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Tuyển tập đề thi chọn học sinh giỏi lớp 12 THPT môn Tiếng Anh các tỉnh thành trên cả nước (có đáp án)
Tuyển tập đề thi chọn học sinh giỏi lớp 12 THPT môn Tiếng Anh các tỉnh thành trên cả nước (có đáp án) giúp các bạn học sinh sắp tham gia các kì thi Tiếng Anh tham khảo, học tập và ôn tập kiến thức, bài tập và đạt kết quả cao trong kỳ thi sắp tới. Mời bạn đọc đón xem!
Môn: Đề thi chọn học sinh giỏi Tiếng Anh lớp 12 THPT & đội tuyển dự thi học sinh giỏi Quốc gia THPT 510 tài liệu
Trường: Đề thi chọn HSG Tiếng Anh từ lớp 9 đến lớp 12 cấp trường, quận/ huyện, tỉnh/ thành phố 1.4 K tài liệu
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Năm 2016 ĐỀ 1
1. The book ____________ when he lived in the countryside. A. might write B. might have written C. might have been written D. might wrote
2. Have you got any books on business methods or any similar _________? A. content B. author C. subject D. matter
3. Environmental pollution has ______________ many species to the verge of extinction. A. sent B. thrown C. brought D. driven
4. _________ she eat all that she will be ill. A. Should B. If C. Unless D. Will
5. In the future, factories will be ___________largely by robots. A. done B. run C. made D. produced
6. That child is really _________ by his grandparents. A. spoilt B. polluted C. stained D. naughty
7. According to a recent survey, most people are on good ________ with their neighbors. A. relations B. acquaintance C. relationships D. terms
8. I’m not ____________ to your plan but it needs modifying A. disagreed B. opposed C. disputed D. conflicted
9. Luggage may be placed here ____________ the owner’s risk. A. by B. under C. with D. at
10. His business is growing so fast that he must take _________ more workers. A. up B. over C. on D. out
11. The beach was so crowded the other day that we ______ difficulty finding an empty spots. A. have B. had had C. have been having D. had
12. The doctor insisted that his patient _____________.
A. did not work too hard for three months
B. to take some vacation for three months
C. take it easy inside of three months
D. takes it easy inside of three months
13. ________ little we may like it, old age comes to most of us. A. Despite B. However C. So D. As
14. I’m not sure if the new tax is __________ good an idea after all. A. much B. such C. so D. as
15. Bread and butter ________ our daily food. A. are B. is C. were D. have been
16. After listening to all arguments I am now of the _______ that there should be no new road. A. attitude B. opinion C. though D. idea
17. When _________ to explain his mistake, the new employee cleared his throat nervously. A. asking B. asked C. to be asked D. to be asking
18. “That’s a lovely new dress, Jean” said her mother.
A. Jean’s mother said she liked her dress
B. Jean’s mother complimented her on the lovely new dress
C. Jean’s mother wanted to buy a lovely new dress
D. Jean’s mother told her to buy that lovely new dress
19. Having been selected to present the class at the school meeting, ___________. 1 A. the members applauded him
B. a speech had to be given by him
C. he gave a short acceptance speech
D. the members congratulated him
20. Nearly all of the reporters _______ the press conference had questions _______. A. attend/ask B. attended/ask C. attending/to ask D. attend/to be asked
IV. 1. They said that they had left _______ question 6 as they had not studied this topic in class.
2. “_______ accordance ______the wishes ________ my people” the president said. “I am retiring ________ public life.
3. If you don’t understand it now, you’ll probably figure it _________ later.
4. Don’t rush __________the book, you can pick _________ a lot of useful information if you read it ______ attention.
5. I turned ________ at the meeting but the others didn’t come.
6. The ship “Seagull” will embark ________ her maiden voyage on 1st May.
7. He got ___________ his examination fairly well although his health had broken down a few days before it started.
8. He was poor, but he rent a mansion and set himself __________as a millionaire.
9. There’s a “NO ENTRANCE” sign pinned in the door. If you go in without permission, you’ll get _________trouble.
10. After the war, several people were tired for crimes __________ humanity. READING
I Looking for an unforgettable way to celebrate that special occasion? Well, the ….(1)of options open today’s youngster – or even “ oldster”
for that matter, is a far cry from the traditional party or restaurant visit. No longer is it ….(2) sufficient to invite your friends round , buy
some food and get a barker to produce a cake. No, today’s birthday boy or girl is looking for something out of the ordinary, ranging from the
….(3) expensive to the downright dangerous. Anything goes, as long as it is unusual and impressive.
Top of this year ‘s popular …..(4) are as follows: taking some friends rally driving , helicopter lessons, plane trip and parachuting ,
and hot air ballooning . Then there is always group bungee jumping or taking your buddies on a stomach – churning , while water rafting ……(5) down rapids.
The desire of adventurous celebration is not restricted to the ….(6) . I recently met an octogenarian who celebrated …..(7) the
milestone of eighty by having a fly lesson.
Of course, if you have money the world is your oyster. A very rich relation of mine flew fifty of his friends to a Caribbean island to mark the
passing of his half century. Unfortunately I was only a ….(8) relation.
Undoubtedly, the more traditional forms of celebration do continue to ….(9) the less extravagant or less adventurous among us.
However, with my own half century looming on the horizon I would not say no to a weekend in Paris and a meal at the Eiffel Tower. I can
…(10)dream. Perhaps by the time I’m eighty I’ll be able to afford it. 1: A. scale B. degree C. range D. variance 2: A. hoped B. decided C. marked D. considered 3: A. perfectly B. dearly C. outrageously D. explicitly
4: A. experiments B. extravagances. C. exposures D. expenses 5: A. ride B. travel C. voyage D. crossing
6: A. adolescents B. teenagers C. youth D. young
7: A. attaining B. arriving C. reaching D. getting 8: A. distant B. remote C. faraway D. slight 9: A. pacify B. satisfy C. distract D. absorb 10:A. however B. but C. nevertheless D. anyway
II. According to a magazine (1) ____________ I read recently, we now live an age of (2) ___________ leisure. Not only are more people
researching retirement age with their (3) ________________ of enjoyment or even adventure relatively (4) ______________ but the working
week is becoming shorter and the opportunity for (5) _________ are becoming greater and greater all the time. Not to (6) _________ the fact
that people tend to spend (7) _________ time travelling to work or may even be working from home. 2
What I can’t understand, however, is (8) __________ these people are. As far as I can tell the whole thing is another one of those journalistic
fictions. I (9) ________ that there are a lot of retired people nowadays but I am not sure that all of them are dashing about learning hang-
gliding or sailing single-handed round the world. My own parents seem to spend most of their time gazing at the television. And as for the
shorter working week, I wish someone would (10) ___________ my company about it. I seem to be working longer and longer all the time.
The little leisure time I have is eaten into by sitting in the traffic jams or waiting for trains to show up at rain-swept at platforms. I haven’t
noticed any dramatic improvements in my lifestyle either, but perhaps I just have to wait until I get my pension. III
The study of the astronomical practices, celestial lore, mythologies, religions and world-views of
all ancient cultures is called archaeoastronomy. It is described, in essence, as the "anthropology of
astronomy", to distinguish it from the "history of astronomy". Many of the great monuments and Line
ceremonial constructions of early civilizations were astronomically aligned, and two well-known ancient (5)
archaeological sites seem to have had an astronomical purpose. The Orion mystery, as it is dubbed,
purports that the geometry and brightness of the stars in the Orion constellation are mirrored in the
alignment and size of the great pyramids of Egypt. While this claim remains hypothetical, it is
nevertheless clear that ancient Egyptians incorporated astronomy with architecture. In the Temple of
Abu Simbel, for example, sunlight penetrates a sacred chamber to illuminate a statue of Ramses on (10)
October 18, which ushered in the start of the Egyptian civil year. Astronomy did not exist on its own,
however, but as one limb of a larger body whose other limbs included agriculture and the after-life. In
this sense, astronomy linked the two themes humans are most obsessed with: life and death.
Around the same period, another monument was erected that combines religion, architecture and
astronomy. Stonehenge was built in three separate stages, starting in approximately 3000 B.C. Mostly it (15)
remains a mystery, but two clues offer some enlightenment. One is that the megalithic arrangement is
not random nor purely aesthetic but astronomical: It marks the solstice and lunar phases. The other is
that archaeological excavations have revealed it was also used in religious ceremonies. Chinese records
suggest their own astronomical observations dated from the same period; Indian sacred books point to
earlier observations; and Babylonian clay tablets show Chaldean priests had been observing the sky (20)
(including the motion of the visible planets and of eclipses) shortly thereafter. But the earliest physical
vestige of an observatory in fact, lies in southern Egypt. Surprisingly it is probably not the product of a
Semitic (Syrian or Babylonian) peoples but rather sub-Saharan, as evidenced by analysis of a human
jawbone found on site. The Nabta site is the African equivalent of Stonehenge except it predates it by some 1,500 years. (25)
1. What does the passage mainly discuss?
A. the definition and some examples of archaeoastronomy
B. the possible astronomical significance of ancient monuments C. the history of astronomy
D. the oldest known site possibly used for astronomy
2. The word “celestial” in line 1 could best be replaced by A. ancient B. historical C. heavenly D. scientific
3. According to the passage, archaeoastronomy A. pre-dates astronomy
B. is the anthropology of astronomy
C. is also called the history of astronomy D. is not a true science
4. Which of the following, according to the passage, is true about the great pyramids of Egypt? 3
A. they were built for purposes of astronomy
B. they mark the solstice and lunar phases
C. one of them contains a statue of Ramses in a sacred chamber
D. they are part of the Orion mystery
5. The word “ushered” in line 14 is closest in meaning to A. brought B. identified C. marked D. signaled
6. The word “illuminate” in line 14 is closest in meaning to A. light up B. warm up C. touch D. explain
7. Where in the passage does the author make reference to the moon? A. lines 5-9 B. lines 10-14 C. lines 15-19 D. lines 20-24
8. The word “enlightenment” in line 22 is closest in meaning to A. awareness B. hope C. evidence D. explanation
9. According to the passage, the earliest known site of an observatory is probably A. Semitic B. Babylonian C. Chaldean D.Sub-Saharan
10. In line 27, the word “it” refers to which of the following? A. Stonehenge B. the Nabta site C. African D.sub-Saharan
(From a collection of TOEFL reading comprehension )
IV. List of headings I
A description of Ihe procedure Ii
An international research project Iii
An experiment to investigate consumer responses Iv Marketing an alternative name V A misleading name? Vi
A potentially profitable line of research Vii
Medical dangers of the technique Viii Drawbacks to marketing tools Ix Broadening applications X What is neuromarketing?
Example: Paragraph A: x
Inside the mind of the consumer
Could brain-scanning technology provide an accurate wav to assess the appeal of new products and the effectiveness of advertising?
A. MARKETING people are no longer prepared to take your word for it that you favour one product over another. They want to scan your
brain to see which one you really prefer. Using the tools of neuroscientists, such as electroencephalogram (EEG) mapping and functional
magnetic-resonance imaging (fMRI), they are trying to learn more about the mental processes behind purchasing decisions. The resulting
fusion of neuroscience and marketing is, inevitably, being called “neuro-marketing”.
B. The first person to apply brain-imaging technology in this way was Gerry Zaltman of Harvard University, in the fate 1990s. The idea
remained in obscurity until 2001, when BrightHouse, a marketing consultancy based in Atlanta, Georgia, set up a dedicated neuromarketing
arm, BrightHouse Neurostrategies Group. (BrightHouse lists Coca-Cola, Delta Airlines and Home Depot among its clients.) But the
company's name may itself simply be an example of clever marketing. BrightHouse does not scan people while showing them specific
products or campaign ideas, but bases its work on the results of more general fMRI-based research into consumer preferences and decision-
making carried out at Emory University in Atlanta.
C. Can brain scanning really be applied to marketing? The basic principle is not that different from focus groups and other traditional forms
of market research. A volunteer lies in an fMRI machine and is shown images or video clips. In place of an interview or questionnaire, the 4
subject’s response is evaluated by monitoring brain activity. fMRI provides real-time images of brain activity, in which different areas "light
up‘ depending on the level of blood flow. This provides clues to the subject’s subconscious thought patterns. Neuroscientists know, for
example, that the sense of self is associated with an area of the brain known as the medial pefrontal cortex. A flow of blood to that area while
the suhject is looking at a particular logo suggests that he or she identifies with that brand.
D. At first, it seemed that only companies in Europe were prepared to admit that they used neuromarketing. Two carmakers, DaimlerChrysler
in Germany and Ford's European arm, ran pilot studies in 2003. But more recently, American companies have become more open about their
use of neuromarketing. Liebeman Research Worldwide, a marketing firm based in Los Angeles, is collaborating with the California Institute
of Technology (Caltech) to enable movie studios to market-test film trailers. More controversially, the New York Times recently reported
that a political consultancy, FKF Research, has been studying the effectiveness of campaign commercials using neuromarketing techniques.
E. Whether all this is any more than a modern-day version of phrenology, the Victorian obsession with linking lumps and bumps in the skull
to personality traits, is unclear. There have been no large-scale studies, so scans of a handful of subjects may not be a reliable guide to
consumer behaviour in general. Of course, focus groups and surveys are flawed too: strong personalities can steer the outcomes of focus
groups, and some people may be untruthful in their responses to opinion pollsters. And even honest people cannot always explain their preferences.
F. That is perhaps where neuromarketing has the most potential. When asked about cola drinks, most people claim to have a favourite brand,
but cannot say why they prefer that brand's taste. An unpublished study of attitudes towards two well-known cola drinks, Brand A and Brand
B, carried out last year in a college of medicine in the US found that most subjects preferred Brand B in a blind tasting - fMRI scanning
showed that drinking Brand B lit up a region called the ventral putamen, which is one of the brain's ‘reward centres’, far more brightly than
Brand A. But when told which drink was which, most subjects said they preferred Brand A, which suggests that its stronger brand outweighs
the more pleasant taste of the other drink.
VLessons from the Titanic
A From the comfort of our modern lives we tend to look back at the turn of the twentieth century as a dangerous time for sea travellers. With
limited communication facilities, and shipping technology still in its infancy in the early nineteen hundreds, we consider ocean travel to have
been a risky business. But to the people of the time it was one of the safest forms of transport. At the time of the Titanic’s maiden voyage in
1912, there had only been four lives lost in the previous forty years on passenger ships on the North Atlantic crossing. And the Titanic was
confidently proclaimed to be unsinkable. She represented the pinnacle of technological advance at the time. Her builders, crew and
passengers had no doubt that she was the finest ship ever built. But still she did sink on April 14, 1912, taking 1,517 of her passengers and crew with her.
B The RMS Titanic left Southampton for New York on April 10, 1912. On board were some of the richest and most famous people of the
time who had paid large sums of money to sail on the first voyage of the most luxurious ship in the world. Imagine her placed on her end: she
was larger at 269 metres than many of the tallest buildings of the day. And with nine decks, she was as high as an eleven storey building. The
Titanic carried 329 first class, 285 second class and 710 third class passengers with 899 crew members, under the care of the very
experienced Captain Edward J. Smith. She also carried enough food to feed a small town, including 40,000 fresh eggs, 36,000 apples,
111,000 lbs of fresh meat and 2,200 lbs of coffee for the five day journey.
C RMS Titanic was believed to be unsinkable because the hull was divided into sixteen watertight compartments. Even if two of these
compartments flooded, the ship could still float. The ship’s owners could not imagine that, in the case of an accident, the Titanic would not be
able to float until she was rescued. It was largely as a result of this confidence in the ship and in the safety of ocean travel that the disaster
could claim such a great loss of life.
D. In the ten hours prior to the Titanic’s fatal collision with an iceberg at 11.40pm, six warnings of icebergs in her path were received by the
Titanic's wireless operators. Only one of these messages was formally posted on the bridge; the others were in various locations across the
ship. If the combined information in these messages of iceberg positions had been plotted, the ice field which lay across the Titanic’s path
would have been apparent. Instead, the lack of formal procedures for dealing with information from a relatively new piece of technology, the
wireless, meant that the danger was not known until too late. This was not the fault of the Titanic crew. Procedures for dealing with warnings 5
received through the wireless had not been formalized across the shipping industry at the time. The fact that the wireless operators were not
even Titanic crew, but rather contracted workers from a wireless company, made their role in the ship’s operation quite unclear.
E Captain Smith’s seemingly casual attitude in increasing the speed on this day to a dangerous 22 knots or 41 kilometers per hour, can then
be partly explained by his ignorance of what lay ahead. But this only partly accounts for his actions, since the spring weather in Greenland
was known to cause huge chunks of ice to break off from the glaciers. Captain Smith knew that these icebergs would float southward and had
already acknowledged this danger by taking a more southerly route than at other times of the year. So why was the Titanic travelling at high
speed when he knew, if not of the specific risk, at least of the general risk of icebergs in her path? As with the lack of coordination of the
wireless messages, it was simply standard operating procedure at the time. Captain Smith was following the practices accepted on the North
Atlantic, practices which had coincided with forty years of safe travel. He believed, wrongly as we now know, that the ship could turn or stop
in time if an iceberg was sighted by the lookouts.
F There were around two and a half hours between the time the Titanic rammed into the iceberg and its final submersion. In this time 705
people were loaded into the twenty lifeboats. There were 473 empty seats available on lifeboats while over 1,500 people drowned. These
figures raise two important issues. Firstly, why there were not enough lifeboats to seat every passenger and crew member on board. And
secondly, why the lifeboats were not full.
G The Titanic had sixteen lifeboats and four collapsible boats which could carry just over half the number of people on board h er maiden
voyage and only a third of the Titanic’s total capacity. Regulations for the number of lifeboats required were based on outdated British Board
of Trade regulations written in 1894 for ships a quarter of the Titanic’s size, and had never been revised. Under these requirements, the
Titanic was only obliged to carry enough lifeboats to seat 962 people. At design meetings in 1910, the shipyard’s managing director,
Alexander Carlisle, had proposed that forty eight lifeboats be installed on the Titanic, but the idea had been quickly rejected as too expensive.
Discussion then turned to the ship’s décor, and as Carlisle later described the incident … ’we spent two hours discussing carpet for the first
class cabins and fifteen minutes discussing lifeboats’.
H The belief that the Titanic was unsinkable was so strong that passengers and crew alike clung to the belief even as she was actually
sinking. This attitude was not helped by Captain Smith, who had not acquainted his senior officers with the full situation. For the first hour
after the collision, the majority of people aboard the Titanic, including senior crew, were not aware that she would sink, that there were
insufficient lifeboats or that the nearest ship responding to the Titanic’s distress calls would arrive two hours after she was on the bottom of
the ocean. As a result, the officers in charge of loading the boats received a very halfhearted response to their early calls for women and
children to board the lifeboats. People felt that they would be safer, and certainly warmer, aboard the Titanic than perched in a little boat in
the North Atlantic Ocean. Not realising the magnitude of the impending disaster themselves, the officers allowed several boats to be lowered only half full.
I Procedures again were at fault, as an additional reason for the officers’ reluctance to lower the lifeboats at full capacity was that they feared
the lifeboats would buckle under the weight of 65 people. They had not been informed that the lifeboats had been fully tested prior to
departure. Such procedures as assigning passengers and crew to lifeboats and lifeboat loading drills were simply not part of the standard
operation of ships nor were they included in crew training at this time.
J As the Titanic sank, another ship, believed to have been the Californian, was seen motionless less than twenty miles away. The ship failed
to respond to the Titanic’s eight distress rockets. Although the officers of the Californian tried to signal the Titanic with their flashing Morse
lamp, they did not wake up their radio operator to listen for a distress call. At this time, communication at sea through wireless was new and
the benefits not well appreciated, so the wireless on ships was often not operated around the clock. In the case of the Californian, the wireless
operator slept unaware while 1,500 Titanic passengers and crew drowned only a few miles away.
K After the Titanic sank, investigations were held in both Washington and London. In the end, both inquiries decided that no one could be
blamed for the sinking. However, they did address the fundamental safety issues which had contributed to the enormous loss of life. As a
result, international agreements were drawn up to improve safety procedures at sea. The new regulations covered 24 hour wireless operation,
crew training, proper lifeboat drills, lifeboat capacity for all on board and the creation of an international ice patrol.
Complete the summary below. Choose your answers from the box at the bottom of the page and write them in boxes from 1 to 10. 6
NB There are more words than spaces so you will not use them all. You may use any of the words more than once. Passengers Arrogance Float advanced Lifeboats Confident Dangers ocean Worried Inadequate Enormous excitement Fast Handbook Water float Record Fast Procedures orders Drown Size Sink safety
The Finest Ship Ever Built
The North Atlantic Ocean crossing on the Titanic was expected to set a new standard for (1)......... travel in terms of comfort and (2)......... The
shipping industry had an excellent safety (3)......... on the North Atlantic Crossing over the previous forty years and the Titanic was the finest
and safest liner ever built. The Titanic combined the greatest technology of the day with sheer (4)........., luxury and new safety features. The
Titanic’s owners were (5)......... that even if the Titanic were letting in (6)......... she would (7)......... indefinitely until help arrived. In
hindsight we know that the Titanic was not unsinkable and that technology alone could not save lives when facilities were (8)......... and
humans did not follow safe (9) ......... whether because of (10) ……….. or ignorance
(From IELTS exam preparation – Sample reading text) I. C A D B C D C B D B B B A D C C B C B C
IV. out in/with/of/from out through/up/with up on through up into against READING
I. 1,C 2,D 3,C 4,B 5,A 6,D 7,C 8,A 9,B 10,B II. article increasing taste intact leisure mention less who admit remind III B C B C A A D A A B
IV.1. Paragraph B : v 2. Paragraph C : I 3. Paragraph D : ix 4. Paragraph E : viii 5. Paragraph F : iii V. 1. safety 2. ocean 3. record 4. size 5. confident 6. water 7 7. float 8. inadequate 9. procedures 10. arrogance ĐỀ 2:
1. As we approached the house, I had a ______ that something terrible had happened. A. prediction B. forethought C. premonition D. anticipation
2. Cable TV revolutionized communications; ______, the very existence of that service is now threatened by satellites. A. moreover B. consequently C. eventually D. nevertheless
3. The strike was ______ owing to a last-minute agreement with the management. A. broken up B. called off C. come through D. set back
4. William crept ______ on Lisa and put his hands over her eyes. A. up B. on C. off D. by
5. I know you have been working very hard today. Let's ________ and go home. A. pull my leg B. call it a day C. put your back up D. pros and cons
6. She ________ on the computer for more than two hours when she decided to stop for a rest. A. has worked B. has been working C. was working D. had been working
7. _______ their heads in his direction, he knew they were interested. A. Seeing them both turn B. On seeing they both turn
C. When he saw them both to turn
D. After seeing them both to have turned
8. Helen was ________ disappointed when she learnt that she hadn’t won the beauty contest. A. seriously B. bitterly C. strongly D. heavily
9. ____ is that a chicken stands up to lay its eggs.
A. Many people don’t realize
B. What many people don’t realize
C. It is that many people don’t realize
D. Because many people don’ realize
10. Carbon dioxide may be absorbed by trees or water bodies, or it may stay in the atmosphere when_____ , while it is only in the atmosphere
that chlorofluorocarbons find their home.
