarmed at the rapid rate of development in cities
B. appalled by the conditions in which many people live
C. upset by the thought that little can be done about it
D. guilty about the impact she has personally had on things
14. When asked about food and hunger, Hugo says he
A. is in disagreement with the ideas put forward by some people.
B. feels upset that we have not yet worked out how to feed everyone.
C. is exasperated by the current slow rate of technological progress.
D. has concerns that there may not enough space for agriculture in future.
15. When discussing the subject of becoming vegan, Bethany and Hugo agree that
A. eating a plant-based diet is the best way forward.
B. having a wider variety of food would be healthier for us.
C. developing new sources of food would be beneficial.
D. nature is affected negatively by our present actions. Your answers 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15.
Part 3. For questions 16-25, listen to a talk about spitting cobras and supply the blanks with
the missing information. Write NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS taken from the recording
for each answer in the space provided.
Cobras’ practice of spitting venoms has been developed as a (16) _____________ against human beings.
Only three among the 600 poisonous breeds of snakes worldwide have the ability to shoot (17)
_____________ in the face of danger.
It may seem odd for snakes to be capable of spewing venom, as venom’s initial function is to (18) ____________.
The fact that these cobras’ mechanism of spitting venoms evolved three distinctive times
exemplifies (19) ______________, which happened when they faced similar issues in their
habitats. One such challenge was the encounter between snakes and (20) ______________,
consisting of modern humans and their extinct ancestors.
Apes can put (21) _____________ on snakes once they started walking upright, freed up their
hands and became capable of launching (22) ____________ attacks.
Research also suggested that snakes developed venom spitting at around the same time (23)
_____________ appeared. This can be seen in Asian breeds whose spitting ability appeared
around (24) _______________ million years ago, coinciding with the settlement of Homo
Erectus in the continent.
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It therefore seems a plausible hypothesis, according to the narrator, that human’s (25)
________________ are the reason for cobras’ current practice of venom slinging.
II. LEXICO-GRAMMAR (40 POINTS)
Part 1. For questions 1-10, choose the correct answer A, B, C or D to each of the following
questions and write your answers in the corresponding numbered boxes provided.
1. In some parts of the world, not only ______ a form of entertainment, but it is also a means of communication. A. whistling B. is whistling C. that whistling is D. why is whistling
2. The spectacularly beautiful and sultry voice of Lena Horne made her _______.
A. being a nationally celebrated vocalist
C. as nationally celebrated vocalist
B. a vocalist was nationally celebrated
D. a nationally celebrated vocalist
3. When his family stopped at the lion’s enclosure, the young boy _______ in wonder at the fierce-looking animals. A. glanced B. gazed C. squinted D. glimpsed
4. The dog was frightened by the distant _______ of thunder and it started barking loudly. A. rabble B. rubble C. rumble D. ramble
5. Did you know that female _________ carry their babies in their pouch? A. marsupials B. amphibians C. herbivores D. nocturnals
6. Contact sports, like American football, require athletes to wear protective ________ to prevent injury. A. trophy B. gear C. uniform D. costume
7. Professional sports have become so competitive that all athletes know, no matter how
good they are, that one day they will ________. A. paddle their own canoe
C. take the wind out of their sails B. blow their own trumpet D. meet their match
8. If you wish to keep in shape, there are certain foods that you need to avoid like the ______. A. devil B. catastrophe C. wildfire D. plague
9. That he was using unscrupulous research methods only came out because his assistant ______ on him to the press. A. ratted B. hounded C. fished D. bugged
10. Forgive me for ______ like this, but I think I know a better way to get to Trafalgar Square. A. talking around B. balking at C. chipping in D. coming across Your answers 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10.
Part 2. For questions 11-15, write the correct form of each bracketed word in the numbered boxes provided.
How braille system keeps up with the times
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It might have been around for 200 years, but there's nothing 11. __________ (antique) about
braille. Designers and artists are making sure this writing system, which is invaluable to those
with little or no sight, is keeping up with modern life. The system, invented by then 11-year-old
Louis Braille in 1824, himself unable to see, was first developed as a 12. __________ (vary) on
an existing military code. Louis thought it would be useful to simplify the code (which was used
by Napoleon's soldiers for silent communication in the dark) to six dots instead of 12, and
employ it as a means of communication for those with an inability to read and write in a conventional manner.
