01:22 7/8/24 Tự luận - rrgrgtrg 
Provide a brief description about London. How is London similar to or
different from the capital of your own country? London is the . It is
capital city of England and the UK located on the River
Thames, in southeast England, and is the largest and most popular area in
the UK, with a population of over 8.9 million people.
London is a cultural, financial, and transportation center, and is referred to
as one of the world's most important cities.
The city is well-known for its rich history, diverse culture, many museums,
art galleries, theaters, restaurants, and shopping districts, making it a popular
tourist destination, including Big Ben, the London Eye, Buckingham Palace, the
Tower of London, and the British Museum.
Both London and Hanoi are capital cities in their respective countries and are
important political, economic and cultural centers. They are both known for
their architecture, art, and entertainment options, as well as for their diverse populations.
However, there are also some main differences between London and Hanoi. 
London is a much larger city than Hanoi  London is a and is major global city
headquartered to numerous
international organizations. It is also a major financial, commerce
and trade center across Europe and the world. On the other hand,
Hanoi is a regional government, economic and cultural activity center in Vietnam. 
In terms of transportation, London has one of the world's most advanced
and large public transportation systems, while Hanoi is still
developing its infrastructure and vehicle network.
Overall, while both cities share some similarities, they have distinct identities
and characteristics that reflect their unique locations, cultures, and histories. 
What are your general impressions of British people based on what you
have studied in British culture
My impressions of British people are: 
Manners - the British are very polite and respectful to others. They
have a strong sense of suitable ceremony and manners, which is
highly valued in their culture. 
Humour - the British are known for their self-humour, witty 
Queuing - Queuing is an extremely important part of British culture. The
British are known for their ability to line up in order and wait their turn patiently. 
They are highly individualistic, value freedom of expression, and
maintain a strong sense of tradition and cultural heritage. 
They are also known for their resilience, having endured many
challenges over the centuries.& about:blank 1/77 01:22 7/8/24 Tự luận - rrgrgtrg 
They also tend to be highly educated and well-traveled, with a passion
for history and literature. 
The British have high demands for privacy and love for countryside
scenes; thus, they prefer living in detached houses. 
Additionally, British people are often perceived as being very
passionate about sports, particularly football, rugby, cricket, and tennis,
and their passion for music and the arts.& 
Would you say that people in your country are more or less enthusiastic
about university education than they are in Britain? Explain your answer.
Compared to Vietnam, the UK spends less focus on education. This is due
to government budget priorities, differences in education system structures,
and cultural attitudes towards education.
Firstly, the UK before relied on private funding to support education. This
has led to a lower level of public investment in education compared to
Vietnam. The UK government has also prioritized funding for other public
services, such as healthcare and social welfare, over education in recent years.
Secondly, education in the UK is structured differently from Vietnam. In
the UK, education is generally divided into three levels – primary, secondary,
and university– and funding is divided for each level. This can result in less
funding being divided towards early education in some cases.
In Vietnam, university education is highly valued and regarded as a key
to success in life. There is a strong cultural emphasis on getting a good
education, and many families see it as an investment in their children's
future. As a result, Vietnamese students are often very enthusiastic about
university education and work hard to achieve academic excellence.
In contrast, in Britain, there may be a less intense emphasis on university
education compared to Vietnam. While university education is still highly
valued in Britain, there are also other paths to success, such as
apprenticeships, technical training, or starting one's own business. 
Describe the British monarchy and its role in British society. trang 79
The British monarchy is a constitutional monarchy that has a parliamentary
democracy but no written constitution. / k n.stə tu . ˌ ɑː ˈ ː ʃ n. l//d m .krə.si/ ɪˈ ɑː ə ə
In appearance, the Queen/King has absolute power: 
The legal authority to choose anyone she/he likes to run the
government and accuse someone of a crime 
The royal assent to bills or stop them from becoming law
In reality, the Queen/King has almost no power, and the Prime Minister
simply decides without her/his permission. role about:blank 2/77 01:22 7/8/24 Tự luận - rrgrgtrg 
The monarch plays an important role as the personal embodiment of the government. 
It is also a final check to prevent the government from being dictatorial. 
And the last role is to represent the country by performing ceremonial
duties so that the government has more time for the actual job of running the country. / d k.tə t r.i.əl/ ˌ ɪ ˈ ɔː / ser. mo .ni.əl/ ˌ ɪˈ ʊ
Additionally, the monarchy is an attention of tourists, with the Royal Palaces
and royal events attracting millions of visitors to the UK every year. 
