Pathways LS 2 Audio Script: Lesson on Healthy Lives and Disease Prevention | Trường Đại học Ngoại ngữ, Đại học Đà Nẵng
How old is the oldest person you know? Eighty years old? Ninety years old? In some parts of the world, it’s not unusual for people to live 100 years or even longer. Pathways LS 2 Audio Script: Lesson on Healthy Lives and Disease Prevention | Trường Đại học Ngoại ngữ, Đại học Đà Nẵng. Tài liệu được sưu tầm gồm 23 trang, giúp bạn tham khảo, ôn tập và đạt kết quả cao!
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lOMoAR cPSD| 59062190 Unit 1: Healthy Lives
disease and how to prevent it. I’m hoping to provide informa on
that wil help al of you to live longer, healthier lives. Lesson A Vocabulary
OK, many people in this country suffer from heart disease, and
maybe you know someone who does, or you’re worried about Track 1.2 B.
Page 4 developing heart disease yourself. The good news is—there are
How old is the oldest person you know? Eighty years old? Ninety
several things you can do to prevent it! The first thing is pre y
years old? In some parts of the world, it’s not unusual for people
easy—get your blood pressure checked. High blood pressure is a
to live 100 years or even longer.
serious problem, and it can lead to heart disease. So if you do
Researchers looked at two of these places—Sardinia, Italy, and
have high blood pressure, you need to do something about it. For
Okinawa, Japan—and learned that people there suffer from
example, if you’re overweight, losing five or ten pounds could
fewer diseases than in other parts of the world. They’re also
help lower your blood pressure. Or you might need to take
more likely to live to be 100 or older.
medica on if your blood pressure is quite high. It’s real y
In Sardinia, researchers were surprised to find as many men as
important to watch your blood pressure, so remember to get it
women who were 100 years old or older. This is unusual because checked.
in general, women live longer than men. One reason for this may
Let’s talk about diet next. Now—I’m not talking about a
be that men in Sardinia don’t have a lot of stress in their lives,
special diet where you eat only apples and lemons for a week—
and stress can cause high blood pressure. The men there work
nothing like that! I’m talking about healthy ea ng habits—how
outdoors, which provides daily exercise, while the women take
you eat most of the me. According to government reports, a
care of the house and money. According to one Sardinian man,
healthy diet can keep your weight and your blood pressure
he does the work, but his wife does the worrying.
down, and it can help prevent heart disease. For example, you
In Okinawa, people have very low rates of cancer and heart
should eat several servings of vegetables and fruits every day and
disease. One of the reasons could be their posi ve a tude
eat less salt and sugar. You should also choose low-fat dairy
toward life, which may prevent stress. Okinawans also eat a
products such as low-fat milk and yogurt and eat healthy protein
healthy diet that consists of a lot of fresh vegetables and a li le
foods like fish and chicken and only smal amounts of red meat.
meat and fish. Along with healthy habits, such as gardening and
These are things you can do every day—or at least most of the
spending me with family, a posi ve a tude and good food
me. I know—nobody is perfect, right? Furthermore, these
seem to prevent many of the health problems found in other
healthy ea ng habits can help control your blood sugar. This is parts of the world.
important because high blood sugar can also cause heart
disease. A lot of people don’t realize this.
Listening: A Talk about Preven ng Heart Disease
Besides high blood pressure and high blood sugar, another
common cause of heart disease is smoking. I guess everyone Track 1.3 A.
Page 6 knows it’s a very unhealthy habit, so if you want to prevent heart
Tara: Hel o, everyone, and thanks for coming. I’d like to introduce
disease, you have to quit smoking.
myself. I’m Tara Sorenson, and I’m a public health nurse. Public
Wel , now let’s talk about exercise as a way to prevent heart
health nurses are like other nurses, but we take care of more
disease. I recommend exercising at least four or five mes a
than one person. Our job is to keep everyone in the community
week, for at least 30 minutes. You can walk, or run, or play a
healthy. I know—it’s a big job! Mostly, I do this through
sport— any ac vity that you enjoy. Regular exercise wil make
educa on. Tonight, I’m going to talk with you about heart
your heart stronger and make you healthier. And it can be fun,
disease and how to prevent it. I’m hoping to provide informa on too!
that wil help al of you to live longer, healthier lives.
Another way to prevent heart disease is to find healthy ways
to deal with stress. A er al , our daily lives consist of jobs and Track 1.4 C. Checking Predic ons,
Page 6 children and other things that keep us very busy and can
D . Listening for Main Ideas, and
Page 7 contribute to stress. So, when you feel stressed out, go for a walk
or prac ce yoga! Then make a healthy dinner for your family and e. Listening for Details
get a good night’s sleep. If you do these things, you wil probably
Tara: Hel o, everyone, and thanks for coming. I’d like to introduce
find that you have a be er a tude right away and feel more
myself. I’m Tara Sorenson, and I’m a public health nurse. Public
relaxed, and you’l be much less likely to suffer from heart
health nurses are like other nurses, but we take care of more
disease in the future. Of course, it’s also important to visit your
than one person. Our job is to keep everyone in the community doctor regularly.
healthy. I know—it’s a big job! Mostly, I do this through
Al right. To sum up, preven ng heart disease is one of the
educa on. Tonight, I’m going to talk with you about heart
best things you can do for yourself. So, remember to get your lOMoAR cPSD| 59062190
blood pressure checked, since high blood pressure can contribute
3. The next me the same pol en enters the body, the IgE
to heart disease. Eat a healthy diet, and remember that high
an bodies “tel ” the mast cel . The mast cel “thinks” there is
blood sugar is as much of a problem for your heart as high blood
a problem and tries to defend the body.
pressure. If you smoke, quit. I don’t need to explain that one.
4. When this occurs, the mast cel produces substances in the
Exercise regularly. This wil help prevent heart disease along with
body that cause al ergic reac ons such as sneezing, itching,
several other health problems. And final y, find healthy ways to and breathing problems.
deal with stress. If you do these things, chances are you won’t
suffer from heart disease and you’l live a longer healthier life.
Track 1.9 C. Meaning from Context Page 15
Wel , I hope this advice is helpful to you. Now, are there any ques ons?
Allergies and the Hygiene Hypothesis Yes, the man in the back.
Many people work very hard to keep their houses clean. But can speaking
too much cleanliness cause health problems? One theory is that
dirt is good for us. Dirt on farms, for example, contains
Track 1.5 Pronuncia on: Final -s
substances that exercise our immune systems when we’re very sounds
Page 8 young. Research shows that al ergies are not common among
people who live with farm animals. Of course, there are many
hour hours like likes provide provides
causes of al ergies. For example, if your parents have al ergies, habit habits bus buses wash washes
you’re more likely to have them, too. The stress of modern life exercise exercises
could be another cause. But if the hygiene hypothesis is correct,
it might be a good idea to have a cow at your house—or at least Track 1.6 A.
Page 8 not to worry so much about cleanliness.
1. Frank exercises every day. He plays sports and li s weights.
2. There are 16 doctors and 37 nurses at the hospital.
Listening: A Conversa on about Allergies
3. I eat pears, peaches, and other kinds of fruit almost every day.
Track 1.10 B. Listening for Main Ideas and Page 16 C.
4. Stress causes a lot of health problems. note Taking
5. The yoga class begins when the teacher closes the door.
Raymond: Hey, Elena – How’s it going?
elena: I’m fine, thanks. I saw you in Professor Mar nez’s lecture
Lesson Task: Presen ng Healthy Habits yesterday. Track 1.7 A.
Page 11 Raymond: Yeah, that was interes ng. I’ve been hearing a lot more
Hel o, my name is Adriana Santos.
about al ergies lately. I had no idea they were so serious and so
To stay healthy, I exercise—but not every day. I usual y common!
exercise four or five days a week. I also take vitamins every day.
For exercise, I usual y jog two or three mes a week. I also
elena: Right, and I was surprised to learn that when al ergic
walk. I live nearby, so I walk to class every day, actual y.
reac ons occur, the physical process is pre y much the same—
Some mes I go biking, but I don’t have my own bike, so I can ride
whether it’s a reac on to pol en or to peanuts.
only on weekends in the park. They rent bikes in the park on
Raymond: That surprised me, too. It sounds like the body Saturdays and Sundays.
mistakes the substance it’s al ergic to for something dangerous,
In the future, I want to have a healthier diet. Now, I live in a
and it tries to defend itself.
very smal apartment with no kitchen. I eat a lot of fast food
elena: Mmm hmm. The body produces an bodies, and the
because I can’t cook for myself. A er I graduate, I plan to move
an bodies a ach themselves to mast cel s. And when that
to a bigger apartment with a kitchen. I also want to get my own
happens, the mast cells do what they’re supposed to do—they bike so I can bike every day. react!
Staying healthy is very important to me. If I do al of these
Raymond: Exactly, but it turns out the cel s are reac ng to things
things now, maybe I’l live to be 100! Thank you very much. that are not truly harmful.
elena: Yeah, they are, at least they’re harmful to some people— Lesson B Vocabulary
things like strawberries, peanuts, and chocolate—I’m al ergic to al of those things.
Track 1.8 A. Meaning from Context
Page 14 Raymond: Wow—al ergic to chocolate—that’s real y a shame. Allergies
elena: It is. And how about you? Are you al ergic to anything?
What are al ergies? If you have an al ergy to something, you
Raymond: No, at least not that I know of, fortunately!
become sick, or have an al ergic reac on, when you eat, smel , or
elena: Yeah, you’re lucky. My al ergies are real y bad some mes.
touch it. Many people are al ergic to pol en. The diagram below
Besides the food al ergies, I have seasonal al ergies. They can be
shows what happens when there is an al ergic reac on to pol en.
pre y bad, especial y in spring and early summer when the trees
1. First, pol en enters the body through the nose or mouth.
produce a lot of pol en, and I have asthma.
2. Second, the body’s immune system responds to the pol en
Raymond: Wow. You have asthma too? So living downtown can’t
with IgE an bodies. These an bodies a ach to a mast cel . A
be easy for you with al the air pol u on.
mast cel is a cel that usual y defends your body against
elena: Ugh, it isn’t. The air pol u on in this city is pre y bad. I health problems.
also can’t be around cats for very long, and some kinds of plants
and flowers make my asthma act up, too. Fortunately, I respond lOMoAR cPSD| 59062190
wel to my asthma medica on. It works real y quickly, and I
Listening: A Radio show about AI always take it with me.
Raymond: Wel that’s good. What about your food al ergies? I Track 1.12
B. Listening for Main Ideas and Page 26
know those can be real y serious for some people. C. note Taking Page 27
elena: It’s true. My food al ergies are actual y a much bigger
Radio Host: Welcome back. As I men oned before the break,
problem for me. Like I said, I’m al ergic to chocolate,
Roger Ali is with us today to talk about ar ficial intel igence.
strawberries, and peanuts. Al things I love!
Thank you for being here, Dr. Ali.
Raymond: I’d hate to be al ergic to chocolate. I eat it every day.
Roger Ali: Thank you for having me.
elena: Lucky you! Wel , it’s not easy, but being al ergic to peanuts
Radio Host: I’l be honest with you. When I hear the words
is actual y harder because you don’t always know when food
“ar ficial intel igence,” the first thing I think of is the character
contains peanuts or peanut oil.
HAL from the movie 2001: A Space Odyssey.
Raymond: Good point. I never thought about that. But that
Roger Ali: Sure. Many people remember HAL. In the movie, he’s
reminds me, do you remember Professor Mar nez talking about
the computer that controls the systems of a spacecra . He also
a “no-peanuts policy” here on campus?
speaks with the people on the spacecra .
elena: Oh, yeah. And the cafeteria and snack bar both stopped
Radio Host: And he’s not very happy when the people decide
serving anything with peanuts. Remember last year when that
to turn off the computer. In the movie, HAL becomes very
student had an al ergic reac on and had to go to the hospital? dangerous.
Raymond: Oh, right. I remember that. Professor Mar nez cal ed
Roger Ali: That’s right, but fortunately, ar ficial intel igence in
food al ergies the “new” al ergy problem.
the real world isn’t like HAL.
elena: Yeah, that’s right. She said the research shows the number
Radio Host: Wel , that’s good! Can you tel us what is happening
of children with food al ergies rose 50 percent between 1997 and in the field of AI?