Louis' innovation was an 13. __________ (deny) success, and while virtually unchanged since
the expanded 1905 version, the way in which braille is now applied differs significantly. Not
only does it appear in novels and other printed materials, but it is punched into food and 14.
__________ (pharmacy) packaging to make their contents 'visible' to those who can't see them.
There are also magazines, games instructions, sheet music - which can be used in conjunction
with a braille e-reader. And blind children can learn to read and write at an early age with the
help of braille bricks. Comparable to LEGO® in appearance but with one letter in raised dots per
brick, blind children can combine them to make words, and this provides them with the
assurance they need to communicate reliably with others. Today's braille applications open up
whole new worlds to those who previously found certain aspects of life 15. __________ (access). Your answers 11. 12. 13. 14. 15.
Part 3. For questions 16-20, write the correct form of each bracketed word in the numbered boxes provided.
16. Known for power, speed and _______, the goshawk has short wings and a long tail,
enabling them to dodge branches in pursuit of prey. (MANEUVER)
17. Many in the working class tend to be ________ towards authority figures and those in
superior class positions. (DEFER)
18. He has continually _______ chickens from different nations to create a hybrid that is ever
more robust in health and spectacular in physical attributes. (BREED)
19. Peter seems ______ by her sudden success and fame, he remained as cool as a cucumber. (FAZE)
20. The star arrived in London with her usual ______ of dancers and backing singers. (TOUR) Your answers 16. 17. 18. 19. 20.
Part 4. For questions 21-30, fill each of the following numbered blanks with ONE suitable
word and write your answers in the corresponding numbered boxes provided.
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Forget global terrorism - for most 21. _________ the world's population, ticking 22. _________
bombs like earthquakes, supervolcanoes and hurricanes 23. _________ a far greater threat.
Natural disaster expert Bill McGuire reveals a few of the top 24. _________ waiting to happen.
With NASA's eminent climate scientist, Jim Hansen, concerned that collapsing polar ice sheets
could 25. _________ in sea levels rising 1-2m this century and several 26. _________ in the
next, prospects for the Earth's coastal zones are bleak. A 1m rise would threaten one third of the
world's agricultural land, while a 4m rise would maroon Miami 60km offshore. Rising sea levels
is not the only threat to 27. _________ regions. The Cumbre Vieja volcano 28. _________ the
Canary Island of La Palma is slowly creeping seawards. During a future eruption, this gigantic
landslide will plunge into the ocean, pushing up a bulge of water close to a kilometre 29.
_________, spawning a mega-tsunami 30. _________ of devastating all the coastal areas
surrounding the North Atlantic. Your answers 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. 28. 29. 30.
Part 5. For questions 31-40, choose the correct answer A, B, C or D to each of the following
questions and write your answers in the corresponding numbered boxes provided.
For many people Los Angeles is the city of dreams; 31. ______, it is the home of Hollywood!
However, 32. ______ the image often 33. ______ is elegant and stylish, LA isn't just famous for
its glamour and warm climate. Sadly, it's also known for its urban sprawl. In a world rushing
towards growth, where objections to development can be 34. ______ as a barrier to progress,
cities like Los Angeles with their relentless expansion have swallowed up hundreds of square
miles of countryside. This desire of residents to move out of the inner city to outlying areas has
led to a(n) 35. ______ of cars on the road, causing huge environmental damage. Faced with 36.
______ conditions, lots of new schemes were introduced to control LA's urban sprawl problem.
Light rail and transit development in 37. ______ with incentives for building high-density
housing have provided rapid improvements. Such programmes mean that the city, residents and
the environment all 38. ______.
If these 39. ______ initiatives succeed and continue, then a better future is surely in 40. ______
for the residents of Los Angeles. 31. A. at which B. after all C. nevertheless D. notwithstanding 32. A. while B. despite C. albeit D. while 33. A. symbolised B. illustrated C. projected D. delineated 34. A. displaced B. disbanded C. disapproved D. dismissed 35. A. proliferation B. escalation C. multiplication D. amplification
FANPAGE TÀI LIỆU TIẾNG ANH NÂNG CAO hohaidang1807@gmail.com 36. A. decreasing B. devolving C. deteriorating D. depreciating 37. A. unanimity B. assistance C. relationship D. conjunction 38. A. assist B. benefit C. improve D. advance 39. A. avant-garde B. innocuous C. prolific D. innovative 40. A. supply B. store C. order D. wait III. READING (40 POINTS)
Part 1. For questions 1-13, read the following passage and do the tasks that follow.