What are the main political parties in the UK? How does the system
differ from that in your country? 94
The two main political parties in the UK are the Conservatives and Labour. 
Conservatives are generally right-leaning and believe in a capitalist
economy with limited state control, 
whereas Labour is left-leaning and promotes a mixed economy with
greater state control on social welfare and equal opportunities.
The UK operates under a parliamentary democracy, where citizens vote for
their chosen political party in general elections every five years. The party
with the most seats in the House of Commons forms the government, with the
leader becoming the Prime Minister.
In contrast, Vietnam operates under a single-party socialist where the state
Communist Party of Vietnam is the only legal political party. The General
Secretary of the Communist Party of Vietnam is the highest-ranking official in
the country, with the President and Prime Minister serving as secondary
positions. The Vietnamese government is heavily centralized; however, the
citizens still have the right to make a voice about the policy. 
In Britain, what are the public services that a local government offers the community? 88
In Britain, the primary responsibilities of local governments include:
Public welfare: Providing many services to support health, education, and social welfare.
Public libraries: providing books, newspapers, magazines, sometimes CDs and video cassettes.
Public safety: Providing and maintaining law enforcement and emergency
services, firefighting and rescue services. / n f rs.mənt/ ɪ ˈ ɔː
Transportation: Managing roads and highways, public transportation systems,
and infrastructure such as bridges and tunnels.
Environmental services: Managing ,
waste disposal recycling, and sewage
systems, and maintaining parks, green spaces, and other public facilities. / su . d / ˈ ː ɪ ʒ about:blank 3/77 01:22 7/8/24 Tự luận - rrgrgtrg
Planning and development: Responsible for managing the physical
development of the city, including land use, zoning, and building regulations.
Economic development: Encouraging job creation and supporting local
businesses, as well as attracting investment and tourism.
Democracy and accountability: Maintaining a system of local council
representation and elections, ensuring public accountability and participation in decision-making.
How do you explain the popularity of the different types of housing in Britain?
Are the same types popular in your country? 
Everybody in Britain dreams of living in a detached house. British
people have a strong sense of privacy and ownership, so they avoid
living in blocks of flats. 
The ideal living space is a detached house built from brick, with a
large front garden with trees and bushes green spaces, a real , fire,
and little corners that bring a sense of coziness and comfort. 
Economic, social, cultural factors also can influence the popularity of housing types. 
In Vietnam, blocks of flats are very common among urban citizens,
especially in Hanoi and HCMC, where there is a lack of land for living space. 
Vietnamese people like to settle down in private homes and single apartments. 
Each family lives in a self-contained apartment. This type of house
ranges from one to three floors in order to provide enough rooms for parents and kids.
There are several different types of housing in Britain, each with its own unique characteristics
The most desirable home: Detached houses are popular and highly valued in
Britain due to their size, privacy, and outdoor space.&
The second best are semi-detached houses: One building with two separate
households. popular among families who want more space without the high cost of detached houses.
Less desirable: Terraced houses are the most common type of housing in Britain.
The least desirable: Flats and apartments are popular in urban areas.They are
often more affordable than houses.
In Vietnam, the most popular types of housing are apartments and
townhouses, particularly in urban areas where space is limited. about:blank 4/77 01:22 7/8/24 Tự luận - rrgrgtrg 
Do the different social classes in your country differentiate themselves in
the same way as they do in Britain? Do language, accent, clothes, money,
habits and attitudes play the same roles in your country?
In Vietnam, there seems to be no obvious division of class based on social status.&
Though there is a small differentiation based on education and occupation of
white-collar workers and blue-collar workers, Vietnamese think of the social
class as something rigid, unnecessary, and should be erased.
In Britain, there are three distinctive classes: the upper, middle, and working
classes. People in modern Britain are very conscious of class differences.
Anyone who has a strong regional accent will be assumed to be working
class, while those with an RP accent will be assumed to be upper or upper- middle class.
Class is so important in British culture that in some parts of the country, a
lot of “social climbing” goes on; that is, people try to appear as if they belong
to as high a class as possible. But in recent years, the concept of social classes
in Britain has become less rigid than it used to be, and different classes mix
more easily and more readily than they used to. 
Local government in Britain is responsible for most of the things that
affect people in everyday life. So why do you think few people bother to vote in a local election?
There are several reasons why people may not participate in local elections,
despite the fact that local government has a direct impact on their daily lives. 