A. by releasing emissions from cars
B. released from car emissions
C. cars that release emissions
D. emissions are released by cars
11. The match will be screened on TV with _________ commentary by Any Gray. A. lively B. live C. alive D. living
12. I know you didn’t want to upset me but I’d sooner you _________ me the whole truth yesterday. A. could have told B. told C. have told D. had told
13. As the drug took _________, the patient became quieter. A. effect B. force C. influence D. action
14. The dawn redwood appears ____ some 100 million years ago in northern forests around the world. A. was flourished B. having to flourish C. to have flourished D. have flourished
15. His comments _________ little or no relation to the facts and the figures of the case. A. reflect B. bear C. give D. possess 8
16. All _____ is a continuous supply of the basic necessities of life.
A. what is needed B. for our needs C. the thing needed D. that is needed
17. It is urgent that this letter _____ immediately. A. was posted B. posted C. be posted D. be post
18. John: This grammar test is the hardest one we’ve ever had this semester!
Mary: _____ but I think it’s quite easy. A. I couldn’t agree more
B. I understand what you’re saying C. You’re wrong D. I don’t see in that way
19. It is only recently that ballets have been based on the themes _____ American life. A. reflecting B. reflects C. is reflecting D. reflected
20. I wish you’d do the accounts. I don’t have ________ for numbers. A. a head B. a mind C. the heart D. the nerve
III. Sesame was one of the earliest herbs known to the world. There is some disagreement among all authorities as to the exact place of origin
of this ancient herb; it may only have been Africa, Afghanistan or the East Indies. It is then mentioned in Sanskrit literature and Egyptian
scripts, as well as in old Hebrew writings. Cleopatra is supposed to have been used sesame oil as a skin beautifier. Sesame used to grow in
the wild, but recently has been grown up as an important crops in many parts of the world. It grows to both three or four feet high and has
white flowers that are e followed by seeds which produces oil, high in protein and mineral content. A product of sesame seeds is an edible
cream known as tahini, which has had the consistency of honey and is extremely popular in Middle Eastern and Greek food. Tahini is the
principal ingredient in a popular sweet called halva. When chilled and cut into small blocks it makes as an agreeable accompaniment to black
coffee. Sesame seed and honey bars are tasty sweets found out in cake shops and delicatessens. Sesame meals, which is ground sesame seed,
is obtained from health-food shops and is increasingly found in some of bigger supermarkets. As it is so high itself in protein, vegetarians use
large quantities of it in their daily diet. In fact, anything using sesame is nutritious as well as delicious.
IV.1. They said that they had left ...............question 6 as they had not studied this topic in class.
2. “In accordance with the wishes of my people” the president said. “I am retiring...............public life”
3. If you don’t understand it now, you’ll probably figure it ............... later.
4. Don’t rush ...............the book, you can pick up a lot of useful information if you read it withattention.
5. I turned ...............at the meeting but the others didn’t come.
6. The ship “Seagull” will embark ............... her maiden voyage on 1st May.
7. He got ...............his examination fairly well although his health had broken down a few days before it started.
8. He was poor, but he rent a mansion and set himself ...............as a millionaire.
9. There’s a “NO ENTRANCE” sign pinned in the door. If you go in without permission, you’ll get ...............trouble.
10. After the war, several people were tired for crimes..............humanity.
PART C. (1)____ history, women have always aimed for the recognized place in (2)____. Guided by their own (3)____ of
knowledge and expertise, women like Marie Curie in science, Mary Wollstonecraft in literary writing, Simone de Beauvois in philosophical
existentialist debate, and Marie Stopes in medicine, to name a few, have brought about (4)____ awareness of the role of the women in any
walks of life. These women have helped redefine and (5)____ the nature of women’s place in society. Today the (6)____ of global women’s
organizations and the impact of women’s contributions (7)____ society show that progress has been made and the progress in furthering the
role of women in society has been some benefit to the (8)____ woman. It is true to say that not all women have the same need. The need of
the woman who stays at home and (9)_____ children will differ widely from the woman who works outside. Nonetheless, in the extensive
field of equal opportunities, it would be good to know that access in given to both with equal measure according to the true value of
respective abilities. It also would be good to know that the woman at home is recognized as a valued (10)____ of society just as much as the
one who deals on business outside the home. 1. A. Throughout B. Among C. During D. Upon 2. A. social B. society C. socialize D. socialist 3. A. region B. farm C. path D. field 4. A. a B. an C. the D. no article 5. A. gain B. encourage C. consolidate D. force 9 6. A. right B. spread C. limit D. belief 7. A. on B. for C. with D. at 8. A. own B. private C. individual D. personal 9. A. rises B. raises C. increases D. lifts 10. A. party B. competitor C. partner D. member II. Urban Sparrows
During the last 25 years, Britain’s urban sparrow population has declined by as much as two-thirds, and the bird has almost
disappeared from many of its former haunts. The decline has been blamed on (1) _______from cats to garden pesticides. Moreover, modern
buildings have far too few nooks and crannies (2) _______ the birds can nest. Factors (3) _________ these may well be involved, but alone
they (4) _______ to explain the severity of the decline, or the fact that other urban birds have been less affected.
Denis Summers-Smith is the world’s leading expert on sparrows, so when he (5) _______ up with a theory to explain their decline,
it has to be (6) ____ listening to. He suggests that the culprit is a chemical added to unleaded petrol. It would be deeply i ronic if a policy that
was intended to improve the nation’s health (7) ______ to prove responsible for the decline of being of its favourite species.
(8) _____ to Summers-Smith, social species such as the sparrow require a minimum population in a specific area to breed
successfully. If, (9) _________ whatever reason, numbers drop below this threshold, the stimulus to breed disappears. The most dramatic
example is the passenger pigeon, (10) ______ in the late nineteenth century went from being the world’s most common bird to total extinction within 50 years.
III. As the twentieth century began, the importance of formal education in the United States increased. The frontier had mostly disappeared
and by 1910 most Americans lived in towns and cities. Industrialization and the bureaucratization of economic life combined with a new
emphasis upon credentials and expertise to make schooling increasingly important for economic and social mobility. Increasingly, too,
schools were viewed as the most important means of integrating immigrants into American society.
The arrival of a great wave of southern and eastern European immigrants at the turn of the century coincided with and contributed to an
enormous expansion of formal schooling. By 1920 schooling to age fourteen or beyond was compulsory in most states, and the school year
was greatly lengthened. Kindergartens, vacation schools, extracurricular activities, and vocational education and counseling extended the
influence of public schools over the lives of students, many of whom in the larger industrial cities were the children of immigrants. Classes
for adult immigrants were sponsored by public schools, corporations, unions, churches, settlement houses, and other agencies.
Reformers early in the twentieth century suggested that education programs should suit the needs of specific populations. Immigrant
women were once such population. Schools tried to educate young women so they could occupy productive places in the urban industrial
economy, and one place many educators considered appropriate for women was the home.
Although looking after the house and family was familiar to immigrant women, American education gave homemaking a new definition.
In pre-industrial economies, homemaking had meant the production as well as the consumption of goods, and it commonly included income-
producing activities both inside and outside the home, in the highly industrialized early-twentieth-century United States, however,
overproduction rather than scarcity was becoming a problem. Thus, the ideal American homemaker was viewed as a consumer rather than a
producer. Schools trained women to be consumer homemakers cooking, shopping, decorating, and caring for children "efficiently" in their
own homes, or if economic necessity demanded, as employees in the homes of others. Subsequent reforms have made these notions seem quite out-of-date.
1. The paragraph preceding the passage probably discusses _____.
A. the most important means of integrating immigrants into American society in the nineteen century.
B. the urbanization in the United States in the nineteen century.
C. the industrialization and the bureaucratization of economic life the United States in the 19th century
D. the formal schooling in the United States in the nineteen century.
2. It can be inferred from paragraph 1 that one important factor in the increasing importance of education in the United States was _____.
A. the increased urbanization of the entire country
B. the expanding economic problems of schools
C. the growing number of schools in frontier communities
D. an increase in the number of trained teachers 10
3. The word "means" in line 5 is closest in meaning to _____. A. probability B. qualifications C. advantages D. method
4. The phrase "coincided with" in line 7 is closest in meaning to _____. A. ensured the success of B. began to grow rapidly
C. happened at the same time as D. was influenced by
5. According to the passage, one important change in United States education by the 1920's was that _____.
A. most places required children to attend school
B. adults and children studied in the same classes
C. new regulations were imposed on nontraditional education
D. the amount of time spent on formal education was limited
6. “Vacation schools and extracurricular activities” are mentioned in line 9 to illustrate _____.
A. the importance of educational changes
B. alternatives to formal education provided by public schools
C. the increased impact of public schools on students
D. activities that competed to attract new immigrants to their programs.
7. According to the passage, early-twentieth century education reformers believed that _____.
A. different groups needed different kinds of education
B. corporations and other organizations damaged educational progress
C. more women should be involved in education and industry
D. special programs should be set up in frontier communities to modernize them
8. The word "it" in paragraph 4 refers to _____. A. homemaking B. consumption C. education D. production
9. Women were trained to be consumer homemakers as a result of _____.
A. overproduction in the highly industrialized early-twentieth-century United States
B. economic necessity in the highly industrialized early-twentieth-century United States
C. scarcity in the highly industrialized early-twentieth-century United States
D. income-producing activities in the highly industrialized early-twentieth-century United States
10. The word “others” in paragraph 4 means_______. A. other homes B. other women
C. other children D. other employees
VI. List of Headings i.
Amazonia as unable to sustain complex societies ii.
The role of recent technology in ecological research in Amazonia iii.
The hostility of the indigenous population to North America influences iv. Recent evidence v.
Early research among the Indian Amazons vi.
The influence of prehistoric inhabitants on Amazonian natural history. vii.
The great difficulty of changing local attitudes and practices. 1. Section A: _________ 2. Section B__________ 3. Section C: _________ 4. Section D: _________ Secret of the Forest
A. In 1942 Allan R Holmberg, a doctoral student in anthropology from Yale University, USA ventured deep into the jungle of Bolivian
Amazonia and searched out an isolated band of Sirino Indians. The Siriono, Holmberg later wrote, led a “strikingly backward”
existence. Their villages were little more than clusters of thatched huts. Life itself was a perpetual and punishing search for food:
some families grew manioc and other starchy crops in small garden plots cleared from the forest, while other members of the tribe
scoured the country for small game and promising fish holes. When local resources became depleted, the tribe moved on. As for 11
technology, Holmberg noted, the Sirino “may be classified among the most handicapped peoples of the world”. Other than bows,
arrowa and crude digging sticks, the only tools the Sirino seemed to possess were “ two machetes worn to the size of pocket knives".
B. Although the lives of the Sirino have changed in the intervening decades, the image of them as Stone Age relics has endured. In
deed, in many respects the Sirino epitomize the popular conception of life in Amazonia. To casual observers, as well as to
influential natural scientists and regional planners, the luxuriant forests of Amazonia seem ageless, unconquerable, a habitat totally
hostile to human civilization. The apparent simplicity of Indian ways of life has been judged an evolutionary adaptation to forest
ecology, living proof that Amazonia could not- and cannot- sustain a more complex society. Archaeological traces of far more
elaborate cultures have been dismissed as the ruins of invaders from outside the region, abandoned to decay in the uncompromising tropical environment.
C. The popular conception of Amazonia and its native residents would be enormously consequential if it were true. But the human
history of Amazonia in the past 11,000 years betrays that view as myth. Evidence gathered in recent years from anthropology and
archeology indicates that the region has supported a series of indigenous cultures for eleven thousand years; an extensive network of
complex societies- some with populations perhaps as large as 100,000- thrived there for more than 1,000 years before the arrival of
Europeans. (Indeed, some contemporary tribes, including the Sirino, still live among the earthworks of earlier cultures). Far from
being evolutionarily retarded, prehistoric Amazonian people developed technologies and cultures that were advanced for their time.
If the lives of Indians today seem “primitive”, the appearance is not the result of some environmental adaptation or ecological
barrier; rather it is a comparatively recent adaptation to centuries of economic and political pressure. Investigators who argue
otherwise have unwittingly projected the present onto the past.
D. The evidence for a revised view of Amazonia will take many people by surprise. Ecologists have assumed that tropical ecosystems
were shaped entirely by natural forces and they have focused their research on habitats they believe have escaped human influences.
But as the University of Florida ecologists, Peter Feinsinger, has noted, an approach that leaves people out of the equation is no
longer tenable. The archeological evidence shows that the natural history of Amazonia is to a surprising extent tied to the activities
of its prehistoric inhabitants.
E. The realization comes none too soon. In June 1992 political and environmental leaders from across the world met in Rio de Janeiro
to discuss how developing countries can advance their economies without destroying their natural resources. The challenge is
especially difficult in Amazonia. Because the tropical forest has been depicted as ecologically unfit for large-scale human
occupation, some environmentalists have opposed development of any kind. Ironically, some major casualty of that extreme
position has been the environment itself. While policy makers struggle to define and implement appropriate legislation,
development of the most destructive kind has continued space over vas areas.
F. The other major casualty of the “naturalism” of environmental scientists has been the indigenous Amazonians, whose habits of
hunting, fishing and slash-and-burn cultivation often have been represented as harmful to the habitat. In the clash between
environmentalists and developers, the Indians, whose presence is in fact crucial to the survival of the forest, have suffered the most.
The new understanding of the pre-history of Amazonia, however, points toward a middle ground. Archeology makes clear that with
judicious management selected parts of the region could support more people than anyone thought before. The long buried past, it
seems, offers hope for the future.
Do the following statements agree with the views of the writer in the passage?
YES if the statement agrees with the view of the writer
NO if the statement contradicts the view of the writer
NOT GIVEN if it is impossible to say what the writer think about this.
5. The reason for the simplicity of the Indian way of life is that Amazonia has always been unable to support a more complex society.
6. There is a crucial popular misconception about the human history of Amazonia.
7. There are lessons to be learned from similar ecosystems in other parts of the world.
8. Most ecologists were aware that the areas of Amazonia they were working in had been shaped by human settlement
9. The indigenous Amazonian Indians are necessary to the well- being of the forest
10. It would be possible for certain parts of Amazonia to support a higher population I1.C 2.D 3.B 4.A 5.B 6.D 7.A 8.B 9.B 10.B 11. B 12. D 13. A 14. C 15. B 16. D 17. C 18. B 19. A 20. A III. 1. only 6. had 2. then 7. as 3. been 8. out 4. up 9. of 5. both 10. itself 12 IV1. out 2.from 3. out 4. through 5. up 6. on 7. through 8. up 9. into 10. against PART C. 1. C 2. B 3. D 4. B 5. C 6. B 7. A 8. C 9. B 10. D
II. 1. everything/anything 2. where/wherein 3. like 4. fail 5. comes 6. worth 7. were/was 8. According 9. for 10. which III. 1. D 2. A 3. D 4. C 5. A 6. D 7. A 8. A 9. A 10. B IV. 1. v 5. NO 2. i 3. iv 6.YES 4. vi 7. NOT GIVEN 8. NO 9. YES 10. YES. ĐỀ 3:
1. Little did I imagine The Amazing race would entail long-winded journeys and ups and downs _____ . A. aplenty B. inexhaustibly C. profusely D. superabundant
2. It stands to reason that a touch of humour and optimism can work ______ .
A. on all cylinders B. spectacles C. wonders D. your fingers to the bone
3. The comforting news from my sister was a real_____ off my mind. A. stone B. deal C. load D. mass
4. He was claimed to be unskilled writer, but his latest works have definitely ______ witness to his great talent. A. constituted B. borne C. dealt D. displayed
5. Jenny has been on a diet, but she can't resist her _______ for sweets now and then. A. inclination B. craving C. attraction D. tendency
6. The flights are full at the moment, so you'll have to _____ . A. run a stroke of luck B. get a better luck C. be down on your luck D. take pot luck
7. Jane really _____ it on thick when she told the boss that she was not feeling very well. Unfortunately for her, he realized immediately that
she just wanted the afternoon off. A. put B. spread C. laid D. painted
8. With _____ , it's easy to see that a mistake has been made. A. rear view B. overlook C. retrospect D. hindsight
9. You are not supposed to park on the hard _____ except in an emergency. A. lane B. shoulder C. leg D. area
10. The little children watched the performance in __________ amazement. A. wide-eyed B. open-eyed C. eagle-eyed D. hawk-eyed
11. We are on the __________ of a new era in medicine so a number of diseases will be eliminated soon. A. frontier B. gateway C. threshold D. forefront
12. We could feel the _____ effect of the oil spill on the fauna and flora of the island years after that. A. backwash
B. backlash C. backlog D. backsliding
13. We should never have quarreled like that. Let's burry the _____ and forget all about it. A. axe B. argument C. hatchet D. subject
14. It's as if that silly argument we had has driven a _______ between us and we've lost all our old closeness. A. ledge B. wedge C. plank D. beam 13
15. Tamara has set her _______ on becoming a ballet-dancer. A. feet B. brain C. head D. heart
16. That Mary is an ______ liar: you must take what she says with a small grain of salt. A. incorrigible B. incurable C. irredeemable D. irremediable
17. Unanswered, the demands for nuclear deterrents have ______ fears of civil war. A. flashed up B. prognosticated C. sidetracked D. stoked up
18. Unfortunately, his report doesn't _______ with what we've learnt from other sources. A. ally B. pally C. rally D. tally
19. It's always nice to see Bella — she's such a _______ of sunshine. A. light B. ray C. glow D. beam
20. Before their restoration, parts of the medieval building were in a state of ______. A. debris B. dilapidation C. devastation D. destruction Question 3
If there is one characteristic of British work in the arts that seems to stand out is its shortage of identification with wider
intellectual trends. Playwrights and directors can be left-wing in their political look-out, but the plays they produce rarely convey a
straightforward message. The same is largely true of British novelists and poets. Their writing is naturalistic and is not connected to particular
intellectual movements. The theatre had always been very strong in Britain, especially in London. The country’s most successful playwrights
are those who explore the darker side of the personality and of personal relationships. In contrast, the cinema in Britain is often regarded as
not quite part of the arts in all, it is simply entertainment. Britain is unique between the large European countries in giving mostly no financial
help to their film industry. Classical music is also a minority interest. British seem disinterested in high education, they watch lots of
television, but are enthusiastic readers. The vast majority of books reading in Britain are not classified as serious literature.
Question 41. My plans for starting a restaurant fell __________ for lack of capital.
2. After the flood, hundreds of volunteers came __________ with offers of assistance.
3. Don’t waste time brooding ________ your past failures.
4. I won’t concede ________ your demand.
5. Don’t dally ________ a woman’s affections.
6. The factory owner is not in the habit of fraternizing ___ ____ his workers.
7. If you have a grievance ____ the company, please lodge a formal written complaint.
8. He was deaf __________ my requests for help.
9. Peter’s in hospital again. The poor chap seems prone__________ accidents.
10. When the police discovered his history of drunk driving, they took __________ his driver’s license and kept him under control.
PART III: Those who _______________ (1) for a vegetarian diet must usually _______________ (2) up a variety of aspect concerning the
nutritional value of vegetables and the adequacy of vegetarian meals in terms of the number of _______________ (3) provided to the body.
Vegetarianism is not a new concept, rather an ancient custom which evolved in the Far East cultures on ethical or religious grounds.
In today’s world, it has been undertaken by many followers who for a variety of reasons believe the vegetarian diet more preferable to that
containing meat. For example, there’s the theory that animal meat wasn’t originally a component of the staple human diet as mankind
evolved from foragers who later _______________ (4) a taste for flesh. Hence, our primeval ancestors are alleged to have had a substantial
_______________ (5) of proteins and vitamins from natural vegetation rather than from the meat of hunted game. What’s more, human teeth
don’t _______________ (6) much resemblance to those of animal carnivores, and neither is our digestive system equivalent to the meat eaters’ one.
Apart from the enforced vegetarianism of underdeveloped communities where populations deprived of animal protein _______________ (7)
the natural vegetation, there’s a rising acceptance of the vegetarian diet which _______________ (8) to be regarded as an eccentricity.
Abstention from animal food, be it for religious, economic or humanitarian reasons, has been a quickly spreading custom as, surprisingly, the
vegetarian diet needn’t be dull or deficient. Yet, it does involve taking good _______________ (9) to supply the body with a sufficient
quantity of nutrients _______________ (10) from corn, seeds and cereals. 1. A. prefer B. opt C. select D. favour 2. A. judge B. weigh C. confer D. survey 3. A. nutrients B. foods C. cuisines D. condiments 14 4. A. generated B. acquired C. instituted D. accustomed 5. A. output B. offset C. upturn D. intake 6. A. infer B. assume C. bear D. pertain 7. A. play down on B. come in for C. fall back on D. get on for 8. A. terminates B. ceases C. concludes D. finished 9. A. precautions B. resolutions C. proceeds D. measurements 10. A. comprising B. deriving C. procuring D. providing
Part 2 A new study from Australia suggests that couch potatoes live shorter lives. The study followed 8,800 adults (1)
___________________ 25 and older for six and a half years and found that each daily hour of television viewing was (2)
___________________ with an 18 percent increase in deaths from heart disease and an 11 percent increase in overall mortality. Those who
watched television four hours or more per day were 80 percent more likely to die of cardiovascular disease than those who watched two
hours or less, and 46 percent more likely to die of any cause. And it did not (3) ___________________ whether they were overweight,
according to the study, which appeared Jan 11th in the online (4) ___________________of Circulation: Journal of the American Heart Association.
Although it is possible that people who were already ill watched more television than those who were healthy, the researchers tried to rule
that (5) ___________________ by excluding subjects who already had heart disease and by adjusting for differences in risk (6)
___________________ like diet and smoking. While the benefits of physical activity have been well studied, there is growing interest (7)
___________________ researchers in assessing the effects of being sedentary. “For many people, on a daily (8) ___, they simply shift from
one chair to another-from the chair in the car to the chair in the office to the chair in front of the television.” said the study’s lead author,
David Dunstan of the baker IDI Heart and Diabetes Institute in Victoria, Australia. “(9) ___________________ if someone has a healthy
body weight, sitting for long periods still has an unhealthy (10) ___________________ on blood sugar and blood fats”.
Part 3: There is one kind of pain for which nobody has yet found a cure – the pain that comes from the ending of a relationship. The
relationship could be a marriage, a love affair or a deep friendship, in fact, any strong emotional tie between people. Such a relationship may
come to an abrupt but premeditated end or it may simply fade away slowly as people and circumstances change. You may be the one to
“break it off”, with a short note or a brief phone call. Or you may be on the receiving end, like the soldier who dreads getting a “Dear John”
letter from a girlfriend who has got tired of waiting. But however it ended and whoever decided to end it, the pain is equally hard to bear. It is
a sort of death, and it requires the same period of mourning, the same time for grief.
Although there is no cure for grief, we cannot help looking for one, to ease the pain and to make us forget our tears. We seek refuge
in other relationships, we keep ourselves busy with work, we try to immerse ourselves in our hobbies. Perhaps we start to drink more than we
should to drown our sorrows or we follow the conventional advice and join a club or society. But these things only relieve the symptoms of
the illness, they cannot cure for it. Moreover, we are always in a hurry to get rid of our grief. It is as if we were ashamed of it. We feel that we
should be able to “pull ourselves together”. We try to convince ourselves, as we bite on the pillow, that we are much too old to be crying.
Some people bury their grief deep inside themselves, so that nobody will guess what they are going through. Others seek relief by pouring
their hearts out to their friends, or to anyone else who can offer a sympathetic shoulder to cry on. But after a while, even our friends start to
show their impatience, and suggest with their reproachful glances that it is about time we stopped crying. They, too, are in a hurry for the thing to be over.
It is not easy to explain why we adopt this attitude to emotional pain, when we would never expect anyone to overcome physical
pain simply by an effort of will power. Part of the answer must lie in the nature of grief itself. When the love affair dies, you cannot believe
that you will ever find another person to replace the one who has gone so completely out of your life. Even after many, many months, when
you think that you have begun to learn to live without your lost love, something-a familiar place, a snatch of music, a whiff of perfume- will
suddenly bring the bitter – sweet memories flooding back. You choke back the tears and the desperate, almost angry, feeling that you are no
better now than the day the affair ended.
And yet, grief is like an illness that must run its course. Memories do fade eventually, a healing skin does start to grow over the
wound, the intervals between sudden glimpses of the love you have lost do get longer. Bit by bit, life resumes the normal flow. Such is the
complexity of human nature that we can even start to feel guilty as these things start to happen, as if it were an insult to our lost love that we can begin to forget at all.