1. In some European countries, sales of animal-based dairy milk have halved since the mid-
1970s, and similar trends have been reported in the US. By contrast, interest in milk products
derived from plant sources such as soya beans, rice, or nuts has exploded in recent years. The
plant-milk sector has annual growth of 20%, and the market is now estimated to be worth at least
$2.5 billion. The plant-milk market is dominated by almond milk, which accounts for 68% of all
plant-milk sales, and is the most well-known plant-based alternative to dairy milk.
2. Plant-milk products were once considered highly specialist items, but they are fast becoming a
common sight in supermarkets and cafes. In fact, the range of products available nowadays can
be quite overwhelming. Consumers can choose between numerous, different types of plant milk,
many of which are offered in sweet and plain versions. Consumers hoping to make the switch
away from animal-based products have to compare the individual pros and cons of different
options to find the product that meets their specific needs.
3. Many consumers are becoming increasingly uncomfortable with the ethics of consuming
animal products. Such concerns have led to a growing number of people excluding all animal
products from their diets. Obviously, since all plant milks are animal-free, these consumers can
simply select a plant milk based on taste or cost. Their choice may also depend on how they plan
to use the milk. For instance, some products such as rice milk are less suitable for cooking
compared to products made from nuts or soya.
4. However, when consumer choices are influenced by factors beyond basic taste preferences or
financial considerations, selecting the right plant milk becomes far more difficult. For instance,
many people arc interested in plant milk because these products are believed to be heathicr than
dairy milk. However, making comparisons between different types of milk is highly complex
since every product comes with health-related pros and cons.
5. It is known that cow's milk has higher amounts of saturated fat than plant-based alternatives.
Diets high in saturated fat can lead to serious medical problems including heart disease. Dairy
milk also contains more calories than many types of plant milk, which is a consideration for
people concerned about weight management. A cup of cow's milk contains, on average, 152
calories, whereas almond milk contains just 40 calories per cup. However, not all plant milks are
low in calories. Rice milk, for instance, contains 120 calories per cup, making it almost as calorific as dairy milk.
6. Of course, milk is an important product for other nutritional reasons. It is a rich source of
protein, a nutrient which is vital for healthy muscle development. Dairy milk contains more
protein than other types of milk, but plant milk can still be a useful source of protein for people
who are avoiding animal products. Milk derived from beans or nuts is a better source of protein
than that derived from grains such as oats. In fact, soya milk provides almost as much protein as
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cow's milk, and almond milk is another reasonable source which fulfils most people's protein requirements.
7. Comparing different types of milk becomes even harder when analysing the environmental
impact. Environmentalists have certainly been concerned about the detrimental effects of animal-
based farming for several years. This type of agriculture requires a considerable amount of land.
In fact, it has been estimated that producing just one glass of dairy milk requires approximately
650m2 of land. Cows also release additional CO2 (greenhouse gases) into the atmosphere, which
is known to contribute to global warming. Cows' waste can also pollute the surrounding land or
water supplies. Therefore, it is widely accepted that there is a need for more sustainable alternatives.
8. In terms of carbon emissions, there is a strong argument that all forms of plant milk are better
choices for the planet. One recent study showed that plant-milk production creates approximately
three times fewer carbon emissions than dairy milk production. And, generally speaking, plant-
milk production requires nine times less land. These are two important factors which underline
why plant milk has become known for its sustainable image amongst consumers.
9. However, plant milk is not without its drawbacks. The main problem is that most of the crops
used for plant milk require extremely high quantities of water to grow. This is particularly true
for rice and almonds. Producing milk from these crops consumes far more water than is used in dairy-milk production.
10. As demand for plant milk increases, the environmental impacts are becoming clearer. To
grow large quantities of crops all year round, farmers often use additional lighting and heating
sources, leading to extremely high energy usage. They may also use pesticides which can be
harmful for the soil and pollute water supplies. In addition, large-scale almond cultivation is
known to have adverse effects on wildlife, especially local bees. As well as the issues associated
with pesticide use, almond farming disrupts bees' natural cycles since they are forced to pollinate the trees more often.