Some people may not feel informed enough about the candidates and issues to vote. 
Others may view local elections as less important than national elections. 
Some people may not be interested in local politics or may not feel
that it is relevant to their lives.& 
Others may be disillusioned with politics and feel that their vote won't
make a difference or that they have no say in who gets elected.& 
Additionally, some people may find it difficult to participate due to
logistics, such as transport or schedule conflicts.& 
Finally, some people may not even realize that there is an election
happening, or they may not know how to participate.
UNIT 1: COUNTRY AND PEOPLE about:blank 5/77 01:22 7/8/24 Tự luận - rrgrgtrg __________________ 1. Geographical speaking 2. Politically speaking 3. The four nations
4. The dominance of England (Thống nhất)
5. National loyalties (lòng trung thành)
1. Geographical speaking 
Lie off the north-west (TB) coast Europe (Nằm ngoài khơi bờ biển Tây Bắc Châu Âu) 
2 largest islands and hundreds of much smaller ones => The British Isles 
the largest island: Great Britain ( Đông: England, Scotland, Wales) 
the other large one: Ireland (Tây: Northern Ireland (Belfast), Ireland(Eire)) 2. Politically speaking  2 states  one governs most of island of Ireland
called the Republic of Ireland
(Eire) informally: “Ireland” or “the Republic” (cai trị hầu hết) 
the others has authority over the rest of the area (bang kia có thẩm
quyền trên phần còn lại của khu vực) 
the whole of Great Britain (toàn bộ Vương quốc Anh) 
the north-eastern area of Ireland (khu vực đông bắc Ireland) 
most of the smaller islands (hầu hết các hòn đảo nhỏ hơn)
=> official name: the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland (The UK)
3. The four nations: England, Scotland, Wales, Ireland 
A long gradual process of political unification took several hundred years
-> It was completed in 1800 -> The United Kingdom of Great Britain
and Northern Ireland (Quá trình thống nhất chính trị lâu dài kéo dài
hàng trăm năm ->Nó được hoàn thành vào năm 1800) 
1922, Ireland became a separate state ( Ir trở thành quốc gia riêng biệt)  Britain # England  Racially:
Culture and lifestyle: varied enormously across 4 nations ( phân biệt chủng tộc) 
The dominant culture of people in Ireland, Wales and Highland Scotland => Celtic 
People in England and Lowland Scotland => Germanic 
The difference was reflected in the languages they spoke 
the Celtic areas: Celtic languages 
the German areas: German dialects (phương ngữ)  The nations about:blank 6/77 01:22 7/8/24 Tự luận - rrgrgtrg 
also tended to have different economic, social, and legal systems  are independent of each other 
Today, these differences have become blurred (mờ nhạt), but they have not completely disappeared 
only one government for whole Britain 
everyone gets the same passport regardless where in Britain they live 
many aspects of government are organized separately (and sometimes differently) 
Welsh, Scottish and Irish people feel their identity very strongly(cảm nhận rõ bản sắc)
=>  That’s why they have separated teams in many kinds of international sports  Clothes  the kilt
, a shirt with a tartan pattern worn by men => very well-known
symbol of Scottishness (kẻ sọc)  Musical Instruments 
The harp is emblem of Wales and Ireland (đàn hạc) 
The Bagpipes is a emblem of Scotland (kèn túi) 
Stereotypical characteristics (khuôn mẫu)  the Irish => great talkers 
the Scots => careful with money  Welsh => singing ability
4. The dominance of England 
The dominant culture of Britain is specially English 
The system of politics used in all nations today is of English origin  English is the main language of all 4 nations 
Many aspects of everyday life are organized according to English custom
and practice (phong tục tập quán) 
England was able to assert (Khẳng định) her economic and military
power over the other three nations 
Supply of money in Britain is controlled by the Bank of England. 
The present queen: Elizabeth the Second 
People don’t bother to distinguish between Britain and England “ England is not the UK"  write “English”
next to “nationality” on forms when abroad 
talk about places like Edinburgh as if it was a part of England 
“Anglo-American relations” relations of Britain and USA
5. National loyalties& 
Talk to people from Britain, it’s safest to use “Britain” to say where
people live and use “British” to describe nationality.