2011, so it’s a growing problem. I also read somewhere that
Roger Ali: Many interes ng things. For example, when we search
between seven and eight percent of children nowadays have
for something on the Internet, the search results that we see are food al ergies.
chosen careful y. The search engine has learned which websites
Raymond: Wow, that’s a lot of kids! I wonder why so many of
are the most popular, the most reliable, and so on. This prevents
them have food al ergies these days?
us from seeing a lot of websites we’re not real y interested in.
elena: My doctor tel s me that no one real y knows, but there is a
Radio Host: In other words, the search engine draws conclusions
theory that the cause is partly gene c and partly environmental.
about what we’re looking for on the Internet.
In other words, our genes and our environment both play a role.
Roger Ali: Right, so it only shows us the informa on it thinks we
want to see, which includes adver sements as wel . We usual y
see only ads for products that the computer thinks we might
Unit 2: Technology Today and Tomorrow want to buy.
Radio Host: You said, “It thinks,” but is the search engine real y Lesson A Vocabulary thinking? Track 1.11 A. Meaning from Context
Page 24 Roger Ali: That depends on your defini on of thinking. The
search engine is capable of learning—machine learning—and it Timeline of AI History
does have knowledge. Knowledge about the Internet. Are
1950: In I, Robot, a book of fic onal short stories by Isaac Asimov,
learning and knowledge part of your defini on of thinking?
the makers of robots command them not to harm humans. The
Radio Host: They’re part of it, but human beings are capable of
robots, however, some mes create their own rules depending on
so much more. We have our senses—hearing, smel , sight, touch, the circumstances.
taste—and our emo ons. We no ce a lot about the world, and
1950s: Computers become a prac cal tool for doing calcula ons
we use our judgment to make decisions.
quickly, and since they don’t make any mistakes, they are more
Roger Ali: That’s true, and most computer scien sts know that reliable than humans.
we can’t replace human beings with computers. We don’t intend
1956: Researchers at Dartmouth Col ege say they intend to study
to make robots for every kind of job, either. That’s just not
“ar ficial intel igence” during a two-month summer conference.
prac cal. Radio Host: OK, but there are some jobs that robots
1997: A computer cal ed Deep Blue wins a chess match against can do.
world champion Garry Kasparov, and it’s clear that computers
Roger Ali: Yes, there are. I should probably explain this a li le
can go beyond just fol owing instruc ons and can actual y
be er. When we want a robot to do something, we need to
“think” for themselves. In the past, programmers had to instruct
instruct the robot in great detail. We enter informa on about
computers in great detail and tel them exactly what to do.
what the robot is supposed to do in any situa on. If we give the
2011: A computer cal ed Watson replaces one of the humans
robot a command, or if it finds itself in certain circumstances, it
compe ng on the TV quiz show Jeopardy!—and wins! Watson is
knows exactly what to do, because we told it what to do! Radio
capable of understanding spoken ques ons.
Host: That doesn’t sound like a very intel igent machine.
2016: Google puts together a group of engineers in Switzerland
Roger Ali: It’s not, but the latest idea behind machine learning,
to research “machine learning,” an important part of ar ficial
or ar ficial intel igence, is that machines might someday act intel igence.
more like the human brain. We’re trying to go beyond the idea of
tel ing the machine everything. We want the machine to be able
to learn and to tel us something new. lOMoAR cPSD| 59062190
Radio Host: That sounds interes ng, but what are machines
cigare e bu s, carry-out food containers, and other garbage
going to tel us that we don’t already know?
from the river. Bal more’s Inner Harbor is now a more a rac ve
Roger Ali: We’re not sure, but we hope that AI can be used in
place for visitors. Hundreds of tons of trash have been removed
the medical field. Since computers can read a lot of informa on
from the water system, and other communi es are thinking
very quickly, they might be able to discover things that people
about building their own trash wheels.
don’t have me to discover. If we think about cancer, for
example, it’s a problem for doctors because it’s real y many
Track 1.15 C. Listening for Main Ideas and Page 37
diseases—not just one disease. In addi on, mil ions of people
D. Listening for Details sco :
have had cancer, but doctors can’t possibly know the facts Too funny! Did you see this?
about every one of those people.
Jason: What are you looking at?
Radio Host: But a computer could read al of that informa on
and possibly see something that a human doctor couldn’t see?
sco : It’s a funny post from Mr. Trash Wheel. He says he likes his
job even though it’s dirty and the work never ends!
Roger Ali: That’s our hope, but we’re not there yet.
Jason: Umm, Mr. Trash Wheel? Who’s that?
Radio Host: It’s something for us to look forward to. Our guest
today has been Roger Ali. Dr. Ali, thanks very much for joining us.
sco : Actual y, it’s a what, not a who. It’s this big machine that
col ects trash from the river before it can go into Bal more
Roger Ali: It was my pleasure. Harbor. Lesson B Vocabulary
Jason: A big machine? So how does it work? Track 1.13 A. Meaning from Context
Page 34 sco : It has a water wheel on one side, so it gets its energy—
or most of it—from water power, the movement of the water.
saving the environment in Germany
That turns the wheel and makes the whole thing run, so it’s
Germany has a history of caring about the environment, but it’s a
not consuming any fossil fuels or producing any carbon.
country with a lot of industry that consumes enormous amounts
Jason: Wel , no carbon’s a good thing.
of coal. When coal and other fossil fuels such as petroleum are
sco : Definitely! The trash just floats down the river to Mr. Trash
burned, they send carbon into the air, and carbon is the main
Wheel and then it gets carried up a conveyer belt to a Dumpster,
cause of climate change. In order to fight air pol u on and
a big garbage container, and then when the Dumpster’s ful , the
climate change, Germans have cut back on the amount of coal
city takes it away. Here, take a look at the photo.
they use. As part of this effort, they are also using cleaner energy
Jason: Wow, it’s big, and it’s kind of ugly! I mean, who wants to
sources such as solar and wind power. look at something like that?
Innova ve forms of technology, including enormous wind
turbines and huge numbers of solar panels, are helping
sco : Wel , who cares what it looks like. It catches 90 percent
Germany reach its goal of having only 20 percent of its energy
of the trash from the river, and it’s keeping the trash out of
come from fossil fuels by the year 2050. The change has been
the Atlan c Ocean: mil ions of cigare e bu s, plas c garbage
gradual—beginning in the 1970s—and it hasn’t been easy. bags, soda cans, you name it.
Many environmental groups as wel as individual people in
Jason: Right—al of that stuff that ends up in the ocean. It sounds
Germany, have spent a lot of me and money on clean energy.
like it’s having a posi ve impact on the environment.
sco : You got it. And a lot of people like Mr. Trash Wheel because Changing Lives in India
of his social media presence. You can send him messages and
Around 1.1 bil ion people worldwide live without electricity, and
interact with him online. In fact, a lot of people on the Internet
about 25 percent of those people live in India. Solar energy—in
said that he needed eyes, so they actual y added two big eyes on
the form of smal lights that get their power from the sun—is
the front! They’re not in this photo, but you can see them if you
now solving problems for many of them. This innova ve go to the live feed.
technology lets smal businesses stay open at night, so people in
Jason: There’s a live feed? You mean I can go online and watch
India are earning more money. In addi on to the posi ve
Mr. Trash Wheel clean garbage out of the river. Fun!
economic impact, the air inside homes is cleaner since people
sco : It is kind of fun! Maybe it’s not the best way to spend your
are not burning wood or kerosene for light. Solar power is also a
me, but you should check it out at least once.
good alterna ve to expensive ba eries that need to be replaced.
With the help of innova ve technology, people in rural vil ages
Jason: Seriously, though, this is interes ng because he’s not
can live more like people in large ci es.
real y that high-tech. I mean, the water wheel’s been around for
hundreds of years. Solar panels are newer, but using the Internet
Listening: A Conversa on about Technology
and social media to make people like the technology—that’s pre y innova ve! Track 1.14 A.
Page 36 sco : Right! He has a lot of fol owers online. And I think it’s
interes ng that he works pre y independently. There’s no Bal more’s Mr. Trash Wheel
worker or operator. Most of the me, there’s no one there at al .
With innova ve technology, we can solve old problems in new
It’s a slow, gradual process, but it catches trash and cleans up the
ways. One old problem was the trash from the city of Bal more, harbor.
Maryland, that ended up in the Jones Fal s River. The river flows
Jason: OK, but here’s my ques on. What if people just cut back
into Bal more’s Inner Harbor—a popular tourist des na on—
on the amount of trash they throw into the river? Then they
and from there into the Chesapeake Bay and the Atlan c Ocean.
wouldn’t need a trash wheel at al .
Meet Mr. Trash Wheel, a device that uses the mo on of river
water and energy from solar panels to col ect plas c bo les, lOMoAR cPSD| 59062190
sco : Wel , it isn’t that people are throwing trash into the river—
9. Many cultures use storytel ing to help preserve their
wel , not most people. They might throw trash into the street,
language and tradi ons. They tel stories to help keep
though, and in Bal more, that trash gets washed directly into the them.
river every me it rains hard enough.
10. Scien sts es mate that there are over 7,000 languages in
Jason: Oh, right. They have an old storm sewer system that goes
the world. They don’t know the exact number.
directly into the river. This seems like a pre y smart system then.
And certainly a cheaper alterna ve than building a new storm Track 1.19 C. Page 45 sewer system. Cowboy Life and Culture
sco : Yeah it is. In fact, several other communi es worldwide are
In the 1800s, cowboys worked with ca le al across the
thinking about building their own Mr. Trash Wheel.
Western region of the United States. An important factor in
Jason: Interes ng. I suppose that one individual trash wheel’s
the cowboys’ work was the long distance from ca le ranches
helpful in one part of the world, but having a lot of these trash
to the nearest railroad. Cowboys moved ca le in huge ca le
wheels in different places would increase the impact of the
drives. It was hard work. Experts es mate that in a ca le drive,
technology. Maybe they could build a Ms. Trash Wheel in one of
only about 10 cowboys would be involved in moving over those places? 3,000 ca le.
sco : Right, or maybe people could suggest names, post them
Over me, cowboys developed some very interes ng customs.
online, and people could vote on them!
For example, some cowboys would sing to their ca le at night to Jason: Hey, I like that idea!
keep them quiet. Some tradi onal American songs were
original y cowboy songs, and people s l sing them today. speaking
Cowboys have not disappeared completely: however, there
Track 1.16 Pronuncia on: stressed
are not nearly as many as there were in the past. And even
though there are fewer actual cowboys now, many people in Content Words Page 39 parts of
The book is on the table in the back of the room.
the United States wear cowboy hats and boots. Rodeos are also
My friend took a chemistry course in col ege.
very popular in some parts of the United States and help Track 1.17 e. Page 39
preserve some aspects of the cowboy culture.
1. Nabila is taking a course in computer programming.
Listening: A Lecture about Cowboys
2. Samir wants to become a so ware designer.
3. Al of my friends have cel phones. Track 1.20 B. Listening for Main Ideas, Page 46
4. Large televisions consume a lot of electricity.
C. Listening for Details, and Page 47
5. I’m trying to cut back on the me I spend online. D. Cri cal Thinking: Making
6. Kenji wants to buy a phone with a be er camera. Inferences
Professor Diaz: OK, so let’s get started. The cowboy way of life is Unit 3: Culture and Tradi on
one of the oldest tradi ons in North and South America. As you
know, ca le eat grass—a lot of grass—so a herd, or group of Lesson A Vocabulary
ca le, must be moved o en to new places with more grass. The
people who move the ca le are cal ed cowboys. Track 1.18 A. Meaning from Context Page 44
A lot of people today think that the last cowboys
disappeared a long me ago, and it’s true that there are fewer
1. In my country, we have a custom of giving money to
cowboys today than in the past. Money is one factor in this
children on their birthdays. Parents usual y give their
because cowboys usual y don’t earn a lot of money for al the children money as a gi .
hard work they do. But in some places, cowboys s l ride their
2. The actual cost of a big holiday celebra on can be higher
horses as they move ca le to places with more grass. They also
than people expect. People o en end up spending more
s l prac ce tradi onal cowboy customs such as sleeping
money on food and gi s than they plan to.
outdoors under the stars and singing songs near campfires at
3. Culture is a factor in gi giving. People from some cultures
night. Their way of life hasn’t changed much over me because
feel that if they receive a gi , they must give a gi in
their work hasn’t real y changed.
return. Their culture is a reason for that feeling.
