Phân Tích Tác Phẩm và Tư Tưởng Sáng Tác | Môn Văn học Anh-Mỹ - Đại học Sư phạm Hà Nội 2

lOMoAR cPSD| 58950985 I.
Phân tích các yếu tố chính cấu thành một tác phẩm văn học;
một số thủ pháp nghệ thuật sử dụng trong các tác phẩm văn
học Anh – Mỹ nói riêng, văn học nói chung.
Key Elements of a Literary Work:
1. Plot: The sequence of events in a story that typically includes exposition, rising
action, climax, falling action, and resolution. It's the backbone of the narrative.
2. Characterization: The process of developing and portraying the characters in a
story. This includes their physical traits, personalities, motivations, and
development throughout the narrative.
3. Setting: The time and place in which the story unfolds. The setting can
significantly impact the mood, tone, and themes of a work.
4. Theme: The central idea or message that the author wants to convey through the
story. Themes are often open to interpretation and can be complex and multilayered.
5. Point of View: The perspective from which the story is narrated. It can be
firstperson (narrator as a character), third-person limited (narrator knows the
thoughts and feelings of one character), or third-person omniscient (narrator
knows the thoughts and feelings of all characters).
6. Tone: The author's attitude or emotional disposition toward the subject matter or
characters. Tone can be humorous, serious, satirical, or any other emotional quality.
7. Style: The author's unique way of writing, including the use of language, sentence
structure, and literary devices. Style can contribute to the overall mood and impact of the work.
Simile: A figure of speech that compares two things using "like" or "as
Metaphor: A figure of speech that directly equates two unrelated things, suggesting a similarity between them
Personification: Attributing human characteristics or qualities to non-human objects or ideas.
Metonymy: A figure of speech that substitutes a word or phrase with another
closely related word or phrase. lOMoAR cPSD| 58950985
Oxymoron: A figure of speech that combines contradictory terms for emphasis or dramatic effect.
Irony: The expression of meaning that is the opposite of what is intended, typically
for humorous or emphatic effect.
Imagery: Using language to create a vivid mental picture or sensory experience for the reader.
Alliteration: The repetition of consonant sounds at the beginning of words in close proximity.
Repetition: The deliberate use of repeating words, phrases, or sounds for emphasis or rhetorical effect.
Euphemism: A word or phrase used to substitute a harsh or unpleasant term, often
to make it sound less offensive
Cliche: An overused phrase or expression that has lost its originality or impact.
Hyperbole: Exaggerated statements or claims not meant to be taken literally, used
for emphasis or dramatic effect.
Allusion: A passing or indirect reference to a well-known person, event, or work of
art, often used to enhance meaning or add depth to a literary work.
Foreshadowing: A literary device that hints or suggests what will happen later in a
story, often creating suspense or anticipation.
II. Kiến thức sơ lược về các thời kì của văn học Anh – Mỹ.
1. English literature in Medieval period
1.1. ANGLO-NORMAN PERIOD (11TH-13TH CENTURIES)
• In the year 1066, a strong feudal monarchy was established. The
power of the Catholic Church has become very great.
• 3 languages were spoken in England. The language of nobility was
French, the churchman used Latin and the common people spoken Anglo-Saxon.
• The literature of the Church was scholastic, moralizing, and it supported the feudal system.
• The Anglo-Saxon composed their own popular poetry.
• Genres: Fabiliaux, funny stories lOMoAR cPSD| 58950985
1.2. PRE-RENAISSANCE (14TH-15TH CENTURIES)
• The 14th century was a difficult time for England. The war brought
great hardships to the common people. At the same time England
suffered from 3 epidemics of the plague.
• The townpeople, that are the craftmen and the tradesmen, were
becoming an important social force.
• The English nation was being formed; English became the spoken
language of the country -> English literature was born.
• Geoffrey Chaucer (1340-1400), the first poet who pave the way for
English realistic literature, free the influence of the Church.
2.English literature in Renaissance
2. 1.THE ELIZABETHAN AGE (THE 16TH CENTURY)
• English became the first-rate Ẻuropean power under the reign of Queen
Elizabeth I (1533-1603, Queen of England and Ireland 1558-1603). At that
time her country was called MERRY ENGLAND.(The development of the
economy - a development of culture and other social aspects)
• This was also the time of the RENAISSANCE and the REFORMATION in
literature and the age of great playwrights ( writers of plays).