11. Of course, selecting the right milk product is ultimately a matter of personal preference.
Whether or not the deciding factor is dietary, environmental or simple taste preferences, there's
no doubt that consumers now have more choice than ever before. Questions 1-6 Complete the table below.
Choose NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from Reading Passage for each answer. Type of General comments Nutrition Environmental impact milk Dairy Demand for products Known to be high in Responsible for high (milk from in this sector has been (1) _________ levels of greenhouse animal falling gases sources) This type of farming requires the most (2) ______
FANPAGE TÀI LIỆU TIẾNG ANH NÂNG CAO hohaidang1807@gmail.com Rice milk Not a good choice if One cup has on High water consumption the milk will be used average (4) ______ for (3) ________ calories purposes (5) The market leader in Provides adequate (6) Harmful for bee _______ the plant-milk sector _______ for most populations (e.g. milk people's needs pesticides) and disrupt their natural cycles Questions 7-10
Do the following statements agree with the claims of the writer in Reading Passage? Write: TRUE
If the statement agrees with the information in the passage FALSE
If the statement contradicts the information in the passage
NOT GIVEN If there is no information on this in the passage
7. Plain plant milk has become more common than sweet plant-milk products.
8. Almond milk has fewer calories than rice milk.
9. Milk from nuts or beans contains more protein than dairy milk.
10. Plant-milk production uses eight times less land than dairy-milk production. Questions 11-12
Answer the questions below using NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS from the passage for each answer.
11. By how much has the plant-milk sector increased yearly?
12. What are extra energy sources used for large-scale crop agriculture? Question 13
Which of the following is the most suitable title for Reading Passage? Choose the correct letter, A, B, C, D or E.
A. Why plant milk is less eco-friendly than consumers believe
B. How consumers choose between plant and dairy milk
C. Why the plant-milk industry has become so influential
D. How milk trends affect dairy and plant farmers
E. Why the dairy industry is in decline Your answers 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13.
Part 2. You are going to read an article about the reinvention of a brand. Seven paragraphs
have been removed from the article. For questions 14-20, choose from the sentences A-H the
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one which fits each gap. There is one extra sentence which you do not need to use. Write your
answers (A-H) in the corresponding numbered boxes provided.
THE REINVENTION OF A BRAND
Almost everyone knows what Lego is and has probably played with it at some point in their
lives. Since the company’s foundation in 1932, millions have been delighted by the interlocking
bricks that can unleash the creative ideas lurking inside us, adults and children alike. Part of the
attraction is in the attention to detail, which of course the customer is largely unaware of. The
Danish creator, Ole Kirk Christiansen, was meticulous about ‘doing things right’, which is one of
the reasons why this popular toy has stood the test of time. 14. ________
What led to this unfortunate state was a series of bad decisions based on advice given by external
business consultants. At this time, product diversity and business expansion were very much in
fashion in all sorts of different industries and so The Lego Group had started to move into
various sectors that lay well outside its expertise. It had created theme parks, and clothes and
jewellery for girls, none of which were creating significant revenues so it was clearly time to get
back to basics and rethink their product strategy. 15. ________
This renewed focus chimed well with the company’s motto, created by the founder, Christiansen,
and which is carved into a plaque at the Lego Museum in Billund in Denmark: ‘Only the best is
good enough’. This idea of focusing on strengths and not expanding into unknown areas is a key
feature of the thinking in Danish business culture, and the mentality of The Lego Group is that
the company is about engineering good-quality products for play and that they should not stray from this focus. 16. ________
The change in the company’s fortunes has been analysed extensively by business experts
fascinated by such a momentous financial turnaround ever since. Countless books have been
written about it and many other large brands have analysed The Lego Group’s approach to see
how it can help their businesses. One of the fundamental approaches taken by the Danish
company is based on forging partnerships that allow collaboration on innovative projects while
at the same time remaining true to their principles of doing what they do best. 17. ________
One of the most successful of these was with NASA, the American space agency. The two
organisations participated in a robotics competition during the 1990s, which was a big hit among
the participants and the organisations’ relationship has remained strong ever since. This is partly
because The Lego Group is deeply interested in how children play and learn, and also because
NASA has a long history of being involved in educational projects for young people. Both want
to encourage children to develop an interest in science and engineering through fun.