Today we’l talk about two regions in North America that s l
4. Women in Japan s l wear a kimono for their wedding.
have cowboys—the western United States and Mexico. And
They haven’t stopped wearing these beau ful clothes.
thanks to a fascina ng book on this topic by a Na onal
5. In Korea, people eat tradi onal foods, such as rice cakes,
Geographic photographer named Robb Kendrick, we’l be able to
on New Year’s Day. They have done this for a long me.
look at two actual cowboys from those places. Kendrick’s book is
6. We are developing a program to teach foreigners about
cal ed S l : Cowboys at the Start of the Twenty-First Century. As
our culture. We are now making plans for this program.
he was wri ng the book, Kendrick interviewed modern cowboys
7. In the future, many languages wil probably disappear.
in different places, and he used a very old kind of camera to
Someday no one wil speak these languages. photograph the cowboys.
8. A group of people cal ed the Inuit live in the Arc c regions
The first cowboy we’l look at lives in the U.S. His name is Tyrel
of the world. They live in cold areas.
Tucker. He was 18 years old when Kendrick took this photo. Tyrel
was born in Wyoming and was riding horses before he could
walk. He got his first horse when he was just two years old! lOMoAR cPSD| 59062190
According to Kendrick, Tyrel started working as a cowboy during
Professor Diaz: Sure. The most famous cowboys in Mexico are
his school vaca ons and developed a love for being outdoors.
the charros. They ride their horses in contests cal ed charreadas.
He eventual y le school to help with the family ranch and
The other kind of cowboys are the vaqueros—the ones who
was happy to do that. While al of his classmates were indoors work with ca le every day.
studying and playing computer games, Tyrel was working
Liam: I’m afraid I s l don’t understand. What kind of work do
outside. As you might guess, however, living away from home charros do, exactly?
and the actual work of a cowboy can be quite difficult. In
Professor Diaz: I’l put it another way. For charros, riding horses
Kendrick’s book, Tyrel describes one winter when he and his
and roping ca le is mostly a sport, or a hobby. Charros have
older brother, Blaine, were working on a ranch in Arizona. He
many of the same skil s as any cowboy, and they perform those
es mates they took care of 2,300 ca le there, so it was a big job!
skil s for an audience in the charreada events. But for the
Tyrel and Blaine were the only people on the ranch. They lived in
vaqueros, this is their job. It’s how they make a living.
a very smal house—a shack, real y—with no electricity and ate
pancakes, potatoes, and hamburgers every day. But even so,
Liam: OK. So, Manuel Rodriguez, the cowboy in the book, is a Tyrel enjoyed the work. vaquero, not a charro, right?
Kendrick also interviewed cowboys in Mexico. The cowboy Professor Diaz: Exactly!
tradi on there began in the 1600s, when Spanish people brought
emily: Just to clarify, do you mean that charros aren’t real
the first ca le to the New World. In Mexico, large ranches cowboys?
needed workers to take care of their herds of ca le. These men
Professor Diaz: No, I said that charros are a part of the cowboy
were cal ed vaqueros, from the Spanish word vaca, which means
tradi on, but many of them don’t do it as actual work.
cow. The vaqueros worked outdoors in the hot sun, so they
,started wearing big hats to keep the sun off their faces and high Lesson B Vocabulary
boots to protect their legs. Later, some Mexican vaqueros moved Track 1.22 A. Meaning from Context Page 54
north into Texas, and their clothing—hats and boots —became a
part of the cowboy culture there, too. Wearing cowboy hats and
Anthropology 106: Culture and Music
boots is a custom that people have preserved in many parts of North America. Assignment: oral Presenta on
These days, there are two kinds of cowboys in Mexico.
For this assignment, you wil select a kind of music from another
Vaqueros work with ca le on the ranches, especial y in the
country and teach your classmates about it. Your presenta on
northern region of the country. They s l ride horses and live
should be at least two minutes.
outdoors for many months at a me. In addi on, Mexico also has
• Describe how the music sounds. Does it have a nice melody? Is
charros, and they’re an important part of popular culture in
the rhythm fast or slow? What kinds of instruments do the
Mexico. Charros wear beau ful cowboy clothing, ride horses,
musicians play? Are there typical y singers and lyrics? Play an
and compete in spor ng events cal ed charreadas. Most charros
example of the music so your audience can hear it.
don’t work on ranches, but they are part of the cowboy tradi on
• Explain where and when people typical y listen to this kind of
in Mexico—a tradi on that has been preserved and con nues to
music. Do they listen to it on special occasions, such as this day. weddings or holidays?
Manuel Rodriguez is one of the Mexican cowboys that
Kendrick interviewed for his book. He was working as a vaquero
• Compare this kind of music to another kind of music you know
in Coahuila, Mexico, when Kendrick met him. Manuel started his
about. How are they similar? Then contrast the two kinds of
work as a vaquero early in life. He started helping his father at La
music. How are they different?
Mora Ranch when he was only four years old. His parents, his
• Define any words you think your classmates may not know.
grandparents, and even his great-grandparents have al worked
• In your conclusion, summarize the different aspects of the
at La Mora Ranch. When Kendrick took this photo, Manuel had
music that you discussed and remind your audience of the
recently go en married and moved to the city, but he was
most important ideas of your presenta on.
planning to move back to the countryside and work as a vaquero
again a er his first child was born.
Listening: An Assignment about Music
OK, so these examples from Kendrick’s book show us that there
are s l cowboys in North America today who are part of a very Track 1.23 B. note Taking Page 57 old tradi on.
Professor: OK. In class yesterday, we were listening to music from
La n America. We heard some tradi onal music, and we also speaking
heard some examples of new, modern music that developed
from that music. Now I’m going to ask you to do some research
Track 1.21 A. Pages 48–49 emily: During the lecture, you said
and give a short presenta on in class. C’mon, you’l al do a great
that the cowboy tradi on in Mexico began in the 1600s. Could you
job, I’m sure. OK, I’d like you to do six things for this presenta on
please explain the situa on there today?
assignment, so please listen up and take notes. First, you’l need
Professor Diaz: Certainly. Some cowboys in Mexico are workers
to select a kind of music from another culture to present. Then,
who live with the ca le and take care of them. The ranches there
in your presenta on, I want you to talk a li le bit about the
can be very large, and ca le need to be moved from place to
culture this music comes from. Got that? Next you should
place, so there are s l cowboys working in Mexico today.
describe the music and explain which aspects of it are tradi onal
Liam: You talked about two kinds of cowboys in Mexico. Could
and which aspects are new, or modern. Remember to define any you explain them again?
words we might not know. Then I want you to compare and
contrast it with another kind of music we’ve talked about in class
this semester. I’d also like you to play a sample of the music if lOMoAR cPSD| 59062190
you can. And final y, in your conclusion, you should briefly Track 1.26 D. Page 59
summarize the main ideas of your presenta on. Oh, and you
1. The violin is my favorite instrument.
should also al ow a few minutes at the end for ques ons. OK?
Everyone got that? You’l give your presenta ons in class next
2. Our friends are wai ng outside.
Thursday and Friday. Now, unless there are any ques ons about
3. Only a few people play this kind of guitar. that, I’d like to . . .
4. You can probably hear it on the radio.
Female student: Excuse me, I have a ques on. How long should
5. The group is playing in a smal theater. our presenta ons be?
6. Tel Maria about the class assignment.
Professor: Right, that’s important! Thank you. Your presenta ons Unit 4: A Thirsty World
should be about two to three minutes.
Male student: Umm, sorry, I have a ques on—what do you Lesson A Vocabulary
mean by aspects? You said we should explain which aspects of the music are tradi onal. Track 1.27 A. Meaning from Context Page 64
Professor: By that I mean things like the instruments, the
QUIZ: How much do you know about water?
rhythm, the melody, the lyrics, and so on. Male student: OK. Thanks.
1. The Amazon River supplies about 20% of the fresh water
Professor: Any other ques ons? No? OK, see you Thursday.
that enters the world’s oceans.
2. Farmers require 911 gal ons (3,450 liters) of water to
Track 1.24 C. Listening for Main Ideas Page 57 student:
produce 2.2 pounds (1 kilogram) of rice.
Good morning. I’m Alex, as you know. and I’m going to talk to you
3. The risk of disease is high if the water you drink is not
today about music from the Roma culture, specifical y, the music
clean. About 1 mil ion people die each year from
by a group cal ed Shukar Col ec ve. They’re from drinking dirty water.
Romania, and I first heard their music when I was living in
4. Farming uses a significant amount of water—up to 40 Greece.
percent of the fresh water used worldwide.
5. The United States has built more than 80,000 dams to
I real y liked it then, and I s l like it now. OK, first, I just wanted
manage water for different uses such as producing
to define the word Shukar. It means “fine” or “real y good” in electricity.
the Romani language. And I think they’re real y good, so I think
6. Scien sts say that 13 gal ons (50 liters) of water per day it’s a good name for them. is adequate for one person.
Shukar Col ec ve is a group of musicians and DJs from Eastern
7. You can col ect water in a desert with just a sheet of
Europe. They were very ac ve from around 2005 un l 2010. At plas c and an empty can.
that me they were playing a lot, and they were making
8. Water is a renewable resource, so we can use the same
recordings and music videos. They play music from the Roma water again and again.
people. So, about the Roma culture . . . Tradi onal y, the Roma
9. The Nile River in Africa (the longest river in the world)
people didn’t have a country of their own, so they moved
flows through four different countries.
frequently from place to place. Now, they mostly stay in one
10. People in Australia use the smal est amount of water of
place, and many of them speak two languages—their own Roma
language and the language of the country where they live. any country in the world.
One thing the Roma people are very famous for is music.
Listening: A Talk about the Itaipu Dam
Tradi onal Roma music usual y has a very fast rhythm, and the
song lyrics express very strong feelings. OK, the instruments,… Track 1.28
B. Listening for Main Ideas and Page 66
The tradi onal Roma instruments are drums and an instrument C. note Taking Page 67
cal ed the cimbalom; it sounds sort of like a piano. Shukar
Col ec ve also uses some new, electronic instruments, so their
Guest speaker: Wel , good a ernoon everyone. Thank you for
invi ng me to speak to you today, and thank you al for coming.
music is a mixture of tradi onal and modern sounds. I real y like
their music as you can probably tel . The group is made up of
I’m here to talk to you about the Itaipu Dam, located near the
three tradi onal singers and four electronic musicians. They cal
border between Brazil and Paraguay, not far from a series of
their music electro-gypsy-dance. I actual y did not bring a sample
fantas c waterfal s in the Iguaçu Na onal Park.
of their music to play today. I forgot, but I can bring one in
Today, I’m going to discuss both the benefits that the dam has
brought to Brazil and Paraguay, as wel as some of the problems
tomorrow, or you can probably just go online and find some of
their music. OK, so to summarize: Shukar Col ec ve is a group
it has caused. The Itaipu Dam is, of course, a great engineering
from Eastern Europe. They play music from the Roma culture,
achievement. It consists of four sec ons, which total nearly five
which combines tradi onal and new, electronic sounds. It has
miles across. It’s one of the largest dams in the world. The
been popular in Europe. Wel , that’s it. Thanks for listening to my
reservoir behind the dam, which col ects and holds the water
from the Paraná River, is about 100 miles long. It’s truly
presenta on. . So, does anyone have any ques ons? speaking enormous!
Track 1.25 Pronuncia on: Reduced
As you can probably imagine, building a dam this size was
quite a task. They actual y had to change the course of the Func on Words Page 59
Paraná River while they were building the dam. This required
The sound of a steel drum is light and happy.
about 40,000 workers, so a lot of jobs were created. But it’s not
We bought a birthday gi for Mol y.
only the size of the dam that’s impressive. Its benefits to the
What are you reading? Can I see it? region are impressive, too. lOMoAR cPSD| 59062190
The Itaipu Dam provides about 20% of the electricity used in 3. apply
We turned in our applica on before the due
Brazil and about 75% of the electricity used in Paraguay. That date.
electricity goes to mil ions of homes and businesses, so it’s 4. possible
There is a possibility of finding water on other
good for the economy of both countries. The dam has also planets.
become a major tourist a rac on, which is good for the 5. inform
We need more informa on before we make a
economy as wel . Visitors to the dam can go on free tours. They decision.
can also go sightseeing in the beau ful natural areas near the 6. theory
This is only a theore cal situa on. It’s not dam. real.