• The climax of this period is WILLIAM SHAKESPEARE(the greatest
writers in the English language, born in 1564 ), the greatest playwright of the age
2.2. THE PURITAN AGE ( THE 17TH CENTURY)
• The Puritan age began in 1626 (the 17th century). It was the age of
religious and political controversy Puritanism (Thanh Giáo) =
Protestantism objected to the reformation by Q. Elizabeth) , the
age of Protestantism having the idea of a pure religion and harsh
life ( Anglicanism (Giáo phái Anh): Henry VIII 1491-1547, King of England 1509-1547).
• The main figure of this age is JOHN MILTON (1608-1674). He
was blind poet. His great poems are PARADISE LOST, PARADISE REGAINED
2.3.The Enlightenment Age(The 18th Century)
• The 18th century: The age of reason or enlightenment lOMoAR cPSD| 58950985
Marked by the scientific and technological evolution in England and France
Rationalism (chủ nghĩa duy lí) prevailed and influenced writers.
• 2. Feature: Prose fiction (tác phẩm văn xuôi) or the novel  3. Two typical figures:
DANIEL DEFOE ( 1660-1731 ), a minister with ROBINSON CRUSOE.
JONATHAN SWIFT ( 1667-1745 ) with GULLIVER'S TRAVELERS
2.4. ROMANTICISM ( THE LATE 18TH CENTURY )
In 1789, WILLIAM WORDSWORTH (1770-1850) with coleridge a book of
lyrical poetry (thơ phổ nhạc) THE LYRICAL BALLAD The principles of
Romanticism(chủ nghĩa lãng mạn): - Ordinary life
- Written in the language of ordinary men & women
- Nature is the most suitable subject
3.English literature in late 19th century and early 20th century.
• The victorian age (the 19th century) in 1857, queen victoria ascended the
throne, ushering the victorian age with the Quality and excellence of
literature In poetry, prose, and novels
• In the field of prose, the Representative is sir walter scott(1771-1832)
Remembered as the creator of the English historican novel with ivanhoe.
• The representative novelist of this age is CHARLES DICKENS (1812-1870)
with a lot of depictions of the working people in his novels. His most popular books are: -THE PICKWICK PAPERS
- DAVID COPPERFIELD OLIVER TWIST - THE CHRISTMAS BOOKS
• We should also mention another novelist:
WILLIAM MAKEPEACE THACKERAY (1811-1860)
with VANITY FAIR mocking(chế nhạo) at the follies of the upper classes of
society. It also is the novels has the sub-title ‘A Novel Without a Hero’ lOMoAR cPSD| 58950985
4.English literature in 20th century and contemporary literature THE TWENTIETH CENTURY
• The English literature in the 20th century lays more emphasis on:
- Realism and philosophy of life.
- Social reflection: and showing life as it is.
- Changes in life and thought which are brought about by the two world wars. • 2. Some typical figures:
- H.G. WELLS (1866-1946) with THE TIME MACHINE.
-SOMERSET MAUGHAM (1874-1965) with OF HUMAN BONDAGE.
-GEORGE BERNARD SHAW (1856-1950): a playwright with MAN AND SUPERMAN.
A BRIEF OF AMERICAN LITERATURE
1. Colonial and Early American Literature (1607-1800): The earliest American
literature consisted primarily of religious and historical writings by English
settlers. Prominent figures include Anne Bradstreet, known for her poetry, and
Jonathan Edwards, a preacher. The Great Awakening in the mid-18th century
influenced a shift towards more emotional and personal expressions.
2. The Enlightenment and Revolutionary Period (1750-1800): This era saw the
emergence of political writings and pamphlets advocating for independence.
Thomas Paine's "Common Sense" and the Federalist Papers are notable
examples. Early American novels, such as Washington Irving's "Rip Van
Winkle" and James Fenimore Cooper's "The Leatherstocking Tales," also appeared during this time.
3. Romanticism (1800-1860): The early 19th century marked the rise of American
Romanticism. Writers like Edgar Allan Poe, Nathaniel Hawthorne, and Herman
Melville explored darker themes, while poets like Walt Whitman celebrated
individualism and nature. Ralph Waldo Emerson and Henry David Thoreau played
key roles in the Transcendentalist movement.
4. The American Renaissance (1830-1865): This period, often considered a
subset of Romanticism, produced some of the most enduring works in American lOMoAR cPSD| 58950985
literature. Notable figures include Nathaniel Hawthorne, Herman Melville,
Emily Dickinson, and Walt Whitman.