The important thing to admit about grief, then, is that it will take its time. By trying to convince ourselves that it ought to be over
sooner, we create an additional tension which can only make things worse. People who have gone through the agony of a broken relationship
– and there are few who have not- agree that time is the “greater healer”. How much time is needed will vary from person to person, but
psychiatrists have “a rule of thumb”: grief will last as long as the original relationship lasted. The sad thing is that, when the breakdown
occurs, we can only stumble over the stories beneath our feet. It is dark ahead, and you will feel painfully many times before we begin to see
the light at the end of the tunnel. 15
1. Psychiatrists tell you that grief will last as long as the original relationship. This calculation is ………
A. based on a deep understanding of human nature
B. generally true but with many exceptions
C. the result of scientific research
D. no more than a hopeful guesses
2. Relationships often come to an end because ………
A. people do not realize the pain they can cause
B. very few people really know how to love
C. the feeling of the people were not very deep
D. people do not always stay the same
3. You tell your friends about your unhappiness because ………
A. you want them to feel sorry for you
B. you hope it will make you feel better
C. you want them to hear the story from you
D. you feel sure that they have had similar experiences
4. If you seek advice on what to do about a broken relationship, you will probably be told to ……… A. keep busy at work B. find someone else
C. pull yourself together (use your will power) D. join a club
5. When your friends get tired of listening to you they will ………
A. tell you to pull yourself together B. try to avoid your company
C. show by their expressions that they have had enough
D. help you to get over your grief
6. Often we are ashamed when we cry because ………
A. only children and babies cry
B. we are worried about what others will think of us
C. we do not expect our unhappiness to last so long
D. we think it is a childish thing to do
7. Memories continue to upset you, and this makes you feel that you ………
A. will never get over your grief B. have no will power C. are utterly alone
D. have made no progress at all
8. If we try to recover too quickly from grief, we shall make ourselves ……… A. nervous B. tense C. ill D. unpopular
9. We are upset by reminders of our lost love because they come so ……… A. unexpectedly B. rapidly C. frequently D. rarely
10. One way to get over a broken relationship is to ………
A. try to forget the other person
B. write a “Dear John” letter C. make a brief phone call D. form new relationships
Part 4. What’s in Blood? A
Blood is the most specialized fluid within living animals, playing an absolutely critical role. It symbolizes (‘new blood’), health
(‘get your blood running’), personality (‘good or bad blood’), and family (‘your bloodline’). This red fluid itself is something which most 16
people would rather not see, yet it contains such a complex soup of proteins, sugars, ions, hormones, gases, and basic cellular components
that it is certainly worth considering in some detail. B
By volume, half of blood is the liquid part, called plasma. The rest comprises specialized components, the main one being red blood
cells (technically known as erythrocytes). These transport oxygen molecules throughout the body, and also give blood its colour (from the
hemoglobin protein within, which turns red when combined with oxygen). Red blood cells, as with all cells in the human body, have a
limited operating life. They are produced within the marrow of bones, principally the larger ones, and live for about four months before they
fall inactive, to be then reabsorbed by the spleen and liver, with waste products absorbed into the urine. C
This contrasts with the other main cells of human blood: the white blood cells, technically known as leukocytes. Similarly produced
in the bone marrow, they are active only for three or four days, yet they are essential in defending the body against infections. White blood
cells come in many different types, each designed to deal with a different sort of invader bacteria, virus, fungus, or parasite. When one of
these enters the body, the white blood cells quickly determine its nature, then, after mustering sufficient numbers of a specific type (the
period in which you are sick), they launch themselves into the fight, enveloping each individual invasive cell, and breaking it down (leading to recovery) D
That leaves the last main component of blood: platelets. Their technical name is thrombocytes, and they are much smaller than red
and white blood cells. Also circulating freely, they are responsible for clotting the blood, and this is necessary to heal both external and
internal injuries. Again, they are produced in the bone marrow, and have the interesting ability to change shape. There are several diseases
related to the breakdown in the regulation of their numbers. If too low, excessive bleeding can occur, yet if too high, internal clotting may
result, causing potentially catastrophic blockages in parts of the body and medical ailments we know as strokes, heart attacks, and embolisms. E
Blood’s complexity presents particular difficulties in the advent of emergency transfusions. These are avoided whenever possible in
order to lower the risk of reactions due to blood incompatibility. Unexpected antigens can trigger antibodies to attack blood components, with
potentially lethal results. Thus, if transfusions are to take place, a thorough knowledge and classification of blood is essential, yet with 30
recognized blood-group systems, containing hundreds of antigens, this presents quite a challenge. The ABO system is the most important. On
top of this is the Rhesus factor, which is not as simple as positive or negative (as most people think), but comprises scores of antigens. These
can, however, be clustered together into groups which cause similar responses, creating some order. F
Of course, the simplest system to avoid adverse transfusion reactions is for patients to receive their own blood – for example, in a
series of blood donations in anticipation of an operation scheduled some months in advance. The second best system is to undertake cross-
matching, which involves simply mixing samples of the patients’ blood with the donors’, then checking microscopically for clumping – a key
sign of incompatibility. Both of these systems are obviously impractical in an emergency situation, which is why meticulous testing,
documentation, and labeling of blood are necessary. G
In a true emergency, a blood bank is needed, with an array of various types of blood on hand. Hence, blood donations must be a
regular occurrence among a significant segment of the population. In the developed world, unpaid volunteers provide most of the blood for
the community, whereas in less developed nations, families or friends are mostly involved. In the era of HIV and other insidious blood –
borne diseases, potential donors are carefully screened and tested, and a period of about two months is recommended before successive whole blood donations. H
Given the vital role which blood plays, it is strange to think that for almost 2000 years bloodletting was a widespread medical
practice. It was based on the belief that blood carried ‘humours’, whose imbalances resulted in medical illnesses. Bleeding a patient was
supposed to remove an undesirable excess of one of these. Furthermore, the fact that blood circulated around the body was unknown. It was
instead assumed to be quickly created, and equally quickly exhausted of its value, after which it could stagnant unhealthily in the bodily
extremities. Although the logic was there, it goes without saying that very few patients responded positively to such treatment. LIST OF HEADINGS
i Not as big, but needing just enough
ii Some attitudes to blood
iii Good, but not so quick
iv Two ideas see a wrong conclusion
v Complicated identification
vi An interesting treatment 17
vii A shorter life, but just as important
viii The principal part that adds some colour
ix Bone marrow and blood
x Maintaining supplies
Questions 9-12Choose NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS from the passage for each answer Blood Component Associated Fact Red cells
Upon dying, dealt with by (9)_____________ White cells
Require (10)______________before attacking invaders Platelets
Their numbers need careful (11)______________ (12)__________________ Many varieties exist Question 1: 1. A 2. C 3. C 4. B 5. B 6. D 7. C 8. D 9. B 10. A 11. C 12. A 13. C 14. B 15. D 16. A 17. D 18. D 19. B 20. B Question 3: 1. Shortage lack 2. Look-out outlook 3. To with 4. Had has 5. In all at all 6 Between among 7. Mostly almost 8. Their its 9. Disinterested 10. Reading read uninterested Question 4: 1. through 2. forward 3. over/on/about 4. to 5. with 6. with 7. against/ with 8. to 9. to 10. away PART III: 1. B 2. B 3. A 4. B 5. D 6. C 7. C 8. B 9. A 10. B Part 2 1. aged 2. associated 3. matter 4. edition 5. out 6. factors 7. among 8. basis 9. Even 10. influence Part 3: 1. B 2. D 3. B 4. D 5. C 6. A 7. D 8. B 9. A 10. D Part 4. 1. Paragraph A 2. Paragraph B 3. Paragraph C 4. Paragraph D __ii___ __viii__ _vii____ __i___ 5. Paragraph E 6. Paragraph F 7. Paragraph G 8. Paragraph H ___v__ ___iii__ __x___ __iv___ Questions 9-12: 9. spleen and liver 10. sufficient 11. regulation 12. antigens numbers 18 ĐỀ 4:
1. You can’t believe a word that woman says – she is a …………. liar.
A. dedicated B. devoted C. committed D. compulsive
2. There can be no ……….. fixes or magic solutions to the problem of unemployment.
A. fast B. speedy C. quick D. sudden
3. When you come down the hill, do drive slowly because it is not ……….. obvious when the turning is.
A.immediately B. directly C. instantaneously D. quite
4. At her trial in 1431 Joan of Are was accused of being in ………with the devil.
A.cooperation B. association C. league D. conjunction
5. The flights are full at the moment, so you’ll have to ………….
A. run a stroke of luck B. get a better luck
C. be down on your luck D. take pot luck
6. I heard ………….. that Jack has been dropped from the basketball team.
A. in the woods B. on the grapevine
C. under your feet D. on the olive branch
7. Jane really …....... it on thick when she told the boss that she was not feeling very well. Unfortunately for her, he realized immediately that
she just wanted the afternoon off.
A. put B. spread C. laid D. painted
8. I have not got the foggiest …………… why he left so suddenly. He did not give a reason.
A. opinion B. idea C. notion D. thought
9. Many habitats change ………… the types of plants and animals that live there.
A. with respect to B. in respect for C. as for D. as against
10. Unfortunately, some really ill animals have to be ……..………by the center.
A. put down B. turned over C.passed away D. taken out
11. John first dabbled …………buying old maps for his collection. A. in B.on C. at D. for
12. It is a matter of urgency to put right at once but nothing suitable ……..to mind.
A. returns B. emerges C. sprouts D. springs
13. The door hinges had all been oiled to stop them …………….……
A. squeaking B. screeching C. shricking D. squealing
14. You should ………. at least three days for the journey.
A. expect B. permit C. accept D. allow
15. Few people can do creative work unless the are in the right ……..of mind.
A. frame B.trend C. attitude D. tendency
16. All the applicants for the post are thoroughly ……..…..for their suitability.
A. searched B. investigated C. vetted D. scrutinized
17. “I think we ought to see the rest of the exhibition as quickly as we can, ……… that it closes in half an hour.” 19
A. granted B. assuming C. given D. knowing
18. Eden decided that election to the local council would provide a ……………….…..to a career in national politics.
A. springboard B.turning-point C. milestone D. highway
19. I was …………………….in the book I was reading and didn’t hear the phone.
A.distracted B. submerged C. gripped D. engrossed
20. It is very important to check the ………………... print in any contract.
A. little B. tiny C. small D. minute
3. The word processor and calculator are with doubt here to stay, and in many respects of our lives are much richer for them. But teachers and
other academics are claiming that we are now starting to feel the first significant wave of their effects on a generation for users. It seems nobody
under the age of 20 can spell nor add up any more. Even several professors at leading universities have commented about the detrimental effect the
digital revolution has had at the most intelligent young minds in the country. The problem, evidently, lies with the automatically spell-check now
widely available on word processing software. Professor John Silver of the Sydney University, Australia, said, “Why should we bother to learn
how to spell correctly or to learn even if the most basic of mathematical sums, when at the press of a button we have our problem answering for
us? The implications are enormous. Will adults of the future look on the computer to make decisions for them, to tell them who to marry or what
house to buy? Are we heading for a future individually incapable of independent human thought?”
Example: 0. with → without
4. When John ran out of money, fell __________________ his mother for help.
1. These painkillers wear _______________ after about 2 hours.
2. What were you two getting _______________ just now in the garden?
3. The Democratic Party came___________________ power this year.
4. How exactly did you set ___________ training the dogs to work well together?
5. The project requires more labour than has been put _______________because it is extremely difficult.
6. He has just dropped his watch from the third floor and it has fallen _______ the flower bed below.
7. At last a hundred time Ted and Tom thrashed ________ the matter without reaching a conclusion.
8. Time was running out, and mother was frantic ______ ways to save money.
9. The purpose of the official inquiry is to come _________ the true facts leading to the loss of the ship at sea
PART III For many people doing physical exercise may ………..(1) a painful torturing of the body. Therefore, there’s usually something
we come up with that is of bigger importance than putting one’s muscles through their paces. Unless we are forced to go in for a physical
training, we are ………….(2) to treat it as something of a lower …………..(3) than staying in front of the TV set, spending time in a pub
…………(4) alcoholic beverages or consuming excessive quantities of fattening confectionery in a café. We need to be considerably
motivated to take up a body workout and build our physical fitness. What usually ………….(5) individuals from …………..(6) themselves
to strenuous exercise in the fear of fatigue, discomfort or even the ………….(7) of being outdone by true fitness zealots.
However, getting fit is fully a matter of common sense. Different forms of exercise may be of great ……………(8) to the human body
increasing its strength, flexibility and endurance. When supported by a nutritious diet, much better performance of the heart and the lungs
improves the blood circulation making an individual more resistant to stressful situations as well as more …………..(9) to infections and diseases.
In the first place, self-discipline that is requisite for proceeding with such physical effort ought to be attained to ensure that the intention of
becoming healthier and more vigorous isn’t ………..(10) by any trivial impediments.
1. A. incorporate B. entail C. administer D. correspond 20
2. A. tended B. implied C. affirmed D. inclined
3. A. superiority B. privilege C. advantage D. priority
4. A. smacking B. sipping C. seething D. sniffing
5. A. repels B. denies C. opposes D. rejects
6. A. commiting B. absorbing C. involving D. engrossing
7. A. hindrances B. impairments C. preventions D. inhibitions
8. A. liking B. benefit C. appreciation D. gain
9. A. irresistible B. preventative C. immune D. wary
10.A. persecuted B. tormented C. harassed D. suppressed
2. The capital of Japan’s northernmost island attracts a cavalcade of visitors every year at the beginning of February. (1) ………….. this
being the coldest time of the year, visitors flock to the city, which transforms (2) …………… into a winter dream world heaving with
glittering figures and beautiful palaces. More than two million people come to marvel (3)……… the frosted statues.
The festival, which (4)……………. extremely humble origins, is today a high profile international event. It began in 1950 (5)
………….. a couple of young students fashioned six snow statues in Odori park. Five years (6) ………………………..., members of
Sapporo’s Defence Force sowed the seeds (7) ………………........... the now world-famous festival by building the first statue, which was
megalithic in (8)…..……………… proportions. Snow sculpting might sound (9)…………………………….. one of those skills best suited
to the school playground, but it actually takes a lot of patience and artistic talent to form these snow giants. First, a wooden structure is built.
Large blocks of snow are then cut from the ground. The blocks, which are hammered into place around the scaffolding, are then hosed down
with water to freeze them into hard-as-rock mortar. It is only then that the painstaking job of sculpting the masterpiece begins.
The combined result of (10)……………………this sculpting and carving is a crystal-like dreamscape of frosted versions of many
famous buildings, such as the Statue of Liberty and Leaning Tower of Pisa.
3. Disease Theories
It is perhaps obvious that diseases vary with location. People who live in cold climes, such as in Greenland, Finland, or the Falkland
Islands, do not often suffer from malaria, a disease linked with tropical climates. It may also be obvious that disease can vary with aspects of
cultute. For instance, a dangerous parasitic infection called bilharzia is spread by snails found in bodies of water. In one Egypitan village, it
was found to be much more prevalent among the Muslim residents than among the Christians. This was no mystery. The Muslims’ ritual
bathing before prayer (wudu) increased their exposure to the parasite.
Cultural factors affect not only the likelihood of disease but the very concept of disease itself. Different cultures explain and treat
illness is different ways. In fact, the very meaning of the words “sick” and “healthy” can vary with time and place. In an effort to identify,
classify, and explain illness, societies develop “disease-theory systems.” The researchers who developed this ground-breaking analysis in
1978, George Foster and Barbara Anderson, identified three general theories used by cultures, in whole or in part, to explain disease.
The first is the personalistic theory of disease. It altributes illness to malevolent agents-witches, ghost, angry gods, ancestral spirits,
and the like. In other words, a ”person,” either temporal or spiritual, inflicts disease upon the victim. Illness may be a punishment (meted out
to either an individual or a group) for something done or not done, or it may simply be an expression of the general wrath of the malevolent
agent. Some cultures or subcultures are personalistic regarding all disease. Others adopt personalistic theories for some diseases but not for
others. Members of many religious groups, for instance, have portrayed AIDS as divine retribution for an afflicted person’s supposed
sins.These same communities may accept an entirely scientific explanation for the causes of, say, lung cancer. According to the norms of
their religious subcultures, this is not contradictory because a personalized spiritual force has the power to assert itself whenever it please. It
may also choose not not to assert itself, but to let nature operate in routine ways. 21
In contrast is naturalistic disease theory. It posits that illness results from impersonal, natural causes. Here, illness is understood
not as something created by a powerfull personage, but rather as the result of impersonal processes that occur in the natural world A) Since about the 17th century
Western medicine has been bighly naturalistic. It assumes scientifically provable links between poor health and toxic matter,
accidents, or living organisms such as bacteria and viruses
B) Another example is the Ayurveda system, which originated in India more than 5000 years ago. This theory links illnesses to imbalances in
the mind-body systemC) It holds that the key to health is the restoration of the body’s natural balance through diet, exercise, and seasonal routines. (D)
A third approach looks to emotional events or conditions for the origins of disease. Much of traditional Chinese medicine is
founded on the idea that emotional disharmony causes illness. In Latin America, a person showing signs of fatigue, vagueness, and confusion
may be diagnosed with susto-or “soul loss’-an ailment caused by anxiety or fright. In a society where a naturalistic disease theory holds sway,
this would not be looked on as a “real” disease, because it is psychosomatic. It has psychological or emotional causes.
Yet, the boundaries between emotion-based naturalistic views of the disease are blurring, as naturalistic studies dicover new links
between emotional states and measurable organ function. For example, doctors at Johns Hopkins University and elsewhere have established
“broken heart syndrome” (techinically, stress cardiomyopathy) as a naturalistically supportable cause of heart failure. Caused by grief over
the death of a loved one or by other emotional trials, broken heart syndrome involves the sustained release of adrenaline and other stress
hormones to the point where the cardiovascular system malfunctions and perhaps fails. The exact mechanisms of the syndrome have not yet
been confirmed, but the link between an emotional state and organ malfunction are clear.
Of course, the primary of an illness theory in society will help decide the nature of its health – care system. For instance, a
personalistic disease theory calls for treatment by a shaman or some other spiritual adept. Only a specialist with perceived magical power can
ward off curses or break spells. Increasingly, societies demonstrate treatment patterns reflecting more than one disease theory. The
aforementioned coexistence of personalistic views of AIDS and naturalistic views of other diseases is but one example. It is common in
Western societies for cancer patients, disappointed in medical science, to seek spiritual cures or emotional theory instead. Malaysian urban
hospitals offer first – rate science – based treatment, but many disease – afflicted people also seek help from a bomoh, or traditional Malay
healer. The prevailing attitude worldwide seems to be that naturalistic healing is fine, provided it leaves room for people to seek treatments
consistent with other theories of the origin of disease.
1. The word prevalent in the passage is closet in meaning to A. serious B. common C. unusual D. feared
2. Why does the author mention Muslims and Christians in paragraph 1?
A. To show differences in their disease theories
B. To illustrate how culture can affect the spread of disease
C. To provide an example of how dietary habits can affect health
D. To demonstrate how religion can protect a person from disease
3. Why are Foster and Anderson notable?
A. They found the snail that carries bilharzias
B. they explained the cause of disease
C. They defined the terms “ sick” and “ healthy”
D. They devised a new system for classifying beliefs about disease
4. The word malevolent is closet in meaning to A. wishing to cause harm B. weakened by disease C. trying to help
D. having a spirit but no body 22
5. Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change
the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.
A. Cultures may hold that some agents cause disease while other agents bring healing.
B. Cultures may believe that some diseases have personal origins while others don’t
C. Some cultures hold personalistic theories of disease while others don’t
D. Some cultures hold that personal agents cause disease in their culture but not in others
6. Which characteristic makes a personalistic theory different from other theories of disease?
A. It explains the origins of disease
B. It portrays a victim of disease as a whole person
C. It does not encourage the treatment of disease
D. It blames disease on a bodily or spiritual person
7. The word here in the passage refers to A. in the theory B. in the United States
C. in the scientific societies D. in nature
8. Look at the four squares that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage
The proper combination of the three depends on a person’s specific body type, of which there are ten.
Where would the sentence best fit? Choose the square where the sentence should be added to the passage A. 1st square B. 2nd square C. 3rd square D. 4th square
9. Ayurvedic medicine is an example of A. a naturalistic theory B. a personalistic theory C. a mind – body system D. a type of Western medicine
10. Which of the following can be inferred from paragraph 6 about broken heart syndrome? A. It is psychosomatic C. It is an emotion B. It involves an organ D. It involves a machine 4 Death of the Stuntmen
Hollywood’s true heroes have become redundant. Stuntment and stuntwomen who entertained cinemagoers by falling from the sky,
swimming with sharks and rolling fast cars have been replaced by technology. After surviving generations of screen fights, high falls and
setting fire to themselves, the people behind the top actors’ most exciting scenes have had nearly all their work substituted by computer – generated stunts.
Advances in special effects mean that the most dangerous and costly stunts can be achieved by mixing computer graphics with live action. 1.
The end of the stuntman was signaled by blockbusters such as Volcano, starring Tommy lee Jones, Titanic with
Kate Winslet and The lost world, Steven Spielberg’s sequel to Jurassic Park. 2.
Wayne Michaels, one of the Britain’s top stunt co – ordinators and the man who did a 250-metre
bungee jump in the James Bond movie Goldeneye, said that at first studios tended to use computers for more extravagant stunts. “ But they
went on to do far more common and mundane things with computers, such as falling down stairs”, he said. “ As a result, stunt people are becoming extinct. 3.
In the mid-1990s there were 12,000 registered stunt people, but more than half of them had difficulty finding
work. Loren James, a co-founder of the Stuntment’s Association of Motion Pictures and Television, said that, by 1997, teams of stuntmen 23
and stuntwomen had found their work curtailed by technology. ‘ Six or seven teams would be working on a film. Then, after a few days, the
producers would come in and say, “ You can go home. 4.
” ’The reason was simple: cost. Computer technology pioneered in movies such as Terminator 2 fell in price and
became capable of creating stunts which would either be too expensive or too dangerous to attempt. One example was in Mission Impossible,
starring Tom Cruise. In a scene where Cruise flies 35 metres through the air from an exploding helicopter on to the back of a speeding train
in the Channel tunnel, the image of the actor was simply superimposed on the scene using computers. 5.
. A fall from 50 metres into water or on air bag can now be achieved for a tenth of the cost.
With the rise of digital technology, insurance companies became more reluctant to cover genuine stunts, ‘ If they know it can be
done safely with visual effects, the companies will not insure real stunts,’ said Simon Crane, a veteran stunt co-ordinator.
Many in the industry believe stunt people should develop expertise in the new technology, acting as advisers on the virtual stunts.
Otherwise, the will be left with little else to do than perform in the occasional fist fight. Peter Brayham, a British stunt veteran who
drove a car through a plate-glass window at the beginning of The professionals television series, said: ‘We call successful stunts “setting the audience alight”.
Computers don’t do that. The audience won’t accept cartoon stunts for too long.’
A. Each is packed with computerized stunts
B. Similarly, when Piece Brosnam appeared in Dante’s peak running in front of a fireball, the burning mass was, in fact, computer –
generated and added at a later stage of production
C. This enables the actors themselves to appear as if they are performing the stunts
D. We’re worked out how to do it on computer
E. The dangers are too great and directors are no longer willing to take the risk
F. It’s not a popular view but it is a fact of life
5. RISING SEA
Paragraph 1 - INCREASED TEMPERATURES
The average air temperature at the surface of the earth has risen this century, as has the temperature of ocean surface waters.
Because water expands as it heats, a warmer ocean means higher sea levels. We cannot say definitely that the temperature rises are due to the
greenhouse effect; the heating may be part of a ‘natural’ variability over a long time - scale that we have not yet recognized in our short 100
years of recording. However, assuming the build up of greenhouse gases is responsible, and that the warming will continue, scientists – and
inhabitants of low-lying coastal areas – would like to know the extent of future sea level rises. Paragraph 2
Calculating this is not easy. Models used for the purpose have treated the ocean as passive, stationary and one -dimensional.