Ex: the Scottish are British too, because Scotland is in UK about:blank 7/77 01:22 7/8/24 Tự luận - rrgrgtrg
=>   Less likely to offend anyone (xúc phạm)  Careful with address 
Edinburgh, England => Edinburgh, Scotland 
Cardiff, England => Cardiff, Wales 
English people do not regard the Scottish and Welsh as foreigners  Migration
(from Scotland, Wales and Ireland): there are millions living in
England but not as English. (di cư) 
The Union Jack is the national flag of the UK (1801-present). It’s a
combination of the cross of St.George (England), the cross of St.Andrew(
Scotland) and the cross of St.Patrick(Ireland), flag of Great Britain (1707- 1801)
3. Explain the ambiguous use of the name: "Britain".
The ambiguous use of the name "Britain" 
The U.K = Great Britain + Ireland: used in international meeting 
Great Britain = England + Scotland + Wales: used for trademarks, festivals. 
Britain used the spoken language. 
Britain is referred to by another name that people called "England". But it
isn't strictly correct; it can make some people angry. Because England is
only one of the four nations of the British Isles (England + Scotland + Wales + Ireland). 
In 1800 when the Irish Parliament was joined with the Parliament of
England, Scotland and Wales in Westminster, so that the whole of the
British Isles became a single state: The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland. 
However, in 1992 most of Ireland became a separate state so England cannot be called Britain.
4. Give some examples of English domination in British public life today. 
Today the supply of money in Britain controlled by the Bank of
England(There is no such thing as a "Bank of Britain") 
The present Queen of the country is universally known as "Elizabeth the
second" even though Scotland and Northern Ireland have never had an Elizabeth the first. 
Newspaper and television news talk about "Anglo-American relation" to
refer to relations between the government of Britain and The USA. UNIT 2: HISTORY _______________ Prehistory The Roman period (43-410)
The Germanic invasions (410-1066) about:blank 8/77 01:22 7/8/24 Tự luận - rrgrgtrg
The medieval period (1066-1485) The sixteenth century The seventeenth century The eighteenth century The nineteenth century The twentieth century 1. Prehistory 
2000 ago: Iron Age Celtic fro Europe in the 8th century BC 
Wiltshire, in south-western E: Silbury Hill (largest burial mound in Europe) and Stonehenge.
2. The Roman period (43-410) 
Britannia: E&W: only occupation in the towns, imposed their own way of
life and culture, used Celtic to govern and encouraged ruling to adopt Roman dress and language. 
The Romans never came to Ireland, only governed the southern part of Scotland. 
In time, Celtic called the Scot migrated from Ireland to Scotland, became allies off the Picts 
Despite their long occupation of fBritain, they left very little behind.
Only: Chester, Lancaster, Gloucester 
55BC*: The Roman general Julius Caesar lands in Britain with an
expeditionary force, wins a battle and leaves. The first ‘date’ in popular British history. 
AD 43: The Romans come to stay. 
61: Queen Boudicca (or Boadicea) of the Iceni tribe leads a bloody revolt
against the Roman occupation. It is suppressed. There is a statue of
Boadicea, made in the nineteenth century, outside the Houses of
Parliament. This has helped to keep the memory of her alive.
3. The Germanic invasions (410-1066) 
In the 5th century, tribes from the north-western Europe mainland
invaded and settled: Angles and Saxons. -> grasp: south-east. Because in
the west, they halted by an army (King Arthur) 
6th: nearly all of England and in parts of southern Scotland 
(south-west Scotland, Wales and Cornwall) 
The Anglo-Saxons: great effect: new farming methods, founded the
thousands of self-sufficient villages 
The Anglo-Saxons were pagan. But, Christianity spread throughout
Britain from St Augustine arrived in 597 ( Canterbury in south-east of E).
introduced into Scotland and northern England from Ireland (150s ago) about:blank 9/77 01:22 7/8/24 Tự luận - rrgrgtrg 
8th: Germanic invasions: Vikings, Norsemen or Danes, came from Scandinavia. 
9th: conquered and settled the extreme north and west of Scotland, coastal regions of Ireland. 
Anh thất bại vì Vua Alfred của Saxons ở Wessex. 
King Arthur: King Arthur provides a wonderful example of the
distortions of popular history. In folklore and myth he is a great English
hero, and he and his knights of the round table are regarded as the perfect
example of medieval nobility and chivalry. In fact, he lived long before
medieval times and was a Romanized Celt trying to hold back the
advances of the Anglo-Saxons - the very people who became 'the English'  410: The Romans leave Britain. 
432: St Patrick converted Ireland to Christianity. 
597: St Augustine arrives in England. 