5. Realism and Naturalism (1865-1914): Post-Civil War literature shifted towards
realism, portraying everyday life and characters in a more truthful manner.
Mark Twain's "Adventures of Huckleberry Finn" is a significant work of this era.
Naturalism, influenced by scientific determinism, emerged with writers like
Stephen Crane and Theodore Dreiser.
6. The Harlem Renaissance (1920s): This cultural, social, and artistic explosion
in the African American community led to a flourishing of literature, music, and
visual arts. Key figures include Langston Hughes, Zora Neale Hurston, and Claude McKay.
7.The Lost Generation (1920s-1930s): Following World War I, writers like F.
Scott Fitzgerald and Ernest Hemingway explored the disillusionment and trauma of
the war. Their works often reflected a sense of loss and questioning of traditional values. 8.
Modernism (1914-1945): A literary movement characterized by a break
from traditional forms and a focus on individual consciousness. T.S. Eliot, William
Faulkner, and Virginia Woolf are influential modernist writers. 9.
Post-World War II Period (1945-Present): The second half of the 20th
century saw the emergence of diverse voices, including the Beat Generation (Allen
Ginsberg, Jack Kerouac), the Confessional poets (Sylvia Plath, Anne Sexton), and
the rise of multicultural literature with authors like Toni Morrison and Amy Tan.
10. Contemporary Period (Late 20th Century-Present): American literature
continues to evolve, encompassing a wide range of voices, genres, and
perspectives. Notable contemporary authors include Don DeLillo, Jhumpa Lahiri, and Colson Whitehead. lOMoAR cPSD| 58950985
Tìm hiểu, phân tích tư tưởng sáng tác, tư tưởng thời đại, phong cách
sáng tác của đại văn hào William Shakepeare.
William Shakespeare's Creative Ideas:
1. Universal Themes: Shakespeare's works often revolved around universal themes
such as love, power, ambition, jealousy, and the human condition. These themes
continue to resonate with audiences across cultures and time.
2. Human Nature: Shakespeare had a deep understanding of human psychology,
and his characters often grapple with complex emotions and motivations, making them relatable and timeless.
3. Exploration of Morality: His works frequently delved into questions of right and
wrong, ethics, and the consequences of one's actions.
4. Social and Political Commentary: Shakespeare's plays also commented on the
social and political issues of his time, reflecting the concerns and values of the
Elizabethan and Jacobean eras.
Shakespeare's Writing Style:
1. Blank Verse: Shakespeare often used iambic pentameter, a metrical pattern of five
stressed and unstressed syllables per line, in his plays. This blank verse gave his
works a rhythmic and poetic quality.
2. Soliloquies and Monologues: His characters frequently delivered soliloquies and
monologues, allowing them to express their inner thoughts and emotions. These
moments provide insight into the characters' psyches.
3. Wordplay and Puns: Shakespeare was a master of wordplay, using puns,
metaphors, and double meanings to create humor and depth in his writing.
4. Varied Tone: His works display a wide range of tones, from comedic to tragic,
often within the same play. This complexity contributes to the richness of his characters and themes.
"Romeo and Juliet" Overview:
"Romeo and Juliet" is one of Shakespeare's most famous tragedies. It tells the story of
two young lovers from feuding families in Verona, Italy. Their love defies social
expectations and leads to a series of tragic events, including the deaths of Romeo and Juliet. Character Analysis: lOMoAR cPSD| 58950985 •
Romeo and Juliet: The titular characters are characterized by their intense and
impulsive love. They are youthful and passionate, making rash decisions that
ultimately lead to their tragic demise. •
Mercutio: Romeo's friend, Mercutio, is known for his wit and humor. His
character provides comic relief, but he also plays a pivotal role in the plot's tragedy. •
Tybalt: Tybalt is Juliet's cousin and a fierce rival of Romeo. His hot temper and
desire for revenge fuel the conflict in the play. Motifs in "Romeo and Juliet:" •
Fate vs. Free Will: The play explores the idea of fate and destiny, as the young
lovers' paths seem predetermined by their feuding families. However, their choices
also play a significant role in their tragic end. •
Love: Love, especially young and impulsive love, is a central motif. The intensity
of Romeo and Juliet's love contrasts with the hatred between their families. Themes: •
Love Conquers All: Despite the tragedy, the play conveys the idea that love can
be a powerful force capable of transcending societal norms and hatred. •
Fate and Free Will: The play raises questions about the role of fate in human
lives and whether individuals have control over their destinies.