Scientists have assumed that heat simply diffused into the sea from the atmosphere. Using basic physical laws, they then predict how much a
known volume of water would expand for a given increase in temperature. But the oceans are not one -dime nsional, and recent work by
oceanographers, using a new model which takes into account a number of subtle facets of the sea –including vast and complex ocean
currents –suggests that the rise in sea level may be less than some earlier estimates had predicted. Paragraph 3
An international forum on climate change, in 1986, produced figures for likely sea-level rises of 20 cms and 1.4 m, corresponding to
atmospheric temperature increases of 1.5 and 4.5C respectively. Some scientists estimate that the ocean warming resulting from those
temperature increases by the year 2050 would raise the sea level by between 10 cms and 40 cms. This model only takes into account the
temperature effect on the oceans; it does not consider changes in sea level brought about by the melting of ice sheets and glaciers, and
changes in groundwater storage. When we add on estimates of these, we arrive at figures for total sea-level rises of 15 cm and 70 cm respectively. 24 Paragraph 4
It’s not easy trying to model accurately the enormous complexities of the ever-changing oceans, with their great volume, massive
currents and sensitively to the influence of land masses and the atmosphere. For example, consider how heat enters the ocean. Does it just
‘diffuse’ from the warmer air vertically into the water, and heat only the surface layer of the sea? (Warm water is less dense than cold, so it
would not spread downwards). Conventional models of sea-level rise have considered that this the only method, but measurements have
shown that the rate of heat transfer into the ocean by vertical diffusion is far lower in practice than the figures that many modelers have adopted. Paragraph 5
Much of the early work, for simplicity, ignored the fact that water in the oceans moves in three dimensions. By movement, of
course, scientists don’t mean waves, which are too small individually to consider, but rather movement of vast volumes of water in huge
currents. To understand the importance of this, we now need to consider another process – advection. Imagine smoke rising from a chimney.
On a still day it will slowly spread out in all directions by means of diffusion. With a strong directional wind, however, it will all shift
downwind, this process is advection – the transport of properties (notably heat and salinity in the ocean) by the movement of bodies of air or
water, rather than by conduction or diffusion. Paragraph 6.
Massive ocean currents called gyres do the moving. These currents have far more capacity to store heat than does the atmosphere.
Indeed, just the top 3 m of the ocean contains more heat than the whole of the atmosphere. The origin of gyres lies in the fa ct that more heat
from the Sun reaches the Equator than the Poles, and naturally heat tends to move from the former to the latter. Warm air rises at the Equator,
and draws more air beneath it in the form of winds (the “Trade Winds”) that, together with other air movements, provide the main force driving the ocean currents. Paragraph 7
Water itself is heated at the Equator and moves poleward, twisted by the Earth’s rotation and affected by the positions of the
continents. The resultant broadly circular movements between about 10 and 40 North and South are clockwise in the Southern Hemisphere.
They flow towards the east at mid latitudes in the equatorial region. They then flow towards the Poles, along the eastern sides of continents,
as warm currents. When two different masses of water meet, one will move beneath the other, depending on their relative densities in the
subduction process.The densities are determined by temperature and salinity. the convergence of water of different densities from the Equator
and the Poles deep in the oceans causes continuous subduction. This means that water moves vertically as well as horizontally. Cold water
from the Poles travels as depth – it is denser than warm water –until it emerges at the surface in another part of the world in the form of a cold current.
Paragraph 8.HOW THE GREEN HOUSE EFFECT WILL CHANGE OCEAN TEMPERATURES
Ocean currents, in three dimensions, form a giant ‘conveyor belt’, distributing heat from the thin surface layer into the interior of the
oceans and around the globe. Water may take decades to circulate in these 3-D gyres in the lop kilometer of the ocean, and centuries in the
deep water. With the increased atmospheric temperatures due to the greenhouse effect, the oceans conveyor belt will carry more heat into the
interior. This subduction moves heat around far more effectively than simple diffusion. Because warm water expands more than cold when it
is heated, scientists had presumed that the sea level would rise unevenly around the globe. It is now believed that these inequalities cannot
persist, as winds will act to continuously spread out the water expansion. Of course, of global warming changes the strength and distribution
of the winds, then this ‘evening-out’ process may not occur, and the sea level could rise more in some areas than others. Questions 1 - 6 1. Paragraph 2 ________ 4. Paragraph 5 _____________ 2. Paragraph 3 ________ 5. Paragraph 6 ____________ 3. Paragraph 4 ________ 6. Paragraph 7 _____________ List of headings 25 A. The gyre principle B. The Greenhouse Effect C. How ocean waters move D. Statistical evidence E. The advection principle F. Diffusion versus advection
G. Figuring the sea level changes H. Estimated figures I. The diffusion model Questions 7 - 8
7. Scientists do not know for sure why the air and surface of ocean temperatures are risingbecause
A. There is too much variability
B. There is not enough variability
C. They have not been recording these temperatures for enough time
D. The changes have only been noticed for 100 years
8. New research leads scientists to believe that
A. The oceans are less complex
B. The oceans are more complex
C. The oceans will rise more than expected
D. The oceans will rise less than expected
Question 9 – 10
Look at the following list of factors A-F and select THREE which are mentioned in the reading passage which may contribute to the rising ocean levels.
Write the correct THREE letters A-F in the space provided. A. Thermal expansion B. Melting ice C. Increased air temperature D. Higher rainfall E. Changes in the water table F. Increased ocean movement 26 1. 1. D 6. B 11. A 16. C 2. C 7. C 12. D 17. C 3. A 8. B 13. A 18. A 4. C 9. A 14. D 19. D 5. D 10. A 15. A 20. C 3. 1. respects – aspects 2. them – us
3. generation for – generation of 4. nor – or
5. Conmented about – commented on 6. lies with – lies in 7. at – on 8. even if – even 9. answering – answered 10. look on – depend on 4. 1. back on 3. up to 5. about 7. to 9. for 2. off 4. to 6. in 8. over 10. at PART III 1. B 2. D 3. D 4. B 5. A 6. A 7. D 8. B 9. C 10. D 2. 1. Despite 2. Itself 3. at 4. has 5.when/as 6. later/on 7. of 8. Its 9. like 10. All 3. 1. B 3. D 5. B 7. A 9. A 2. B 4. A 6. D 8. D 10. B 4. 1. C 2. A 3. F 4. D 5. B 5. 1. G 2. H 3. I 4. E 5. A 6. C 7. C 8. D 9-10. B, C, E ĐỀ 5: 1.
Several passengers received minor injuries when the train unexpectedly came to a______ A. delay B. stand C. brake D. halt
2. John refused to put his career in ______by opposing his boss. A. jeopardy B. hazard C. risk D. stake
3. Angela’s work was praised for its ______attention to detail. A. meticulous B. significant C. subtle D. concentrated
4. Motorists should ______well in advance of changing lanes. A. sign B. signal C. flare D. flicker
5. The students had no money left and took out a loan to _______ him over until the end of term. A. last B. tend C. keep D. tide
6. The climbers sought ________from the storm. A. escape B. refuge C. solace D. defence 27
7. The tour guide had a brightly-colored company badge pinned to the _______of her jacket. A. lapel B. border C. edge D. hem
8. It was her first conference as partly leader, and she was determined to _______her authority on the proceedings. A. press B. thrust C. stamp D. mark
9. It was ______of a surprise to Andrew that he got the job. A. rather B. something C. quite D. much
10. The last bus had gone so we were ______ with the problem of how to get home that night. A. affronted B. caught C. trapped D. faced
11. I don’t want to go into all the details about why I left; _______it to say that had a better offer from another company. A. take B. grant C. give D. suffice
12. Finish your meal with a cup of our delicious freshly ________coffee. A. grated B. ground C. shredded D. minced
13. At the most important stage of the reason, the footballer was troubled by the ______of an old injury. A. recurrence B. renewal C. restart D. resumption.
14. The pianist played beautifully, showing a real _______for the music. A. sense B. understanding C. sentiment D. feeling
15. Rachel painted a gloomy _____ of life as a student. A. image B. picture C. drawing D. illustration
16. With its engine disabled, the finishing vessel was at the _______of the storm. A. whim B. mercy C. control D. grip
17. The more expensive carpet is a good choice ______it will last longer. A. by means of B. due to C. in that D. in view of
18. Money was short and people survived by _______and saving. A. scrimping B. scavenging C. scouring D. scrounging
19. The company had severe problems and the board decided to ______it up. A. fold B. close C. wind D. put
20. It is with _______regret that we have to inform you that your scholarship had been withdrawn. A. heavy B. somber C. deep D. high
Source: CPE practice test
Part 3: Read the text, find the mistakes and correct them (10 points) line 1
The role of the traditional zoo, inheriting from the 19th century, has undergone a dramatic shift. A line 2
growing recognition that zoos ought to be in the vanguard of the fight for the devastation of our
natural world has begun a zoologic revolution. The change occurred in the 1960s, when the Jersey zoo was line 3
set off to breed endangered species. As a result, the breeding of animals in captive has become a line 4
complex science, with zoos around the world co-coordinating their efforts to avoid the genetic dangers line 5
of in-breeding small populations. line 6
The answer for the question of whether zoos can have very much impact on the preservation of line 7
endangered species is, probably, minimally. Zoos do not focus their education efforts on those people in the line 8
strongest positions to affect the future of the wildlife exhibited. For the most part, conservation education is
targeted at children and other non-decision makers in a process too slow or too far away to address the line 8
extinction crisis which exists now. Furthermore, the efforts of zoos to inform lawmakers and government line 10
authorities are usually low-key or un-existent. Campaigns are more likely to be for an animal exhibit rather 28 line 11
than for the existence of the animal itself. line 12
Nevertheless, it does not do to address the future from a foundation of pessimism. A vision of the future is line 13
embraced in which the human population has leveled off at about 8.8 billion and wherein human effects upon
the environment have been tethered and considerable wildlife remain. It certainly will not be as rich or line 14
abundant as today’s wildlife, but with substantial diverse and numbers of more or less wild ecosystems, and the line 15
zoos’ work, this vision can become reality. line 16 line 17 line 18 line 19 line 20 line 21 line 22 Part 4:
1. I gave most of my books _________when I left college.
2. Science fiction just doesn't turn me _________.
3. I could never lie to her because I know she'd see ________me straight away.
4. I need to catch ________some sleep.
5. Who thinks ________names for new products?
6. More than 7000 businesses have gone _______ in the last three months.
7. From time to time she would really tear _______her staff.
8. They spent the rest of the morning checking _______their equipment.
9. Alcohol just brings ________the worst in her.
10. Sue spent ages doing herself______. IV Dinosaur discoveries
In the late 1930s, a group of primary American scientists seeking dinosaur fossils made some (1)__________ finds, Althou gh one of their
expeditions discovered no bones at all, it nonetheless proved to be important in terms of the information about din osaurs it provided.
During that historic expedition, which took place along the banks of the Paluxy river in Texas, something extraordinary was revealed:
a dinosaur track, clearly (2)________in the rock.
These dinosaur footprints (3)________ their preservation to the salts and mud that covered them and then hardened into rock, before
(4) ________ to light 100 million years later. Tracks like these are (5)__________ to experts. There have been great gaps in
scientists' understanding of dinosaur (6) _________, and so such footprints are useful since they provide di rect evidence of how
dinosaurs actually moved. Scientists have been able to use these footprints, and others like them, to determine how quickly different
species walked, and to conclude that many kinds of dinosaur must have travelled in (7) _________.
(8) _________, the tracks of four-legged dinosaurs seem to (9)________ that in spite of being reptiles, these creatures must have moved
in a very similar way to living mammals, such as elephants a pattern of movement distinct from that of most contemporary reptiles,
such as crocodiles. This leads to an intriguing question. Might existing mammals have more to teach us about the (10) _________ reptiles that once walked the earth?
1. A. noteworthy B. noticeable C. notifiable D. notional 2. A. blatant B. substantial
C. distinguishable D. ostensible 3. A. owe B. derive C. result D. thank 4. A. coming B. bringing C. appearing D. surfacing 29 5. A. unique B. invaluable C. costly D. rare 6. A. action B. manners C. behavior D. customs 7. A. sets B. herds C. masses D. bunches 8. A. Accordingly B. Characteristically C. interestingly D. Alternatively 9. A. point B. specify C. express D. indicate 10. A. abolished B. departed C. extinct D. extinguished
Part 2: Crows are probably the most frequently met and easily identifiable members of the native fauna of the United States. The great
number of tales, legends, and myths about these birds indicates that people have been exceptionally interested in them for a long time. On the
other hand, when it comes to substantive -- particularly behavioral -- information, crows are less well known than many comparably common
species and, for that matter, not a few quite uncommon ones: the endangered California condor, to cite one obvious example. There are
practical reasons for this.
Crows are notoriously poor and aggravating subjects for field research. Keen observers and quick learners, they are astute about the
intentions of other creatures, including researchers, and adept at avoiding them. Because they are so numerous, active, and monochromatic, it
is difficult to distinguish one crow from another. Bands, radio transmitters, or other identifying devices can be attached to them, but this of
course requires catching live crows, who are among the wariest and most untrappable of birds.
Technical difficulties aside, crow research is daunting because the ways of these birds are so complex and various. As preeminent is
generalists, members of this species ingeniously exploit a great range of habitats and resources, and they can quickly adjust to changes in
their circumstances. Being so educable, individual birds have markedly different interests and inclinations, strategies and scams. For
example, one pet crow learned how to let a dog out of its kennel by pulling the pin on the door. When the dog escaped, the bird went into the kennel and ate its food.
1. What is the main topic of the passage?
A. The ways in which crows differ from other common birds
B. The myths and legends about crows
C. The characteristics that make crows difficult to study
D. The existing methods for investigating crow behavior
2. According to the first paragraph, what evidence is there that crows have interested people for a long time?
A. The large number of stories about crows.
B. The frequency with which crows are sighted
C. The amount of research that has been conducted on crows
D. The ease with which crows are identified
3. In the passage, the author mention the endangered California condor as an example of a species that is A. smaller than the crow B. easily identifiable C. featured in legends D. very rare
4. The word "them" in the passage refers to_____ A. crows B. subjects C. intentions D. researchers
5. According to the second paragraph, crows are poor subjects for field research for all of the following reasons EXCEPT_____
A. They can successfully avoid observers.
B. They are hard to distinguish from one another
C. They can be quite aggressive.
D. They are difficult to catch.
6. In the second paragraph, the author implies that using radio transmitters would allow a researcher who studies crow to_____ A. identify individual crows
B. follow flocks of crows over long distances
C. record the times when crows are most active 30
D. help crows that become sick or injured
7. According to the third paragraph, which of the following is true about crows?
A. They seldom live in any one place for very long.
B. They thrive in a wide variety of environments.
C. They have marked preferences for certain kinds of foods.
D. They use up the resources in one area before moving to another.
8. In the passage, the word "inclinations" is closest in meaning to______ A. tricks B. opportunities C. preferences D. experiences
9. In the passage, the author mentions a pet crow to illustrate which of the following?
A. The clever ways that crows solve problems
B. The differences between pet crows and wild crows
C. The ease with which crows can be tamed
D. The affection that crows show to other creatures
10. Which of the following statements is supported by the passage?
A. Crows have relatively long lives. B. Crows have keen vision
C. Crows are usually solitary D. Crows are very intelligent.
Part 3: BAZAARS
A bazaar was originally a public market district (0)... of ... a Persian town. From Persia the term spread to Arabia, Turkey, and North
Africa. In India it came to be applied to a single shop; and in current English usage it refers to (1) ________ a single sh op or concession
selling miscellaneous articles and to a fair at (2)________ such miscellany is sold, often for charity.
The familiar bazaar of the ancient Islamic nations is vividly described in the traditional folktales of’ ‘The Thousand and One
Nights’. It is a distinct quarter of the town, access (3)______which is forbidden after sundown, bustling and noisy by day,
(4)________the quieter residential quarters. Such a bazaar may be divided into districts, with all the purveyors of one type of
merchandise grouped together. (5)_______ the bazaar in smaller towns is (6) ________of a single narrow street of stalls, in larger cities
such as Istanbul it is by no means simple, consisting of many miles of such passageways. Some bazaars, such as the (7)______built at
Sashan and Isfahan in Iran in the 17th century, were designed with great architectural integrity. They were usually roofed for protection
(8) _______ the hot desert sun, (9) _____ with a single roof of individual vaulted domes or with awnings. Most of these ancient
bazaars have gradually been modernized (10)________the centuries.
Part 4: AIR RAGE List of headings
i. A decline in the tolerance of passengers.
ii. Disproportionate growth.
iii. Pilots and aircrew cooperate. iv. Additional action.
v. Smaller seats are the norm.
vi. Laying the blame with the airlines vii. Origins.
viii. A major threat to travel.
ix. Demands for change.
x. Business people fly more.
xi. New research pinpoints the causes. xii. The pace of life.
xiii. Passenger at the root of the problems.
xiv. Personal experience.
A. The first recorded case of an airline passenger turning seriously violent during a flight, a phenomenon now widely known as “air rage”,
happened in 1947 on a flight from Havana to Miami. A drunk man assaulted another passenger and bit a flight attendant. However, the man
escaped punishment because it was not then clear under whose legal control a crime committed on plane was, the country where the plane 31
was registered or the country where the crime was committed. In 1963, at the Tokyo convention, it was decided that the laws of the country
where the plane is registered take precedence.
B. The frequency of air rage has expanded out of proportion to the growth of air travel. Until recently few statistics were gathered about air
rage, but those that have been indicate that passengers are increasingly likely to cause trouble or engage in violent acts. For example, in 1998
there were 266 air rage incidents out of approximately four million passengers, a 400% increase from 1995. In the same period American
Airlines showed a 200% rise. Air travel is predicted to rise by 5% internationally by 2010 leading to increased airport congestion. This,
coupled with the flying public’s increased aggression, means that air rage may become a major issue in coming years.
C. Aside from discomfort and disruption, air rage poses some very real dangers to flying. The most extreme of these is when out of control
passengers enter the cockpit. This has actually happened on a number of occasions, the worst of which have resulted in the death and injury
of pilots or the intruder taking control of the plane, almost resulting in crashes. In addition, berserk passengers sometimes attempt to open the
emergency doors while in flight, putting the whole aircraft in danger. These are extreme examples and cases of air rage more commonly
result in physical assaults on fellow passengers and crew such as throwing objects, punching, stabbing or scalding with hot coffee.
D. The causes of air rage are not known for certain, but it is generally thought that factors include: passenger behavior and personality, the
physical environment and changes in society. A recent study has identified the issues that start the incidents to be as follows. Alcohol 25% Seating 16% Smoking 10% Carry on luggage 9% Flight attendants 8% Food 5%
E. One of the major causes seems to be the passenger’s behavior or their personality. Fear of flying and the feeling of powerlessness
associated with flying can lead to irritable or aggressive passengers. Also, alcohol consumed on a plane pressurized to 8000ft affects the
drinker more quickly and the effects are stronger. Many people do not take account of this and drinking may increase any negative reaction to
the flying environment they have, which, combined with the lowering of their inhibitions, may cause air rage. Smoking withdrawal, which
some liken in severity to opiate withdrawal, is another major cause of air rage incidents. Passengers caught smoking in the toilets
occasionally assault flight attendants and have been known to start fires. When conflicts occur in these conditions, they can escalate into
major incidents if the passenger has a violent personality or a fear of flying and because of the enclosed nature of a plane offers no option of
retreat as would be natural in a “fight or flight” reaction.
F. Some people feel that the physical environment of a plane can lead to air rage. Seats on most airlines have become smaller in recent years
as airlines try to increase profits. This leads to uncomfortable and irritated passengers. Also, space for carry on luggage is often very small.
Because up to 8% of checked in luggage is lost, misdirected or stolen, passengers have been trying to fit larger carry on items into these small
storage areas and this can lead to disputes that can escalate into air rage. Airlines could also be to blame by raising passengers’ expectations
too high with their marketing and advertising. Many air rage incidents start when disappointed passengers demand to be reseated. Finally,
there is some evidence to show that low oxygen levels can raise aggression level and make people feel more desperate. Airlines have lowered
oxygen levels to save money. Now the level of oxygen in the air that the pilots breathe is ten times higher than in cabin class.
G. Another reason that has been suggested is that society is getting ruder and less patient. The increased congestion at airports, longer queues
and increased delays have only added to this. In addition, some air rage incidents have been linked to the demanding nature of high achieving
business people, who do not like people telling them what to do and resent the power that the cabin staff have over them. For them, a flight
attendant is a waiter or waitress who should do what the passenger wants.
H. The strongest calls for action to control air rage have come from pilots and aircrew. The International Transport Workers’ Federation
argues that there are too many loopholes that let people escape punishment and that the penalties are too light. They want to notify all
passengers of the penalties for air rage before taking off, rather than after the passenger begins to cause serious problems, when it may be too
late. The Civil Aviation Organisation has been organizing international cooperation and penalties have increased in recent years. The most 32
severe punishment so far has been a 51 month jail sentence, a fine to pay for the jet fuel used and 200 hours community servi ce for a man
who attempted to enter the cockpit and to open the emergency door of a domestic US flight.
I. Various other measures are being used to control air rage. Air crew are getting training on how to calm passengers and how to predict
where incidents might result in air rage and take action to prevent this. Other measures include, strengthening doors to stop people entering
the cockpit, training crew in the use of plastic restraints to tie down unruly passengers and having pilots divert their planes if passengers
cause problems. Banning passengers who are guilty of air rage from flying has also been tried to a lesser extent. Example: Paragraph A Answer: vii
Mark them as follows
T______if the statement agrees with the information in the text.
F______if the statement does not agree with the information in the text.
NG_____if there is no information on this in the text.
7. In the first case of air rage, the man was not punished because the plane was not registered.
8. The statistics on air rage were collected by private monitoring groups.
9. The second most common catalyst for incidents is problems with seating.
10.The environment in a plane makes disagreements more likely to become serious problems. Part 1: 1.D 6.B 11.D 16.B 2.A 7.A 12.B 17.C 3.A 8.C 13.A 18.A 4.B 9.B 14.D 19.C 5.D 10.D 15.B 20.C
Part 3: (10 points)
1. line 1: inheriting --> inherited 6. line 8: for --> to 2. line 3: for --> against
7. line 11: minimally --> minimal
3. line 4: zoologic --> zoological
8. line 17: un-existent --> non-existent 4. line 5: off --> up
9. line 22: remain --> remains
5. line 6: captive --> captivity
10. line 24: diverse --> diversity
Part 4: (10 points) 1. away 2. on 3. through 4. up on 5. up 6. under 7. into 8. Over 9. out 10. up
IV. READING (50 points)
Part 1: (10 points) 33 1. A 2.C 3.A 4.A 5.B 6.C 7.B 8.C 9.D 10.C
Part 2: (10 points) 1 C 2 A 3 D 4 D 5 C 6 A 7 B 8 C 9 A 10 D
Part 3: (10 points) 1. both 2. which 3. to 4. unlike 5. while 6. composed/ comprised 7. ones 8. against 9. either 10. over
Part 4: (20 points) 1. Paragraph B______ii 2. Paragraph C______viii 3. Paragraph D______xi 4. Paragraph E______xiii 5. Paragraph F______vi 6. Paragraph G______i 7. F 8. NG 9. T 10. T ĐỀ 6:
1. In my view, the changes to the education system have been to good........................ . A. influence B. outcome C. upshot D. effect
2. As a full story ........................ , the public reacted with shock. A. uncovered B. unfolded C. unwrapped D. undid
3. This song is not ........................ as original as their previous ones. A. almost B. virtually C. nearly D. practically
4. In any transport system, the safety of passaengers should be ........................ . A. paramount B. eminent C. chief D. prime
5. It is expected that all members will ……………… to the rules of the club. A. comply B. concede C. conform D. compromise
6. It was decided that the cost of the project would be ……………… and so it was abandoned. A. repressive B. pohibitive C. restrictive D. exclusive
7. Karen was terribly nervous before the interview but she managed to pull herself ……………… and act confidently. A. through B. over C. together D. off
8. It just so ……………… that I was in their area that day, so I went to visit them. A. occurred B. happened C. chanced D. arose 34
9. We ……………… up a friendship the very first time we met. A. struck B. launched C. cropped D. settled
10. I left the company by ………………, not because I was forced to. A. choice B. option C. selection D. preference
11. Tessa was determined to become wealthy and to that ……………… she started her own company. A. view B. aim C. end D. object
12. I can’t understand why you have to make such a ……………… about something so unimportant. A. mess B. stir C. fuss D. bother
13. If you don’t want that wardrobe, I’m sure I could put it to good ……………… . A. value B. use C. benefit D. worth
14. Even though it was clear that he was wrong, he was unwilling to ……………… and admit it. A. take back B. stand down C. draw back D. back down
15. The police are looking into new ways of ……………… major crime. A. contending B. wrestling C. combating D. striving
16. He made a number of ……………… remarks about my cooking, which upset me. A. slashing B. stabbing C. chopping D cutting
17 ……………… it or not, I’ve just ben given a totally unexpected pay rise! A. Believe B. Accept C. Presume D. Allow
18. Recent defeats have ……………… his confidence in himself as a player. A. undermined B. disable C. impeded D. hampered
19. The plumber agreed that he had made a mistake and promised to put it ……………… the next day. A. correct B. proper C. sound D. right
20. Poor management brought the company to the ……………… of collaspe. A. brink B. rim C. fringe D. brim
III. Large animals inhabit the desert have evolved adaptations for reducing the effects of extreme hot. One adaptation is to be light in color,
and to reflect the Sun's rays. Desert mammals also depart from the normal mammalian practice of maintaining a constantly body temperature.