793: The great monastery on the island of Lindisfarne in northeast
England is destroyed by Vikings and its monks killed. 
878: The Peace of Edington partitions 
England between the Saxons, led by King Alfred, and the Danes. 
973: Edgar, grandson of Alfred, becomes king of all England. 
1014: Brian Boru's Irish army defeats the Vikings at Clontarf (near
modern Dublin). As a result, Viking settlement in Ireland remains limited
and Ireland retains its Celtic identity, never becoming part of the Scandinavian empire
4. The medieval period (1066-1485) trung cổ 
Normandy successfully invaded England in 1066, and became
mainstream of western European culture. (the last time- battle of Hastings) 
Norman invasion was small-scale (no Norman village, no area of settlement)  King
> Great nobles, barons (who are Norman speak France) > Lesser
lords (who are Norman speak France) > Peasants (who are Saxons speaking E) 
The country was united under a feudal system 
The end of the 13th, a large part of eastern Ireland and the whole of
Wales were controlled by Anglo-Norman lords in the name of the English king. 
After 20s Norman Conquest: Germanic language dominant -> Law systems: Anglo-Saxons. 
England went to war with Scotland and lost→ Scotland remained
politically independent (lowland, highland) about:blank 10/77 01:22 7/8/24 Tự luận - rrgrgtrg 
The political independence of Scotland did not prevent a gradual switch
to English language and customs in the lowland (southern): A-S was
strengthened by Saxon aristocrats fleeing the Norman conquest of E./
Celtic Kings adopting an A-N style of government to strengthen royal power. 
Germanic language (Old English) was the dominant one 
Anglo-Saxon concept of common law formed the basis of the legal system 
This period, Parliament began its gradual evolution -> democratic body today  Robin Hood: 
1066: The Battle of Hastings (D 1066) 
1086: King William's officials complete the Domesday Book, a very
detailed, village-by-village record of the people and their possessions throughout his kingdom. 
1170: The murder of Thomas Becket, the Archbishop of Canterbury, by
soldiers of King Henry II. Becket-(also as Thomas à Becket) was made a
saint and his grave was visited by pilgrims for hundreds of years. The
Canterbury Tales, written by Geoffrey Chaucer in the fourteenth century,
recounts the stories told by a fictional group of pilgrims on their way to Canterbury. 
1171: The Norman baron known as Strongbow and his followers settle in Ireland. 
1215: An alliance of aristocracy, Church and merchants force King John
to agree to the Magna Carta (Great Charter), a document in which the
king agrees to follow certain rules of government. In fact, neither John
nor his successors entirely followed them, but Magna Carta is
remembered as the first time a monarch agreed in writing to abide by formal procedures.
5. THE SIXTEENTH CENTURY 
The power of the English monarch increased.  WARS For the ROSES
-> weakened the power of the great barons
-> Increased the power of E monarch 
Bubonic plague (Black Death) -> reduction of their power -> ⅓ died -> lack of labour -> trade increasing
=>weakened the ties between lord and peasant about:blank 11/77 01:22 7/8/24 Tự luận - rrgrgtrg 
TUDOR DYNASTY (1485-1603)  MONARCH -> PARLIAMENT -> 
1. HOUSE OF LORDS (Aristocracy (quý tộc pk), leaders of the church) 
2. HOUSE OF COMMONS (Representatives from the towns, landowners) (chủ đất) 
The emergence of Protestantism/Church of England
? What were the main causes of the rise of Protestantism in England? 
The direct cause is political and personal rather than doctrinal.(giáo lý) (Henry VIII's divorce
Henry VIII ascended the throne in 1509. In 1504, he married Catherine of
Aragon (born in 1485), the widow of his elder brother. Catherine gave birth to
several children of whom only Mary, born in 1527, survived. The king, who was
36 in 1527, had no male heir→ asking for a divorce from his aging wife to
marry Anne Boleyn, a young woman he was in love with. The Pope did not agree) 
Make himself head of the “ Church of England“, independent of Rome,
all churches under his control. 
As England had lost almost all the lands to France in The Hundred Years'
War, it became a distinct 'island nation'.
→Henry wanted to establish an English Church. →Anglicanism.  English naval power increased 
1275: Llewellyn, a Welsh prince, refuses to submit to the authority of the English monarch. 
1284: The Statute of Wales puts the whole of that country under the
control of the English monarch. 
1328: After several years of war between the Scottish and English
kingdoms, Scotland is recognized as an independent kingdom. 
