Reading-3: To-Infinitives and Gerunds for English Learners

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TRƯỜNG ĐẠI HỌC DUY TÂN KHOA NGOẠI NGỮ
BỘ MÔN: ANH VĂN KHÔNG CHUYÊN GIÁO TRÌNH READING - LEVEL 3 LƯU HÀNH NỘI BỘ 1
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CHAPTER 1: TO-INFINITIVES & GERUNDS
Lesson 1: To-infinitives as a Noun, an Adjective/Adverb 4
Lesson 2: Common Verbs, Nouns, and Adjectives 7 Followed by a To-infinitive
Lesson 3: Functions of a Gerund - Verbs Followed by a 11 Gerund
Lesson 4: Common Expressions Followed by a Gerund - 15
Verbs Followed by either a Gerund or a To-infinitive
Lesson 5: Practice with Toeic Actual Questions 21 CHAPTER 2: COMPARISON
Lesson 6: Comparison of Equality 32 Lesson 7: Comparatives 34 Lesson 8: Superlatives 37
Lesson 9: Other Structures of Comparison 40
Lesson 10: Practice with Toeic Actual Questions 43
CHAPTER 3: READING COMPREHENSION Lesson 11: Information 54 Lesson 12: Invitations 59 Lesson 13: Invoices 66 Lesson 14: Schedules 71 Lesson 15: Surveys 77 2
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TO-INFINITIVE AS A NOUN, AN ADJECTIVE/ADVERB
❶ To-infinitive as a Noun
Grammatically, when functioning as a noun, a to-infinitive can come in the position of
a subject, an object, a subject complement, or an object complement. When it is a
subject, the verb that follows is in the singular form. Subject
To recruit good employees is difficult. Object
She wants to quit her job. Subject complement
The goal is to increase sales. Object complement
He advised me to apply for the job.
A. Read the following sentences and point out the positions of the underlined to- infinitives.
1. T o succeed in finding a job is not easy. Position: ________S__________
2. The manager encouraged the employees to work hard. Position: ________OC__________
3. My dream is to work for the HD Corporation. Position: _________SC_________
4. The manager wanted to interview three applicants. Position: _________O_________
5. They need to solve the problem now. Position: _______O___________
6. Jean helped me to complete the report. Position: _______OC___________
B. Choose the correct option to complete each sentence.
1. The SM Company needs ____________ more people. A. to hire B. hire C. to hiring D. hired
2. The purpose of the meeting is ____________ the issue. A. discussion B. discuss C. to discuss D. discussed 3
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❷ To-infinitive as an Adjective / Adverb To-infinitive as an Adjective
A to-infinitive can follow a noun and functions as an adjective modifying that noun.
He has a lot of work to do. N
Ms. Smith has a business call to make. To-infinitive as an adverb
A to-infinitive can function as an adverb and expresses a purpose / reason, a judgment, or a result.
To pass the bar exam, Steve studied hard.
Expressing a purpose/reason We were very pleased to hear the news. Expressing a judgment
The owner must be stupid to say such a thing. Expressing a result
The boss advised her only to offend her.
A. Read the following sentences and point out the functions of the underlined to- infinitives. 1. They made a plan to visit the office in Chicago.
Function: _____ Adjective (modifying the noun phrase a plan)
2. He exercises regularly to keep in shape.
Function: _______động từ__bổ ngữ cho trạng từ regularly ____________
3. The first thing to do is to have a meeting with the staff.
Function: ________bổ ngữ cho the first things_____________
4. I am so glad to hear the news.
Function: _______bổ ngữ cho glad______________
5. It is hard to find a place to park at this hour.
Function: ______tính từ bổ nghĩa cho tính từ_ a place ______________
6. The company downsized the workforce only to decrease its productivity.
Function: _____trạng từ chỗ nghĩ cho toàn câu________________
B. Choose the correct option to complete each sentence.
1. Mr. Kim worked hard ____________ a promotion. A. to get B. getting C. got D. get 4
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2. All the staff members were surprised _____________ the bad news. A. heard B. hear C. hearing D. to hear PRACTICE
A. Choose one correct option in the parentheses.
1. We hope (gain / to gain) a greater market share.
2. Our goal is (to attract / attraction) more customers.
3. Simon’s mistake was (to forget / forget) the date of the conference.
4. I am writing (inquire / to inquire) whether my order was shipped.
5. She is beginning (prepare / to prepare) the company’s anniversary celebration.
6. We will need (to enhance / enhancement) the security of our website.
7. Many people prefer (invest / to invest) in the IT industry.
8. (To update / Update) our website is my main responsibility.
9. Our policy is (donation / to donate) money to charities every year.
10. He has a presentation (to make / make) on sales strategies.
11. (To protect / Protection) your skin, you should use UltraCare sunblock.