Another important benefit is that Brazil and Paraguay are now
able to manage one of their most valuable resources—the water
that flows in the Paraná River. Drought can be a real problem for Lesson B Vocabulary
farmers and other people living in the region. Fortunately, the Track 1.31 B. Meaning from Context Page 74
reservoir behind the dam supplies a large amount of water for
irriga on—water that farmers can use to grow food.
1. An urgent problem in the western United States is low levels
Now, as is the case with any large dam, there are risks of groundwater.
associated with the Itaipu Dam. For example, when the reservoir
2. Water from rivers can be distributed to ci es and farms
behind the dam was fil ed up, it covered more than 520 square where the water is needed.
miles of land with water. It’s real y a large lake now. As a result,
3. Without adequate water for agriculture, a world food crisis is
around 10,000 families—perhaps as many as 50,000 people—
possible. If farmers do not have enough water for their crops,
lost their land and had to leave the area and find new homes.
it could affect mil ions of people.
Historical and cultural sites are now underwater too because of
4. Farmers can reduce the amount of water they use. Learning
the dam. Archaeologists are quite upset about this, and with
about and prac cing water conserva on wil al ow them to do good reason.
the same work with less water.
Other people are concerned about how the dam is affec ng
5. Parts of northern Africa are extremely dry. For example, the
the environment. Besides the forest areas that were lost when
average yearly rainfal in the Sahara Desert is less than 1 inch
the dam was built, farmers nearby are saying that the water in (25 mm).
the reservoir is affec ng the local climate—by actual y raising air
6. Water is scarce in many regions of the world, and people in
temperatures by about four degrees Celsius. They’re saying the
these areas o en do not have access to clean water.
water in the reservoir heats up with energy from the sun, and in
7. Australia has experienced both drought and floods in recent
a warm part of the world, that’s not a good thing for farmers.
years. This has been very difficult for the farmers there.
And speaking of heat and drought, in some years the amount of
water in the river has been much lower than normal. This
Listening: A Discussion about the ogal ala Aquifer
reduces the amount of energy the dam can produce.
Perhaps the most significant disadvantage of the Itaipu Dam
Track 1.32 B. Listening for Main Ideas and Page 76
has to do with the agreement between Brazil and Paraguay. It’s a C. Listening for Problems Page 77
bi-na onal project, and both countries should be sharing the
energy and the money generated by the dam. But not everyone and solu ons
thinks that the agreement is fair. There were some changes to Paula: Hi, Ron.
that agreement in 2009, and more changes wil be needed in Ron: How’s it going, Paula?
2023 when the agreement ends. Hopeful y both countries wil be Paula: Oh, hey Taylor.
happy with those changes, and both countries wil share equal y
in the benefits from the dam. Taylor: Hi.
So, as we can see, although the Itaipu Dam has caused some
Paula: Wel , I’m glad we could get together today. Our group
serious problems in the region, its benefits are more significant,
presenta on is next Thursday—yikes! Anyway, I found an
since it helps solve two of the biggest problems in the area: the
interes ng ar cle about the Ogal ala Aquifer in the western
energy demands of two growing countries and not having region of the United States.
adequate water for farming. Major problems like these o en
Ron: Real y? Where in the west? I was born in Oklahoma.
require large-scale solu ons, and the Itaipu Dam is an example of
Paula: That’s great. That’s one of the states they men on in the
this. Again, thank you al very much for coming today. Now, are
ar cle. There are some real y good photos of agriculture in the there any ques ons? speaking
region. Maybe we can include some of them in our slides. Look, Track 1.29 Pronuncia on: suffixes and
here’s a great photo of a farm in Kansas.
Taylor: Wow! That’s a lot of corn! Is it for feeding ca le? syllable stress
Page 69 Paula: Yeah. The ar cle says that there are over 500 ca le on this educate educa on
farm. Here, Taylor, take a look. industry industrial
Taylor: Thanks. Oh, I see. Wow! That’s a lot of ca le! Ron: Yeah, available availability
it sounds like they’re doing pre y wel . So, what’s the problem? history historical
The topic for our presenta on is “How to Solve the Aquifer
Crisis.” It doesn’t seem like that farm is experiencing a crisis. I Track 1.30 D.
Page 69 guess I’m not very clear on what we’re supposed to talk about in 1. poli cs
It was a significant poli cal event.
our presenta on. I mean, what is the aquifer crisis, anyway? 2. resident
This is a residen al apartment building.
Taylor: It’s the situa on that Professor Arnold covered in class
last week. She talked about the aquifers, you know, the water lOMoAR cPSD| 59062190
that’s in the ground. Since water from rain or rivers is scarce in
two possible solu ons: number one, be er ways to distribute
some places, a lot of water is pumped up out of the ground for
water from rivers and streams and number two, water
irriga on to grow crops for food. And when that water is gone,
conserva on—for example, through dryland farming. Paula:
it’s gone. Ron: Hmmm. That must have been the day I was out
Sounds good! Both of those would help to solve the problems of
sick. It sounds like I missed some important informa on. OK, so,
not having enough water for homes and not enough water for go on.
crops. Now, let’s decide which photos to include in our slides.
Paula: Right, so some crops like corn need a lot of water to grow,
and some of the western states in the U.S. are extremely dry. The CD 2
average rainfal in Colorado, for example, is only 15 inches for the
whole year. Compare that to Il inois, where they get around 40 Unit 5: Inside the Brain
inches of rain a year. I think I’d rather be a corn farmer in Il inois!
Taylor: Clearly 15 inches a year is not a lot of rain, but is it real y Lesson A Vocabulary
an urgent situa on when we have such a huge aquifer? A er al ,
it sits underneath eight big western states! And the water is
Track 2.2 A. Meaning from Context Page 84
helping people because it’s used to grow crops, right?
Paula: Right, the water is being used to grow crops, but the
Facts to Make You Think about Your Brain
Ogal ala Aquifer took around 15,000 years to fil up.
1. Your brain is an extremely complex organ. It contains over 100 Taylor: Wow! Real y?
bil ion neurons that are constantly sending messages.
Paula: Yeah, and the problem is that farmers and other people in
Different neurons send messages at different speeds—some
the region have pumped the water out very quickly. It’s only faster and some slower.
been in the past 70 years or so. Now there’s much less water in
2. Every me you experience something new, your brain creates
the aquifer. Some people in western states don’t even have
new connec ons and pathways between brain cel s.
water at their homes for drinking or washing.
3. The common belief that we use only a ny amount (10
percent) of our brains is wrong. Each part of the brain has a
Taylor: Wow! That sounds pre y bad—not having adequate
func on, so we use 100 percent of our brains.
clean water at home? I can’t imagine not being able to take a shower every day.
4. Even without words, you can figure out how someone is
feeling. A part of your brain cal ed the amygdala lets you
Ron: We’ve been lucky, I guess. I don’t think we’ve ever
“read” other people’s faces and understand what kind of
experienced a serious water shortage around here. It must be mood they are in.
difficult for those people without water at home, but I think
5. Every me you think, laugh, or sneeze, chemical and electrical
growing food is an even more important issue. People need to
signals are moving between neurons. These messages make it
eat! Paula: True. So having enough water to grow food is also a
possible for your brain to communicate with your body.
problem, and that’s why we need to think about the solu ons
6. Learning changes the structure of the brain. When you learn a
we’re going to talk about in our presenta on.
new skil , such as playing a musical instrument, your brain
Ron: What does the ar cle say? Can farmers use water from
cel s organize themselves in a new way.
rivers and streams to irrigate their crops instead of taking water
7. Your brain is extremely powerful. When you’re awake, it from the aquifer?
generates between 10 and 23 wa s of electricity—enough to
Paula: That’s one possible solu on, but unfortunately, rivers and power a light bulb!
streams are o en far away, and it’s quite difficult and expensive
8. The hypothalamus is the part of your brain that controls body
to distribute water to large areas across long distances. S l , it’s
temperature. It keeps you from ge ng too hot or too cold.
a possible solu on for some people—just not for everyone.
Taylor: Hmmm. What if farmers in the west just reduced the
Listening: A Podcast about exercise and
amount of water they take from the aquifer? Then the water the Brain
that’s there would last longer.
Ron: That’s a smart solu on. We had some neighbors in Track 2.3
B. Listening for Main Ideas and Page 86
Oklahoma who did something cal ed “dryland farming.” They C. Listening for Details Page 87
grew wheat, but they didn’t use any irriga on.
Aaron Fleming: Welcome back to the podcast. I’m Aaron
Taylor: Huh. That’s interes ng. Why didn’t they need to irrigate?
Fleming, and I’m talking today with Jocelyn Taylor. Our goal today
Ron: With dryland farming, they plant crops that don’t need
is to make you think about the human brain.
much water. They also fol ow good water and soil conserva on
Jocelyn Taylor: That’s right, Aaron. More specifical y, we’re
prac ces. For example, they plant the seeds at very specific
talking about the effects of exercise on the brain.
mes of year to take advantage of what li le rain they get. And
Aaron Fleming: Great. Let’s get started. I’m guessing you’re going
to prevent the dry dirt, or soil, from blowing away, they plant
to tel us that exercise is good for the brain.
trees to block, or break, the wind. One year my father and I
helped our neighbors plant trees. They cal it a “windbreak.”
Jocelyn Taylor: Yes, there’s real y no surprise there, I suppose.
Exercise—anything that makes your heart beat faster—is not
Paula: Interes ng. I’ve never heard of “dryland farming.” It makes
only good for your body, but good for your brain as wel . Aaron
a lot of sense, and your personal experience with it would be good
Fleming: I’ve heard exercise can put us in a be er mood— make
informa on for the presenta on. In the real world, though, would
us feel be er mental y and emo onal y.
everyone agree on the idea? The farmers who are raising corn and
ca le are making a good living. They might not want to change.
Jocelyn Taylor: That’s true, and scien sts learned recently that
Taylor: OK, but for our presenta on at least, let’s focus on these
exercise makes you smarter as wel . lOMoAR cPSD| 59062190
Aaron Fleming: I know a lot of people who are going to be happy
to hear that! Al of my friends who are out there jogging or playing tennis every day.
Jocelyn Taylor: They’re doing the right thing! That’s because for
some me a er you’ve exercised, your body produces a chemical
that actual y makes it easier for your brain to learn. lOMoAR cPSD| 59062190
Aaron Fleming: Wait, now in order to learn something, don’t you 4. I’m with you on that!
just need to repeat it several mes? For example, my son is
5. Any exercise that makes your heart beat faster can help your
learning to ride a bicycle. He prac ces near our house—with mood.
some help from me, of course—and when he does, his brain
6. Neurons carry the messages around the brain.
sends him “bike riding” messages along certain pathways in his
brain. Eventual y, he’l know how to ride a bike— no problem! Lesson B Vocabulary
Jocelyn Taylor: That’s right, and those bike-riding messages form
new connec ons between the neurons in your son’s brain. In
Track 2.6 A. Meaning from Context Page 94
fact, the structure of our brain actual y changes every me we learn something new.
Roman c Love vs. Long-Term A achments
Aaron Fleming: So let’s get back to exercise. I know my mood is
There are many different kinds of love. There is the strong
be er a er I exercise, but I’m not sure it’s making me any
emo on we feel when we fal in love. There is the a achment
smarter. Jocelyn Taylor: Let me explain. You probably know that
between parents and children, and the quiet feeling of security
your brain generates some electricity.
that develops slowly in long-term rela onships, when couples
Aaron Fleming: Right, and electrical signals are moving inside the are together for many years.
brain. That’s what makes it possible for us to move, or think, or
Your brain knows the difference between roman c love and
have conversa ons like this one.
other a achments. When we’re in love, the amount of a brain
chemical cal ed dopamine increases. This increase gives us the
Jocelyn Taylor: Exactly, but it’s a li le more complex than that.
extra energy we feel when we’re in love.
Those signals in the brain are part electricity and part chemistry.
On the other hand, an increase in dopamine can make the
Whenever you have a thought or perform any kind of ac on, it’s
brains of people in love similar to the brains of people with
because ny chemical and electrical signals are moving at high
OCD—Obsessive Compulsive Disorder. People with OCD cannot
speeds inside your brain. It’s as if you have bil ions of ny neuron
stop thinking about something, and these thoughts can cause highways inside your head.
compulsive behaviors—ac ons the person cannot control, such
Aaron Fleming: OK, I think I understand the func on of the
as washing the hands again and again. Similarly, people who are
neurons. They’re like wires inside an electrical device. They carry
in love o en cannot stop thinking about the person they are in
the messages around the brain—and between the brain and the
love with. Both kinds of people may find it difficult to func on
rest of the body. But the brain is not an electrical device.
normal y because of their thoughts.
