Ngữ Âm Âm Vị
Đề cương Ngữ ÂM Âm vị học giữa học kì 2 ĐH Ngoại Ngữ Tin Học TPHCM 2023
Môn: Ngôn ngữ Anh(nna)
Trường: Đại học Ngoại ngữ - Tin học Thành phố Hồ Chí Minh
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lOMoAR cPSD| 36006831 NGỮ ÂM ÂM VỊ I. Consonant
* The consonants are sounds produced with obstruction of
the air (totally or partially) E.g.: /p/; /s/
We use three criteria to describe 24 consonants:
a. Manner of articulation : the kind of obstruction made to the airflow
b. Place of articulation : the point where an obstruction of the
airflow occurs in the vocal tract
c. Phonation (voicing) : whether the vocal folds vibrate or not when producing the consonant
1. Manner of articulation: the kind of obstruction made to the
airflow/ how to stop or release the air.
- Stops/Plosives: stop the air completely then release with a
plosion. 6: /p, b, t, d, k, g/
- Fricatives: stop the air partially and force it to escape through
a narrow passage with a friction noise (continuant). 9: /f, v ,θ,
ð, s, z, , , h / ʃ ʒ
- Affricatives: stop the air completely then have it escape with a
friction. (begin with a stop followed by a fricative). 2: /t , d /ʃ ʒ
- Nasals: stop the air completely in the mouth; at the same time,
lower the velum to let it escape by the nose. 3: /m, n, ŋ/ lOMoAR cPSD| 36006831
- Lateral: air is stopped in the middle & escape along both
sides of the tongue. /l/
- Approximant: one articulator approach a point of articulation
but does not touch it . 3: /r, w, j/
- Semi-vowel: both similar to vowels and consonants
+ Manner of articulation: similar to vowels , no obstruction
of the air. /w~ u; j~ i/. 3: /h, w, j/.
+ Distribution: similar to consonants
E.g.: a hat- V C V C; a wet year- V C V C.
2. Place of articulation: the point where an obstruction of the
airflow occurs in the vocal tract/ point of contact between an
articulator and a point of a articulation: Where the air is stopped.
- Bilabials: lower lip against upper lip. /p, b, m, w/
- Labio-dentals: lower lip+ upper teeth. /f, v/
- Dental (Interdental): tounge tip between lower & upper teeth. /θ, ð /
- Alveolar (Apico-alveolar): tongue tip + alveolar ridge. /t, d, n, s, z, l/
- Alveolar-palatal (palato-alveolar, post-alveolar): tongue
front b/w alveolar ridge and hard palate. / , , t , d , r/ ʃ ʒ ʃ ʒ
- Palatal: tongue front at the palate. /j/
- Velars: tongue back + velum (soft palate). /k, g, ŋ/
-Glottal: in the narrow glottis /h/ lOMoAR cPSD| 36006831
3. Phonation (voicing): whether the vocal folds vibrate or not when
producing the consonant/ Vibration of vocal bands.
- Voiced sounds: sounds produced with vibration
- Voiceless sounds: sounds produced without vibration
- 9 voiceless sounds: /p, t, k, f, θ, s, , t , h /.ʃ ʃ
-> See Chart of English consonant phonemes (p. 52 on textbook) II. English Fricative
Definition: sound produced by forcing the air to escape through a
narrow passage b/w an articulator and a point of articulation
with a friction.
There are 9 English fricatives :
Make a long [s] and gradually lower your tongue → hissing sound will stop.
Make a long [f] sound and then pull the lower lip away from the
upper teeth → hissing sound will disappear.
It is important to let the air escape through a narrow passage and
make a hissing sound in order to create the fricatives.
Fricatives are continuant consonants: you can continue making them
without interruption (plosives are not continuants). lOMoAR cPSD| 36006831
• The fortis fricatives are said to be articulated with greater force than
the lenis, and their friction noise is louder.
• The lenis fricatives have very little or no voicing in initial and final
positions, but may be voiced between voiced sounds.