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The Lego Group has never targeted its products on just one gender. However, historically, its
popularity has been overwhelmingly enjoyed by boys. They love the mini figures of people and
don’t much care how realistic they are. Girls, on the other hand, need to be able to identify with
model people. Apparently, this does not happen with the traditional figures, which is why, after
several years of market research, a set of figures aimed at girls was developed. 19. ________
Focusing on what customers like and want has proven to be useful in a variety of ways. In what
could be called one of the first attempts at crowd sourcing, The Lego Group got its fans and
customers to vote on designs and even suggest ideas for new products. Ideas that went on to be
commissioned earned 1% of sales for the people that had suggested them – a great way to build customer engagement. 20. ________ The missing paragraphs:
A. A team from The Lego Group travels extensively and engages with children and parents to
develop a better understanding of what kinds of toys children like and dislike. By observing
children interacting with toys and each other, the company can target its products more
effectively, which is how the team learned more about marketing to girls, a sector that had previously eluded them.
B. Innovation has been key to maintaining customers’ interest, too, as can be seen in the Lego
movies and the adult architecture range, and also in the new kids’ social media platform, which
allows children too young to partake in other social networking platforms to share their designs
safely online. These extensions into cinema, adult play and technology seem to represent the
final pieces of a huge jigsaw puzzle for a complete learning and creativity system by one company.
C. In order to do this, the newly appointed CEO set about rebuilding the organisation. Business
operations were streamlined, and many things were scaled back such as staff and the product
ranges. In addition, the company sold all the extras that were not a core part of the business,
which meant that it was able to return to its roots.
D. By returning to the original ethos, the company was able to put emphasis on renewed energy
in the brand and become financially stable. Over a decade later the results were clear to see, and
they were extremely positive. In 2017 the company was voted the number one toy brand in many
countries. It reported sales of over £600 million that year, and the turnaround was seen as
amazing, one of the most impressive success stories in commercial history.
E. This rethink led to moving the company’s factories to alternative locations. Many large
corporations outsource their production operations to parts of the world offering lower labour
costs, but The Lego Group has factories in Europe, South America and Asia so that a wide range
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of products can be quickly shipped to their key markets to keep their customers, both adults and children, happy.
F. However, this hasn’t always been the case. Despite its huge success during the 1970s and 80s,
by the beginning of the twentyfirst century, the company’s fortunes were looking decidedly
precarious. It was in debt to the tune of $800 million, and sales were in fast decline. What had
seemed inconceivable throughout the company’s history, a total and utter collapse was beginning to look like reality.
G. The company became extremely successful and sales skyrocketed in a short space of time.
This attention to detail shows how serious The Lego Group is about understanding play. In fact,
the company thinks that it is important enough to have set up a sister company to study child
development as well as partnering with the children’s charity UNICEF and financing the first
Professor of Play at Cambridge University in the UK.
H. In recent years The Lego Group has worked with quite a diverse set of companies in order to
innovate, and an example of this is the collaboration with Lucasfilm, the production company
behind the Star Wars films. In 1999 the Lego Star Wars franchise was launched at a toy fair in
New York and it became instantly popular. The partnership worked well for both companies and
paved the way for further innovative Lego Group partnerships. Your answers 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20.
Part 3. For questions 21-30, read the following passage and choose the answer A, B, C or D
that fits best according to the text. Write your answers in the corresponding numbered boxes provided.
Except for flies, all flying insects have two pairs of wings, one of which is attached to the upper
mesothorax and the other to the upper metathorax. It is likely that their wings originated as flaps
that could be extended from the thorax, allowing wingless insects to escape danger by leaping
from an elevated perch and gliding some distance away. Insect wings are unique, having evolved
specifically for flight, while the wings of birds and bats are merely modifications of preexisting limbs.
The earliest insects known to be capable of true flight had two pairs of wings that remained
extended and did not fold, even when the creature was at rest. Each pair flapped independently of
the other pair, a contemporary parallel to this feature being found in the wings of dragonflies,
which are members of a primitive but common order of insects. Many advanced insects, such as
beetles, butterflies, and wasps, have evolved means to link their forewings and hind wings to
form two coordinated flight surfaces rather than four.