Jocelyn Taylor: No, it’s not. A lot of the brain’s func ons have to
Fortunately, this “lovesickness” is a short-term condi on. do with chemicals.
With me, strong roman c feelings decrease, and we can
Aaron Fleming: And what’s the chemical that’s produced when
concentrate on “real life” again. As me passes, couples have we exercise?
higher levels of oxytocin—a brain chemical connected with
calm feelings of happiness and trust.
Jocelyn Taylor: It’s cal ed BDNF, and it’s real y important for
So is love only a ma er of brain chemistry? In fact, while
memory and learning. The reason for this is that BDNF controls
chemicals do affect the way we feel, psychological factors are
some of the processes in the brain, such as the way the brain
also important. We might be a racted to someone who likes the grows new neurons.
same things we like, for example, or someone who makes us feel
Aaron Fleming: So, if this chemical affects memory and learning, safe and secure.
I can see why you said it makes us smarter. And is exercise the
only way to get it? I mean, can’t you just buy it at the store or
Listening: A Discussion about Memory, Learning, something?
Jocelyn Taylor: No, sorry, Aaron. BDNF is only made in the brain, and emo ons
and it’s the result of regular exercise. And you need to exercise
Track 2.7 B. Listening for Main Ideas and Page 96 several mes a week. C. Listening for Details
Aaron Fleming: Wel then, I guess I’d be er keep exercising!
Toshi: I’m glad we decided to form a study group. I always find it
I want to keep my brain fit as wel as my body.
helpful to study with other people.
Jocelyn Taylor: I’m with you on that!
Julia: I agree. Studying in a group definitely helps me. Thanks for
Aaron Fleming: My thanks to Jocelyn Taylor for being with me sugges ng it, Toshi.
today. I’ve enjoyed speaking with you.
Liz: Yes, thank you, Toshi. And Julia, your idea to divide the topics
Jocelyn Taylor: My pleasure, Aaron. Thanks for having me.
and summarize the informa on in our notes was bril iant as wel ! speaking
Julia: Wel , I’m glad it was helpful. Maybe you could go first, Liz. Track 2.4 Pronuncia on: Linking Page 89
Liz: Absolutely. My topic was memory, or how do we remember It’s a fascina ng job.
things? According to my notes, the memory process has three
I knew it was the right answer.
steps. OK, first, informa on enters the brain through our
senses— what we taste, smel , touch, see, and hear—and it is
The book wil certainly be interes ng.
stored, kept there for a very short me—less than a second. OK,
What was your reason for leaving?
so then, only some of this informa on moves to our short-term Track 2.5 D. Page 89 memory.
1. Your brain controls everything you do.
Toshi: Sorry, Liz, can I interrupt for a second? Could you explain
why we don’t remember everything? I mean, I know from
2. Your brain generates enough energy to power a light bulb.
experience that we don’t, but why don’t we?
3. The ac vity in your brain never stops. lOMoAR cPSD| 59062190
Liz: Hmmm. I’m actual y not sure why, but Professor Wong said
Liz: Hmmm. I’m actual y not sure why, but Professor Wong said
that only the informa on we need to use immediately moves to
that only the informa on we need to use immediately moves to our short-term memory. our short-term memory.
Julia: Right. I remember that. Our short-term memory al ows us
Julia: Right. I remember that. Our short-term memory al ows us
to func on normal y in the world. For example, if you ask me a
to func on normal y in the world. For example, if you ask me a
ques on, I can remember the ques on long enough to answer it.
ques on, I can remember the ques on long enough to answer it.
Liz: Right, but you might not remember the ques on tomorrow.
Liz: Right, but you might not remember the ques on tomorrow.
OK, the third and final part of the memory process happens
OK, the third and final part of the memory process happens
when informa on that we try to remember, or that our brain
when informa on that we try to remember, or that the brain
decides is important, moves to our long-term memory. This
decides is important, moves to our long-term memory. This
informa on can last a life me.
informa on can last a life me.
Toshi: Right, and if you real y want to remember something, you
need to think about it, or say it, or do it many mes. Memories
become stronger when they are sent down the same pathway in Unit 6: Let’s eat!
the brain many mes, And yes, I remember that from the
lecture! Julia: Thanks, you two. That was helpful. Now, before I Lesson A Vocabulary
give you my summary, let’s go back to what Toshi just said. If you
want to remember something, and you concentrate on it and Track 2.9 A. Page 104
think about it and repeat it again and again, that’s very similar to
grains protein servings specific guidelines recommend
actual y learning something, right?
source varied modernize regional
Liz: That’s right. Here’s what I wrote in my notes: “To remember
is to recal the past. To learn is to do something differently in Track 2.10 B. Meaning from Context Page 104 the future.”
1. Today, many countries have produced guidelines to teach
Julia: Huh. That’s a good way to look at it. To learn new
their ci zens about healthy diets.
informa on, you have to concentrate on it and think about it. Or
2. Most doctors recommend ea ng a lot of fruits and
to learn how to do something, like ride a bicycle, you have to do vegetables. it again and again.
3. Grains such as rice, wheat, and corn are basic parts of
Toshi: It’s interes ng to me that when you learn new things, your most people’s diets.
brain forms new connec ons—new pathways of neurons. So
4. It’s OK to include a few servings of sweets in your diet
learning actual y changes the structure of the brain! That’s pre y each week, but not too many. amazing.
5. Cheese is an excel ent source of calcium; so are milk and
Julia: Yeah, pre y interes ng stuff! yogurt.
6. Scien sts believe the regional food in Sardinia, Italy, helps
Toshi: Alright, so I guess it’s my turn now. Ready? My topic was
the people who live there to have long, healthy lives.
emo ons and the brain, especial y the emo ons of roman c love
and feelings of a achment and security. This was quite
7. A varied diet includes many different kinds of food, not
interes ng to me because I think of emo ons as being
just the same foods again and again.
psychological. They’re the result of our past experiences and our
8. Foods that are high in protein include fish, chicken, nuts,
nature—probably even the way our parents raised us. But in fact, and beans.
emo ons are also chemical, not just psychological. There’s a
9. This recipe cal s for a specific kind of red pepper. You can’t
chemical in our brains cal ed dopamine, for example, and the use just any kind of pepper.
level of dopamine increases when we fal in love with someone.
10. To modernize means to begin using the newest technology and methods. Track 2.8 D. note Taking Page 97
Toshi: I’m glad we decided to form a study group. I always find it
Listening: A Presenta on about the Korean Diet
helpful to study with other people. Track 2.11
B. Listening for Main Ideas and Page 106
Julia: I agree. Studying in a group definitely helps me. Thanks for sugges ng it, Toshi. D. Listening for numerical Page 107
Liz: Yes, thank you, Toshi. And Julia, your idea to divide the topics Data
and summarize the informa on in our notes was bril iant as wel !
Mi-Ran: Hel o, everyone. As you know, I’m from South Korea, and
Julia: Wel , I’m glad it was helpful. Maybe you could go first, Liz.
people from my country love food! So today I’l be talking
Liz: Absolutely. My topic was memory, or how do we remember
about—what else? Food! Specifical y, I’l be talking about
things? According to my notes, the memory process has three
changes in the Korean diet in the twen eth century. First, as you
steps. OK, first, informa on enters the brain through our
might know, South Korea is a country that developed very
senses— what we taste, smel , touch, see, and hear—and it is
quickly. Around 50 years ago, South Korea was a developing
stored, kept there for a very short me—less than a second. OK,
agricultural country. Today, it’s one of the most modern
so then, only some of this informa on moves to our short-term
countries in Asia. And people’s diets have modernized, too. In my memory.
research, I’ve been looking at these dietary changes and trying to
answer this ques on: which kind of diet is be er—a tradi onal
Toshi: Sorry, Liz, can I interrupt for a second? Could you explain diet or a modern one?
why we don’t remember everything? I mean, I know from
OK, this chart shows what Koreans ate in two different years:
experience that we don’t, but why don’t we?
1969, before Korea started modernizing, and 1995, a er Korea lOMoAR cPSD| 59062190
was modernized. You can see that in 1969, people were ea ng
popula on eats more protein, people are tal er on average.
about 37 ounces of food every day, and in 1995, they were ea ng
Real y, in general, people in Korea are healthier now.
about 39 ounces of food. That’s not a very big change. So, even
So, in conclusion, I want to return to my original ques on:
when Korea was a developing country, overal , people had
Which is be er—a modern diet or a tradi onal diet? Now, in enough food.
some of the other presenta ons, we heard about places where
Male student: Mi-Ran, may I say something here? Um, you’re
the modern diet has caused some new health problems. But my
talking about the average amount of food, so maybe some
research on South Korea shows us that in some ways, at least, a
people real y didn’t have enough to eat. Can we real y assume
modern diet can be be er than a tradi onal diet. Thank you very that everyone was ea ng wel ?
much. Does anyone have any ques ons?
Mi-Ran: That’s a good point. Actual y, because Korea was a speaking
farming country then, almost everyone had some kind of food,
but their diets weren’t always healthy. OK, Moving on, when we Track 2.12 D. Page 109
compare the kinds of food people ate, we see a significant
1. Male student: Mi-Ran, may I say something here?
difference. The most important food in Korea is rice: we eat it
2. Mi Ran: Moving on, when we compare the kinds of food
three mes a day. In 1969, people were ea ng 20 ounces of rice
people ate, we see a significant difference.
every day—more than a pound! That’s a lot of rice—around six
3. Female student: Could I ask a ques on, Mi-Ran? Is that just
servings per day. But if you don’t eat a varied diet, you are not
milk, or does that include other dairy products too?
going to be very healthy. By 1995, people were ea ng only 11
4. Mi Ran: To con nue, as the country developed, instead of just
ounces of rice and other grains per day—much less than in the
ea ng a lot of rice and vegetables, Koreans started including
past. Now, remember, the total amount of food increased during
many other kinds of food in their diets, . . .
that period of me. So, what specific foods were people ea ng in 1995?
Track 2.13 Pronuncia on Intona on: Finished and
If you look at the chart, you’l see that people were ea ng Unfinished sentences Page 110
more of everything. Their diets became much more varied. The
amount of vegetables they ate increased a li le from 9 and a half
I have to go to the supermarket.
ounces a day in 1969, to 10 ounces a day in 1995. But people She lives in Tokyo.
were ea ng a lot more fruit. The amount of fruit people ate I saw Pam yesterday…
increased from about 2 ounces a day to about 5 ounces a day. Mike’s brother cal ed…
They were ge ng more vitamins from that extra fruit. And look
at meat. In 1969, people were ea ng only a very ny amount of Track 2.14 e. Page 110
meat—about a quarter of an ounce a day. In 1995, they were
ea ng almost two and a half ounces a day. That’s ten mes as
1. I real y don’t like milk.
much. Final y, look at the numbers for milk. OK, in 1969, people
2. Rick has two favorite restaurants…
were only drinking about one tenth of an ounce of milk per day.
3. I’l buy chicken if it looks fresh… 4. On my next vaca on, I
In 1995, that increased to about 2.3 ounces a day. Al in al , want to go to Seoul.
Korean people’s diets in 1995 were much closer to government
5. My mother is an excel ent cook…
guidelines than they used to be.
6. If the weather is nice, we usual y go to the park.
Female student: Could I ask a ques on, Mi-Ran? Is that just
milk, or does that include other dairy products too? Mi-Ran: Lesson B Vocabulary
That includes al dairy products. A lot of Koreans like yogurt and
ice cream, though there are regional differences. People in Track 2.15 A. Meaning from Context Page 114
different parts of the country like to eat different things; it varies.
