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“ Morphology is the study of word structure or/ and word formation” Mục lục
Ví sụ.............................................................................................................. . . . .1
I. THE MININAL MEANINGFUL UNITS OF LANGUAGE. . . . . ............1
II. MORPHOLOGY............................................................................ . . . . . . . 1
III. OTHER WORD FORMATION.................................................. . . . . . . . 5 Ví dụ Vd1 : internationalization Nation (n) Nation – al (adj) Inter – nation – al (adj)
Inter – national – ize (v)
Inter – national – ization (v) Vd2 : decentralization Centre (n) Central (adj) Centralize (v) Decentralize (v) DE + V
Decentralization (n) : sự phân quyền Vd3 : disagreeableness Agree (v) Disagree (v) Disagreeable (adj) Disagreeableness (n) : Vd4 : irregularity
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Irregularity (n) : Tính bất quy Vd5 : nationalization Nation (n) National (adj) Nationalize (v)
Nationalization (n) : Quốc hữu hoá Vd6 : denationalization Nation (n) National (adj) Nationalize (v) Denationalize (v) Denationalization (n)
I. THE MININAL MEANINGFUL UNITS OF LANGUAGE
1.1. Word is the (minimal) free form
Free form is the one that can occur in isolation/ on its own.
1.2. Morpheme (sign) is a minimal meaningful unit of language.
- Difference of word and morpheme : Word can be broken down further.
VD : hunter (a free form) consists of 3 meaningful parts (morpheme) hunt, -er, -s.
 Free morpheme : can constitude a word on its own/ by itself/ in isolation VD : teach
 Bound morpheme : must be attached to another element/ free morpheme VD : -er, -s II. MORPHOLOGY
2.1. Simple words : Words cannot be broken down into smaller meaningful unit. Vd: gentle
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2.2. Complex words : Words can be divided into morphemes
Vd: gentle derived from gentleman, gentlemanly, gentlemanliness. VD
Revitalization(n): sự hồi sinh Free : vital (adj) Bound : -ize, re- , -ation
2.3. Closed categories (function words/ minor lexical categories) : Words that
are rarely developed (pronoun, preposition, determiner, conjunction,
interjection) vd : and, so,in,…
2.4. Open categories (major lexical categories) : Words that can be developed
(Vd: noun, adj, verb, adv) for communicative purposes.
2.5. Lexicon : vocabularies/ entries (words and phrases) listed in a dictionary 2.6. Word structure
 Affix : a bound morpheme that is added to a word.
- Prefix : a bound morpheme that is added to the beginning of the word. VD : un- (unhappy)
- Suffix : a bound morpheme that is added to the end of the word (and
that normally changes the meaning or function of the word) VD: -less (useless)
- Infix : a bound morpheme that is added within a word
VD : abso-bloody-lutely
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Strangely distrubuted prefix :
- Interchange : imovable – unmovable
- Competition (difference): unable(adj) – inability(N) , imbalance (– unbalanced
- No less strange: inhuman (brutal), unhuman (superhuman)
Invaluable (=valuable); infammable (=flammable) ≠ invalid; impossible(adj)
Dislike (v), dishonest(adj), disadvantage, disappear ≠ distinguish,
distribute, (tinguish, tribute) Note :
Negative affixes : a- , dis- , in- (il-, im-, ir-), non- , un-, -less.
Word class/ function & meaning change (except child- childhood,
tiger- tigeress, king- kingdom, , friend- friendship…)
Prison-imprison, , brave – embrave, bus – embus, plane – emplane, power – empower
Polysemantic suffixes: -er ( cooker, speaker,…) 2.7.
 Root : is the minimal free form/ free morpheme of a word.
BASE (FORM) or STEM is a word to which affix(es) can be added. Vd: internationalization Root: nation
Base: nation, national, international, internationalize.
Vd: commercialization – thương mại hoá R: commerce
B: commerce, commercial, commercialize Free mor: commerce Bound mor: -ial, -ize, -ation.
Vd: illiteracy – nạn mù chữ R: literate B: literate, illiterate Free M: literate Bound M: il-,-acy. Vd: impressionability R: press
B: press, impression, impressionable Free M: press
Bound M : im-, -ion, -able, -ability.
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Vd: reorganization – sự cải tổ R: organ B: organ, organize, reorganize Free M : organ Bound M: -ize,re-, -ation Vd: incredibility R: credit
B: credit, credible, incredible Free M: credit Bound M: -ble, in-,-ibility  Tree structure VD:
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 Reduplicative affix or reduplication
- Repetition of syllable, morpheme or word.(ex: in english advertising slogans)
VD : Tic Tac candy: tic tac. Surely the best tactic dựa theo chơi chữ
Finance Time: No FT, no comment dựa theo câu “ no money, no honey”
Vinamilk : “ 3 ly chụm lại nên tầm vóc cao “ dựa theo câu ca giao
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 Conversion – chuyển loại (zero – derivation= phi phái sinh) : create a
new word of different categories without using affixation.