Shakespearean Artistic Techniques: •
Dramatic Irony: Shakespeare often used dramatic irony, where the audience
knows something that the characters do not, to create tension and engage the audience emotionally. •
Foreshadowing: He employs foreshadowing to hint at the tragic events to come,
building anticipation and dread. •
Rhetorical Devices: Shakespeare's use of rhetorical devices, such as metaphors
and allusions, adds depth and complexity to his characters' speeches.
In "Romeo and Juliet" and his other works, Shakespeare's ability to explore the human
psyche, create memorable characters, and address timeless themes through his distinctive
writing style has solidified his place as a literary giant whose influence continues to be felt today. O’henry
1. The author biography & writing style lOMoAR cPSD| 58950985
O. Henry, the pen name of William Sydney Porter, was born on September 11,
1862, in Greensboro, North Carolina, and he died on June 5, 1910, in New York
City. Porter's life was marked by a series of diverse experiences and challenges.
After working in various jobs, including as a pharmacist and a bank clerk, he faced
legal issues related to embezzlement and was sentenced to prison in 1898. During
his time in prison, he began writing short stories to support his daughter, Margaret.
He has an intense writing style. His writing is full of paronomasia, irony, metaphor,
exaggeration, and metonymy that make his stories humoristic and funny. Another
important feature of his writing style is the combination of tragedy and comedy, and a tearful smile.
O’ Henry was very good at using different techniques and styles. His style contains
local color, and his writings are deeply inspired by his native culture. The speech
patterns and rhythm in the writings of O’Henry are of common folks that add
variety, vivacity, and interests in his stories. His writings have a realistic touch as
he takes dialogues from his own childhood and has first-hand experience with
people of various classes. The main characters of his stories were mostly the people surrounding him. 2. Work
He wrote nearly 600 stories in his lifetime. Most famous works include “The Gift
of the Magi” ,“The Ransom of Red Chief” and "The Last Leaf". His stories have
been adapted into numerous films and television shows over the years. 3. The last leaf
"The Last Leaf" is a poignant short story by O. Henry that revolves around the
themes of hope, sacrifice, and the power of art. The narrative is set in a Greenwich
Village apartment building during a severe winter. Two young artists, Sue and
Johnsy, share a studio. Johnsy falls seriously ill with pneumonia, and her health deteriorates rapidly.
Convinced that she will die when the last leaf falls from a vine outside her window,
Johnsy loses the will to live. Meanwhile, Behrman, an old painter in the same
building, learns of Johnsy's condition and the reason for her despair. Unbeknownst
to Johnsy, he decides to make a sacrificial effort to save her. Despite his own frailty
and the harsh weather, Behrman climbs the vine and paints one last leaf on the
wall, hoping to deceive Johnsy into regaining hope. lOMoAR cPSD| 58950985
In a twist of fate, Behrman succumbs to pneumonia due to exposure to the cold.
However, Johnsy, upon waking up and seeing the lone leaf still clinging to the
vine, regains her will to live. Sue later discovers Behrman's lifeless body and the
painted leaf. The story concludes with Sue's realization of Behrman's selfless act
and the enduring impact of art, sacrifice, and the human spirit.
"The Last Leaf" explores themes of resilience, the value of life, and the unexpected
ways in which people can influence and inspire each other. O. Henry skillfully
weaves a narrative that combines elements of tragedy and hope, leaving readers
with a poignant reflection on the strength found in both art and human connection. Theme:
Hope and despair: The story revolves around the struggle between hope and
despair, embodied in Johnsy's illness and her fixation on the falling leaves outside
her window. The last clinging leaf becomes a symbol of hope, reminding Johnsy
that even in the bleakest moments, something can hold on.
The power of art and illusion: The "last leaf" is revealed to be not a natural leaf but
a painting by Behrman, the old artist. This twist highlights the power of art to
create hope and illusion, suggesting that sometimes believing in something, even if
it's not entirely real, can be enough to overcome despair.
Sacrifice and selflessness: Behrman's act of sacrificing his health and risking
exposure to the harsh winter weather to paint the leaf is a testament to his deep
affection for Sue and his desire to save Johnsy. It emphasizes the power of selfless
actions to inspire hope and bring people together.
Mortality and the cycle of life: The falling leaves represent the inevitability of
death, while the "last leaf" symbolizes the resilience of life. The story reminds us
that even as individuals face their own mortality, life itself goes on, and hope can
always be found in new beginnings.