• Fortis fricatives can shorten the preceding vowel/dipthong.
E.g. : ice [a ´s] and ɪeyes [a z]ɪ lOMoAR cPSD| 36006831
[f, v] are labio-dental sounds where the lower lip is in contact with
the upper teeth, soft hissing noise. ◦ E.g. half - halve
[θ, ð] (called theta and eth) are dental sounds with the tongue is
placed behind the upper teeth, soft hissing noise.
◦ E.g. ether - father
[s, z] are alveolar fricatives with the same place of articulation as [t,
d], loud hissing noise.
◦ E.g. facing - phasing
[∫, ʒ] (called esh and yogh; initial [ ] is very rare in English) are ʒ
post-alveolar with the tongue touches further back area than [s, z]
and the lips are rounded, loud hissing noise.
◦ E.g. chauffeur - measure – garage
III. The glottal fricative and its “relatives” – âm xát hầu
[h] is a glottal fricative, which means that the narrowing producing
the friction noise is between the vocal folds.
This is a special “copy-cat” phoneme: hat [hæt] when [h] is
produced, the tongue, jaw and lip positions are similar to that of [æ]. → [h] has [æ] quality
→ The consonant always has the quality of the vowel it precedes.
Phonetically, [h] is a voiceless vowel with the quality of the voiced vowel that follows it. lOMoAR cPSD| 36006831
Phonologically, [h] is a consonant which is usually found before
vowels. When it occurs between voiced sounds, it is pronounced
with weak voicing (breathy voice).
◦ E.g.: ahead [әhed] and greenhouse [gri nha s]ː ʊ
[h] is omitted in unstressed pronunciations of her, he, him, his and
have, has, had when they occur at the middle or near the end of a sentence.
◦ E.g.: Tell her I love her.
(Read more of [ʍ] (≈ [hw]) and [ç] (≈ [hj]) in 6.2/chapter 6)
IV. Characteristics of English Fricatives
- One characteristic of Fricatives: hissing noise
- Sibilants: sound with loud hissing noise
- Voiceless Fricatives at final position: shorten preceding vowel/diphthong
- /h/: voiceless, glottal, fricative
+ phonetically/ manner of articulation: /h/ similar to vowel, no obstruction of the air
+ phonemically/ monologically/ distribution: similar to
consonants. E.g. : a hat- V-C-V-C. + /h/ is voiced b/w 2 voiced sound.
ˆE.g. : ahead- behind- HOUR V.
English Affricates – âm tắc xát
Affricates are sounds that begin as plosives and end as fricatives.
◦ E.g. church [t∫ɜːt∫] lOMoAR cPSD| 36006831
◦ Affricates can only be made by a plosive and a fricative that are
homorganic (= being made with the same articulator).
◦ E.g.: /t, d, ∫, /ʒ are phonemes made with tongue blade against
the alveolar ridge → 2 affricates /t∫/ and /d /ʒ
◦ N.B. /t/, /∫/ and /t∫/ are three different phonemes!
Speakers normally round their lips when making these sounds.
[t∫] is slightly aspirated and post-alveolar. It tends to shorten a preceding vowel.
[dʒ] is voiced and post- alveolar.
1. Affricatives: sound produced by stopping the air completely then
forcing it to escape with a friction. 2 affricatives: / t∫/, / d / ʒ
2. Characteristics of affricatives:
◦ The stop and fricative in an affricative must be homorganic:
having the same place of articulation
◦ / t∫, d /:ʒ lips rounded, loud hissing noise Sibilants ◦ /
t∫ / voiceless/ Fortis
At initial position: slightly aspirated
At final position: shorten the preceding vowel/dipthong VI. Fortis consonants
From those mentioned above, we can say that syllable final fortis
consonants can shorten a preceding vowel, especially long vowels
and diphthongs. Similarly, they can shorten [l, m, n, ŋ] in words
like bump [bᴧmp] and bank [bæŋk]. lOMoAR cPSD| 36006831
Fortis consonants are articulated with open glottis because the
airflow is essential to produce them successfully. But with plosives,
an alterative is to produce the consonant with closed glottis. This is
glottalisation which usually occurs before [p, t, k, t∫].