Dr. Alia Crum’s Milkshake experiment
Mi-Ran: Alright. To con nue, as the country developed, instead Introduc on:
of just ea ng a lot of rice and vegetables, Koreans started
We know that seeing a picture of food can make us hungry, but
including many other kinds of food in their diets, especial y
Dr. Crum, a psychologist and researcher, wanted to find out
animal products like meat, fish, eggs, and dairy products. One
whether reading food labels can affect the body. Her conclusion
reason for this change was that people had more money, so they
was that our a tude is relevant to the way our bodies respond
could buy more of these expensive foods. The percentage of to food.
animal products in the Korean diet went from 3 percent in 1969
To understand this experiment, it is important to understand to almost 21 percent in 1995!
the hormone ghrelin. When you have not eaten, the level of
That’s the biggest change in the Korean diet.
ghrelin in your body rises. It s mulates feelings of hunger and
Now, some nutri onists recommend having a diet that
“tel s” us we need to eat. A er we have eaten enough, the level
consists of mostly plant foods such as grains and fruits and
drops, we feel ful , and our bodies use the food for energy and
vegetables. They think animal products—meat, cheese, bu er, strength.
and so on—aren’t healthy. But I’m not sure those nutri onists
are total y correct. That’s because young Koreans today are tal er Results:
than before. The average height of teenage boys is about 3 and a
Dr. Crum’s research strategy was to give two groups of people
half inches tal er. And the average teenage girl is almost 2 inches
the same milkshake but with two different labels. First, the team
tal er. It’s very interes ng! I think that young people now are
asked par cipants to read the label on the milkshake. Then
tal er because of the improved diet. Meat, milk, cheese, and
par cipants drank the milkshake and rated the taste. The final
other animal products are good sources of protein. And if a step was a blood test. lOMoAR cPSD| 59062190
The first group of par cipants read a label for “Sensi-Shake”
Paul: Abbie knows what I’m talking about. It’s the way food
and drank a milkshake they believed had 140 calories and 0
looks, the varied op ons, the social element.
grams of fat. Blood tests a erwards showed very li le change in
Patrick: Can I ask a ques on? How does this make you feel? I their ghrelin levels.
mean, do you think the food industry has power over us and the
The second group read a label for “Indulgence,” a shake they
food we buy? Or the restaurants we decide to go to?
thought had 620 calories and 30 grams of fat. The label
Lydia: Wel , understanding food psychology, and understanding
convinced par cipants that they should feel ful , and in fact, their
the way it might be used to market food—it’s real y helpful! You
ghrelin levels dropped significantly, so they did feel ful and
can see al the ads, and you can see the beau ful displays at the
sa sfied. The only element of the experiment that was different
grocery store, and you can say to yourself, “They’re using food
between the two groups was the label on the milkshake.
psychology to encourage me to buy this.” And then you can make Discussion:
a sensible decision and buy what you actual y need.
When food manufacturers market their products, they create
Abbie: Good point, Lydia. Wel , you know what they say,
labels to appeal to the tastes and interests of consumers. When knowledge is power.
they target people who want to be healthy, for example, their
Paul: Exactly. Wel , to get back to what I was saying, our
food labels might include a picture of someone exercising
psychology, the way we think, is quite powerful. I heard about
outdoors. Crum’s experiment suggests that our ideas about a
one study where they gave people the same milkshake to drink,
food product— even before we eat or drink it—may affect us in
but half of the people thought it was a low-fat, low-calorie unexpected ways.
milkshake, and half of the people thought it was super rich and high in calories.
Listening: A Discussion about Food Psychology
Abbie: I heard about that experiment as wel . The people who Track 2.16 B. note Taking and Page 117
thought they’d drunk the high-fat, high-calorie drink experienced C. note Taking
less hunger a erwards than the other group.
Abbie: This is real y nice. We should go out to dinner together
Paul: And they felt ful and sa sfied because of what their more o en.
minds told their bodies! The researchers did blood tests, and
the two groups actual y had different blood chemistry a er the
Patrick: Yes, it’s good to see you two, and we’ve never been here
experiment! If nothing else, it shows us how much our minds
before. This menu looks great; the descrip ons of the food
and our a tudes influence our bodies. sound delicious!
Patrick: I see your point, and ahhh I think that’s our food.
Lydia: I agree, Patrick! This place knows how to appeal to hungry people.
Lydia: Yep, it is. Great! I hope it tastes as good as it looks!
Abbie: You’re right, Lydia, the descrip ons and photos of the speaking
food on the menu would certainly s mulate your appe te if you
weren’t hungry already. And look, there’s a survey card on the Track 2.17 B. Page 118
table where we can leave comments and rate the food.
Paul: That’s a good strategy, actual y. If you give customers a
Tips for Marke ng your Food Truck
chance to give feedback about the food, they feel like they’re
Food trucks have become very popular, but a rac ng
communica ng with the restaurant owners.
customers isn’t always easy. According to Ross Resnick, who
Lydia: Right, and communica ng with customers is so important
created a smartphone app to help customers find food trucks in
nowadays! I mean, look at social media. Businesses are using it
their ci es, “You can’t just show up and expect to make a lot of
to market al kinds of products. It’s al about communica on. If
money running a food truck. You have to have a brand and a
you can convince people to see your business as a friend or a
strategy.” Other ps include:
business partner—you know, instead of just someone who is
1. If you want to have a successful food truck, work on your
trying to get their money—it can be a very effec ve strategy.
photography skil s, as wel as your cooking skil s. Taking
Patrick: True, communica ng with customers is a real strength of
beau ful photos of your food for adver sing or social media
some businesses. And speaking of communica on, it’s not just
is essen al in today’s market.
connec ng on social media that ma ers to people. Ge ng
2. Use social media to a ract “fol owers.” Then if you send
together for a meal with friends, family, neighbors—those social
regular updates such as an e-newsle er, customers wil
connec ons are another element of food psychology—the role
remember to stop by for a bite to eat. our brain plays.
3. Learn to cook crea vely. Interna onal foods in new
Paul: Right, like the way those beau ful photos on the menu
combina ons—from Korean style tacos to fried-chicken made us start to feel hungry.
sandwiched between breakfast waffles—add to the fun of
Lydia: Sorry, but I was hungry before we even got here! food-truck dining.
Paul: OK, but Patrick makes a very relevant point. The whole
4. Use a crea ve brand strategy. For example, choose a
food industry—from food manufacturers to grocery stores to
memorable name and a colorful truck design. This wil make
restaurants and adver sers—they al know us be er than we
you unforge able to customers.
know ourselves. At least, they understand the psychology of
5. Set up the truck in places where customers can socialize and
food. Abbie: That’s true, Paul. One way they target us at the
have fun while they eat. This wil encourage them to return
grocery store is by displaying a huge variety of foods. We see al
and wil help you be successful in the food-truck business.
of the op ons in front of us, and what do we do? We find
ourselves wan ng to buy at least one of everything! lOMoAR cPSD| 59062190 Unit 7: our Ac ve earth
This pushing together can cause mountains to form. One plate
can also move under another at a convergent boundary. That Lesson A Vocabulary
makes the mountains on the top plate rise even higher. In fact,
the highest mountains on Earth— the Himalayas, shown here in Track 2.18 A. Meaning from Context
Page 124 the photo—are the result of a convergent boundary.
The second type of boundary is cal ed divergent. At a
Inexpensive Buildings for earthquake Zones
divergent boundary, the plates move apart. As they move away
The earth’s outer layer consists of several pieces cal ed tectonic
from each other, a body of water can form between them. A
plates. The places where these plates meet are cal ed
good example of this is the Arabian Gulf region, where the
boundaries. Tectonic plates are always moving. Some mes the
Arabian Plate and the Eurasian plate moved apart to form the
plates “jump” as they move. When this happens, earthquakes
Arabian Gulf and the Gulf of Oman. More recently, the two can occur.
plates have become convergent again, forming mountains. You
Regions where earthquakes are more likely to occur are
can see those at the top of the photo. You don’t have to worry
cal ed earthquake zones. Some of the countries inside these
about the Arabian Gulf disappearing any me soon, though,
zones are Pakistan, Hai , Peru, and Indonesia. Al of these
because these changes take place over mil ions of years.
countries have experienced major earthquakes, and many
OK, the third and final type of boundary is cal ed a transform
people have died because of unsafe buildings. Fortunately, we
boundary. There, the plates are moving past each other. To give
can construct inexpensive houses that wil al ow more people
you an example, along the San Andreas Fault in California and
to survive earthquakes in developing parts of the world.
northern Mexico, one plate is moving north while the other plate
is moving south. The plates don’t move smoothly, however. The Pakistan:
movement actual y only happens occasional y, when the plates
Light wal s: Lightweight wal s are less affected by earthquakes
move in smal or large “jumps.” And when the plates make a big
and are less likely to fal when the ground shakes. In Pakistan, a
jump, the earth shakes, and we have a major earthquake.
material cal ed plaster is used to help reinforce the inside and
Now, let’s take a look at the effects of some recent outside of straw wal s.
earthquakes—how they affected people in the world’s Hai :
earthquake zones. In Chile, in 2010, there was a major
earthquake. This picture shows an example of buildings that are
Light roofs: Metal roofs are lighter than concrete and won’t
constructed in the right way for earthquake zones—with strong,
col apse when an earthquake occurs.
reinforced wal s, especial y if the wal s are made of concrete. I
Smal windows: Smal windows mean that wal s are stronger.
know it looks like these buildings were badly damaged in the Peru:
earthquake, but the buildings actual y stayed together in one
Reinforced wal s: Wal s do not have to be reinforced with steel or
piece, and that’s what you want. Everyone who lived in these
other kinds of metal. In Peru, plas c is some mes used to
buildings probably survived. Another way to build the right kind reinforce wal s.
of buildings for earthquake zones might mean houses with roofs
and wal s made of lightweight materials that wil not col apse— Indonesia:
or at least they won’t kil you if they do. In this photo from the
Enclosed materials: In Indonesia, concrete and metal rods hold
Philippines in 2017, you can see damage to the road, but these
brick wal s together so that in an earthquake, the whole wal
houses—with lightweight wal s and roofs—are s l standing, and moves as one piece.
the people who live there are safe. In contrast, living in a part of
the world where the buildings don’t have these features can be
Listening: An earth science Lecture
quite dangerous. This picture was taken a er the 2015
earthquake in Nepal, where many houses col apsed. About 9,000 Track 2.19
B. Listening for Main Ideas and Page
people died in that earthquake. 126 C. note Taking Page 127
So let’s look again at our world map. The world’s next big
earthquake wil probably be in one of these areas in yel ow,
OK, so today we’re going to con nue talking about plate
orange, or red. And the number of people who survive the next
tectonics. As you know, the earth’s crust consists of several
big earthquake? It depends a lot on the kind of buildings they
plates. On this map, the green lines show you the edges of the live in.
tectonic plates. These plates are always moving, of course, and
exci ng things happen as a result. The lines you see here on the
map, where the tectonic plates come together—those are the speaking
earthquake zones. These areas here, in orange and red, are Track 2.20 A. Pages 130–131
places where earthquakes occur most o en. Furthermore, the
Living in Japan means knowing a lot about earthquakes. The
biggest, most dangerous earthquakes happen in these zones.
country experiences an average of 1,500 earthquakes every
Now, when earthquakes occur, there are three different things
year! Not al of these are major earthquakes. However, one
that might be happening along the boundaries—the places
very large earthquake in the ocean near Japan caused a
where the earth’s plates meet. For your notes, why don’t you set tsunami in the year 2011.
up a chart like this one, with four columns and three rows. It wil
Today, some Japanese people avoid thinking about the horror
be helpful to you later. In the le -hand column, write “boundary
and sadness of the tsunami of 2011. But a photographer from
type,” “movement,” and “results.” No ce that I’l be talking
Argen na went to Japan in 2016 with the goal of helping
about three kinds of boundaries, about how each boundary type
survivors think about the tsunami in new ways.
is moving, and final y about the result of that movement. OK, as I
Traveling around the world is nothing new to Alejandro
men oned, there are three main boundary types. The first kind
Chaskielberg. He has taken pictures and won awards for his
are cal ed convergent boundaries. There, plates come together. lOMoAR cPSD| 59062190
photos in several different countries. In Japan, he asked people
talked about huge rocks and hardened lava. I wouldn’t want to
to consider returning to the places they lived or the places they
be nearby when those fly out!
went before the tsunami. He took new photographs of the
Tony: Me neither! On the other hand, al of that stuff from
people in those places, since many old photographs had been
inside volcanoes makes good soil eventual y. And did you
lost or destroyed. According to Chaskielberg, taking these photos
guys understand the story about the man in Indonesia—the
“…was a way to help them create new memories.”
Gatekeeper? Wasn’t his job to tel people when to evacuate or something? Lesson B Vocabulary
Ann: Yeah, it was, but it’s not a very scien fic approach. Track 2.21 A. Meaning from Context Page 134
Tony: Maybe not “scien fic,” but he had been around the
volcano for years. I mean, he probably knew how to read the
The Pacific Ring of Fire: Fast Facts volcano pre y wel .