Deception and its consequences: While Behrman's deception ultimately succeeds in
saving Johnsy, it raises questions about the ethics of manipulating someone's
reality. The story explores the potential dangers of deception, even when used with good intentions. Ernest Hemingway
1. The author biography & writing style lOMoAR cPSD| 58950985
Ernest Miller Hemingway was born on July 21, 1899, in Oak Park, Illinois. He
grew up in a middle-class family and developed a passion for outdoor activities,
particularly hunting and fishing. He got married at 22 years old and went to France
to work as a journal and started his career. Ernest Hemingway experienced four
marriages. He has three sons. He also had a strong affinity for adventure, travel,
and the outdoors. Hemingway served as an ambulance driver in Italy during World
War I. After the war, he worked as a journalist, gaining valuable insights that
would later influence his distinctive writing style. In 1954, Hemingway was
awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature for his mastery of the art of narrative and for
the influence he exerted on contemporary style.In the later years of his life,
Hemingway struggled with physical and mental health issues. He tragically took
his own life on July 2, 1961, at the age of 61, in Ketchum, Idaho.
Hemingway was known for his distinctive writing style and adventurous lifestyle,
he made significant contributions to the field of literature. He wrote novels and
short stories about outdoorsmen, expatriates, soldiers, and other men of action, and
his plainspoken no-frills writing style became so famous that it was frequently parodied. 2. Work
Ernest Hemingway composed about 10 novels, including famous works such as:
The Sun Also Rises (1926), Farewell to Arms (1929), To Have and Have Not
(1937), For Whom the Bell Tolls (1940), The Old Man and the Sea (1952), Islands
in the Stream (1970), The Garden of Eden (1986),..etc...
He also wrote about 10 collections of short stories such as: In Our Time (1924),
Men without Women (1927), Winner Take Nothing (1933), The Snow Of
Kilimanjaro (1936), The Fifth Column and the First forty-Nine Stories (1938), . 3. Writing style:
Hemingway's prose is known for its clarity, directness, and emotional economy. He
favors short, evocative sentences and powerful verbs, often employing dialogue to
reveal character and advance the narrative. He famously termed his writing style
the "iceberg theory," where the deeper meaning lies beneath the surface, hinted at
rather than explicitly stated.
4. The old man and the sea
"The Old Man and the Sea" is a novella written by Ernest Hemingway, published
in 1952. The story revolves around Santiago, an aging Cuban fisherman who has
gone 84 days without catching a fish. Determined to prove his skill and resilience,
Santiago ventures far into the Gulf Stream and hooks a giant marlin. The battle lOMoAR cPSD| 58950985
between man and fish becomes an epic struggle, lasting for three days. Santiago's
determination, endurance, and connection with the marlin highlight themes of
human strength, resilience, and the indomitable spirit in the face of adversity.
Despite successfully catching the marlin, Santiago faces further challenges as he
attempts to return to shore, battling sharks that attack his prize. The novella
explores themes of courage, endurance, and the inevitable cycle of life and death,
earning Hemingway the Pulitzer Prize for Fiction in 1953 and solidifying his
reputation as one of the great American writers. Theme: Man and Nature:
Hemingway often depicted the relationship between individuals and the natural
world. In this novella, Santiago's struggle with the marlin symbolizes the eternal
battle between man and nature. The sea is both a provider and a formidable
adversary, emphasizing the unpredictability and uncontrollable forces of the environment.
Resilience and Determination:
Santiago's relentless determination and resilience in the face of adversity are
central themes. Despite his age and the challenges presented by the marlin and
later the sharks, Santiago persists in his struggle. The novella celebrates the
indomitable human spirit and the refusal to surrender, even when faced with
seemingly insurmountable odds.
Isolation and Solitude:
Santiago's solitary existence as a fisherman contributes to the theme of isolation.
His relationship with the sea is both a source of sustenance and a factor that
separates him from the rest of society. The isolation highlights the personal,
internal struggles that individuals face in their pursuit of goals and the burdens they carry alone. Pride and Honor:
Santiago's pride as a fisherman and his sense of honor play significant roles in the
story. His determination to catch the marlin is not solely for material gain but also
to prove his worth as a fisherman. The novella explores the complexities of pride
and the pursuit of personal excellence, even in the face of external judgment or indifference. lOMoAR cPSD| 58950985 Life and Death:
Hemingway frequently grappled with existential themes, and "The Old Man and
the Sea" is no exception. The cycle of life and death is portrayed through
Santiago's interactions with the marlin and the subsequent battle with the sharks.