1534: The Act of Supremacy declares Henry 
VILI to be the supreme head of the Church in England. 
1536: The administration of government and law in Wales is reformed so
that it is exactly the same as it is in England. 
1538: An English language version of the Bible replaces Latin bibles in every church in the land. 
1560: The Scottish Parliament abolishes the authority of the Pope and forbids the Latin mass. 
1580: Sir Francis Drake completes the first voyage round the world by an Englishman. about:blank 12/77 01:22 7/8/24 Tự luận - rrgrgtrg 
1588: The Spanish Armada, a fleet of ships sent by the Catholic King
Philip of Spain to help invade England, is defeated by the English navy
(with the help of a violent storm!).
6. THE SEVENTEENTH CENTURY  1603-James I
 becomes the first English king of the Stuart dynasty
(already king of Scotland) →Scotland and England are united as under one crown (two
governments: still separate) 
The link religion and politics became more inextricably (gắn bó chặt chẽ) 
Parliament established its supremacy over the monarchy 
Luxurious lifestyle of the king and his followers was immoral. -> The
Civil War broke out (conflicts between monarch and parliament) -> win: parliamentary forces. (Charles (1625-1649)
Raises taxes without the consent of the House of Common
Puritan movement becomes stronger
1642-The Civil War breaks out-The Monarch vs the Parliament 1649-Charles is executed) 
Commonwealth of England (1649-1660) 
Oliver Cromwell became “Lord Protector”  Military government 
Resistance in Ireland is crushed- the British Isles are united under a single crown 
After he died, Puritan ethics and his system of government went with it-
theaters and other forms of amusement are abolished 
Jame II give power for Catholics James II (1685-1688)
Tries to re-establish Catholicism; Believes in absolute monarchy; 1688-the Glorious Revolution James II exiles in France
William and Mary of Orange (1689-1602)
The Bill of Rights was passed, which
limited the rights of monarch, prohibited
Catholics from ruling and allowed
Dissenters to practice their religion freely. 
The “Glorious Revolution” (bc it was not blood), prince William of
Orange (Netherlands under his power) and his Stuart wife Mary, became king and queen.
-> Parliament drew up a Bill of Rights, limited some of the powers of the monarch about:blank 13/77 01:22 7/8/24 Tự luận - rrgrgtrg
- 1603: James VI of Scotland becomes James I of England. 
1605: The Gunpowder Plot: a group of Catholics fail in their attempt to
blow up the king in Parliament (see chapter 23).  1688: The Glorious Revolution 
1690: The Presbyterian Church becomes the official 'Church of Scotland'.
The Battle of the Boyne, in which William III and the Ulster Protestants
defeat James I and the Irish Catholics.
7. THE EIGHTEENTH CENTURY-The Age of Enlightenment (khai sáng) 
In 1707, the Act of Union was passed. The Scottish Parliament joined the
English and Welsh-Parliament at Westminster in London United Kingdom of Great Britain 
This century was stable. The Monarch and Parliament got on quite well
together. Bc politicians like monarchs, through the royal power of
patronage. (The Monarch were able to control the election and voting habits) 
Parliament was divided into two different groups which are the Whigs and the Tories
+  The Whigs: the political 'descendants' of the parliamentarians→
support Protestant values, be sympathetic to dissenters and believe in
government by monarch and aristocracy together.
+  The Tories: in favor of the idea of the monarchy and the importance of the Anglican Church. 
→the beginning of the party system in Britain. 
Britain expanded its empire (in the Americas, west African coast and in
India) →increasing trade, innovating in manufacture and transport → the
Industrial Revolution, advances in agriculture 
This period witnessed a huge wave of movement from rural areas into
new towns and cities → northern England became the industrial heartland of the country. 
1666: The Great Fire of London destroys most of the city's old wooden
buildings. It also destroys bubonic plague, which never reappears. Most
of the city's finest churches, including St Paul's Cathedral), date from the
period of rebuilding which follows. 
1707: The Act of Union joins the Parliament of Scotland with that of England and Wales. 
1708: The last occasion on which a British monarch refuses to accept a
bill which has been passed by Parliament. about:blank 14/77 01:22 7/8/24 Tự luận - rrgrgtrg 
1746: At the Battle of Culloden, a government army of English and
lowland Scots defeats the highland army of Charles Edward, who, as
grandson of the last Stuart king, claimed the British throne. Although he
made no attempt to protect his supporters from revenge afterwards, he is
still a popular romantic figure in the highlands, and is known as 'Bonnie Prince Charlie'. 