1. The Ring of Fire consists of many volcanoes in a near-circle
Ann: That’s a good point, but when there was a major erup on around the Pacific Ocean.
of Mount Merapi in 2010, the Gatekeeper and a lot of other 2.
people died. Personal y, I’d rather get my volcano news from
Ac ve volcanoes are dangerous. People choose to live near
them, however, because volcanic soil is rich and good for
scien sts. A er al , it was geologists working for the U.S. farming.
government who told everyone in the area to evacuate before
Mount Saint Helens erupted. That was more scien fic.
3. In Indonesia, more people live near ac ve volcanoes than in
any other country. On the island of Java alone, there are more
Khaled: And did everyone in the area listen to those geologists?
than 30 volcanoes and about 140 mil ion people.
Ann: Actual y, when the geologists said the volcano was going to
4. One of the world’s worst natural disasters occurred in
erupt, almost everyone le , but some people stayed. They didn’t
Indonesia in 1883. The erup on of Mount Krakatau, a
want to leave their homes and everything behind.
volcanic island near Java, caused a tsunami that kil ed more
Tony: Right. I remember reading about this.
than 36,000 people. In addi on, it produced enough volcanic
Ann: Mmm. hmmm. Some people stayed, and as a result, 57
ash to affect the earth’s weather for several months.
people were kil ed when the volcano erupted. So evacua ng at
5. In Kinarejo, Java, many farmers live near a volcano cal ed
the right me during a natural disaster like that is very Mount
important. Tony: Wow! I see what you mean. That kind of danger
Merapi. A man there named Mbah Marijan was known as the
jus fies using the best scien fic informa on, you know, the most
“Gatekeeper of Merapi.” According to tradi on, the
definite informa on you can get instead of listening to a random
Gatekeeper knew the volcano very wel , and his job was to
guy who says he knows the mountain wel .
tel people when it became dangerous so that they could
Khaled: I agree, but I think you’re missing something about that
evacuate. Sadly, Marijan and many others were kil ed when
Gatekeeper guy in Indonesia. He was an important part of vil age
Mount Merapi erupted violently in 2010.
culture, so the people there listened to him.
6. For people who live near volcanoes, evacua ng means
Ann: Right. That’s a good point. Local tradi on could affect who
leaving behind their homes, animals, and daily lives.
people are more likely to listen to—scien sts or the Gatekeeper.
Therefore, they o en wait for definite news about the
volcano that wil jus fy their leaving. However, some mes the
Tony: Do you think there’l be a ques on about the Gatekeeper
news doesn’t come in me to save lives. on the exam? Track 2.23 D. Listening for Transi ons Page 137
Listening: A Discussion about Volcanoes 1.
Track 2.22 B . Listening for Main Ideas and Page 136 Khaled: Professor Lopez said that when there’s an erup on, hot C. Listening for Details
lava can kil people and start fires. In addi on, he talked about
Khaled: I’m real y glad we’re doing this. Studying alone never
huge rocks and hardened lava. I wouldn’t want to be nearby works wel for me. when those fly out!
Ann: I agree. I think studying in a group is real y helpful,
Tony: Me neither! On the other hand, al of that stuff from inside
especial y for an exam. So, should we talk about the ques ons
volcanoes makes good soil eventual y.
we think might be on the exam? 2.
Khaled: Definitely. I think there wil be a ques on like this:
Ann: Personal y, I’d rather get my volcano news from scien sts.
What’s the difference between lava and magma? To be honest,
A er al , it was geologists working for the U.S. government
I’m not sure I understand the difference. Aren’t they the same
who told everyone in the area to evacuate before Mount Saint thing?
Helens erupted. Some people stayed, and as a result, 57
Tony: They are the same thing—melted rock. But when it’s inside
people were kil ed when the volcano erupted. speaking
the earth, it’s cal ed magma, and when it comes out of the earth, Track 2.24
Pronuncia on: syllable number it’s cal ed lava. and syllable stress Review Page 138
Ann: According to Chapter 6, that’s correct. There’s an
explana on on page 96. Now, who can give some of the reasons col apse survive dangerous materials
ac ve volcanoes are dangerous? I think there might be a enough prac cal interested according affect ques on about that.
Khaled: I’l give it a try. Professor Lopez said that when there’s an Track 2.25 A. Page 138
erup on, hot lava can kil people and start fires. In addi on, he 1. common lOMoAR cPSD| 59062190 2. prac cal
OK. Just to let you know, the guided tour takes about 90 3. circumstances
minutes, but a er that you are welcome to stay and explore the 4. flow
site on your own un l closing me. OK, Ready? Great! Let’s get 5. summarize started! 6. clothes
Tour guide: The first stop on our tour is this huge pyramid right 7. psychological
behind me. It’s cal ed the Pyramid of the Magician, and I’m sure 8. recommend
you’ve seen images of this famous pyramid on brochures or in
your guide book. Not only is it the tal est pyramid at Uxmal, it’s 9. reinforce
also a very unusual pyramid because it has rounded sides, and as 10. definitely
you know, most pyramids have flat sides, like the pyramids in CD 3 Egypt.
Now, we don’t actual y know the Maya name for this pyramid,
or for any of the structures here at Uxmal. But there is an old Unit 8: Wonders from the Past
story about the pyramid. They say a magician used his powers to
build this pyramid in one night, and that’s why we cal it the Lesson A Vocabulary
Pyramid of the Magician. So, how many of you think the story is true?
Track 3.2 A. Meaning from Context Page 144 Anyone?
Wel , even though we don’t know exactly how long it took to An Amazing Discovery
build the pyramid, we do know that it was built in different
Every career has a high point, and according to Na onal
stages, during different me periods, so it definitely wasn’t built
Geographic Explorer Wil iam Saturno, being the first human
in one night. In reality, it took around 300 years to build this
being in 2,000 years to view a beau ful Maya mural in
structure. And like other Maya pyramids, this one started out
Guatemala was probably that point for him. Saturno, an
smal . The workers built a bigger structure on top of the first
archaeologist and an expert on the Maya civiliza on, discovered
smal pyramid and an even bigger structure on top of that one.
the mural inside a room that was once next to a pyramid. The
Archaeologists have revealed parts of five different structures
mural room and pyramid were later covered by a larger
here that make up the pyramid you see today! Does anyone have
pyramid—part of the ruins of an ancient Maya city, now cal ed any ques ons at this point? San Bartolo.
Female tourist: I do have a ques on. You men oned
At first, Saturno could see only a smal part of the mural. He
archaeologists. When was Uxmal discovered? I mean, in modern
had to dig through earth and stone in order to reveal the rest. mes. When was it found?
Then, instead of using a camera, Saturno used his scanner to take
Tour guide: That’s a great ques on! Of course, in some places,
digital images of the mural. He took about 350 scans!
the Maya ci es were completely covered over by trees and other
The mural wasn’t the only important find at San Bartolo. The
plants, and they had to dig to find the buildings underneath. But
archaeologists also uncovered a tomb. It was a royal tomb,
Uxmal stayed pre y visible over me. People could see the ruins
where the bones of a Maya king were buried, along with objects
fairly easily. There are drawings from the 1700s and photos from
such as a bowl in the shape of a frog and an image of the Maya
the 1800s, so this has been a popular place to visit for hundreds rain god Chac. of years!
OK, I’l give you a minute or two to take photos, and then we’l
Listening: A Guided Tour of Uxmal
head over to the bal court and maybe play a bal game. Just Track 3.3
B. Listening for Main Ideas and Page 146 kidding. C. Listening for Details
Page 147 Male tourist: Could I ask a ques on?
Tour Guide: Good morning, and welcome to Uxmal! This Tour guide: Absolutely!
ancient city was part of the Maya civiliza on. It’s one of the
Male tourist: Do they s l play the Maya bal game here? Like
most fascina ng and popular Maya historical sites in Mexico,
maybe to show the public what the game was like?
and for good reason. There’s a lot to see here! So I hope you al
Tour guide: No, sorry—not here at Uxmal. OK, a er we see the
have on comfortable walking shoes today. There are several
bal court, we’l go to the Governor’s Palace. In front of that
pyramids and other structures at this site, which were al built
structure is something very special. It’s cal ed the Jaguar Throne.
by the Maya during the late Classic period. That’s around A.D.
It’s very cool. And as you probably know, a jaguar is a wild cat.
600 to 900. So they are not nearly as ancient as the pyramids in
It’s the largest wild cat in the Americas, and you can s l find a
Egypt, of course, but they’re s l pre y old and very special.
few wild jaguars in Mexico today. OK, so the Jaguar Throne in
There is also a bal court on the site where bal games were
front of the Governor’s Palace is made from stone, and it looks
played. The bal game the Maya played was a very difficult and
like a jaguar with two heads. In the middle is a kind of seat—
dangerous sport, played with a hard bal made of rubber. I’l tel
most likely for a royal person like a king to sit in.
you more about it when we get there. We’l also see tombs
Tour guide Cont’d: Now, here we are at the bal court. OK, so
where important people were buried—mostly people from one
who can tel me about the bal games that were played in this royal family. bal court? Anyone? speaking
I’ve visited a lot of Maya ruins, and personal y, I think the ruins
at Uxmal are the most beau ful and interes ng of al of them.
Track 3.4 Pronuncia on: Ques on
So, you’ve picked a good place to visit. Maybe you’l agree with me a er our tour today. lOMoAR cPSD| 59062190 Intona on Page 148
silvio: Wel , for instance, they found the remains of some old
Is the Maya bal game s l played here?
buildings that were probably palaces. The pieces were decora ve
and beau ful, not like parts of regular houses that were built at
Would you rather leave now or later?
that me. That’s how they determined the buildings were When was Uxmal discovered?
palaces. Professor norton: I see. It sounds like an interes ng Track 3.5 A. Page 148 documentary. 1. What me are we leaving?
silvio: It was interes ng, but the problem is I don’t real y
2. Have you ever been to Kazakhstan?
know how to summarize. Not very wel , at least. Professor
norton: Hmmm. Are these your notes? 3. How was the walking tour?
4. Did you go there on Friday or Saturday?
silvio: Yeah. I wrote down a few things while I was
watching. Professor norton: Actual y, they look pre y good.
5. Is the mural from the early, middle, or late period?
In a way, you’ve done some summarizing already. silvio: I
6. Does this story make sense to you? have?
7. Is the mural in Mexico, Guatemala, or Honduras?
Professor norton: Sure. You didn’t write down every word you 8. Where’s the pyramid?
heard, right? Everything in your notes looks fairly important, or Lesson B Vocabulary
at least interes ng. silvio: OK. So what do I do now?
Track 3.6 A. Meaning from Context Page 154
Professor norton: Wel , you could try a technique that
newspaper reporters use. Let’s cal it the “Wh- ques ons
new Clues About Tutankhamen: His Life and Death
technique for summarizing.” silvio: Huh. I’ve never heard of that.
In 1922, Bri sh Egyptologist Howard Carter found the remains How does it work?
of a young man in a tomb fil ed with royal treasures in the
Professor norton: It’s pre y easy, real y. You ask yourself
Val ey of the Kings, Egypt. Newspapers around the world
ques ons with Who, What, When, Where, Why, and How. To
reported the discovery and described the gold jewelry,
give you an example ques on, who was involved in the
precious stones, and beau ful art found in the tomb. Everyone documentary you watched?
wanted to know who this important man was.
silvio: The Vietnamese government, mostly. They had planned to
We now know Tutankhamen was the son of Akhenaten, and
construct a new government building near the citadel gate.
he ruled Egypt from 1332–1322 BC. He became pharaoh1 as a
Professor norton: Good! And what happened? Or what did they
child, and he died young. Yet many ques ons are s l do?
unanswered. Was “Tut” il ? Was he murdered2? What did he
silvio: They started digging, and they started finding and look like when he was alive?
repor ng al these ancient ar facts that were buried there.
In 2005, scien sts began to analyze Tut’s remains with
That’s where the archaeologists got involved. The government
computer tomography (CT) and modern forensic medicine—a
cal ed archaeologists in to inves gate the site and let them know
science usual y used to inves gate and solve murder cases. Tut’s
if it was important historical y.
remains were scanned in a CT machine, which created 3-D
images. Using this technology, scien sts determined that Tut
Professor norton: So the people involved were the Vietnamese
was probably not murdered and was about 19 when he died.
government and the archaeologists. Then the next ques on is
Scien sts also worked with an ar st to construct a life-like
Why? As in Why were the archaeologists cal ed in? And why
model of Tut. Not everyone likes the result, but according to the
were al those old things there at the site?