The narrative prompts reflection on the transient nature of life and the inevitability of death. Symbolism:
The novella is rich in symbolism, with the sea representing life's challenges and the
marlin embodying beauty, strength, and nature's forces. The sharks symbolize the
destructive forces that threaten to diminish one's achievements. The lions on the
beach, mentioned in Santiago's dreams, may symbolize youthful strength and the passage of time.
5. Hill likes white elephant Summary :
Hills Like White Elephants" is a brief yet impactful narrative that takes place
at a train station in Spain. The story revolves around a man and a woman engaged
in a tense conversation about a significant decision in their lives. Throughout the
dialogue, the couple discusses a "simple operation" that the woman is considering.
It becomes evident that they are grappling with the decision to have an abortion.
The title's reference to "hills like white elephants" is symbolic. The hills,
much like the issue they're avoiding discussing directly, loom in the background
and are never explicitly addressed. The story explores the theme of communication
breakdown and the difficulty of addressing profound and emotionally charged subjects.
The narrative is characterized by its sparse dialogue, leaving much unsaid and
open to interpretation. Hemingway's writing style, known for its brevity and
understatement, adds to the story's depth. The ending is ambiguous, leaving the
ultimate decision and the fate of the relationship unresolved, inviting readers to
contemplate the characters' choices and the consequences of their silence. Theme:
Communication Breakdown:
The central theme is the difficulty of communication between the man and the
woman. They are discussing a significant and potentially life-altering decision, yet lOMoAR cPSD| 58950985
they talk around the issue, avoiding direct confrontation. Their conversation is
filled with innuendos, hints, and veiled references, illustrating the challenges of addressing sensitive topics.
Choices and Consequences:
The story explores the theme of decision-making and its consequences. The couple
is faced with a crucial choice, likely an abortion, and the narrative reflects the
weight of this decision. The hills in the background, described as "white
elephants," symbolize the looming, burdensome nature of the unresolved issue.
The Unspoken and the Unsaid:
Much of the story's power lies in what is left unsaid. The characters never
explicitly mention the word "abortion," and the story's impact is heightened by the
reader's inference of the topic. The "white elephant" in the room, representing the
unspoken issue, highlights the difficulty of discussing matters that are emotionally charged or socially taboo.
Power Dynamics in Relationships:
The story subtly hints at power dynamics within the relationship. The man seems
to have a more assertive role, and the woman's reluctance or uncertainty about the
decision may reflect broader societal pressures and expectations regarding women's reproductive choices.
Ambiguity and Open-Endedness:
The story concludes without a clear resolution, leaving the ultimate decision and
the fate of the relationship open to interpretation. The ambiguity allows readers to
reflect on the characters' choices and the potential consequences, fostering a sense
of complexity and emotional weight. IV Margaret mitchell
1. The author biography & writing style
-Margaret Munnerlyn Mitchell (November 8, 1900 – August 16, 1949) was an
American novelist and journalist. Born and raised in Atlanta, Georgia, Mitchell
grew up in a well-to-do Southern family. She attended Washington Seminary and
Smith College but did not graduate from either institution.
Margaret Mitchell began her career as a journalist, working for The Atlanta Journal
Sunday Magazine. She gained attention for her vivid writing and engaging lOMoAR cPSD| 58950985
storytelling. However, Mitchell's most significant literary achievement came with
the publication of her epic novel, "Gone with the Wind," in 1936. The novel, set
against the backdrop of the American Civil War and Reconstruction era, became an
instant bestseller and won the Pulitzer Prize for Fiction in 1937.
Despite her success, Margaret Mitchell remained a private individual. She avoided
the spotlight and did not publish any more novels during her lifetime. Tragically,
Mitchell's life was cut short when she was struck by a car in 1949, resulting in her
untimely death at the age of 48.
-Her writing style was simple, yet elegant and captivating. She used recurring
phrases, such as “Tomorrow is another day” and “Frankly, my dear, I don’t give a
damn”, to create memorable lines and emphasize the themes of her novel. She also
portrayed the characters’ philosophical views on life, love, war, and society, using
sophisticated language and literary devices.