1771: For the first time, Parliament allows written records of its debates to be published freely. 
1782: James Watt invents the first steam engine. 
1783: After a war, Britain recognizes the independence of the American colonies. 
1788: The first British settlers (convicts and soldiers) arrive in Australia. 8. THE NINETEENTH CENTURY
Britain controlled the biggest empire in the world 
Predominate Ireland in terms of culture and ways of life 
1840s, the potato crop failed two years in a row: famine, died, emigrated 
Form the majority of the population in Canada, Australia and New Zealand 
Impose British institutions and methods of government on India (viceroy)  Settle in some parts of Africa 
Acquire the Caribbean for their strategic position
This century saw a great change in social structure: 
People no longer relied on landowners but the owners of industries. 
A new set of values were established (hard work, thrift, religious observance,...)→ "Victorian"
Reforms in political and public life were allowed to take place. 
Slavery and laws against religious people were eliminated. 
Workers were protected from exploitation  Public service were set up 
1800: The separate Irish Parliament is closed and the United Kingdom of
Great Britain and Ireland is formed. 
1805: A British fleet under the command of Admiral Horatio Nelson
defeats Napoleon's French fleet at the Battle of Trafalgar. Nelson's
Column in Trafalgar Square in London commemorates this national hero, who died during the battle. 
1829: Robert Peel, a government minister, organizes the first modern
police force. The police are still sometimes known today as 'bobbies'.
('Bobby' is a short form of the name 'Robert'.) Catholics and non- about:blank 15/77 01:22 7/8/24 Tự luận - rrgrgtrg
Anglican Protestants are given the right to hold government posts and become MPs. 
1833: The first law regulating factory working conditions was passed. (It
set a limit on the number of hours that children could work.) Slavery is
made illegal throughout the British Empire. 
1868: The TUC (Trades Union Congress) is formed. 
1870: Free primary education (up to the age of eleven) is established. 
1886: After much debate, an atheist is allowed to sit in the House of Commons. 
1893: The first socialist, Keir Hardie, is elected to Parliament. He entered
the House of Commons for the first time wearing a cloth cap (which
remained a symbol of the British working man until the 19605).
9.& TWENTIETH CENTURY 
Britain was no longer the world's richest country. 
Women got the right to vote and were allowed to attend university. 
The urban working class began to make its voice heard
→The Labour Party replaced the Liberals (the Whigs) as the main opponent to the Conservatives (the Tories) 
1902: Nationwide selective secondary education is introduced. 
1908: The first old-age pensions are introduced. 
1911: The power of the House of Lords is severely reduced. Sick pay for most workers is introduced. 
1914: Britain declares war on Germany. Until the 1940s, the First World
War was known in Britain as 'the Great War'. 
1916: The 'Easter Rising' in Ireland against British rule is suppressed. Its leaders are executed. 
1918: The right to vote is extended to include women over the age of thirty. 
1920: The British government partitions Ireland. 
1921: Treaty between Britain and the Irish Parliament in Dublin is signed. 
1922: The Irish Free State is born.  1926: General Strike 
1928: The right to vote is extended again. All men and women over the
age of twenty-one can now vote. 
1939: Britain declares war on Germany. 
1944: Free compulsory secondary education (up to the age of fifteen) is
established and secondary modern schools are set up (see chapter 14). 
1946: The National Health Service is established (see chapter 18). Coal
mines and railways are national-ized. Other industries follow (see chapter 15). about:blank 16/77 01:22 7/8/24 Tự luận - rrgrgtrg 
1949: Ireland becomes a republic. 
1953: Coronation of Elizabeth II 
1958: The Clean Air Act is the first law of widespread application to
attempt to control pollution (see chapter 3). 
1959: The first motorway is opened (see chapter 17). 
1963: The school-leaving age is raised to sixteen. 
1965: Capital punishment is abolished. 
1968: The 'age of majority' (the age at which somebody legally becomes
an adult) is reduced from twenty-one to eighteen. 
1969: British troops are sent to Northern Ireland. 
1971: Decimal currency is introduced (see chapter 15). 
1978: Britain joins the European Economic Community. 
1981: Marriage of Prince Charles and Lady Diana Spencer. 
1982: Falklands War (see chapter 12) 
1984: Privatization of British Telecom. This is the first time that shares in
a nationalized company are sold directly to the public (see chapter 15). 