◦ E.g.: catching [kæt∫ ŋ] → [kæ t∫ ŋ]ɪ ʔ ɪ
riches [r t∫iz] → [rɪ ɪʔt∫iz]
Glottalisation of [p, t, k] happens , though not noticeable, when the
plosive is followed by another consonant or a pause. lOMoAR cPSD| 36006831
◦ E.g.: football [f tbʊ ɔːl] → [fʊʔ ɔːtb
l] mat [mæt] → [mæ t]ʔ VII. Nasals – âm mũi
In nasals, the air escapes through the nose. It is prevented to pass
through the mouth by a complete closure at some points.
Nasals: sounds produced by stopping the air completely in the mouth,
at the same time, the velum is lowed to let the air escapes by the nose
(the air continues to escape: continuant sounds)
There are three types of closure (places of articulation):
a. Voiced, bilabial, nasal [m]
b. Voiced, alveolar, nasal [n]
c. Voiced, velar, nasal [ŋ] (called eng)
• When we find the letter ‘nk’ in the middle of a word in its
orthographic form (=spelling), a [k] will always be pronounced.
▫ E.g.: ankle [æŋkl]
• However, some words with orthographic ‘ng’ in the middle will have
either a pronunciation containing [ŋ ] or a [ŋ] without [ ].ɡ ɡ
▫ E.g.: finger[f ŋ ә] but ɪ ɡ singer [s ŋәɪ ]
anger [æŋ ә] butɡ hanger [hæŋә]
• The difference is in their morphology – the way the words are
constructed. ‘singer’ and ‘ hanger’ can be divided into two
grammatical pieces (which is called “morphemes”) ‘sing-er’ and
‘hang-er’. While ‘finger’ and ‘anger’ consist of just one morpheme each. lOMoAR cPSD| 36006831
• We can say [ŋ] will go without [ ] if it occurs at the end of a ɡ
morpheme, and [ŋ] with [ ] if it occurs in the middle of a ɡ morpheme.
• Similarity and Differences b/w Plosives and Nasals
Similarity: same place of articulation, /p, b, m/ bilabial; /t, d, m/ alveolar; /k, g, ŋ / velar • Differences:
1. Plosives: Oral : air escapes by mouth + Velum raised + Voiced and Voiceless + Stop
2. Nasal: air escapes by the nose + Velum lowered lOMoAR cPSD| 36006831 + Voiced + Continuant
• Characteristics of Nasals
1. /m, n/: at all position (name; member; claim)
2. / ŋ /: never at initial position and after a long vowel/diphthong
3. /n ŋ /: before velars /k, g/. E.g. : bank /bæŋk/
4. Pronunciation of –ng: ▫ sing /siŋ/ ▫ Sing-er /siŋә/ ▫ Finger /fiŋ ә/ɡ
/ŋ/: final position of a morpheme. E.g.: strong /str ŋ /; ɒ singer /siŋә/ / ŋ g/:
in the middle of a morpheme. E.g.: finger /fiŋ ә/ɡ
in comparative/superlative of ADJ in –ng 5.
Nasalization: at final position, nasals nasalize the preceding vowel, diphthong • Other consonants
- The next 4 consonants we need to study can be found in this phrase: Your whirlies
- They are: /j/, /r/, /w/, /l/
- Please note that in American English the /r/ sound would be transcribed as / /.ɹ
VIII. Approximants – âm cận
An approximant is the articulation in which the articulators
approach each other but do not get close enough to produce a “complete” consonant.
There are two kinds of English approximant: a. Lateral approximant [l] lOMoAR cPSD| 36006831
b. Post-alveolar approximant [r]
Lateral approximant – phụ âm bên
- During the production of this sound, there is a complete closure
along the centre of the tongue and the roof of the mouth, and the air
escapes along the sides of the tongue.