-Some of the devices she used were foreshadowing, symbolism, irony, and
contrast. She also explored the historical and social aspects of the American Civil
War and its aftermath, showing the violence, suffering, and changes that affected
the people of the South. Her writing style was influenced by her family
background, her journalistic experience, and her personal life. Work:
Mitchell wrote only one novel, published during her lifetime, the American Civil
War-era novel Gone with the Wind, for which she won the National Book Award
for Fiction for Most Distinguished Novel of 1936 and the Pulitzer Prize for Fiction
in 1937. Long after her death, a collection of Mitchell's girlhood writings and a
novella she wrote as a teenager, titled Lost Laysen, were published. A collection of
newspaper articles written by Mitchell for The Atlanta Journal was republished in book form. 2. Gone with the wind
"Gone with the Wind" is a classic historical novel written by Margaret Mitchell.
Published in 1936, the story is set in the American South before, during, and after
the Civil War. The protagonist, Scarlett O'Hara, is a strong-willed and manipulative
Southern belle who experiences the hardships of war and the changing social
landscape. The novel explores themes of love, loss, survival, and the impact of war
on individuals and society. Scarlett's tumultuous relationship with Rhett Butler, a
charming and enigmatic man, is a central focus. The book has been praised for its
vivid portrayal of characters and the Southern way of life, but it has also faced lOMoAR cPSD| 58950985
criticism for its romanticization of the Old South and its treatment of race. "Gone
with the Wind" was adapted into a highly successful film in 1939, starring Vivien
Leigh as Scarlett and Clark Gable as Rhett. Theme: 1.The Power of Love
The novel's central theme is the power of love, which is portrayed through the
relationship between Scarlett O'Hara and Rhett Butler. Scarlett's love for Rhett is
intense, but she is also deeply attached to her family and her home, Tara. The novel
explores the conflict between these two loves, as Scarlett struggles to reconcile her
desire for Rhett with her loyalty to her family. 2.Role of Women
The novel also explores the role of women in society. Scarlett is a strong-willed
and independent woman, who defies traditional gender roles. The novel explores
the limitations and opportunities available to women in the 19th-century South, as
well as the ways in which women adapt and survive in a male-dominated world. . The Impact of War:
The Civil War destroyed the social order and upended traditional values, leaving
many people disoriented and uncertain about the future. The novel depicts the
devastation wrought by war, as well as the resilience and resourcefulness of people in the face of adversity.
4. Survival and Adaptation:
Scarlett's journey is one of survival and adaptation. She transforms from a
pampered Southern belle into a determined and resourceful woman who navigates
the challenges of the war and its aftermath. 5. Race and Slavery:
The book grapples with the issue of race and the legacy of slavery in the South. It
explores the lives of African American characters, like Mammy and Prissy, and the
complexities of their relationships with white characters. lOMoAR cPSD| 58950985 William Wordsworth:
1. The author biography & writing style Life and work:
William Wordsworth was an English poet who was a central figure in the English
Romantic revolution in poetry. He was born on April 7, 1770, in Cockermouth, Cumberland, England.
Wordsworth lost his mother when he was 7 and his father when he was 13, upon
which the orphan boys were sent off by guardian uncles to a grammar school at
Hawkshead, a village in the heart of the Lake District.
At Hawkshead, Wordsworth received an excellent education in classics, literature,
and mathematics, but the chief advantage to him there was the chance to indulge in
the boyhood pleasures of living and playing outdoors.
Wordsworth moved on in 1787 to St. John’s College, Cambridge.
In 1795, he met Samuel Taylor Coleridge, and together they published Lyrical
Ballads in 1798, which helped launch the English Romantic movement.
He was appointed poet laureate in 1843 and held the position until his death on
April 23, 1850, in Rydal Mount, Westmorland, at the age of 801. Work:
Wordsworth’s other notable works include “Lines Composed a Few Miles Above
Tintern Abbey,” “Michael,” “Ode: Intimations of Immortality,” “Peter Bell,” “The
Excursion,” “The Prelude,” “The Recluse,” “The Ruined Cottage,” “The Solitary
Reaper,” and "The World Is Too Much with Us".
2. The poem “Daffodils”: Theme:
The Beauty and Power of Nature:
The poem celebrates the sheer beauty of the natural world, particularly the vibrant
yellow daffodils swaying in the breeze. The sensory details - "sunshine", "golden
daffodils," "dancing", "jocund company" - create a vivid picture of the scene and
evoke a sense of wonder and joy.
Wordsworth emphasizes the restorative power of nature, suggesting it can lift one's
spirits and provide solace and inspiration. lOMoAR cPSD| 58950985
Memory and Imagination:
The poet's solitary walk becomes a catalyst for recollection, as he recalls the "host"
of daffodils even in "lonely times." This memory acts as a source of comfort and
happiness, reminding him of the beauty he's encountered.