Vd: to show – a show, to head – a head
 Ablaut :(sound interchange) is the change of a vowel or consonant with a different vowel, consonant
Vd: speak – speech; advice – to advise; life – live; food – feed.
Refer to names of countries & nationalities, ( Iregular V, Iregular Plural N )
Vd: the philipine và philipino
Vietnam là tên quốc gia, Vietnamese là quốc tịch
 Stress shift: ( stress interchange, reverse stress ) : inventing the new
word by shifting the place of stress.
VD: + conversion & stress shift: record(n) – record(v) -> thay đổi stress
của 1 từ ta tạo ra 1 từ mới ở class mới.
+ conversion only: surprise(n,v) -> nghĩa là có 2 nghĩa, 2 class trong
cùng 1 từ nhưng không thay đổi stress trong phát âm.
 Compound Nouns: ( danh từ ghép )
- The hyphen in Compound Nouns: somewhat arbitrary as solid
word(Vd:housewife), by a hyphen (son-in-law) or as open/separate word (post office)
- The stress in Compound Nouns: normally on the 1st syllable. Some
are stress on both syllables( ‘kitchen ‘table)
- The position alteration: the 1st element in the CN(Compound Nouns)
is the qualifier. The change of positions may bring about (cause) a complete change of meaning
Vd: a beautiful queen(NP) ≠ a beauty queen (CN)
A fashionable shop(NP) ≠ a fashion shop (CN)
It’s a fashionable fashion shop Noun phrases(NP) Compound Nouns(CN) Unchanged original meaning
Almost changed the original meaning The White house/ Green house White/blue/pink/green collar Blue bottle/ blue tooth Bamboo green Hotel
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III. OTHER WORD FORMATION
3.1. Clipping: the process that creates a new word by shortening a polysyllabic
word. Clipping is normally used due to high frequency of occurrence in communication.
- Final clipping: exam, info, demo - initial clipping: phone
- initial – final clipping: flu (influenza)
3.2. Acronymy: is formed from the initial sounds or letters of a string of words. = abbreviation
- Some string (of words) are pronounced as a word. Vd: UNESCO
- If it happens to be unpronounceable, then each letter is sounded out separately (pronounced letter by letter). Vd:BBC
- Lower-case letters can be used Vd: e.g. i.e.
- In some cases, the letter may present different parts of the same word Vd: ID card.
3.3. Blending (blends, portmanteau word) – hợp ngữ: words formed by
combining parts of other words.
Vd: brunch – breakfast và luch : bữa ăn nhẹ giữa sáng và trưa Viettel – vietnam telecom
3.4. Backformation: a word formed by removing or changing the beginning or
end of a word that already exist. Vd: donation(n) – donate(v) Imprison(v) – prison Embody(v) – body(n) Embrave(v) – brave(adj)
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3.5. Combining forms = Fc: a form of a word that can combine with another
word or another combining form to make a new word.
Vd: techno- and -phobe = technophobe(Fc+Fc)
Sino- japanese relations(Fc + adj) - in nouns and adj
Socio-economic, socio-linguistic(in nouns, adj, adv), socio- logically(≠socially)
- Different between affixes & combining forms Affixes Fc Attach to words(simple and Attach to another Fc or complex) words(simple and complex) Vd:abnormal Vd:distribute
3.6. Adoption of brand names as common words Vd: xerox, Kleenex = giấy vệ sinh 3.7. Onomato’ poeia: Vd: fone = telephone C u l8t = see you later G’9t = good night
3.8. Borrowing/ Loan words – từ mượn Từ Mượn của Banana Africa Cotton Arabic Mattress Boomerang Australian
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3.9. Noun genders : In some languages, each of the classes (masculine,
feminine, and sometimes neuter) into which nouns (pronouns and adj) are
divided; the division of nouns ( pronouns and adj) into these different genders.
Different genders may have different endings. Vd:
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3.10. Homophone, homonym, homograph
- Homophone: are words identical in pronunciation only but different in spelling or meaning.
Vd: buy- by- bye, write- rite- wright- right
- Homonym: are words identical in spelling or pronunciation but different in meaning. Vd: can- can, tear- tear
- Homograph: are words identical in spelling only but different in meaning (or pronunciation) Vd: bow- bow, wind – wind
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Document Outline

• Ví dụ
• I. THE MININAL MEANINGFUL UNITS OF LANGUAGE
• II. MORPHOLOGY
• III. OTHER WORD FORMATION