Instead of try to keep down the body temperature inside the body, what would involve the expenditure of water and energy, desert mammals
allow their temperatures rise to what would normally be fever height, and temperatures as high as 46 degree Celsius have been measured in
Grant's gazelles. The overheated body cools down during the cold desert night, and indeed the temperature may fall unusual low by dawn, as
low as 34 degrees Celsius in the camel. This is a advantage since the heat of the first few hours of daylight absorb in warming up the body.
IV.1. I’m afraid I can’t come to the concert with you. I’m ……………… my earn in work this week.
2. Sarah is studying hard. She is intent ……………… getting a good degree.
3. Before they hire anyone they should check ……………… background.
4. I met him at the party and he asked ……………… you.
5. I applied for a part time job at the supermarket. They’re going to take me………………
6. He had taken over an old company verging ……………… liquidations.
7. My mother never gives anyone a tip ……………… principle.
8. Tom’s leaving. Why don’t you put ……………… for his job?
9. He went ……………… his own accord: nobody forced him to go.
10. He ran ……………… all the money he had inherited in less than a year. READING
Read the passage and choose the best option to fill each bank. A worrying question which ................. (1) global attention is severe
overpopulation and its drastic effects in the countries of the Third World. In regions where the birth rate is extremely high, poverty and
starvation are .....................(2). In India, there is ............................... (3) of thirty five infants being born every minute, yet the most shocking
figures are those which ................ (4) the enormous number of the victims of famine in certain African territories. Communities afflicted with
acute destitution are additionally confronted with illiteracy, life in appalling conditions and infectious diseases ............................. (5) the
indigenous populations. There is an urgent need for these problems to be solved . Unless measures are taken to .............................. (6) the
suffering of the impoverished underdeveloped nations, desperate crowds of immigrants will ................... (7) in flooding the richer states in
..............................(8) of a brighter future. It's the most .............................. (9) task for the international giants nowadays to help the poor
populations get out of the poverty ..............(10). 1. A. insists B. wishes C. requires D. asks 35 2. A. profuse B. rife C. generous D. predominant 3. A. a ratio B. a measure C. an average D. a proportion 4. A. appear B. refer C. indicate D. comprise
5. A. decimating B. enumerating C. discounting D. outnumbering 6. A. discard B. vanish C. evaporate D. ease 7. A. linger B. maintain C. persist D. remain 8. A. search B. chase C. lookout D. survey
9. A. confronting B. challenging C. rousing D. plaguing 10. A. lure B. pitfall C. snare D. trap
II. Are there thousand books that all of us should read sometime in your lives?
Throughout this year, we will be recommending a collection of books that, when taken (1) …………... a whole, will form a library
of 1,000 titles that will inspire and satisfy (2)…………… kind of reader imaginable.
Book lists appear from time to time, often arousing controversy for being too elitist or too populist. But our list is the result of
consultations with book buyers and book sellers, people know and (3) ……………… books.
Currently, there are well (4)……………… a million books in print. Add to these yet (5) ……………… 100,000 books published
each year and the choice for readers becomes bewildering, (6)……………… certain books, both classics and contemporary works, stand out.
While our list doesn't identify classics in the traditional sense, many of the works included considered to be classic books. The list aims to
make the reader aware of what is available that is stimulating, rewarding and inspiring. (7)……………… else does one team about a good
read (8)……………… than by enthusiastic recommendation?
This month we are highlighting fifty books from the area of business and reference. These fifty titles represent the perfect business
and reference library for your needs, whether personal or professional. Our selection will help you to expand and enhance understanding of
today's fast-changing (9)……………… of business.
Look out for the next month’s fifty choices, (10)……………… will take you a step nearer completion of your 1000-book library.
III. Many ants forage across the countryside in large numbers and undertake mass migrations; these activities proceed because one ant lays a
trail on the ground for the others to follow. As a worker ant returns home after finding a source of food, it marks the route
by intermittently touching its stinger on the ground and depositing a tiny amount of trail pheromone - a mixture of chemicals that delivers
diverse messages as the context changes. These trails incorporate no directional information and may be followed by other ants in either direction.
Unlike some other messages, such as the one arising from a dead ant, a food trail has to be kept secret from members of other
species. It is not surprising then that ant species use a wide variety of compounds as trail pheromones. Ants can be extremely sensitive to
these signals. Investigators working with the trail pheromone of the leafcutter ant Attatexana calculated that one milligram of this substance
would suffice to lead a column of ants three times around Earth.
The vapor of the evaporating pheromone over the trail guides an ant along the way, and the ant detects this signal with receptors in
its antennae. A trail pheromone will evaporate to furnish the highest concentration of vapor right over the trail, in what is called a vapor
space. In following the trail, the ant moves to the right and left, oscillating from side to side across the line of the trail itself, bringing first
one and then the other antenna into the vapor space. As the ant moves to the right, its left antenna arrives in the vapor space. The signal it
receives causes it to swing to the left, and the ant then pursues this new course until its right antenna reaches the vapor space. It then swings
back to the right, and so weaves back and forth down the trail.
1. What is possibly the main topic of the passage?
A. The mass migration of ants B. How ants mark and follow a chemical trail
C. Different species of ants around the world D. The information contained in pheromones
2. The word "forage" in line 1 is closest in meaning to________.
A. look up B. walk toward C. revolve around D. search for food
3. The word "intermittently" is closest in meaning to________.
A. periodically B. incorrectly C. rapidly D. roughly
4. The phrase "the one" refers to a single________.
A. message B. dead ant C. food trail D. species
5. According to the passage, why do ants use different compounds as trail pheromones? 36
A. To reduce their sensitivity to some chemicals. B. To attract different types of ants.
C. To protect their trail from other species. D. To indicate how far away the food is.
6. The author mentions the trail pheromone of the leafcutter ant in the second paragraph to point out________.
A. how little pheromone is needed to mark a trail
B. the different types of pheromones ants can produce
C. a type of ant that is common in many parts of the world
D. that certain ants can produce up to one milligram of pheromone
7. According to the passage, how are ants guided by trail pheromones?
A. They concentrate on the smell of food.
B. They follow an ant who is familiar with the trail.
C. They avoid the vapor spaces by moving in a straight line.
D. They sense the vapor through their antennae.
8. The word "furnish" is closest in meaning to________.
A. include B. provide C. cover D. select
9. The word "oscillating" is closest in meaning to________.
A. falling B. depositing C. swinging D. starting
10. According to the passage, the highest amount of pheromone vapor is found________.
A. in the receptors of the ants B. just above the trail
C. in the source of food D. under the soil along the trail
IV Light Pollution is a threat to Wildlife, Safety and the Starry Sky
A After hours of driving south in the pitch-black darkness of the Nevada desert, a dome of hazy gold suddenly appears on the horizon. Soon,
a road sign confirms the obvious: Las Vegas 30 miles. Looking skyward, you notice that the Big Dipper is harder to find than it was an hour ago.
B Light pollution—the artificial light that illuminates more than its intended target area—has become a problem of increasing concern across
the country over the past 15 years. In the suburbs, where over-lit shopping mall parking lots are the norm, only 200 of the Milky Way’s 2,500
stars are visible on a clear night. Even fewer can be seen from large cities. In almost every town, big and small, street lights beam just as
much light up and out as they do down, illuminating much more than just the street. Almost 50 percent of the light emanating from street
lamps misses its intended target, and billboards, shopping centres, private homes and skyscrapers are similarly over-illuminated.
C America has become so bright that in a satellite image of the United States at night, the outline of the country is visible from its lights
alone. The major cities are all there, in bright clusters: New York, Boston, Miami, Houston, Los Angeles, Seattle, Chicago, and, of course,
Las Vegas. Mark Adams, superintendent of the McDonald Observatory in west Texas, says that the very fact that city lights are visible from
on high is proof of their wastefulness. “When you’re up in an airplane, all that light you see on the ground from the city is wasted. It’s going
up into the night sky. That’s why you can see it.”
D But don’t we need all those lights to ensure our safety? The answer from light engineers, light pollution control advocates and astronomers
is an emphatic “no.” Elizabeth Alvarez of the International Dark Sky Association (IDA), a non-profit organization in Tucson, Arizona, says
that overly bright security lights can actually force neighbours to close the shutters, which means that if any criminal activity does occur on
the street, no one will see it. And the old assumption that bright lights deter crime appears to have been a false one: A new Department of
Justice report concludes that there is no documented correlation between the level of lighting and the level of crime in an area. And contrary
to popular belief, more crimes occur in broad daylight than at night.
E For drivers, light can actually create a safety hazard. Glaring lights can temporarily blind drivers, increasing the likelihood of an accident.
To help prevent such accidents, some cities and states prohibit the use of lights that impair night-time vision. For instance, New Hampshire
law forbids the use of “any light along a highway so positioned as to blind or dazzle the vision of travellers on the adjacent highway.” 37
F Badly designed lighting can pose a threat to wildlife as well as people. Newly hatched turtles in Florida move toward beach lights instead
of the more muted silver shimmer of the ocean. Migrating birds, confused by lights on skyscrapers, broadcast towers and lighthouses, are
injured, sometimes fatally, after colliding with high, lighted structures. And light pollution harms air quality as well: Because most of the
country’s power plants are still powered by fossil fuels, more light means more air pollution.
G So what can be done? Tucson, Arizona is taking back the night. The city has one of the best lighting ordinances in the country, and, not
coincidentally, the highest concentration of observatories in the world. Kitt Peak National Optical Astronomy Observatory has 24 telescopes
aimed skyward around the city’s perimeter, and its cadre of astronomers needs a dark sky to work with.
H For a while, that darkness was threatened. “We were totally losing the night sky,” Jim Singleton of Tucson’s Lighting Committee told
Tulsa, Oklahoma’s KOTV last March. Now, after retrofitting inefficient mercury lighting with low-sodium lights that block light from
“trespassing” into unwanted areas like bedroom windows, and by doing away with some unnecessary lights altogether, the city is softly
glowing rather than brightly beaming. The same thing is happening in a handful of other states, including Texas, which just passed a light
pollution bill last summer. “Astronomers can get what they need at the same time that citizens get what they need: safety, security and good
visibility at night,” says McDonald Observatory’s Mark Adams, who provided testimony at the hearings for the bill.
I And in the long run, everyone benefits from reduced energy costs. Wasted energy from inefficient lighting costs us between $1 and $2
billion a year, according to IDA. The city of San Diego, which installed new, high-efficiency street lights after passing a light pollution law in
1985, now saves about $3 million a year in energy costs.
J Legislation isn’t the only answer to light pollution problems. Brian Greer, Central Ohio representative for the Ohio Light Pollution
Advisory Council, says that education is just as important, if not more so. “There are some special situations where regulation is the only
fix,” he says. “But the vast majority of bad lighting is simply the result of not knowing any better.” Simple actions like replacing old bulbs
and fixtures with more efficient and better-designed ones can make a big difference in preserving the night sky.
*The Big Dipper: a group of seven bright stars visible in the Northern Hemisphere. Questions 1-5
The first six paragraphs of Reading Passage are lettered A-F.
Choose the most suitable headings for paragraphs A-F from the list of headings below.
NB There are more headings than paragraphs, so you will not use them all.
i Why lights are needed
ii Lighting discourages law breakers
iii The environmental dangers
iv People at risk from bright lights v Illuminating space
vi A problem lights do not solve vii Seen from above 38
viii More light than is necessary
ix Approaching the city
Example) Paragraph A ix Questions 6-10
Complete each of the following statements with words taken from the passage.
Write ONE or TWO WORDS for each answer.
6. According to a recent study, well-lit streets do not .................... or make neighbourhoods safer to live in.
7. Inefficient lighting increases .................... because most electricity is produced from coal, gas or oil.
8. Efficient lights .................... from going into areas where it is not needed.
9. In dealing with light pollution .................... is at least as important as passing new laws.
10. In the future, people will ....................... reduced energy cost. Questions 11-15
Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading Passage? YES
if the statement agrees with the writer's claims NO
if the statement contradicts the writer's claims
NOT GIVEN if there is impossible to say what the writer thinks about this
11. One group of scientists find their observations are made more difficult by bright lights.
12. It is expensive to reduce light pollution.
13. Many countries are now making light pollution illegal.
14. Old types of light often cause more pollution than more modern ones.
15. Legislation is the only answer to light pollution problems I. 1. D 2. B 3. C 4. A 5.C 6.B 7.C 8.B 9.A 10.A 11.C 12.C 13.B 14.D 15.C 16.D 17.A 18.A 19.D 20. A 39 III. Mistake Correction Mistake Correction 1. inhabit
inhabiting/which(that) inhabit 6. rise To rise 2. hot heat 7. degree degrees 3. constantly constant 8. unusual unusually 4. try trying 9. a an 5. what which 10. absorb absorbed IV. 1. up/to 2.on 3.up on 4.after 5.on 6.in 7.up with 8.in 9.of 10. through READING 1. C 2. B 3.C 4.A 5.C 6.D 7.C 8.A 9.B 10. D II 1.as 2.every/any 3.love 4.over 5.another 6.yet/but/althought 7.how 8.other 9.world 10. which III. 1. B 2. D 3.A 4.A 5.C 6.A 7.D 8.B 9.C 10. B
IV. Question 1-5: (10 points) 1. viii 2. vii 3. vi 4. iv 5. iii
Question 6-10: (5 points) 6. deter crime 7. (air) pollution 8. block light 9. education 10. benefit from Question 11-15: (5 points) 11. YES 12. NO 13. NOT GIVEN 14. YES 15. NO ĐỀ 7:
1. 1. The questions are the central point of the interview_______and should be planned in advance. A. procession B. comment C. procedure D. discussion
2. The government cut spending through reductions in the state_______to industry. A. benefit B. taxes C. subsidies D. intervention
3. Of course an encyclopedia is not a book you read _______.
A. here and there B. from cover to cover
C. from the start D. from the top to the end
4. _______of reading include reading for memorization (under 100wpm), reading for learning (100-200wpm), and reading for comprehension (200-400wpm). A. Rates B. Pressure C. Rhymes D. Paces
5. If a player commits a violent foul with intention to harm, the player is ejected from the game without _______. A. substitution B. alternative C. replacement D. exchange 40
6. When the bombing started, plans were made for an immediate _______of the city. A. exodus B. departure C. vacation D. evacuation
7. The criminal said he was sorry, and he _______of his crimes. A. recalled B. repented C. repeated D. resigned
8. The inspector reported that office staff were rather ______in their attention to security. A. lenient B. lax C. loose D. limp
9. Sociologists believe that these factors will _______lead to overpopulation. A. ultimately B. vehemently C. vigorously D. sullenly
10. “I locked myself out of my apartment. I didn’t know what to do.”
“You _______ your roommate.” A. would have called B. may have called C. must have called D. could have called
11. Ingrid broke _______ in tears when we told her about the accident. A. off B. through C. down D. for
12. “I heard that Laura was offered a job at a top computer firm in Chicago.” –“Oh? That’s wonderful! She _______ very pleased.” A. is B. might be C. is supposed to be D. must be
13. When the visitors from Japan arrived, the company gave them the _______ carpet treatment. A. red B. blue C. green D. orange
14. If he hadn’t shown such a _______ disregard for company regulations by smoking while on duty, he wouldn’t have been dismissed. A. callous B. blatant C. dire D. abject
15. I’m _______ a complete loss to understand why you reacted so violently. A. in B. on C. at D. by
16. Jean is easily_______ by the opinion of others. A. propagated B. swayed C. banished D. distinguished
17. The sack of potatoes fell from the lorry with a heavy_______. A. splash B. crunch C. rattle D. thud
18. I can never believe John because he is always _______. A. biting his tongue B. letting his hair down C. twisting my arm D. pulling my leg
19. Mrs. Dawson was given the award in _______ of her services to the hospital. A. spite B. recognition C. charge D. sight
20. There’s been a _______ in public opinion as far as the arming of the police in concerned. A. shift B. motion C. turn D. drift 3. Line
After inventing dynamite, Swedish-born Alfred Nobel became very rich man. Therefore, he foresaw its
universally destructive powers too late. Nobel preferred not to remember as the inventor of dynamite, so
in 1895, just two weeks before his death, he created a fund to be used for rewarding prizes to people who
had made worthwhile contributions to mankind. Originally there were five awards: literature, physics,
chemistry, medicine, and peace. Economy was added in 1968, just sixty-seven years after the first award 5
ceremony. Nobel’s original legacy of nine millions dollars was invested, and the interest in this sum is
used for the awards which vary from 30,000 to 125,000.
Every year on December 10, the anniversary of Nobel’s death, the awards (gold medal, illuminated
diploma, and money) is presented to the winners. Sometimes politics plays an important role in the 41
judges decisions. Americans have won numerous science awards, but relatively few literature prizes. No 10
awards were presented from 1940 to 1942 at the beginning of World War II. Some people have won two
prizes, but this is scarce; others have shared their prizes. 15
4. 1. I don’t think the television is likely to blow ________at any minute.
2. The implications of this did not at first sink________ .
3. You should always check the sell ________date of things you buy in the supermarket.
4. We’ll have to narrow ________the options before coming to a decision.
5. I think a couple of coffees will round ________the meal nicely.
6. I gave her a cheque ________a lot of money.
7. There was nothing to be said in answer ________such big mistakes.
8. Stop harping ________your past success.
9. He rang ________before I could ask his name.
10. I have already told Joe that I won’t go to Spain with him, but he’s still trying to talk me ________.
C. Romania’s name itself suggests what makes it different from its neighbours. The connection is with the Imperial Rome and coming from
that is the language which sounds like Italian. The country is about the (1)_________ of Great Britain and has a population of 23 million, of
whom ninety percent are Romanians.
The scenery is (2) _________: mountainous areas with summer and winter resorts, a marvellous stretch of the Danube as it descends
towards the Iron Gates, not to mention castles, palaces and monasteries with impressive frescoes. There are also historic towns from the
13th of century, Black Sea beach resorts and the astonishing bird-life of the (3)_________ Danube delta. And if this is not enough, there are
no (4) _________ than 160 spas offering cures for nearly every illness (5)_________ to man.
Romania is perhaps most famous abroad for being the home of Dracula the famous creation of the Irish writer, Bram Stoker. However, while
the story is (6)_________, the character is based on a Romanian prince called Vlad Dracula (son of Dracul) or Tepes (the Impaler) because of
such cruelty (7) _________ his enemies. On one occasion he is supposed to have sat down to a meal to enjoy the spectacle of some prisoners
(8)_________ their arms and legs cut off. He asked for their blood to be collected and brought to him as a dip for his bread.
So, when you visit Romania you may like to visit Bran Castle which was built in 1377 and is the castle most (9)_________ identified with
Dracula. But, if you do, don’t forget how much (10)_________ there is to see in Romania. 1. A. size B. area C. proportion D. extent 2. A. different B. various C. varied D. diverse 3. A. tremendous B. vast C. huge D. gigantic 4. A. better B. less C. more D. fewer 5. A. belonging B. familiar C. known D. accustomed 6. A. false B. fiction C. fake D. unauthentic 7. A. regarding B. with C. for D. towards 8. A. when B. while C. having D. with 9. A. tightly B. closely C. nearly D. strictly 10. A. else B. more C. remaining D. left
2. THE CUCKOO ROLLER OF MADAGASCAR
This bird is about the same size as the European roller, and has many features in common (1)________ its near relatives. (2) ________ the
European family, however, the cuckoo roller can reverse its outer toes, (3) ________ it to perch by gripping a branch with two toes forward 42
and two back. Its eating habits are also quite different. (4) ________ nearly all other rollers take food on the wing or pluck reptiles or large
insects from the ground, the cuckoo roller stays high up in the forest canopy, (5) ________ on caterpillars, stick insects and, most important of all, chameleons.
Subtly blending its colours to the forest backcloth, and (6) ________ leaving the safety of the branches except to cross from one tree to
another, the chameleon is an elusive prey. Even on open ground, (7) ________ myriad dangers it normally avoids, the chameleon’s slow,
swaying walk makes it difficult to see against the leaves. (8) ________ good is it camouflage that the cuckoo roller has to put up with long
periods of watching and waiting, (9) ________ a tell-tale movement betrays its victim’s presence. At least, experts assume this is what
happens, because despite the fact that this bird is widespread throughout Madagascar, (10) ________ observer has yet seen it in the process of catching its prey.
3. It is estimated that over 99 percent of all species that ever existed have become extinct. What causes extinction? When a species is no
longer adapted to a change environment, it may perish. The exact causes of a species’ death vary from situation to situation. Rapid ecological
change may render an environment hostile to a species. For example, temperatures may change and a species may not be adapt. Food
resources may be affected by environmental changes, which will then cause problems for a species requiring these resources. Other species
may become better adapted to an environment, resulting in competition and, ultimately, in the death of a species.
The fossil record reveals that extinction has occurred throughout the history of Earth. Recent analyses have also revealed that on some
occasions many species became extinct at the same time - a mass extinction. One of the best - known examples of mass extinction occurred
65 million years ago with the demise of dinosaurs and many other forms of life. Perhaps the largest mass extinction was the one that occurred
225 million years ago, when approximately 95 percent of all species died. Mass extinctions can be caused by a relatively rapid change in the
environment and can be worsened by the close interrelationship of many species. If, for example, something were to happen to destroy much
of the plankton in the oceans, then the oxygen content of Earth would drop, affection even organisms not living in the oceans. Such a change
would probably lead to amass extinction. One interesting, and controversial, finding is that extinctions during the past 250 million years have
tended to be more intense every 26 million years. The periodic extinction might be due to intersection of the earth’s orbit with a cloud of
comets, but this theory is purely speculative. Some researchers have also speculated that extinction may often be random. That is, certain
species may be eliminated and others may survive for no particular reason. A species’ survival may have nothing to do with its ability or
inability to adapt. If so, some of revolutionary history may reflect a sequence of essentially random events.
1: The underlined word “ ultimately “ is closest in meaning to A. exceptionally
B. unfortunately C. eventually D. dramatically
2: What does the author say in paragraph 1 regarding most species in Earth’s history?
A. They have been able to adapt to ecological changes.
B. They have caused rapid change in the environment .
C. They have remained basically unchanged from their original forms
D. They are no longer in existence.
3: Which of the following is NOT mentioned in paragraph 1 as resulting from rapid ecological change?