Imagination plays a crucial role in transforming the memory into a lasting source
of joy. By "recreating" the scene in his mind, the poet ensures the daffodils
continue to "bring the clouds that gather," adding a dimension of emotional warmth and resilience.
Connection between Nature and Human Emotion:
The poem emphasizes the deep connection between human emotions and the
natural world. The sight of the daffodils fills the poet with "pleasures", "bliss", and
a "jocund dance of thoughts." Nature is not merely a backdrop but actively
interacts with human spirit, influencing and shaping emotions.
This connection transcends the individual, as the speaker feels a sense of unity with
the "thousand" daffodils, forming a bond with the larger world around him.
Mortality and Immortality:
Although the poem celebrates the present moment, there's an underlying awareness
of the fleeting nature of beauty and human life. The daffodils, though abundant, will eventually fade.
However, through memory and imagination, the experience of their beauty
transcends time and becomes "immortal" within the poet's mind. This offers a
sense of solace and suggests that even temporary experiences can have lasting impact.
Finding Joy in the Ordinary:
Wordsworth chose daffodils, simple and common flowers, as the central image.
This reflects his focus on finding beauty and wonder in everyday experiences, not just grand spectacles.
The poem encourages us to appreciate the world around us, noticing the beauty in
seemingly ordinary things and finding joy in the simple pleasures of life.
V. WILLIAM SOMERSET MAUGHAM:
1. The author biography & writing style: Life: lOMoAR cPSD| 58950985
is a renowned English novelist, playwright and short- story writer.
born in Paris, France in 1874 and died in Nice, France in 1897.
his childhood was awful to him: mother died when he was eight; father died when he was ten
In 1897, he completed his studies for a medical degree but never practiced
medicine full- time, instead dedicating himself to writing. His first novel is “Liza
of Lambeth” published in the same year.
In 1915, Maugham’s success as a novelist further solidified the publication of “Of
Human Bondage”. Throughout his career, he penned numerous other notable works.
During his lifetime, he traveled to various parts of the world, including France,
English, Germany, the United States,... which enriched his writing. Work:
His works have been translated into numerous languages and continue to be read
and appreciated worldwide. His novels, plays, and short stories offer profound
insights into human nature, the complexities of relationships, and the challenges of
living in a diverse and ever-changing world. Some famous works:
Of Human Bondage (1915): Semi-autobiographical novel exploring themes of
identity, ambition, and human connection. Considered his masterpiece.
The Moon and Sixpence (1919): Examines the conflict between societal
expectations and artistic passion.
The Razor's Edge (1944): Philosophical novel exploring the search for meaning
and the different paths one can take in life.
Cakes and Ale (1930): Witty and insightful novel about aging, memory, and the creative process.
The Painted Veil (1925): Romantic drama about self-discovery and redemption set
against a backdrop of disease and cultural clash.
The Escape (1936): explores themes of commitment, societal expectations and the desire for freedom. lOMoAR cPSD| 58950985
2. The moon and sixpence: Theme:
The Moon as Dream and Idealism:
The moon often represents aspirations, dreams, and a yearning for something
beyond the everyday. In the context of the novel, it could symbolize the protagonist
Charles Strickland's artistic passion and his desire for self-expression, which he
ultimately pursues by abandoning his conventional life for Tahiti.
Sixpence as Reality and Obligation:
The sixpence, a small British coin at the time, represents the mundane realities of
life, societal expectations, and financial security. It could symbolize the life
Strickland leaves behind – a respectable job, a seemingly stable marriage, and societal expectations.
The Tension Between the Two:
The juxtaposition of the moon and sixpence highlights the central conflict of the
novel – the struggle between pursuing one's artistic calling and fulfilling social and
economic obligations. It can be seen as a timeless dilemma faced by individuals
seeking to find meaning and purpose in life.
Additional Interpretations:
Some interpret the moon as representing the feminine and the sixpence as
representing the masculine, highlighting the clash between societal expectations and individual desires.
Others view the title as a metaphor for the disparity between wealth and artistic
fulfillment, suggesting that true satisfaction lies beyond material possessions. 3. The escape: Theme:
Physical escape: fleeing from danger, oppression, or confinement. This could be
explored through fictional stories like adventure novels, dystopian narratives, or escape room scenarios.