Most insect wings are laced with veins. These are distinct ridges, the pattern of which is often
critical to the identification of individual species. The spaces between the veins are called cells;
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those extending to the wing margin are open cells, and those enclosed by veins on all sides are
closed cells. Adult insects that emerge from a pupa have wings that at first look crumpled and
useless. Extensions of the tracheal respiratory system run through the veins, and blood circulates
in the spaces around the tracheae. As air is pumped through the veins, the wings of these newly
emerged insects unfurl and straighten. As the veins harden, they provide both strength and a
degree of flexibility, and the wings become capable of sustaining flight.
The veins of the wings tend to be thicker and stronger near the body and along the forward, or
leading, edge and thinner and more flexible near the tip and along the trailing edge. The trailing
edge curls on both the upstroke and the downstroke, pushing against the air behind it and
producing not only lift but forward propulsion and reduced drag.
21. The wings of insects are compared to the wings of birds and bats in terms of (A) their size (B) the way they evolved
(C) their point of attachment to the thorax
(D) their role in the survival of the species
22. Which of the following is a characteristic of the earliest insects known to be capable of true flight?
(A) They had one pair of wings.
(B) Their wings were only folded when at rest.
(C) Both pairs of wings moved at the same time.
(D) Their wings were always extended.
23. The author mentions dragonflies in the second paragraph as an example of insects whose wings are (A) not symmetrical in design
(B) commonly found in advanced insects
(C) similar to those of the earliest insects
(D) capable of circular movements
24. According to the passage, how do the veins of insect wings differ among species?
(A) Some species do not have spaces between the veins.
(B) Veins are difficult to see in some species.
(C) Different species have different patterns of veins.
(D) Some species do not pump air through the veins.
25. Where can open cells be found? (A) At the edge of the wings (B) In the middle of the wings (C) In the veins (D) In the blood
26. The word “they” in paragraph 3 refers to (A) spaces (B) wings (C) insects (D) veins
27. How do the forward and trailing edges of insect wings differ?
(A) There are fewer veins in the trailing edge.
(B) They have veins of different thicknesses.
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(C) Only the forward edge produces forward movement.
(D) One curls on the upstroke and the other curls on the downstroke.
28. The word “flexible” in paragraph 4 is closest in meaning to (A) pointed (B) weak (C) able to expand (D) able to bend
29. Which of the following can be inferred from the passage about the capabilities of an adult
insect that has recently emerged from the pupa? (A) It cannot fly immediately.
(B) It has difficulty breathing.
(C) It uses its wings for balance. (D) It cannot remain upright.
30. Which of the following aspects of insects that can fly is NOT discussed in the passage? (A) The origin of their wings
(B) Their movements while in flight
(C) The physical structure of their wings
(D) The speed at which they can fly Your answers: 21. 22. 23 24. 25. 26. 27. 28. 29. 30.
Part 4. You are going to read an article in which four scientists talk about the emotional side
of their work. For questions 31-40, choose from the people (A-D).
Which scientist
acknowledges the role another scientist has had in the development of their career? 31. ______
draws a parallel between significant and less well-known scientific findings? 32. ______
points out how unimpressed by reputation scientists tend to be? 33. ______
mentions the desire scientists have to achieve a major breakthrough? 34. ______
says that certain aspects of their work can be tedious? 35. ______
comments on the impact discussion can have on the generation of new ideas? 36. ______
draws attention to a common misconception? 37. ______
mentions the satisfaction derived from thinking about the value of their work? 38. ______
mentions a reconciliation with a colleague? 39. ______
describes the anxiety involved in switching from one field of study to another? 40. ______
Scientists and their emotions
A. Steven Greene, biologist Not long ago, I had a long argument with a fellow biologist about a
particular set of experiments. Things got pretty loud and heated, and harsh words were said. A
week later, we sent mutually apologetic texts and made up. This sort of thing doesn't find its way
into scientific papers. We have to present our data, analysis and interpretation in a way that
allows another scientist to understand each step. I am sometimes jealous of artists for whom
sharing and explaining the emotional journey of a piece of work is celebrated. The absence of a
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natural forum for scientists to describe their emotions in their work can lead to the erroneous
view that we don't have any. In fact, we usually make a huge emotional investment in our work.