CT scans, he probably looked a lot like modern Egyp ans.
silvio: OK. I see what you mean. Who, and what, and why, where, when?
Listening: A Conversa on about an Assignment
Professor norton: You got it. The idea is to iden fy the most
important informa on and to start with that informa on. Track 3.7
B. Listening for Main Ideas and Page 156 C. note Taking Page 157
silvio: That makes sense. But I have a ques on. What about silvio: Hi, Professor
informa on that’s less important? Like al of the stuff the
Norton. Thanks for seeing me. Professor norton: It’s my archaeologists found?
pleasure, Silvio. How can I help you?
Professor norton: Actual y, a few examples and interes ng
silvio: Wel , I’m having some trouble with the oral summary
details can make a summary stronger. I mean, it’s one thing to
assignment for Communica on 102.
say that they found some old ar facts. But if you can support
Professor norton: Right. The oral summary of a movie or
that idea with one or two examples, it can be a much more
documentary film. What are you having trouble with?
effec ve summary. So, what else did the archaeologists find?
silvio: OK, so, I watched a very interes ng documentary about
silvio: Wel , for example, they found some dishes and coins
the discovery of a historical site in Vietnam. It’s cal ed the Thang
there. Professor norton: So, things people used in their daily Long Imperial Citadel. lives.
Professor norton: Hmmm. I haven’t heard of it.
silvio: Exactly, and that’s why these things were precious to the
silvio: Wel , it’s in Hanoi, Vietnam. The citadel itself was a place
archaeologists. Since there’s no one alive today to tel us what
where the royal family—the people who ruled Vietnam at the
life was like a thousand years ago, we can look at these objects
me—could stay safe. Anyway, they were star ng the
and learn how people lived back then.
construc on of a new building there, and the workers found
Professor norton: That makes the objects real historical
some ruins at the site and had to stop.
treasures, doesn’t it? We can learn a lot by analyzing a plate and
Professor norton: Huh. What kind of ruins did they find?
finding out how it was made or by finding out whether they
preferred plainlooking dishes or colorful, ar s c-looking dishes. lOMoAR cPSD| 59062190
silvio: Exactly! Wel , I real y appreciate your help, Professor
inherit the useful trait. In contrast, animals of that same
Norton. This Wh- ques on technique seems real y useful. I feel
species with a different trait might die and not reproduce. In
much be er about the summary assignment now.
this way, a species would adapt to its environment and
Professor norton: Wel , I’m happy to help, and I’m sure you’l change over me.
do a great job, Silvio. Oh, and be sure to prac ce your
presenta on a few mes. That always helps. silvio: Thanks, I Track 3.10 C. Page 165 wil . Wel , see you Thursday. out of Africa speaking
Anthropologists, scien sts who study human beings, have long Track 3.8 A. note Taking Page 158
said that modern humans first lived in Africa and then moved silvio: Hi
east toward Asia, north across the Mediterranean, and later
everyone, my name is Silvio. And today I’m going to talk about a throughout the world.
documentary film I watched. The topic of the film was the
discovery of a historical site in Hanoi, Vietnam, cal ed the
Now, a large gene c study supports that theory. The study
Imperial Thang Long Citadel. OK, this discovery happened in
looked at nearly 1,000 people in 51 places around the world. It
2002. That’s when the Vietnamese government started to
found the most gene c diversity in Africa and less farther away
construct a new building, but as the construc on workers began
from Africa. How did this happen? When smal groups of people
to dig into the ground, they started to find ruins, such as pieces
moved away, they took only a smal amount of al the possible
of old buildings that used to be palaces. Wel , the government
gene c informa on with them. People in the smal groups
stopped the construc on and cal ed in a team of archaeologists,
reproduced. Their offspring inherited their parents’ more limited
and it quickly became clear that the Citadel site was very
set of genes. Therefore, their traits were very similar to those of
important historical y. The archaeologists found many ancient
their parents. This process con nued as smal groups of people
ar facts there—for instance, coins and dishes and other objects
moved farther and farther from Africa.
from the daily lives of the people who once lived at the site. It’s
important to note that the Vietnamese government did not Listening: A Talk about Birds
move ahead with the construc on of a new building at this site. Track 3.11
B. Listening for Main Ideas and Page 166
Instead, they worked with archaeologists to inves gate the site’s
historical importance, and they chose a different loca on for the C. Listening for Details Page 167
new building. In 2010, the Citadel became a UNESCO World
Biologist: Welcome, everyone. I’m glad you could come for the
Heritage Site and is now quite popular with tourists. Now,
presenta on today A er my talk, we’l go outside to the gardens,
anyone can visit the Citadel and learn about the people who
but first I’l show you pictures of some of the birds we’re likely to
lived there at different points in history. Thank you for your
see today. That way you’l be ready to iden fy these birds when
a en on. Are there any ques ons?
you see them. You are welcome to ask ques ons, so please don’t be shy.
OK. One type of bird I know we’re going to see today is the Unit 9: species survival
finch. In this picture, we see a European goldfinch. These birds
are very common here in the UK and in many other parts of Lesson A Vocabulary
Europe— in northern Europe during the summer and farther
south during the winter. As you can see, the goldfinch isn’t real y
Track 3.9 A. Meaning from Context
Page 164 gold in color, but the trait that makes it easy to iden fy is this
patch of bright yel ow feathers on each wing. Now, the goldfinch The Beagle in south America
eats seeds, and one of its favorite seeds comes from inside this
The Beagle expedi on’s priority was to map the harbors and
flower, the thistle. This flower here. It grows wild, pre y much
coastlines of South America. Charles Darwin also spent a lot of
everywhere, as you know, and not everyone loves it. But it’s an
his me on land, exploring parts of the Argen ne Pampas, the
important source of food for finches. These birds adapted over
Atacama Desert, and the Andes mountains.
me, and the finches we’l see in the gardens today have certain
1. Argen na, 1832: At both Punta Alta and Monte Hermoso,
traits, or special features, that help them survive. Their ancestors
Darwin found fossils of large prehistoric animals. He could not
long ago had these same traits, of course. They helped the birds
iden fy the fossils, but they were similar to modern animal
to live and reproduce, and their offspring inherited these traits—
species from the area. This might have been the beginning of
in this case, it’s a beak that fits nicely inside the thistle flower.
his now famous idea that species could change over me.
And now we have lots of finches ea ng lots of thistle seeds!
2. Chile, 1833: In South America, the men on Darwin’s ship the
Female Visitor 1: Excuse me. How can you tel the difference
Beagle some mes ate a bird cal ed a rhea. Darwin heard
between male and female goldfinches?
about a smal er type of rhea. It lived mostly in southern
Biologist: That’s a good ques on. The males and females of this
Patagonia, while the larger rhea lived in the north. Darwin
bird species don’t differ much in their appearance. But the one
wondered why the southern rhea differed from the northern
we saw in the last slide is definitely a male. One difference is that
one. At this me, Darwin became interested in the diversity
the female’s beak is a li le shorter, so she can’t reach as many
of animal life. Could an animal’s environment affect traits
kinds of flower seeds as the male can. Are there any other such as size? ques ons?
3. Galápagos Islands, ecuador, 1835: Here, Darwin began to
Male Visitor: Yes. Is the goldfinch here al year round?
develop his ideas about why and how the diversity of species
Biologist: Actual y, most of them fly to warmer parts of Europe
occurred. In a process he cal ed natural selec on, an animal
in September or October. They come back to the UK in the
with a useful trait was more likely to survive, and therefore,
spring. OK. Let’s talk about a second type of finch—the
more likely to reproduce. The animal’s offspring would then lOMoAR cPSD| 59062190
greenfinch. The greenfinch has an even wider range than the
process con nues and as a result, over me, most of the
goldfinch. It lives in most parts of Europe, and also northwest
animals in the species have the helpful trait. Africa and parts of Turkey.
Female Visitor 1: Is there anything else that’s special about the Lesson B Vocabulary greenfinch?
Biologist: I’m glad you asked! The greenfinch has an interes ng Track 3.17 A. Meaning from Context Page 174
trait. Its beak is quite large and strong, and it uses that powerful
beak to break open larger seeds. Is everything clear so far? Bar Coding Life on earth
Female Visitor 2: So far, so good—thanks!
Paul Hebert is a biologist at the University of Guelph in Canada.
As a young man in the 1970s, part of his job was to classify
Biologist: OK, good, and to summarize: the male goldfinch eats
thousands of different species of moths. Finding ny varia ons in
the smal seeds inside flowers, the female goldfinch eats other
the moths in order to describe each species scien fical y was not
smal seeds, and the greenfinch eats larger seeds. Male easy, however.
Visitor: So, it sounds like there’s one kind of bird for each kind
In 2003, Hebert suggested something a bit controversial. of food supply, basical y.
Instead of using descrip ons to iden fy different species, why
Biologist: That’s exactly right. Through the process of natural
not use DNA? Hebert argued that a bar code—similar to the bar
selec on, each bird has its own special place in the
codes on products in a store—could be created for every living
environment. Think about it this way: if many other birds eat
thing on Earth. This was a major break from scien fic tradi on.
smal seeds, and you’re the only bird that eats big seeds, then
Hebert suggested using part of a gene cal ed CO1, which
you’l always have plenty to eat! That kind of diversity means
nearly every form of life has, to create bar codes. This gene is
that more species can survive together in the same place. Here
made up of four chemical substances known as G, T, C, and A,
you can see just some of the types of birds that visit the
and the sequence of these substances differs for each species.
gardens each year. Yes? In the back?
Using bar codes and an electronic catalog, scien sts or anyone
Female Visitor 2: I have a ques on. Does the greenfinch leave
else can iden fy a plant or animal by tes ng a sample of its DNA.
the UK in the winter like the goldfinch does?
Hebert’s bar code technique is not only a good way to iden fy
Biologist: Most of the me, no. They stay here, but you wil find
species, the electronic catalog has also become a public resource
them living in different places during different seasons. In the
that makes people more aware of biodiversity.
summer, you’re more likely to find them in parks and forests. But
in the winter, when there is less food, you’l find them in people’s
Listening: A Conversa on about a Photo Project
gardens and in farmers’ fields. Remember, they have those large
beaks, so they can eat the seeds and grains that farmers and Track 3.18
B. Listening for Main Ideas and Page 176 gardeners leave behind. C. Listening for Details Page 177
sandra: What an amazing photo. Check it out! It’s a red-ruffed speaking lemur!
Track 3.12 A. Page 168 banana demand iden fy
Robbie: Let’s see. Wow! What a beau ful animal! They live in Madagascar, right? reproduce
sandra: Yeah, original y, but this one lives in a zoo.
Track 3.13 Pronuncia on: stress in
Robbie: Oh, wait. Is it part of that Photo Ark project? I read Mul -syl able Words Page 168
something about that recently. local factor season analyze
sandra: Yep. These photos are by Joel Sartore. He’s a
photographer for Na onal Geographic. He’s a nature local factor season
photographer, and he’s concerned about the species that are
disappearing, so he wants to take pictures of al of the animal Track 3.14 B. Page 168
species in human care—that’s around 12,000 species—before a
1. prac cal 2. compare 3. a achment 4. available
lot of them are gone forever. His photos are amazing. 5. propor on 6. support
Robbie: Yeah, they are. I remember seeing his photos from
around the world—images of animals in their natural habitats. Track 3.15 C. Page 168
So, why did he start taking pictures of animals that are not in
1. recommend 2. classify 3. atmosphere 4. quan ty 5. roman c their natural habitats? 6. disappear
sandra: Wel , for one thing, there are mil ions of described
species in the wild. He couldn’t possibly photograph that many! Track 3.16 e. Page 169
And in this ar cle, he argues that the photos he’s taking now
make people care about the animals more than the photos he
The Process of natural selec on used to take.
Here’s a brief explana on of the process of natural selec on. Robbie: Real y?
First, the environment affects animals in some way. Because of
this, the animals that have certain helpful traits do wel in their
sandra: Yeah. And he’s publishing a lot more photos now. They’re
environments. And therefore, they survive and reproduce. The
showing up on TV and on social media, and people are becoming
offspring of these animals inherit the helpful trait from their
more aware of endangered species like this lemur.
parents. Then these offspring grow up, reproduce, and pass the
Robbie: Hmmm. Let me see that photo again. I real y like the
helpful trait onto their offspring and so on and so on. This
technique he uses—photographing each animal against a plain