A. Availability of food resources
B. Introduction of new species C. Temperature changes
D. Competition among species
4: The word “demise” is closest in meaning to A. help B. death. C. recovery D. change
5: Why is “ plankton” mentioned in the second paragraph?
A. To emphasize the importance of food resources in preventing mass extinction
B. To illustrate a comparison between organisms that live on the land and those that live in the ocean
C. To point out that certain species could never become extinct
D. To demonstrate the interdependence of different species
6: According to paragraph 2, evidence from fossils suggests that
A. There has been only one mass extinction in Earth’s history.
B. Extinction of species has occurred from time to time throughout Earth’s history.
C. Extinctions on Earth have generally been massive.
D. Dinosaurs became extinct much earlier than scientists originally believed.
7: The underlined word “ finding” is closest in meaning to 43
A. published information B. research method
C. scientific discovery. D. ongoing experiment
8: Which of the following can be inferred from the theory of periodic extinction mentioned in paragraph 3?
A. The theory is no longer seriously considered.
B. Most scientists believe the theory to be accurate.
C. Many scientists could be expected to disagree with it.
D. Evidence to support the theory has recently been found.
9: In paragraph 3, the author makes which of the following statements about a species’ survival?
A. It is associated with astronomical condition
B. It may depend on chance events.
C. It does not vary greatly from species to species
D. It reflects the interrelationship of may species.
10: According to the passage, it is believed that the largest extinction of the species occurred
A. 65 million years ago
B. 250 million years ago
C. 225 million years ago
D. 26 million years ago
4. HOW DOES THE BIOLOGICAL CLOCK TICK?
A Our life span is restricted. Everyone accepts this as 'biologically' obvious. ‘Nothing lives for ever!’ However, in this statement we think of
artificially produced, technical objects, products which are subjected to natural wear and tear during use. This leads to the result that at some
time or other the object stops working and is unusable ('death' in the biological sense). But are the wear and tear and loss of function of
technical objects and the death of living organisms really similar or comparable?
B Our ‘dead’ products are ‘static’, closed systems. It is always the basic material which constitutes the object and which, in the natural course
of things, is worn down and becomes 'older’. Ageing in this case must occur according to the laws of physical chemistry and of
thermodynamics. Although the same law holds for a living organism, the result of this law is not inexorable in the same way. At least as long
as a biological system has the ability to renew itself it could actually become older without ageing; an organism is an open, dynamic system
through which new material continuously flows. Destruction of old material and formation of new material are thus in permanent dynamic
equilibrium. The material of which the organism is formed changes continuously. Thus our bodies continuously exchange old substance for
new, just like a spring which more or less maintains its form and movement, but in which the water molecules are always different.
C Thus ageing and death should not be seen as inevitable, particularly as the organism possesses many mechanisms for repair. It is not, in
principle, necessary for a biological system to age and die. Nevertheless, a restricted life span, ageing, and then death are basic characteristics
of life. The reason for this is easy to recognise: in nature, the existent organisms either adapt or are regularly replaced b y new types. Because
of changes in the genetic material (mutations) these have new characteristics and in the course of their individual lives they are tested for
optimal or better adaptation to the environmental conditions. Immortality would disturb this system - it needs room for new and better life.
This is the basic problem of evolution
D Every organism has a life span which is highly characteristic. There are striking differences in life span between different species, but
within one species the parameter is relatively constant. For example, the average duration of human life has hardly changed in thousands of
years. Although more and more people attain an advanced age as a result of developments in medical care and better nutrition, the
characteristic upper limit for most remains 80 years. A further argument against the simple wear and tear theory is the observation that the
time within which organisms age lies between a few days (even a few hours for unicellular organisms) and several thousand yea rs, as with mammoth trees.
E If a lifespan is a genetically determined biological characteristic, it is logically necessary to propose the existence of an internal clock,
which in some way measures and controls the aging process and which finally determines death as the last step in a fixed programme. Like
the fife span, the metabolic rate has for different organisms a fixed mathematical relationship to the body mass. In comparison to the life span
this relationship is ‘inverted’: the larger the organism the lower its metabolic rate. Again this relationship is valid not only for birds, but also,
similarly on average within the systematic unit, for all other organisms (plants, animals, unicellular organisms).
F Animals which behave ‘frugally’ with energy become particularly old for example, crocodiles and tortoises. Parrots and birds of prey are
often held chained up. Thus they are not able to ‘experience life’ and so they attain a high life span in captivity. Animals which save energy
by hibernation or lethargy (e.g. bats or hedgehogs) live much longer than those which are always active, The metabolic rate of mice can be
reduced by a very low consumption of food (hunger diet) They then may live twice as long as their well fed comrades. Women become 44
distinctly (about 10 per cent) older than men. If you examine the metabolic rates of the two sexes you establish that the higher male metabolic
rate roughly accounts for the lower male life span. That means that they live life ‘energetically’ - more intensively, but not for as long.
G It follows from the above that sparing use of energy reserves should tend to extend life. Extreme high performance sports may lead to
optimal cardiovascular performance, but they quite certainly do not prolong life. Relaxation lowers metabolic rate, as does adequate sleep and
in general an equable and balanced personality. Each of us can develop his or her own ‘energy saving programme’ with a little self
observation, critical self-control and, above all, logical consistency. Experience will show that to live in this way not only increases the life
span but is also very healthy. This final aspect should not be forgotten.
The Reading Passage has seven paragraphs, A-G,
For question 1-6, choose the correct heading for paragraphs A-G from the list of headings below.
Write the correct number, i-x, in the corresponding numbered boxes. LIST OF HEADINGS i The biological clock ii Why dying is beneficial
iii The ageing process of men and women iv Prolonging your life v Limitations of life span
vi Modes of development of different species
vii A stable life span despite improvements viii Energy consumption
ix Fundamental differences in ageing of objects and organisms x Repair of genetic material
Example answer: Paragraph A: v
Questions 7-10, Objects age in accordance with principles of (7) __________ and of (8) _________
Through mutations, organisms can (9) __________ better to the environment
(10) __________ would pose a serious problem for the theory of evolution 1. C 2. C 3. B 4. A 5. A 6. D 7. B 8. B 9. A 10. D 11. C 12. D 13. A 14. B 15. C 16. B 17. D 18. D 19. B 20. A 3. Line Mistakes Corrections 1. 1 very -> a very 2. 2 Therefore -> However 3. 3 Remember -> be remembered 4. 5 Rewarding -> awarding 5. 7 Economy -> Economics 6. 9 Millions -> million 7. 9 In -> on 45 8. 12 Is -> are 9. 13 Judges -> judges’ 10. 17 Scarce -> rare 4 1. up 2. in 3. by 4. down 5. off 6. for 7. to 8. on 9. off 10. round C 1. A 2.C 3.B 4.D 5.C 6.B 7.D 8.C 9.B 10.A 2. 1. with 2. Unlike 3. enabling/ allowing 4. While/ Whereas/ Although 5. feeding 6. seldom/rarely/ never 7. whose 8. so 9. until/ before 10. no 3. 1. C 2. D 3. B 4. B 5. D 6. B 7.C 8. C 9. B 10. C 4. 1. ix 7. physical chemistry 2. ii 8. thermodynamics 3. vii 9. adapt 4. i 10. immortality 5. viii
(7 and 8 can be in either order) 6. iv ĐỀ 8:
1. I know he's not a pleasant man, but in his _________ I have to say he has a very difficult job. A. place B. position C. defence D. advocate
2. When the storm prevented the climbers from reaching the top of the mountain, they were _________ disappointed. A. bitterly B. savagely C. stormily D. angrily
3. When will it _________ on you that I am right and you're wrong? A. descend B. come C. dawn D. arise
4. The footballer never really recovered from the injury he _________ at the beginning of the season. A. got B. struck C. endured D. sustained
5. The jury were _________ that the criminal was guilty. A. unanimous B. agreeable C. unified D. harmonious
6. I suppose I have to _________ the fact that I am not as young as I used to be. A. own up B. face C. agree D. observe
7. He was absolutely _________ with anger when he found that I had scratched his car. A. burned B. carmine C. fickle D. livid
8. Nobody would call me an alcoholic, but I like to have a drink of beer _________ and then. 46 A. when B. now C. often D. there
9. I really don't like the shoes, and _________ they aren't my size, so I don't want to buy them. A. further B. anyway C. however D. even if
10. I was absolutely _________ when they told me I had won the lottery. A. struck B. wondered C. shocked D. stunned
11. Living by the ocean really ______ your ______ Once you’ve lived there, you never want to leave. A. came in ...... heart B. get in ......... heart C. get in .......... blood D. came in .......... blood
12. Without written evidence, we don’t have a _________ on. A. leg to stand B. foot to stand C. leg to lean D. foot to lean
13. Your comment is not really pertinent _________ the discussion. A. for B. in C. with D. to
14. “ When will you be informed of the test result?”~ “ Not until Monday, so I’ll be ____ all weekend” A. at needles and pins B. on needles and pins C. on pins and needles D. at pins and needles
15. My landlady is chasing me up _________ the rent, as it is now three weeks late. A. for B. about C. with D. of
16. My English is progressing _________ . A. leaps and bounds B. bounds and leaps C. odds and ends D. ends and odds
17. Few pleasures can be equal to _________ of a cold drink on a hot day. A. it B. that C. such D. this
18. _________ his advice I would have never got the job. A. Except B. Apart from C. But for D. As for
19. His failure _________ great disappointment to his parents. A. force B. made C. provided D. caused
20. Could you lend me some money? I’m very _________ of cash at the moment. A. scare B. short C. low D. down III
0. The training scheme was unpopular, and at the end the government had to abandon it.
1. It is worth to point out that this is not the only possible cause of the problem.
2. There has been an increase of interest in classical music in recent years.
3. In the end of the period in question, imports had increased by ten per cent.
4. It can be true that people are living longer, but what about their quality of life?
5. The new airport will be only two and quarter kilometres away from the school.
6. The city has spent a big amount of money on crime prevention.
7. The major cities have a large level of unemployment.
8. People are now enjoying a higher level of living.
9. The food supply is not proportion about the size of the country.
10. Comparing with other countries, Libya spends a high percentage of income on education. 47
IV. 1. When the pop group arrived at the airport the police had put (1) _________a barrier to keep the excited crowd (2) _________. Just as
the group appeared some young girls began to scream and this sparked (3) _________ such a surge of excitement that the police thought it
wiser to whisk them (4) _________in several cars. When they realised that they had missed seeing their idols the disappointed crowd began to drift (5) _________
2. When we set (6) _________from London our plan was to drive (7) _________ to Scotland. After some time , however, we heard over the
car radio that all the roads in the north were frozen (8) _________so we turned (9) _________ and drove (10) _________to London.
Part III: Technology is used for the satisfaction of human needs and (1)___ is increased by technology. Science and technology, the former
concerned with know-what and the (2)___ with know-how, are continuously conditioning man's world view and have (3)___ material
standards beyond any earlier vision of man's potential. However, in this science and technology are too much concerned with quantity at the
expense of (4)___. Technology has made possible the mass production of articles and mass production seems (5)___ the quality of goods. If
a motor-car in the past was made to last, today it is made to be thrown (6)___ and replaced. While the quality in terms of new features has
improved, (7)___ is of little concern to manufacturers. In their drive to expand markets and be competitive, manufacturers ignore quality and
are concerned with quantity or the number of products that can be sold.
Evolving technology encourages the economy of transience which is fast replacing the economy of permanence of the old world. Medical
technology prolongs life and reduces the mortality rate, but the quality of life (8)___. Genetics has increased agricultural productivity, and the
Green Revolution that it set in motion has resulted in high-yielding variety of wheat, rice paddy, etc., but they lack the quality which the
traditional variety, though low-yielding, had. Alvin Toffler in his Future Shock considers the lowering of costs of manufacture and increased
demand as factors (9)___ for the sacrifice of quality. Science and technology should be concerned equally with quality and qu antity. This
concern is of great importance (10)___ science and technology are to make further strides. 1. A. production B. product C. produce D. productive 2. A. after B. other C. latter D. first 3. A. raised B. risen C. lifted D. aroused 4. A. number B. value C. evaluation D. quality 5. A. to reduce
B. to have reduced C. reducing D. having reduced 6. A. away B. off C. up D. out 7. A. endurance B. strength C. duration D. durability 8. A. deteriorates B. diminishes C. loosens D. devastates 9. A. explaining B. asking C. responsible D. using 10. A. since B. so C. nevertheless D. despite II.
When the first sailing ship came to Easter Island in 1722, the captain and (1) _________were afraid to land. They saw giants looking
(2) _________at them from the high cliffs. The giants didn't move, (3) _________the ship gradually sailed closer. (4) _________, the sailors
realized the giants were only statues. These huge carvings have puzzled the world ever since. Who made them? How did they get there?
Easter Island is a small dot in the South Pacific Ocean. It is hundreds of miles (5) _________from the nearest shipping route, and it is
one of the most (6) _________places on earth. The (7) _________mainland is over 2,000 miles away in South America.
The biggest statue on Easter Island is over 60 feet high and (8) _________over 100 tons. There are hundreds of smaller (9)
_________, about 15 feet high. All of the statues are carved from stone and some wear stone hats. Their (10) _________ are so lemn and unsmiling. III.
Panel painting, common in thirteenth- and fourteenth-century Europe, involved a painstaking, laborious process. Wooden planks
were joined, covered with gesso to prepare the surface for painting, and then polished smooth with special tools. On this perfect surface, the
artist would sketch a composition with chalk, refine it with inks, and then begin the deliberate process of applying thin layers of egg tempera
paint (egg yolk in which pigments are suspended) with small brushes. The successive layering of these meticulously applied paints produced the final translucent colors.
Backgrounds or gold were made by carefully applying sheets of gold leaf, and then embellishing of decorating the gold leaf by punching it
with a metal rod on which a pattern had been embossed . Every step in the process was slow and deliberate. The quick-drying tempera
demanded that the artist know exactly where each stroke be placed before the brush met the panel, and it required the use of fine brushes. It
was, therefore, an ideal technique for emphasizing the hard linear edges and pure, fine areas of color that were so much a part of the overall
aesthetic of the time. The notion that an artist could or would dash off an idea in a fit of spontaneous inspiration was completely alien to these deliberately produced works.
Furthermore, making these paintings was so time-consuming that it demanded assistance. All such work was done by collective enterprise
in the workshops. The painter or master who is credited with having created the painting may have designed the work and overseen its 48
production, but it is highly unlikely that the artist’s hand applied every stroke of the brush. More likely, numerous assistants, who had been
trained to imitate the artist’s style, applied the paint. The carpenter’s shop probably provided the frame and perhaps supplied the panel, and
yet another shop supplied the gold. Thus, not only many hands, but also many shops were involved in the final product.
In spite of problems with their condition, restoration, and preservation, many panel paintings have survived, and today many of them are housed in museum collections.
1. What aspect of panel paintings does the passage mainly discuss? A.Different styles.
B.Famous examples. C.Production. D.Restoration.
2. According to the passage, what was the first step in making a panel painting?
A. Mixing the paint. B.Making ink drawings C.Preparing the panel. D.Buying the gold leaf.
3. The word “it” refers to ________. A.composition B.artist C.chalk D.surface
4. The word “deliberate” is closest in meaning to ________. A.careful B.decisive C.unusual D.natural
5. Which of the following processes produced the translucent colors found on panel paintings?
A.Applying many layers of paint.
B.Joining wooden planks to form large sheets. C.Polishing the gesso.
D.Covering the background with gold leaf.
6. What characteristic of tempera paint is mentioned in the passage?
A.It has to be applied directly to wood B.It is difficult to make. C.It dries quickly. D.It dissolves easily.
7. The word “demanded” is closest in meaning to ________. A.ordered B.required C.reported D.questioned
8. The “collective enterprise” mentioned includes all of the following EXCEPT______.
A.supplying the gold leaf B.applying the paint
C.selling then painting D.building the panels
9. The word “imitate” is closest in meaning to _______. A.copy B.believe in C.promote D.illustrate
10. The author mentions all of the following as problems with the survival of panel paintings EXCEPT _______. A.condition
B.restoration C.preservation D.theft
IV. THE PROBLEM OF FIRE IRONED OUT A.
It has been quite a while since man discovered fire. But it is recently that he has learnt enough chemistry to think of improving it. Take fossil
fuels, such as coal and oil, for example. They give off plenty of heat when they burn; unfortunately, they give off plenty of other things as well, including
the particles that make up smog and soot, the carbon dioxide responsible for the greenhouse effect and the oxides of nitrogen and sulphur that help to
make acid rain. A new fuel additive called Carbonex seems drastically to reduce emissions of particles and nitrogen oxides. It may thus help to solve half the problems. B.
To understand the solution, take a closer look at the problem. Fossil fuels are mostly made of carbon, which reacts with oxygen to
produce carbon dioxide ( in the case of coal) or carbon dioxide and water (in the case of petrol, diesel fuel and other refined oils). The
combustion of fossil fuels is never quite complete. Small, unburned particles of fuel always escape, often as black smoke. These particles
contain cancer-causing chemicals and are ever more unpopular. C.
There is a standard fix for this. To reduce the problem of incomplete burning, combustion chambers are routinely flooded with
about 25% more air than they need to burn their fuel. The idea is to give the flame more oxygen and hence, increase the efficiency of burning.
But there is a snag. Dry air is 21% oxygen and 78% nitrogen. Nitrogen, like carbon, reacts with oxygen at high temperature- in this case
producing the nitrogen oxides (NOX) that help cause acid rain. When extra air id added to a combustion chamber, emissions of soot and
smog go down but NOX emission go up. D.
Carbonex, invented by an academic chemist, Dr. David Farra, at the University of Toronto, and developed by Ventures of Toronto,
tries to alleviate this. The active ingredient is a hydrocarbon molecule to which an iron atom is bound. The molecule acts as a carrier for the 49
iron, letting it dissolve in organic liquids like oil and petrol. When sprayed into a flame at the same time as a carbon- based fuel, Carbonex
makes it burn more efficiently. The result is fewer particles and less need for extra air. E.
It seems to work at two points during burning. If Carbonex is sprayed into a stream of fuel entering a flame in a combustion
chamber, it coats the fuel and deposits iron atoms on the surface of the fuel particles. As the particles enter the outer part of the flame, which
is cooler than the core, the more volatile components in the fuel vaporize. The faster these vapours leave the fuel, the sooner oxygen can get
to the surface of the fuel particle and react with the carbon. Carbonex appears to speed up the exodus. Fuel particles that survive the hot core
of the flame contain several large and unhealthy molecules that do not burn well without a fuel additive. Carbonex also seems to lower the
temperature at which these compounds burn, allowing them to disintegrate even while the fuel particle is cooling. F.
Iron is not the only substance that can manage this trick, any metal should do. Barium, magnesium, manganese, cobalt, nickel and lead
have all been tried as fuel additive, but all are toxic and so in disfavor. Iron was picked for Carbonex because it is non-toxic and very effective even in small doses. G.
Over the past two years, Carbonex has been tested by an independent research group at the Battelle Memorial Institute in Columbus,
Ohio. The researchers found that it reduced emissions of particles from diesel engines by 43% and increased the yield of energy from
combustion by 1.5-3 %. When tested in a light-fuel-oil industrial burner in Geneva, it cut emissions of particles by 67%; added to a coarsely
ground bituminous coal it reduced NOX emissions by 25%. In addition to reducing NOX and virtually eliminating black smoke, Carbonex
cut the amount of soot left behind in combustion chambers, and so made maintenance cheaper. The fuel additive paid for itself in increased energy efficiency. H.
Although Carbonex could be used in petrol for cars, Dr.Farrar thinks petrol is already refined enough to make it unnecessary. The
real need for his invention, he thinks, is in plants that burn cola and less refined oils such as furnace and bunker oil. Farewell to those dark satanic mills. i
Where the harmful particles come from ii
The problems of fire ironed out iii
Carbonex is ideal for factories iv
Carbonex works with more than one fossil fuel v Problems with fossil fuel vi Alternative energy vii It is a two-way process viii Iron is the best ix
Engine power and clean emissions x
Greenhouse effect and global warning xi
The side-effect of one solution xii
Increase engine efficiency - how it works Paragraph A B C D E F G H Heading v 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. iv iii Questions 6-15
When fossil fuels burn, they produce elements that pollute the air, worsen the greenhouse effect, and cause (6) ______________.
The alleviate the problem of (7) ______________ combustion which produces particles and (8) ______________, a Canadian scientist
invented Carbonex which is blended with the fuel (9) ___________ it burns. The iron atoms, carried by (10) _________ molecules which are
the base of Carbonex, dissolve in the liquid fuel. These atoms help the fuel to burn more thoroughly, promoting the engines' combustion
efficiency and producing cleaner exhaust. The new product has been tested in America and Switzerland. The statistics show that it works
better with (11) ____________ burners than with (12) ___________ engines. Not only does Carbonex reduce particle and NOX (13)
_________, and increase energy output, it also helps to make the (14) _________ of engines cleaner, leading to cuts of (15) _________ costs. 50 1.C 2.A 3.C 4.D 5.A 6.B 7.D 8.B 9.B 10.D 11.C 12.A 13.D 14.C 15.B 16.A 17.B 18.C 19.D 20.B III. Mistake Correction Mistake Correction 0. at in 1. to point pointing 6. big
large/ considerable/ substantial 2. of in 7. large high 3. in at 8. level standard 4. can may 9. proportion about in proportion to 5. quarter a quarter 10. comparing compared IV. 1. up 2. back 3. off 4. away/ off 5. off/ away 6. off 7. up 8. up 9. around 10. back Part III: 1. A 2. C 3. A 4. D 5. B 6. A 7. D 8. A 9. C 10. A II1. crew 2. down 3. so 4. Finally 9. ones 5. away 6. isolated 7. nearest 8. weighs 10. faces III. 1. C 2. C 3. A 4. A 5. A 6. C 7. B 8. C 9. A 10. D IV. Paragraph A B C D E F G H Heading v 1. i 2. xi 3. xii 4. vii 5. viii iv iii Questions 6-15 ( 6. acid rain 7. incomplete 8. NOX 9. before 10. hydrocarbon 11. industrial 12. vehicle 13. emissions 14. inside 15. maintenance ĐỀ 9:
1. The first amusement park in our city was a _______ success for its owners. Everybody would go there to have a good time. A. craking B. ringing C. sparking D. roaring
2. “Why haven’t you sent the letter to Uncle Jerry?”