12. She called (to reschedule / reschedule) her appointment with Mr. Lee.
B. Choose the correct option for each of the following sentences.
1. The board members unanimously agreed ___________ Mr. Weber’s suggestion. A. accept B. to accept C. accepted D. acceptance
2. One way of boosting profits is ____________ the cost of production. A. reduced B. reduce C. to reduce D. reduction
3. Some residents wish ____________ their phone numbers after they move. A. to keep B. keep C. kept D keeper
4. The accounting department may request receipts __________ your expense. A. verifying B. verify C. be verified D. to verify
5. ___________ the facilities before the upcoming event, the firm required several
staff members to work overtime. A. To inspect B. Inspected C. Inspection D. Inspect
6. Every company has an obligation __________ its workers with a safe and healthy work atmosphere. A. Provide B. provides C. provision D. to provide 5
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7. The meeting’s purpose is __________ improvements in employee benefits. A. Discuss B. will discuss C. discussion D. to discuss LESSON 2
COMMON VERBS, NOUNS, & ADJECTIVES FOLLOWED BY A TO-INFINITIVE
0 Common verbs followed by a to-infinitive
Below are some common verbs followed by a to-infinitive functioning as their object. want to V refuse to V wish to V manage to V hope to V propose to V offer to V ask to V plan to V expect to V need to V decide to V fail to V afford to V agree to V promise to V
Common nouns followed by a to-infinitive 0 ability to V plan to V time to V chance/opportunity to V right to V effort to V way to V decision to V
Common adjectives followed by a to-infinitive 0 be able to V
be willing to V be pleased to be easy/difficult to V V
be eager to V be likely to V be about to V be ready to V
A. Fill the gaps with the correct forms of the verbs given in brackets.
1. (sign) The CEO agreed ______to sign__________ the contract.
2. (review) You can take your time ______to review_______ the checklists.
3. (increase) The interest rates are likely ______to_ increase_________ in the first quarter.
4. (relocate) The corporation wishes ____relocate_______ outside New York.
5. (lower) The manager promised ____to lower________ the sales quotas for new dealers.
B. Choose the correct option to complete each sentence. 6
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1. We are eager ______________ you and to talk about the issue. A. to meet B. meeting C. meet D. met
2. I don’t think many people will have a chance _____________ for the job. A. for applying B. applying C. to applying D. to apply TOEIC PRACTICE
Decide which of the choices A, B, C, or D best completes the sentence.
1. We called the mall __________ out B. have upset
whether the products were sold out. C. upsetting A. to finding D. to upset B. for finding
5. _____________ sales, we decided C. to find
to advertise our products in the D. find local newspapers. A. increase 2. Mr. Taylor has the ability B. increasing ___________ people. C. increased A. persuading D. to increase B. persuade C. to persuade
6. They finished the research but D. persuasion
failed ____________ the results. A. reporting
3. All the employees were asked B. to report ____________ the meeting on C. report Saturday. D. for reporting A. attend B. attended
7. The company made every effort C. attending
__________ customer satisfaction. D. to attend A. boost B. boosting
4. Ms. Watson tried hard to help the C. to boost customer only __________ her. D. for boosting A. upset 7
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8. I am very pleased _____________ D. apologize you of our decision. A. inform B. to inform C. to be informed D. information
13. We would like to remind customers
9. The purpose of this meeting is
__________ this device cautiously. _________ an agreement on our A. handling marketing strategy. B. handled A. to reach C. handle B. reach D. to handle C. reached D. to reaching
14. The team failed _________ the
project, so they did not receive
10. We believe that Jason is ready bonuses. ___________ with others. A. complete A. cooperate B. to complete B. cooperating C. completes C. to cooperate D. completed D. of cooperating
15. Please take time __________ the
11. You have the right _____________
names on this invitation list and for a refund.
feel free to add anyone whom we A. asking might have missed. B. to ask A. review C. of asking B. to review D. ask C. be reviewed
12. They tried to ______________ the D. reviewing disease from spreading. A. deal
16. The CEO believes that the staff B. comment
will be able ____________ on the C. prevent 8
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Questions 17 – 18 refer to the following notice. Date: August 10 Subject: Employee Awards Night
We have scheduled the ceremony ___________ awards to the company’s employees of the 17. A. present B. presents C. to present D. presented
year for August 18. There will be a rehearsal on August 16, so please ask Jane Williams
and Ryan Monk to report to the second-floor conference hall 5:00 p.m. My secretary plans
___________ out the invitations to the employees and their families soon. 18. A. to mail B. mailed Mr. D C. iasvid m H ailiorns ng by 190 Broa D. maidw l ay Vancouver, BC
Questions 19 – 20 refer to the following letter. Dear Mr. Hornsby,
I am writing this letter ____________ that you will start working for Big Office Supplies 19. A. confirm B. to confirm C. confirming D. for confirming
on April 12. Your job duties will be explained during the training session.