Science is not for the faint-hearted. I remember attending a talk years ago, at which the speaker,
a distinguished biologist, was continually challenged by the audience. At one point, a fierce
debate broke out at which the speaker was a mute bystander. This lack of deference is by no means exceptional.
B. Catherine Edwards, oceanographer Writing a proposal is where most new science begins
these days and it's set out like a business case. After all, your fabulous new idea needs money:
equipment, salaries, overheads. The funding bodies are tough to impress. So the excitement of
having a big new idea is only the first step. The first proposal I ever wrote was for a three-year
project. Initially, writing about why my research topic mattered cheered me up no end. It's easy
to forget the bigger picture when you're working on details, and it was reassuring to be reminded
of the importance of my research subject. Working out the project details was fiddly and time-
consuming.Then it slowed down even more, to a dull plod, as I checked and rechecked things.
This was my idea and I desperately wanted it to be good, to deserve funding. Months after the
deadline, an email told me my project would be funded. My idea wasn't rubbish! Others wanted it too!
C. Dominika Gajewska, neuroscientist While doing my postgraduate studies in psychology, I got
temporarily side-tracked by the question of why certain serious psychological problems that
afflict some people always seem to emerge at the end of adolescence. You can make it through
childhood and adolescence and then suddenly become affected. Does something happen in brain
development during adolescence that acts as a trigger? As I read the existing literature, I became
increasingly frustrated that there didn't seem to be many answers. I talked to my psychology
professor, an expert on child development, and she said: 'Why don't you fill the gap yourself?
Apply for funding and start some new research in developmental neuroscience focusing on
human adolescence?' As she said those words, I remember feeling excited and slightly
apprehensive. It wasn't until then that I realised it was exactly what I wanted to do — move into
a subject that was rather unknown territory to me. I was taking a risk by moving into
developmental work with so little experience, but my mentor's encouragement made all the
difference. Ten years later, I'm pleased with the outcome.
D. Arif Shah, chemist In a lab recently, a student of mine excitedly showed me a flask containing
a dark solution. She shone a torch and it lit up, in a vivid bright green. 'Fluorescence,' I said. The
glow attracted a small crowd. Although not a research-changing observation, it sparked off
excited speculation. What was the structure? How was the light being generated? What
spectrums and measurements should be recorded to understand the observation?
That buzz was a faint echo of the moment, over 200 years ago, when the pioneering chemist
Humphry Davy first electrolysed molten potash and was rewarded with a spray of brilliant
flashing droplets of potassium. Davy apparently danced round the room in delight. Few of us are
likely to come close to a discovery of that importance, though it's something many yearn for.
There is, however, something profoundly pleasurable in going over results and observations with
students and colleagues. The unexpected turns up in little ways in day-to-day research and each
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time a miniature brainstorming session ensues, where adjustments are made to the way research is going. IV. WRITING (50 POINTS)
Part 1. For questions 1–6, complete the second sentence so that it has a similar meaning to the
first sentence, using the word given. Do not change the word given.
1. It was only after I left the office that I realised I had forgotten the file. DID
 Only after _______________________________ I had forgotten the file.
2. The identity of the murderer was never discovered. NEVER
 The police ______________________________ was.
3. ‘It’s not a good idea to call Leo just yet,’ Valerie told me. AGAINST
 Valerie advised _____________________________ for a while.
4. If I lose this match, people will never let me forget it! LIVE
 If I lose this match, I ______________________________ down!
5. Internal Affairs are investigating allegations of police fraud. INTO
 Allegations of police fraud ____________________________ Internal Affairs.
Part 2. The chart below shows what Anthropology graduates from one university did after
finishing their undergraduate courses. The table shows the salaries of the anthropologists in work after five years.
Summarise the information by selecting and reporting the main features, and make
comparisons where relevant.
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Part 3. Some people believe that competition for high grades motivates students to excel in the
classroom. Others believe that such competition seriously limits the quality of real learning.
Discuss both these views and give your own opinion.
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........................................................................................................................................................................................................................... V. SPEAKING (20 POINTS)
Describe a book you have read or a film you have seen. You should say:  what this book or film was  when you read or saw it
 why you decided to see the film or read the book
and say if you enjoyed it and why.

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