“oh, I’m sorry; I_______ forgot to do it yesterday.” 51 A. clean B. barely C. fair D. only
3. I’d opt for a glass of mineral water just to _______ my thirst. A. quit B. quench C. quiver D. quieten
4. The serum couldn’t be _______ on the spot aid as the first aid kit lacked needles. A. served B. catered C. distributed D. injected
5. So many good solutions to the question have been submitted that the committee have had a hard time of deciding which one to_______. A. adapted B.adorn C. adept D. adopt
6. The pursuit of the escaped prisoner was futile. The criminal knew well how to _______ the police. A. elude B.derail C. retract D. distort
7. You needn’t treat us to anything; we won’t stay long for it’s only a _______ visit. A. minute B.flying C. small D. speedy
8. My tooth isn’t aching at the moment, but the unpleasant feeling of stiffness still_______on in my mouth. A. remains B. lingers C. continues D. lasts
9. Burt knows his chances against the better skilled opponents are slim, but he is too much of a competitor to give up making at least a _______ at it. A. stake B. start C. stab D. stack
10. Mrs. Jackson was on the point of going out of her apartment when she was _______ short by a phone call from her husband. A. caught B. halted C. brought D. stopped
11. I didn’t feel like memorizing all these definitions. It was only the risk of getting another bad mark that made me _______ myself. A. exert B. absorb C. endeavour D. deploy
12. The boss is leaving for America for a month or two and the major question now is who is going to _______ for him. A. exchange B. replace C. deputize D. perform
13. Wait a minute, there is an answer from the Federal Bureau with _______ to your previous inquiry. A. consideration B. reflection C. attention D. regard
14. Don’t forget to leave your _______ address in case we have to send you mail to the new place. A. pursuing B. forwarding C. advancing D. following
15. If the man fails to repair the faulty wiring, we could borrow a candle from the neigbour as a last _______. A. resort B. rescue C. resource D. recourse
16. She did smile at me several times, but I felt too _______ to ask for a date. A. prevented B. hindered C. inhibited D. deterred
17. We have been running _______ of fresh water, so be careful not to use it up completely before we get to another village. A. short B. low C. scare D. limit 52
18. His chronic fits do _______ a problem to us as we have to be on the alert all the time and apply his medicine whenever he needs it. A. exhibit B. stage C. pose D. bid
19. This position may be very prestigious, but it’s also very responsible. Mind that you can _______ to any occasion to prove that you really deserve it. A. assume B. rise C. conform D. endeavour
20. The way he acted took us by surprise. All he did was at complete _______ with his former scenario. A. disagreement B. incompatibility C. discrepancy D. variance
III Example: success (Line 1) → succeed
It is very difficult to success in the music business; nine out of ten bands that release a Line 1
first record fail to produce the second. Surviving in the music industry requires luck and patience, Line 2
but most of all it requires and intricate knowledge of how a record company is functioned. The Line 3
process begins when a presenter of a company’s Artist and Repertoire (A&R) department visits Line 4
bars and night clubs, scouting for young, talented bands. After the representative identifies a Line 5
promised band, he or she will work to negotiate a contract with that band. The signature of this Line 6
recording contract is a slow process. A company will spend a long time to investigate the band Line 7
itself as well as current trends for popular music. During this period, it is important that a band Line 8
reciprocates with an investigation of its own, learning as much as possible about the record Line 9
company and making personnel connections within the different departments that will handle their Line 10 recordings. Line 11 Line 12 Line 13 Line 14
IV. 1.My cousin George is obsessed _____ keeping fit.
2. Many forzen foods are deficient _____ vitamins.
3. They say that there is an exception _____ every rule.
4. It was very good _____ Sue to drive us to the airport.
5. Breaking his leg a second time put Peter’s football career _____ jeopardy.
6. It’s safe to hide here. We won’t give you _____.
7. My Mum told me _____ for coming home late from school.
8. Sorry I’m late. Something cropped_____ at the office.
9. You can rely on her. She won’t let you _____.
10. Nick wasn’t taken to court but he got _____.
I. People love to complain. Moaning to friends can be a source of relief from the (1)____________ and strains of work, study or
relationships. But when it comes to protesting to a retailer about (2)___________ good or services, many of us find we don’t have the nerve
and choose to (3)_____________ in silence.
By the time we do (4)______________ summon up the courage to make our (5)____________, we have generally already allowed the
problem to get to us, and we are angry. In this (6)_____________, we can all too (7)_______________ become aggressive, gearing up for
battle and turning what should be a rational discussion into a conflict.
To complain effectively you need to be specific about your problem and communicate it clearly using words which are objective and fair.
(8)______________ over the top with emotional language and unreasonable claims will get you nowhere. Good negotiators tend to calm and 53
logical. They start by explaining the situation and stating their requirements clearly, without threat. Most complaints prompt a defensive
(9)_______________ from the other person, but by being reasonable yourself, you (10)___________ more chance of achieving the positive outcome you want. 1. A. pressures B. pains C. stresses D. struggles 2. A. faulty B. inexpert C. improper D. scruffy 3. A. stick B. suffer C. stay D. suppress
4. A. essentially B. especially
C. exceptionally D. eventually 5. A. turn B. mark C. point D. say 6. A. state B. form C. manner D. mode 7. A. casually B. happily C. simply D. easily 8. A. Being B. Going C. Getting D. Feeling 9. A. regard B. respect C. revenge D. response 10. A. stand B. attract C. spend D. establish II.
Enjoy the benefits of stress!
Are you looking forward to another busy week? You should be according to some experts. They argue that the stress encountered in
our daily lives is not only good for us, but essential to survival. They say that the response to (1) _________, which creates a chemical called
adrenal in, helps the mind and body to act quickly (2) ___________ emergencies. Animals and human beings use it to meet the hostile conditions which exist on the planet.
Whilst nobody denies the pressures of everyday life, what is surprising is that we are yet to develop successful ways of dealing with
them. (3) ________ the experts consider the current strategies to be inadequate and often dangerous. They believe that (4) ________ of trying to
manage our response to stress with drugs or relaxation techniques, we must exploit it. Apparently, research shows that people (5) ________
create conditions of stress for (6) _______ by doing exciting and risky sports or looking for challenges, cope much better with life's problems.
Activities of this type have been shown to create a lot of emotion; people may actually cry or feel extremely uncomfortable. But there is a
point (7) _______ which they realise they have succeeded and know that it was a positive experience. This is because we learn through
challenge and difficulty. That's (8) ________we get our wisdom. Few of us, unfortunately, understand this fact. For example, many people
believe they (9) _______ from stress at work, and take time off as a result. Yet it has been found in some companies that by far (10)
________ healthiest people are those with the most responsibility. So next time you're in a stressful situation, just remember that it will be a
positive learning experience and could also benefit your health!
IIIAlthough only a small percentage of the electromagnetic radiation that is emitted by the Sun is ultraviolet (UV) radiation, the amount that
is emitted would be enough to cause severe damage to most forms of life on Earth were it all to reach the surface of the earth. Fortunately, all
of the Sun's ultraviolet radiation does not reach the earth because of a layer of oxygen, called the ozone layer, encircling the earth in the
stratosphere at an altitude of about 15 miles above the earth. The ozone layer absorbs much of the Sun's ultraviolet radiation and prevents it from reaching the earth.
Ozone is a form of oxygen in which each molecule consists of three atoms (03) instead of the two atoms (02) usually found in an
oxygen molecule. Ozone forms in the stratosphere in a process that is initiated by ultraviolet radiation from the Sun. UV radiation from the
Sun splits oxygen molecules with two atoms into free oxygen atoms, and each of these unattached oxygen atoms then joins up with an
oxygen molecule to form ozone. UV radiation is also capable of splitting up ozone molecules; thus, ozone is constantly formin g, splitting,
and reforming in the stratosphere. When UV radiation is absorbed during the process of ozone formation and reformation, it is unable to reach Earth and cause damage there. 54
Recently, however, the ozone layer over parts of the Earth has been diminishing. Chief among the culprits in the case of the
disappearing ozone, those that are really responsible, are the chloroflurocarbons (CFCs), CFCs meander up from Earth into the stratophere,
where they break down and release chlorine. The released chlorine reacts with ozone in the stratosphere, where they break to form chlorine
monoxide (CLO) and oxygen (O2). The chlorine then becomes free to go through the cycle over and over again. One chlorine atom can, in
fact, destroy hundreds of thousands of ozone moledules in this repetitious cycle, and the effects of this destructive process are now becoming evident.
1. According to the passage, ultraviolet radiation from the Sun
A. is causing severe damage to the Earth’s ozone layer.
B. is only a fraction of the Sun’s electromagnetic radiation.
C. creates electromagnetic radiation. D. always reaches the Earth.
2. The word “encircling” in line 5 is closest in meaning to A. rotating B. attacking C. raising D. surrounding
3. It is stated in the passage that the ozone layer
A. enables ultraviolet radiation to reach the Earth
B. reflects ultraviolet radiation
C. shields the Earth from a lot of ultraviolet radiation D. reaches down to the Earth
4. According to the passage, an ozone molecule
A. consists of three oxygen molecules
B. contains more oxygen atoms than the usual oxygen molecule
C. consists of two oxygen atoms
D. contains the same number of atoms as the usual oxygen molecule
5. The word “free” in line 10 could be best be replaced by A. liberal B. gratuitous C. unconnected D. emancipated
6. Ultraviolet radiation causes oxygen molecules to A. rise to the stratosphere B. burn up ozone molecules
C. split up and reform as ozone
D. reduce the number of chloroflurocarbons
7. The pronoun “it” in line 13 refers to A. radiation B. process C. formation D. damage
8. The word “culprits” in line 16 is closest in meaning to which of the following?
A. Guilty parties B. Detectives C. Group members D. leaders
9. According to the passage, what happens after a chlorine molecule reacts with an ozone molecule?
A. The ozone breaks down into three oxygen atoms.
B. Two different molecules are created
C. The two molecules combine into one molecule
D. Three distinct molecules result.
10. The paragraph following the passage most likely discusses 55
A. the negative results of the cycle of ozone destruction
B. where chloroflurcarbons (CFCs) come from
C. the causes of the destructions of ozone mocules
D. how electromagnetic radiation is created IV. THE LITTLE ICE AGE
A This book will provide a detailed examination of the Little Ice Age and other climatic shifts, but, before I embark on that, let me provide a
historical context. We tend to think of climate - as opposed to weather - as something unchanging, yet humanity has been at the mercy of
climate change for its entire existence, with at least eight glacial episodes in the past 730,000 years. Our ancestors adapted to the universal
but irregular global warming since the end of the last great Ice Age, around 10,000 years ago, with dazzling opportunism. They developed
strategies for surviving harsh drought cycles, decades of heavy rainfall or unaccustomed cold; adopted agriculture and stock-raising, which
revolutionised human life; and founded the world's first pre-industrial civilisations in Egypt, Mesopotamia and the Americas. But the price of
sudden climate change, in famine, disease and suffering, was often high.
B The Little Ice Age lasted from roughly 1300 until the middle of the nineteenth century. Only two centuries ago, Europe experienced a cycle
of bitterly cold winters; mountain glaciers in the Swiss Alps were the lowest in recorded memory, and pack ice surrounded Iceland for much
of the year. The climatic events of the Little Ice Age did more than help shape the modern world. They are the deeply important context for
the current unprecedented global warming. The Little Ice Age was far from a deep freeze, however; rather an irregular seesaw of rapid
climatic shifts, few lasting more than a quarter-century, driven by complex and still little understood interactions between the atmosphere and
the ocean. The seesaw brought cycles of intensely cold winters and easterly winds, then switched abruptly to years of heavy spring and early
summer rains, mild winters, and frequent Atlantic storms, or to periods of droughts, light northeasterly winds, and summer heat waves.
C Reconstructing the climate changes of the past is extremely difficult, because systematic weather observations began only a few centuries
ago, in Europe and North America. Records from India and tropical Africa are even more recent. For the time before records began, we have
only 'proxy records' reconstructed largely from tree rings and ice cores, supplemented by a few incomplete written accounts. We now have
hundreds of tree-ring records from throughout the northern hemisphere, and many from south of the equator, too, amplified with a growing
body of temperature data from ice cores drilled in Antarctica, Greenland, the Peruvian Andes, and other locations. We are close to a
knowledge of annual summer and winter temperature variations over much of the northern hemisphere going back 600 years.
D This book is a narrative history of climatic shifts during the past ten centuries, and some of the ways in which people in Europe adapted to
them. Part One describes the Medieval Warm Period, roughly 900 to 1200. During these three centuries, Norse voyagers from Northern
Europe explored northern seas, settled Greenland, and visited North America. It was not a time of uniform warmth, for then, as always since
the Great Ice Age, there were constant shifts in rainfall and temperature. Mean European temperatures were about the same as today, perhaps slightly cooler.
E It is known that the Little Ice Age cooling began in Greenland and the Arctic in about 1200. As the Arctic ice pack spread southward,
Norse voyages to the west were rerouted into the open Atlantic, then ended altogether. Storminess increased in the North Atlantic and North
Sea. Colder, much wetter weather descended on Europe between 1315 and 1319, when thousands perished in a continent-wide famine. By
1400, the weather had become decidedly more unpredictable and stormier, with sudden shifts and lower temperatures that culminated in the
cold decades of the late sixteenth century. Fish were a vital commodity in growing towns and cities, where food supplies were a constant
concern. Dried cod and herring were already the staples of the European fish trade, but changes in water temperatures forced fishing fleets to
work further offshore. The Basques, Dutch, and English developed the first offshore fishing boats adapted to a colder and stormier Atlantic.
A gradual agricultural revolution in northern Europe stemmed from concerns over food supplies at a time of rising populations. The
revolution involved intensive commercial farming and the growing of animal fodder on land not previously used for crops. The increased
productivity from farmland made some countries self-sufficient in grain and livestock and offered effective protection against famine.
F Global temperatures began to rise slowly after 1850, with the beginning of the Modern Warm Period. There was a vast migration from
Europe by land-hungry farmers and others, to which the famine caused by the Irish potato blight contributed, to North America, Australia,
New Zealand, and southern Africa. Millions of hectares of forest and woodland fell before the newcomers' axes between 1850 and 1890, as 56
intensive European farming methods expanded across the world. The unprecedented land clearance released vast quantities of carbon dioxide
into the atmosphere, triggering for the first time humanly caused global warming. Temperatures climbed more rapidly in the twentieth
century as the use of fossil fuels proliferated and greenhouse gas levels continued to soar. The rise has been even steeper since the early
1980s. The Little Ice Age has given way to a new climatic regime, marked by prolonged and steady warming. At the same time, extreme
weather events like Category 5 hurricanes are becoming more frequent.
i. Predicting climatic changes
ii. The prevalence of the Little Ice Age today
iii. How cities contribute to climate change
iv. Human inpact on the climate
v. How past climatic conditions can be determined
vi. A growing need for weather records
vii. A study covering a thousand years
viii. People have always responded to climate change ix. Enough food at last
Example : Paragraph A __viii_ 1. Paragraph B ___ 2. Paragraph C ___ 3. Paragraph D ___ 4. Paragraph E ___ 5.Paragraph F ___
Questions 6 – 10 (5pts)
Complete the summary using the list of words, A—1, below.
Write the correct letter, A—I, in boxes 6-10 on your answer sheet.
Weather during the Little Ice Age
Documentation of past weather condition is limited: our main sources of knowledge of conditions in the distant past
are6................... and 7..................... . We can deduce that the Little Ice Age was a time of 8............... , rather than of consistent freezing.
Within it there were some periods of very cold winters, others of 9............. and heavy rain, and yet others that saw 10............. with no rain at all.
A climatic shifts B ice cores C tree rings
D glaciers E interactions F weather observations
G heat waves H storms I written accounts
Questions 11-15 (5pts) A. Medieval Warm Period B. Little Ice Age C. Modem Warm Period
11. Many Europeans started farming abroad in __________.
12. The cutting down of trees began to affect the climate during ___________.
13. In ______________Europeans discovered other lands.
14. Changes took place in fishing patterns in ____________.
15. Global temperature began to rise slowly with the beginning of __________ 57
I. Choose the best answer (A, B, C, or D) to each of the following questions.(20 pts) 1. D 2. A 3. B 4. D 5.D 6.A 7.B 8.B 9.C 10.A 11.A 12.C 13.D 14.B 15.A 16.C 17.A 18.C 19.B 20. D III.
1. the second (Line 2)→ a second
6. signature (Line 8)→ signing
2. and (intricate) (Line 4)→ an (intricate)
7. to investigate (Line 10)→ investigating
3. is functioned (Line 4)→ functions 8. for (Line 10)→ in
4. presenter (Line 5)→ representative
9. reciprocates (Line 11)→ reciprocate
5. promised (Line 7)→ promising
10. personnel (Line 13)→ personal IV. 1. with 2. in 3. to 4. of 5. in 6. away 7. off 8. up 9. down 10. off READING (50 points) 1. C. stresses 2. A. faulty 3. B. suffer 4. D. eventually 5. C. point 6. A. state 7. D. easily 8. B. Going 9. D. response 10. A. stand II. (10pts) 1. stress 2. in / during 3. Even 4. instead 5. who / that 6. themselves 7. at 8. how 9. suffer 10. the III 1.B 2.D 3.C 4.B 5.C 6.C 7.A 8.A 9.B 10.A IV. 1.ii 2.v 3.vii 4.ix 5.iv (10pts) 6. C 7.B 8.A 9.H 10.G 11.C 12.C 13.A 14.B 15.C ĐỀ 10
1. Harry doesn’t……. to great fame and fortune, he just wants to make a decent living. A. crave B. hanker C. yearn D. aspire
2. A lot of people are ………..to the damage that is being done to the environment. A. ignorant B. uninitiated C. blind D. unacquainted
3. She showed little ……………of the problems we were facing. A. affinity B. appreciation C. regard D. sensitivity
4. After a few weeks in the job, he ……..himself to be a valuable employee. A. established B. vindicated C. verified D. proved
5. This is the ………timetable for the conference. It may change later 58 A. conditional B. indefinite C. provisional D. indeterminate
6. They worked for six ………hours without a break. A. constant B. incessant C. solid D. perpetual
7. I wrote to them a fortnight ago but ……….I haven’t had a reply A. as yet B. these days C. so long D. just now
8. I couldn’t stop myself from ………..with boredom during the lecture. A. sighing B. gasping C. panting D. blowing
9. Sam has always taken the ………..that there is more to life than money. A. outlook B. view C. belief D. opinion
10. She didn’t show even a ………of emotion when the court found her guilty. A. gleam B. wink C. flicker D. flash.
11. Why do you always ask me a favour when I have got my ……….full? A. palms B. brains C. hands D. arms
12. I wouldn’t go so far as to …………my professional career on the unsafe enterprise. A. venture B. stake C. dare D. expose
13. They said I’d be on …………..for the first two or three weeks as they want to find out about my skills. A. testing B. examination C. inspection D. probation
14. We thank the host for their generous………..and got under way. A. hostility B. honesty C. hospitality D. hostage
15. It was …………to Mark that he had better withdraw from the game in case his knee injury got worse A. argumented B. recommended C. insisted D. appealed
16. Thousands of newcomers imagine this place to be their El Dorado where they can easily make a ……….start in life. A. plain B. fresh C. clean D. first
17. The silly gossip………to a panic among the private entrepreneurs who began closing their accounts in the National Bank. A. led B. prompted C. resulted D. aroused
18. The authorities probably want to be tough and won’t ……….to the hijackers’ absurd demands. A. abandon B. resign C. yield D. collapse
19. The Stetsons’ son must be ……….his family a lot of trouble and worry with his wild ideas. A. making B. developing C. providing D. giving
20. Pasta in its various forms is the ……….diet in Italy. A. common B. staple C. usual D. obvious
Exercise 3: We were making ………London but we turned off at Banbury by mistake.
1. Personally, I would put no faith ……….him- he’s the most unreliable person I know.
2. They ran ………….economic problems about half way through the season.
3. The board of directors has tried to put the case……….his removal from the team.
4. The management has put their declining popularity ……….to poor results.
5. Norwich was 3-1 down with only 2 minutes to go and there was little they could do to come ………..
6. The entire team have put ………..a good performance.
7. She worked as a nurse ………one time, but she’s been a pharmacist for 20 years now.
8. Most athletes are………the peak of their abilities between the age of 24 and 28.
9. They had four-day holiday, then began work ……earnest.
Exercise 4:. Feminine – feminist
A feminine is a person, usually a woman, who believes that women should be regarded as equally to men. She, or he, deplores discrimination
against women in the home, place of work or anywhere, and her principle enemy is the male chauvinist, who believes that men are naturally
super. Tired of being referred to as “the weaker sex”, women are becoming more and more militancy and are winning the age-old battle of 59
the sexes. They are sick to death of sexy jokes which poke fun at women. They are no longer content to be regarded as second-class citizens
in terms of economic, political and social status. They criticize beauty contests and the use of glamour female models in advertisements
which they describe as the exploit of female beauty, since women in these situations were represented as mere sex objects. We no longer live
in the male-dominate societies of the past. Let us hope, moreover, that the revolution stops before we have a boring world in which sex
doesn’t make much difference. We already have unisex hairdressers and fashions. What next? Part III.
DUTCH CHILDREN ENJOY FREEDOM.
“Let them be free” is the golden rule for child-rearing in the Netherlands. No wonder Dutch kids have been (1)………Europe’s most
fortunate by a recent UNICEF survey. From a tender age, their opinions are (2)………, their wishes respected, and there is no homework
until their last year in preparatory school. Some would (3)………that the tendency of Dutch society to encourage infants to experience
whatever they please has (4)…………. a whole generation into spoilt, undisciplined brats. Others says family members are remarkably
(5)………..with one another, feeling free to say anything, and that the way parents (6)……….with their children’s anxieties means that
the children are well-adjusted, which is (7)………..up by the results of the survey.
Dr Gerrit Breeusma, head of department psychology at the University of Groningen says the survey’s results came as no surprise.
“Children have always played a very important role in Holland but there were (8)………..within families during the Sixties, usually over
matters of discipline and conformity. As a result, the generation growing up at that time have made sure they (9)……..on better with their kids,” he added.
However, in several Dutch police precincts, such liberalism is not viewed positively. In an attempt to (10) ……….underage heavy
drinking, police have taken to bring home teenagers and threatening parents with obligatory attendance at courses on excessive alcohol
problems or hefty fines unless they keep their children under control. 1. A. compared B. put C. rated D. assessed 2. A. regarded B. valued C. recognized D. measured 3. A. argue B. criticize C. defend D. judge 4. A. resulted B. created C. brought D. turned 5. A. alike B. open C. true D. careful 6. A. empathize B. understand C. analyze D. handle 7. A. shown B. held C. made D. backed 8. A. beliefs B. conflicts C. decisions D. contradictions 9. A. follow B. carry C. get D. continue 10. A. tackle B. supervise C. extinguish D. dispose.
Exercise 2 BREAKING THE SILENCE
Experts have perfected a quick and relatively straightforward (1) ……….to restore hearing to profoundly deaf children. It has been possible
for some time to restore hearing by inserting an implant (2) ……….a part of the ear called the cochlea. But now doctors at Qeen’s Medical
Center insert the implant (3) ……… keyhole surgery. The procedure involves a technique which only (4) …….minimal scarring and
significantly reduces the risk of infection. The child’s hair (5) ……simply be pinned back while the operation takes (6) ….…..with the
additional benefits that there are no stitches to remove afterwards. Previously the operation was (7)… …….possible through a larger incision
in the skull, which meant there was a noticeable scar.
According to doctors at the Qeen’s Medical Center, new technology (8) ……allows them to operate on (9) ……younger children. At the
same time, this technique reduces the psychological effects as well as the physical scarring, both of which used to deter children and parents
(10)… ……. considering implantation as an option.
Exercise 3: Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever, an acute febrile illness, is transmitted to man by ticks. Prevention is attained primarily by
avoidance of tick-infested areas. When this impractical, personal prophylactic measures include the wearing of clothing which interferes with 60
attachment of ticks, i.e., boots and a one-piece outer garment, preferably impregnated with a tick repellent, and daily inspection of
the entire body, including the hairy parts, to detect and remove attached ticks.
In removing attached ticks, great care should be taken to avoid crushing the arthropod, with resultant contamination of the bite
wound. Touching the tick with gasoline or whisky encourages detachment, but gentle fraction with tweezers applied close to the mouth parts
may be necessary. The skin area should be disinfected with soap and water or other antiseptics. Similarly, precautions should be employed in
removing engorged ticks from dogs and other animals, since infection through minor abrasions on the hands is possible. Vaccines are available
commercially and should be used for those exposed to great risk, viz., persons frequenting highly endemic areas and laboratory workers exposed to the
agent. Since the broad-spectrum antibiotics were shown to be such excellent therapeutic agents in Spotted Fever, there has been less impetus for
vaccination of persons who run only a minor risk of infection.
1. What is the main purpose of the passage?
A. To describe the symptoms of Spotted Fever.
B. To explain how to treat Spotted Fever.
C. To warn of the danger of Spotted Fever.
D. To outline the types of Spotted Fever.
2. The word “acute” in line 1 is closet in meaning to A. fatal B. violent C. serious D. incurable.
3. From the passage, it can be inferred that ticks are A. prickly plants B. biting animals C. poisonous reptiles D. blood-sucking insects.