- The realization of [l] before vowel sounds is quite different from that in other contexts.
- Clear [l] only occurs before vowels while dark [ ] never ɫ
occurs before vowels → they are allophones of the phoneme /l/
in complementary distribution.
- Another allophone: when [l] follows [p, k] at the beginning of a
stressed syllable, it is devoiced (without voicing found in other
allophones). E.g. : play [plei]
Post-alveolar approximant
- To make this sound, the tip of the tongue approaches the alveolar area but never makes contact.
- Make a long [r] to feel this.
- The tongue curled backwards with the tip raised; consonants with
this tongue shape is called retroflex. (âm uốn lưỡi)
- Voiceless fricative [r] is found at the beginning of a syllable if it is
preceded by [p, t, k] – Devoiced [r] after [p,t,k] ▫ E.g.: press [pres],
cress [kres], train [trein]
- [r] only occurs before vowels . Otherwise, it is silent. lOMoAR cPSD| 36006831
▫ E.g.: red [red] but hard [hɑːd] hearing [h әring] but ɪ cares [keәz]
- American and Scottish, which have the [r] sound in final position
accents, are called rhotic accents. E.g.: car [k :r ]ɑ
- Accents in which [r] only occurs before vowels (British English) are
called non-rhotic. E.g.: car [k : ]ɑ
Semivowels – bán nguyên âm
- The consonants [j] and [w] are voiced continuant consonants.
- They are phonetically like vowels but phonologically like consonants.
o Phonetically speaking, [j] is similar in articulation with [i] and
[w] is similar in articulation with [u]. If you make the initial
sounds of ‘yet’ and ‘wet’ very long, you will be able to hear this.
o But, phonologically, they are used as consonants and only appear before vowels.
- They lose their voicing & become fricative when follow [p, t, k]-
devoiced after initial [p,t,k]. E.g. : twin [twin]
Syllabic consonants – phụ
âm có âm tiết tính
- There are cases where no vowel is found in unstressed syllables.
Standing in the “middle” of such syllables is a consonant . Those are
syllabic consonants, indicated by [ ] under the phoneme.ˌ
(Consonant that stands for a vowel in a weak syllable).
- Syllabic consonants includes [l], [n], [m], [ŋ] and [r].
(video clip: Syllabic consonants) Syllabic [l]
- It is the most noticeable syllabic consonant. lOMoAR cPSD| 36006831
- If the preceding consonant is an alveolar, lateral release happens, in
which the sides of the tongue are lowered to allow air to escape. The
tip and blade of the tongue do not move until the articulatory contact
for [l] is released. The [l] is now a dark [ ].ɫ
- Syllabic [ ] occurs when a word ends with ‘le’l̩
→ Syllabic [ ] also appears in l̩ ‘al’, ‘el’, ‘ial’, ‘iel’ which is preceded by a consonant. Syllabic [n] lOMoAR cPSD| 36006831
→ Syllabic [n] The is the most important syllabic nasal. It is usually
found after plosives [t, d] and fricatives [s, z].
→ Syllabic [n] does not occur after [l, t∫, d ]; thus,ʒ
• [n] after non-alveolar consonants:
▫ velar (spelling ‘an’ or ‘on’): non-syllabic wagon [ wæ әn]ˈ ɡ
▫ bilabial: 2 ways of pronouncing ribbon [ r bәn] orˈ ɪ
▫ labiodental: is more common than [әn] heaven
• Two consonants precede [n] ▫ [l] and plosive: 2 ways Wilton [w ltәn] or ɪ ▫ [s] and plosive Boston [b stәn]ɒ
▫ nasal – plosive – nasal (when the alveolars are preceded by a nasal): non-syllabic lantern [ læntәn]ˈ Camden [ kæmdәn]ˈ Syllabic [m, ŋ]
- Those are not important, which can only be found in assimilation and elision processes: lOMoAR cPSD| 36006831 Syllabic [r]