1990: Gulf War (see chapter 12)  1994: Channel tunnel opens UNIT 3: GEOGRAPHY Clime Land and settlement The environment and pollution London Southern England Northern England Scotland Wales Northern Ireland CLIMATE 
it doesn't usually get very cold in the winter or very hot in the summer;  it has no active volcanoes
- What is evidence for the lack of extremes in the land and the climate in Britain?f
-> Britain is in the temperate climate zone and does not have extremes of temperature or rainfall.
- Why is there just weather, no climate in Britain? about:blank 17/77 01:22 7/8/24 Tự luận - rrgrgtrg
-> Britain's unique weather is all down to the fact it is an island and where it's
positioned on the planet, between the Atlantic Ocean and a large land mass, continental Europe
-> Britain doesn't have a climate, it only has weather. It may not rain very much
altogether, but you can never be of a dry day; there can be cool (even cold) days
in July and some quite warm days in January
- What are the factors that define the UK's weather?
-> The UK climate is heavily influenced by its proximity to the Atlantic Ocean
and the Gulf Stream/North Atlantic Drift which brings warm water into high
northern latitudes. Prevailing winds are westerly, thus UK regional climates
vary with distance from the Atlantic as well as topography. 
Winter: the east is colder than the west 
Summer: the south is a lot warmer and sunnier than the north 
The west of the UK gets a lot more rain than the east of the UK 
Generally speaking, the further west you go, the more rain you get. The
mild winters: snow is a regular feature of the higher areas only  TEMPERATE CLIMATE Chia làm 4 phần 1. mild winter, cool summer 2. cold winters, cool summer 3. warm summer, mild winter 4. cold winters, warm summer
Four main factors define the UK's climate: 1. Ocean current 2. Distance from equator
3. Altitude (height above sea level) about:blank 18/77 01:22 7/8/24 Tự luận - rrgrgtrg 4. Prevailing winds
(Bốn yếu tố chính xác định khí hậu của Vương quốc Anh: 1. Dòng hải lưu, 2.
Khoảng cách từ xích đạo, 3. Độ cao (độ cao so với mực nước biển), 4. Gió thịnh hành) Arctic Polar Maritime Returning polar Maritime Polar Continental Tropical maritime Tropical Continental
LAND, SETTLEMENT AND ENVIRONMENT
1. What is the pattern of human settlement in Britain?
2. How is this different from that in Vietnam?
3. What are environmental problems in Britain?
4. Name three largest cities of Britain. 
The SOUTH and EAST of the country are comparatively low-lying (flat
plains or gently rolling hills) 
The NORTH and WEST of the country are mountainous areas 
HEDGEROWS, GRASSLAND -> Britain has a greater proportion of
grassland than any other country in Europe 
COASTAL EROSION, VANISHING COASTLINE SETTLEMENT
Much of the land is used for human habitation  Desire for privacy  Love of the countryside  Dislike of blocks of flats THE ENVIRONMENT AND POLLUTION about:blank 19/77 01:22 7/8/24 Tự luận - rrgrgtrg 
Industrialization→ Smog (smoke and fog) 
Sewage, industrial discharge →→ Water pollution 
The great increase in the use of the motor car → Air pollution LONDON
It is home for the headquarters of all government departments, Parliament, the
major legal institutions and the monarch. 
It is the country's business and banking center 
It contains the headquarters of the national television networks and of all the national newspapers. 
It is seven times larger than any other city in the country 
London→ Birmingham→ Glasgow UNIT 4: IDENTITY ——————-
Ethnic identity: the native British
Ethnic identity: the non-native British The family Geography identity Class Men and women
Religious and political identity Social and everyday contacts Identity in Northern Ireland
Ethnic identity: the native British 
First, several important aspects of public life are organized separately,
and differently, from the rest of Britain-notably, education, law and religion. 
Second, the Scottish way of speaking English is very distinctive. A
modern form of the dialect known as Scots is spoken in everyday life by
most of the working classes in the lowlands. 
Third, there are many symbols of Scottishness which are well-known no
throughout Britain ( Kilt red & black, harp, hagpipe, haggis) 
Reminders of Wales: Welsh language: mother tongue & English: 2nd language 
On 25 January every year, many Scottish people attend 'Burns suppers.
At these parties they read from the work of the eighteenth century poet
Robert Burns (regarded as Scotland's national poet), wear kilts, sing
traditional songs, dance traditional dances (called 'reels) and eat haggis about:blank 20/77