As we discussed before, you will be able ____________ twenty days of vacation and 20. A. have B. having C. to having D. to have
three sick days. If you have any questions please let us know. 9
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FUNCTIONS OF A GERUND - VERBS FOLLOWED BY A GERUND A. 1B,2B,3A,4B,5B B. 1B,2C 10
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A/ 1 Having, 2 quiting, 3 working,4 using,5 insisting,6 suggested B/ 1D,2C 12
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COMMON EXPRESSIONS FOLLOWED BY A GERUND –
VERBS FOLLOWED BY EITHER A GERUND OR A TO-INFINITIVE
0 Common Expressions Followed by a Gerund
Below are some common expressions followed by a gerund, which are useful not only
in the TOEIC test but also in daily life. have difficulty V-ing can’t help V-ing be busy V-ing look forward to V-ing
spend (time/money) V-ing be good/bad at V-ing there is no use V-ing be devoted to V-ing be worth V-ing be used to V-ing feel like V-ing be accustomed to V-ing
I had difficulty finding a firm to work at.
We look forward to working with you.
He is not accustomed to using a smartphone.
A. Choose the correct option given in brackets to complete each sentence.
1. This proposal is worth (to read / reading).
2. Do you feel like (to go / going ) out to eat?
3. The director is devoted to (promote / promoting ) sales.
4. The employees are not accustomed (to using / to use) the Intranet.
5. We are looking forward to (hearing / hear) from you.
6. The new secretary spends her time (to shop / shopping) online at lunchtime.
B. Choose the correct option to complete each sentence.
1. The team is busy ____________ a new software program. A. develop B. to develop C. developing D. development
2. Mr. Smith had difficulty ____________ used to the new working environment. A. getting B. to get C. get D. gotten 14
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Verbs Followed by either a Gerund or a To-infinitive 0
Verbs followed by either a gerund or a to-infinitive with meanings unchanged Like hate Start can’t stand Love begin Continue can’t bear
They started to work on the project. / They started working on the project.
Verbs followed by either a gerund or a to-infinitive with meanings changed Gerund To-infinitive
remember An action that was done in the past An action that needs to be done in the future Forget
An action that was done in the past An action that needs to be done in the future Stop An action that is being done
An action that about to take place Try Experimenting Making an effort Regret
An action that was done in the past An action that going to be informed
You should remember to mail this invitation before noon.
I remember meeting the guy at the conference.
A. Look at the following sentences and explain the meanings of the underlined parts.
1. Don’t forget to submit the application form. ___ application form ____
2. I forgot applying for the position, so I was surprised when they called me. _______surprised_____
3. I do not regret working at this company. __________________________
4. We regret to say that your proposal has been regretted after a careful review.
________reject__________________________________________.
5. We all try to get the best results. __________resul_______________
B. Choose the correct option to complete each sentence. 16
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1. Please remember ____________ all the windows before you leave the office. A. close B. closing C. closed D. to close
2. I do not regret ___________ my previous job, and I am pleased with my current one. A. quit B. quitting C. to quit D. to quitting TOEIC PRACTICE
1. ____________ the restaurant will B. participating attract more customers. C. to participating A. Renovation D. participated B. Renovating
5. Mr. Carter has had difficulty C. Renovated
___________ experienced research D. To renovating specialists since last month. A. find
2. The newly hired secretary is good at B. finding ___________. C. to find A. organizing D. found B. to organize C. organize 6. Because of the bad economic D. organization situation, we could not help
_____________ our New York branch. 3. The president suggested A. close
_____________ a new staff lounge to B. closed better serve the employees. C. closing A. to build D. to close B. build C. built
7. You can simply book your ticket by D. building _____________ our website on dropping by one of our stores.
4. We would like to thank you for A. visits ____________ in our annual B visiting conference. C. visit A. participate D. to visit 17
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8. We regret _____________ you that C. used
your application has been rejected. D. using A. to tell 12. The company has considered B. told
______________ its branch to Boston C. telling for the past few weeks. D. tells A. relocation
9. They stopped ____________ the old B. to relocate
model in order to promote a newly C. relocating released one. D. relocated A. to sell B. selling
13. Do not forget ___________ the C. sold
application form before submitting it to D. sell
Ms. Radowich at the front desk. A. signing 10. ____________ the number of B. to sign
security guards will hopefully reduce C. sign the chance of thefts. D. signed A Increase B. Increasing
14. Ms. Wrigley has decided to stop C. Increased
____________ applicants because she D. To increasing
has found a well-qualified person. A. interview
11. Atlantis Co. Strictly prohibits its B. interviewed
employees from _________ an office C. to interview phone for personal reasons. D. interviewi A. use Dear Mr. Myer,
According to our records, your membership with California Fitness will expire in a few
Questions 15-16 refer to the following letter.
weeks. We would like to __________ you with a special offer. With 15. A. provide B. schedule C. cancel 18 D. approve
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your renewal of your membership, you can continue ____________ our facilities Dear Mr. Myer,
According to our records, your membership with California Fitness will expire in a few
weeks. We would like to __________ you with a special offer. With 15. A. provide B. schedule C. cancel D. approve
your renewal of your membership, you can continue ____________ our facilities lOMoARcPSD|60494678 LESSON 5
PRACTICE WITH TOEIC ACTUAL QUESTIONS PRACTICE 1 19
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