4. The word “this” refers to A. prevention B. avoidance C. attachment D. clothing
5. The author suggests all of the following as preventative measures against Spotted Fever EXCEPT A. removing hair from body
C. staying away from infested areas.
B. dressing in suitable clothes D. using appropriate sprays.
6. The word “fraction” could be replaced by A. dissection B. examination C. investigation D. removal
7. The author states that most people become ill with Spotted Fever through
A. squeezing the body of a tick B. playing with dogs C. working in laboratories
D. not washing with soap and water.
8. According to the passage, if whisky is applied to a tick, it
A. attaches itself to the mouth B. becomes very confused C. bites the person D. falls off the body
9. The word “impetus” is closest in meaning to A. haste B. need C. chance D. thought
10. The passage supports which of the following conclusions?
A. There is no known cure for Spotted Fever.
B. All people in the Rocky Mountains should vaccinated
C. Most medicines are ineffectual against Spotted Fever.
D. Spotted Fever is controllable with the use of suitable antibiotics.
Exercise 4: Section A 1. Section B 2. Section C 3. Section D 4. Section E List of Headings 61 (i)
How the problems of land scarcity has been overcome in the past. (ii)
Various predictions about future solutions to a lack of space (iii)
The effects of population growth on land availability (iv)
The importance of the new British Library (v)
An expanding population (vi)
A description of a mega-city (vii)
A firm belief that human habitation of outer space will occur (viii)
The importance of having an international space station. Section A
The world has changed dramatically since Thomas Malthus’s work An Essay on the principle of Population, first published in 1798,
argued that by the mid-1800s the unrestricted expansion of the human population would outgrow the agricultural land available to
supply humanity with food. Over 150 years have passed since this theoretical milestone but mankind, admittedly somewhat more
cramped, is still expanding and will continue to do so. Section B
The impact of unfettered population growth is clear for all to see. Urbanization is now a more evident worldwide phenomenon than
previously as even greater numbers of people drift from rural areas to vast cities all over the world like Tokyo, Mexico City and Mumbai
in their quest for a better life. These mega-cities are spring up in every continent. Now teaming with humanity, they are hungry for one
increasingly valuable resource: land
While developments in agricultural technology ensure humanity may be able, by and large, to feed the people flocking to these great
metropolises, the expansion of the human race is fuelling an unprecedented appetite for real estate. Space, whether it be for personal or
public use, corporate or national, human or flora/ fauna, is now at a premium as we move into a new century. Not only is more land
required for accommodation, but also for a wide range of infrastructure facilities. Transport systems including roads within and between
cities need to be constructed or upgraded to create motorways; green fields are turned into airports; virgin forest is stripped to provide
food and firewood. In poorer regions, this newly exposed land becomes desert, completing the cycle of destruction Section C
Hitherto, the most common practice for the utilization of expensive space for living and working has been to build upwards; hence,
the demand for ever higher buildings, both apartment and commercial, in major cities like New York, Shanghai and Singapore all vying
with each other for the tallest buildings. There has also been a tradition for building underground, not just for transport systems, but for
the storage of waste, depositories for books etc. as in London, where the British Library housing millions of books has been built largely underground.
Recent years have seen more novel construction developments around the world. In the past, in many countries, Holland and the UK
included, marshes and flood plains have been reclaimed from the sea. Like the city of Venice in Italy, housing complexes and even
airports have now been constructed off-shore to amazing effect. In Japan, Kansai International Airport has been built off-shore on a man-
made island at vast expense and in Dubai a very imaginative and expensive housing complex in the shape of a palm tree is being built just off the
coast on land created by a construction company. However, these and other developments are at risk from rising sea levels as a consequence of global warming. Section D
But where will the human race when planet earth is full? There have been many theories put forward about the human population
moving to outer space. Marshall Savage (1992, 1994), for example, has projected that the human population will reach five quintillion
throughout the solar system by the year 3000, with the majority living in the asteroid belt. Arthur C Clarke, a fervent supporter of
Savage, now argues that by the year 2057 there will be humans on the Moon, Mars, Europa, Ganymede, Titan, and in orbit around
Venus, Neptune, and Pluto. Feeman Dyson (1999) favors the Kuiper belt as the future home of humanity, suggesting this could happen within a few centuries. 62 Section E
Habitation in outer space in huge stations is no longer just a dream, but a reality. A permanent international space station now orbits
the earth. The first commercial tourist recently went into outer space with more trips planned for the near future. This is only a
beginning, but the development of space hotels is not far-off. There is no knowing where mankind may end up. But the ideas about off-
world habitation are not fanciful and I am sure I am not alone in fantasizing about summer holidays spent watching the moons rising in
some far-flung planet or on a floating hotel somewhere on the Andromeda nebula.
Questions 6-9: Choose NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS FROM THE PASSAGE for each answer.
6. The movement of rural people to cities is a ...............................
7. Land is now a very....................., as a result of the growing demand for space.
8. The feeding of the human race will perhaps be guarranteed by changes in .......
9. Besides the demands of accommodation, land is needed for various .................
Question 10: Decide if the following statement is TRUE, FALSE OR NOT GIVEN.
10. The destruction of land for food and firewood is linked to desertification. 1.D 2.C 3. B 4. D 5.C 6.C 7. A 8.A 9.B 10.C 11. C 12. B 13. D 14. C 15. B 16. B 17. A 18. C 19. D 20. B
Ex 3 (10 points- 1 point/item) 1. for 2. in 3. into 4. for 5. down 6. back 7. in 8. at 9. at 10. in. Exercise 4: 10 points 1. equally → equal 2. principle → principal 3. super → superior 4. militancy → militant 5. sexy → sexist 6. glamour → glamorous 7. exploit → exploitation 8. were → are
9. male-dominate → male-dominated 10. moreover → however Part III. 1. C 2. B 3. A 4. D 5. B 6. A 7. D 8. B 9. C 10. A Exercise 2. (10 points) 1. way 2. into 3. with/using 4. causes/leaves 5. can 6. place 7. only 8. now/also 9. much/far 10. from 63 Exercise 3: 10 points 1. B 2. C 3. D 4. B 5. A 6. D 7. A 8. D 9. A 10. D Exercise 4: 20 points 1. v 2 iii 3. i 4. ii 5. vii 6. worldwide
7. valuable resource 8. agricultural 9. infrastructure 10. YES phenomenon technology facilities ĐỀ 11
1. When it comes to the _______, Alice always supports her friends. A. point B. crunch C. crisis D. finale
2. Richard started the race well but ran out of _______ in the later stages. A. power B. steam C. force D. effort
3. The winter is usually mild, although we sometimes get a cold________ at the beginning of the year. A. spell B. term C. interval D. wave
4. Several passengers received minor injuries when the train unexpectedly came to a _______ A. delay B. stand C. brake D. halt
5. It was _______ of a surprise to Andrew that he got the job. A. rather B. something C. quite D. much
6. Please don’t_______ it a miss if I make a few suggestions for improvements. A. think B. assume C. take D. judge
7. He left the meeting early on the unlikely _______ that he had a sick friend to visit. A. claim B. excuse C. pretext D. motive
8. The girl felt _______ with hunger. A. faintly B. fainting C. fainted D. faint
9. My sunburnt nose made me feel rather _______for the first few days of the holiday.
A. self-confident B. self-centred C. self-conscious D. self-evident
10. Although the patient received intensive treatment, there was no_______ improvement in her condition. A. decipherable B. legible C. discernible D. intelligible
11. The down and outs under the railway bridge ________ stones at the rats to keep them away. A. struck B. beat C. hurled D. drove
12. Karen was terribly nervous before the interview but she managed to pull herself ________ and act confidently. A. through B. over C. together D. off
13. We ________ up a friendship the very first time we met. A. struck B. launched C. cropped D. settled
14. I was kept awake for most of the night by the ________ of a mosquito in my ear. A. moan B. groan C. whine D. screech
15. The real test of your relationship will come when you start to see your boyfriend ________ and all. A. faults B. spots C. moles D. warts
16. The actor was so nervous that he could only remember small ________ of dialogue. A. shreds B. pieces C. patches D. snatches 64
17. He ________ a yawn as the actor began yet another long speech. A. squashed B. suffocated C. submerged D. stifled
18. The only way to clean this box is to ________ it in soap and warm water. A. polish B. wash C. brush D. wipe
19. Rachel has a highly developed ________ of fine art. A. taste B. reaction C. liking D. appreciation
20. The air in the house felt cold and ________ after weeks of bad weather. A. wet B. damp C. moist D. watery
3. The passage below contains 10 mistakes. Underline the mistakes and correct them.
Oxford is a city with such a mind-blowing reputation that many who come here find them intimidated by the place and can’t wait
to leave, while others, taking with it like a duck to water, find themselves returning again and again. The college lawns provide a
gorgeous backdrop to seriously study, and in the right light, on a sunny winter’s morning saying, one feels as if one is floated on air,
such is the sense of unreality. Oxford may like to pretend that it is at the intellectual hub of things, but in many ways it is no less than
a sleepy backwater where, to mix metaphors, transitory students, the cream of their generation, wait for the wings, allowing their
talents to flourish before moving off into the industrial or political fast-lane. Much of this is the myth, of course. Hardship and hard
work are very much part and parcel of student life. The level-headed get through the three years’ hard grind by simple putting their
shoulders to the wheel before going on to fairly average jobs. Only for the tiny minor is Oxford the first step on the ladder to fame and fortune.
4. Complete each sentence with (a) suitable particle(s) or preposition(s).
1. The concert was so popular that people who had not bought tickets in advance were turned _______
2. I agree with what you said, but I can't go _______ your idea of letting children leave school at 14.
3. Learning English isn't difficult once you get ______it.
4. Owning to circumstances _______ our control, the flight to Rome has been canceled.
5. What chemical is this? It's giving _______ a horrible smell.
6. _________ receipt of your instruction, I immediately sent a telex message to Algeria.
7. What made Peter walk out _________ his family and his job? Where did he go and why?
8. We put his rude manner _________ ignorance of our British customs.
9. The teacher waited for the noise to die_________ before she continued to speak.
10. No witnesses to the murder have come_________ and the police are struggling to solve the crime. III. READING(50PTS)
1. Choose the most suitable option to complete the passage
China (1) _______ the world's most populous country for centuries and today(2) _______ up one-fifth of the world's population. It is
no surprise that China'shuge population, tumultuous demographic history, and possible future have attracted the world's (3) _______ .
The country's growing economic strength, combined with its demographic might, ensures it will stay in the limelight for a long time to come.
The country has (4) _______ enormous social, economic, and political (5) _______
over the past 50 years, but many of the issues that Chinese society (6) _______ today are also closely connected to past demographic
change. Because of the rapid and extensive fertility declines in China in the past 30 years, the country's (7) _______ of population
growth has slowed considerably. The country's population of 1.3 billion in the early 2000s is projected to grow by (8) _______ 100
million by 2050. India - with its higher fertility levels - (9) _______ forecast to move ahead of China in total population (10) by 2035. 1 A has been B had been C became D. becomes 65 2 A builds B takes C has D. makes 3 A focus B concentration C attention D. notice 4 A undergone B underdone C underdeveloped D. undercut 5 A changes B differences C progresses D. exchanges 6 A solves B faces C discusses about D. handles 7 A speed B level C rate D. amount 8 A other B the other C others D. another 9 A has B is C had D. was 10 A number B size C total D. amount
2. Read the text below and think of the word which best fits each space. Use only ONE WORD for each space.
One of the main problems facing the environmental movement is that it may become a victim of its own success. It is now
generally accepted that issues such as global warning need to be( 1)…………………. with seriously, and that the Scandinavian forests
are being destroyed ( 2)…………… to the effects of
( 3)……………… rain. Views ( 4)…………… these have now become an accepted part of the political scene, and consumers are
constantly bombarded with green or ( 5)…………….friendly products. However, this does not mean that environmental groups can
now afford to relax. On the (6)…………………, the green movement must consider how the momentum will( 7) ……………sustained when
the current enthusiasm has (8)………………. The environment must not be ( 9)………………….. to fade from people’s minds, because the
progress of ecological collapse has already been ( 10)……………. in train , and so far very little has been done to reverse it.
3. By the mid-nineteenth century, the term "icebox" had entered the American language, but ice was still only beginning to affect the
diet of ordinary citizens in the United States. The ice trade grew with the growth of cities. Ice was used in hotels, taverns, and
hospitals, and by some forward-looking city dealers in fresh meat, fresh fish, and butter. After the Civil War (1861-1865), as ice was
used to refrigerate freight cars, it also came into household use. Even before 1880, half the ice sold in New York, Philadelphia, and
Baltimore, and one-third of that sold in Boston and Chicago, went to families for their own use. This had become possible because a
new household convenience, the icebox, a precursor of the modern refrigerator, had been invented.
Making an efficient icebox was not as easy as we might now suppose. In the early nineteenth century, the knowledge of the
physics of heat, which was essential to a science of refrigeration, was rudimentary. The commonsense notion that the best icebox
was one that prevented the ice from melting was of course mistaken, for it was the melting of the ice that performed the cooling.
Nevertheless, early efforts to economize ice included wrapping the ice in blankets, which kept the ice from doing its job. Not until
near the end of the nineteenth century did inventors achieve the delicate balance of insulation and circulation needed for an efficient icebox.
But as early as 1803, an ingenious Maryland farmer, Thomas Moore, had been on the right track. He owned a farm about
twenty miles outside the city of Washington, for which the village of Georgetown was the market center. When he used an icebox of
his own design to transport his butter to market, he found that customers would pass up the rapidly melting stuff in the tubs of his
competitors to pay a premium price for his butter, still fresh and hard in neat, one-pound bricks. One advantage of his icebox, Moore
explained, was that farmers would no longer have to travel to market at night in order to keep their produce cool.
1. What does the passage mainly discuss?
The influence of ice on the diet.
The development of refrigeration.
The transportation of goods to market.
Sources of ice in the nineteenth century.
2. According to the passage, when did the word "icebox" become part of the language of the United States? In 1803. 66 Sometime before 1850. During the Civil War.
Near the end of the nineteenth century.
3. The phrase "forward-looking" is closest in meaning to _______ . progressive popular thrifty well-established
4. The author mentions“ fish” because _______ .
many fish dealers also sold ice
fish was shipped in refrigerated freight cats
fish dealers were among the early commercial users of ice
fish was not part of the ordinary person's diet before the invention of the icebox
5. The word "it" refers to _______ . fresh meat the Civil War ice a refrigerator
6. According to the passage, which of the following was an obstacle to the development of the icebox?
Competition among the owners of refrigerated freight cars.
The lack of a network for the distribution of ice.
The use of insufficient insulation.
Inadequate understanding of physics.
7. The word "rudimentary" is closest in meaning to _______ . growing undeveloped necessary uninteresting
8. According to the information in the second paragraph, an ideal icebox would _______
completely prevent ice from melting stop air from circulating allow ice to melt slowly
use blankets to conserve ice
9. The author describes Thomas Moore as having been "on the right track" to indicate that_______ .
the road to the market passed close to Moore's farm
Moore was an honest merchant
Moore was a prosperous farmer
Moore's design was fairly successful
10. According to the passage, Moore's icebox allowed him to _______________________ _______ .
charge more for his butter travel to market at night
manufacture butter more quickly 67
produce ice all year round 4. JARGON A
Jargon is a loaded word. One dictionary defined it, neatly and neutrally, as ‘the technical vocabulary or idiom of a special activity
or group’, but this sense is almost completely overshadowed by another: ‘obscure and often pretentious language marked by a
roundabout way of expression and use of long words’. For most people, it is this second sense which is at the front of their minds
when they think about jargon. Jargon is said to be a bad use of language, something to be avoided at all costs. No one ever describes it
in positive terms (‘that was a delightful piece of rousing jargon’). Nor does one usually admit to using it oneself: the myth is that
jargon is something only other people employ. B
The reality, however, is that everyone uses jargon. It is an essential part of the network of occupations and pursuits that make up
society. All jobs present an element of jargon, which workers learn as they develop their expertise. All hobbies require mastery of
jargon. Each society grouping has its jargon. The phenomenon turns out to be universal - and valuable. It is the jargon element which,
in a job, can promote economy and precision of expression, and thus help make life easier for the workers. It is also the chief
linguistic element which shows professional awareness (‘know-how’) and social togetherness (‘shoptalk’). C
When we have learned to command it, jargon is something we readily take pleasure in, whether the subject area is motorcycles,
knitting, cricket, baseball or computers. It can add pace, variety and humour to speech - as when, with an important event
approaching, we might slip into NASA-speak, and talk about countdown, all systems go, and lift-off. We enjoy the mutual showing-off
which stems from a fluent use of terminology, and we enjoy the in-jokes which shared linguistic experience permits. Moreover, we
are jealous of this knowledge. We are quick to demean anyone who tries to be part of our group without being prepared to take on its jargon. D
If jargon is so essential a part of our lives, why then has it had such a bad press? The most important reason stems from the way
jargon can exclude as well as include. We may not be too concerned if we find ourselves faced with an impenetrable wall of jargon
when the subject matter has little perceived relevance to our everyday lives, as in the case of hydrology, say, or linguistics. But when
the subject matter is one where we feel implicated, and think we have a right to know, and the speaker uses words which make it
hard for us to understand, then we start to complain; and if we suspect that the obfuscation is deliberate policy, we unreservedly
condemn, labeling it gobbledegook and calling down public derision upon it. E
No area is exempt, but the fields of advertising, politics and defence have been especially criticized in recent years by the various
campaigns for Plain English. In these domains, the extent to which people are prepared to use jargon to hide realities is a ready
source of amusement, disbelief and horror. A lie is a lie, which can be only temporarily hidden by calling it an ‘inoperative statement’
or ‘an instance of plausible deniability’. Nor can a nuclear plant explosion be suppressed for long behind such phrases as ‘energetic
disassembly’, ‘abnormal evolution’ or ‘plant transient’. F
While condemning unnecessary or obscuring jargon in others, we should not forget to look out for it in ourselves. It is so easy to
‘slip into’ jargon, without realizing that our own listeners/ readers do not understand. It is also tempting easy to slip some jargon into
our expression, to ensure that others do not understand. And it is just as easy to begin using jargon which we ourselves do not
understand. The motivation to do such apparently perverse things is not difficult to grasp. People like to be ‘in’, to be part of an
intellectual or technical elite; and the use of jargon, whether understood or not, is a badge of membership. Jargon, also, can provide a
lazy way into a group or an easy way of hiding uncertainties and inadequacies: when terminology slips plausibly from the tongue, it is
not essential for the brain to keep up. Indeed some people have developed this skill to professional levels. And certainly, faced with a 68
telling or awkward question, and the need to say something acceptable in public, slipping into jargon becomes a simple way out, and can soon become a bad habit. Questions 1-5
The Reading has six paragraphs, A-F. Choose the correct heading for each paragraph from the list of headings below. LIST OF HEADINGS i
The benefits of simple language ii A necessary tool iii
A lasting way of concealing disasters iv The worst offenders v
A deceptively attractive option vi Differing interpretations vii Publicising new words viii Feeling shut out ix Playing with words 1. Paragraph A …………… 2. Paragraph B …………… Paragraph C
…… ix …… 3. Paragraph D …………… 4. Paragraph E …………… 5. Paragraph F …………… Questions 6-10
Complete the summary using the list of words A-H below. THE UP-SIDE OF JARGON A know-how B possessiveness C shop-talk D efficiency E pleasure F command G humour H feeling
Jargon plays a useful part in many aspects of life including leisure. For example, when people take up pastimes, they need to
develop a good (6)……………………… of the relevant jargon. During discussion of these or other areas of interest, conversation can
become more exciting and an element of (7)……………………… can be introduced by the use of shared jargon.
Jargon is particularly helpful in the workplace. It leads to more (8)……………………… in the way colleagues communicate during
work hours. Taking part in (9)……………………… during moments of relaxation can also help them to bond better.
It is interesting that members of a group, whether social or professional, often demonstrate a certain (10)………………………
towards the particular linguistic characteristics of their subject area and tend to regard new people who do not wish to learn the jargon with contempt. 1. 1.B 2. B 3.A 4.D 5.B 6.C 7.C 8.D 9.C 10.C 11C 12C 13A 14C 15D 16D 17D 18B 19D 20B
3. Oxford is a city with such a mind-blowing reputation that many who come here find themselves intimidated by the place and can’t
wait to leave, while others, taking to it like a duck to water, find themselves returning again and again. The college lawns provide a
gorgeous backdrop to serious study, and in the right light, on a sunny winter’s morning say, one feels as if one is floating on air, such 69
is the sense of unreality. Oxford may like to pretend that it is at the intellectual hub of things, but in many ways it is no more than a
sleepy backwater where, to mix metaphors, transitory students, the cream of their generation, wait in the wings, allowing their
talents to flourish before moving off into the industrial or political fast-lane. Much of this is a myth, of course. Hardship and hard
work are very much part and parcel of student life. The level-headed get through the three years’ hard grind by simply putting their
shoulders to the wheel before going on to fairly average jobs. Only for the tiny minority is Oxford the first step on the ladder to fame and fortune. 4. 1. away 2. along with 3. down to 4. beyond 5. off 6. on 7. on 8. down to 9. down 10. forward III. 1A 2D 3C 4A 5A 6B 7C 8D 9B 10B 2. 1. dealt 2. due 3. acid 4. like 5. environmentally 6. contrary 7. be 8. passed 9. allowed 10. set.
3. 1B 2B 3A 4C 5C 6D 7B 8C 9D 10A 4 1. vi 2. ii 3. viii 4. iv 5. v 6. command 7. humour 8. efficiency 9. shop-talk 10. possessiveness ĐỀ 12:
1. He’s a tough politician- he knows how to _________the storm. A. run down B. keep up C. push back D. ride out
2. You must _________ work. Otherwise you’ll end up with an unimaginable backlog of tasks. A. portion B. assign C. delegate D. entrust
3. I’m so _________ under with work at the moment – it’s awful! A. snowed B. iced C. rained D. fogged
4. His public announcement of the secret plans was dealt a sheer_________ of confidence and was heavily criticized by other members of the council. A. damage B. breach C. crash D. fracture
5. Don’t call Pam just now. Something has gone wrong with the computer; she’s _________ because she can’t get the data she needs. A. in a stew B. out of a rut C. in the swim D. under the sink
6. The needs of gifted children in schools have long been _________neglected. A. dolefully B. woefully C. idly D. Pathetically
7. A sharp frost _________ the beginning of winter. A. advertised B. predicted C. heralded D. showed
8. The old man led a _________ existence after she left and refused even to see his children. A. reclusive B. deserted C. remote D. vacant
9. Having planned our weekends to watch football, we found the news of the home team’s players’ strike most _________.
A. disconcerting B. refreshing C. activating D. debilitating
10. Dominant individuals may use _________ gestures to underline their power. A. submissive B. expansive C. flirtatious D. nervous 70
11. The elderly are particularly _________ to this form of illness. A. wimpy B. weak C. vulnerable D. trivial
12. It was Alice’s year: a new home, a better job – everything just clicked into _________. A. spot B. position C. space D. place
13. Serena is still _______ ignorant of the fact that she is about to be made redundant. A. blissfully B. delightedly C. jubilantly D. ecstatically
14. The UN has called for an immediate _______ of hostilities. A. cessation B. deletion C. cancellation D. ceasefire
15. Although the twins look identical, they have widely _______ opinions on almost every topic under the sun. A. dissimilar B. divergent C. distinct D. distinguished
16. We'd all been at school together for 12 years and at our leaving celebrations we _______ eternal friendship. A. pledged B. undertook C. confided D. assured
17. It was a close _______ but we just made it to the airport on time for our flight. A. run B. drive C. call D. go
18. Not many people are good at assessing their own abilities and Mark must be _______ for recognising that he would never become a great musician. A.merited B. advocated C. commended D. talented
19. The recently discovered documents _______ credence to Professor Vaughan's interpretation of events. A. lend B. provide C. afford D. supply
20. The princess's nanny's autobiography really gives the _______ on life among the royals. A. know-how B. low-down C. look-out D. show-down
Part 2:Non-Verbal Communication
Sociological research points to the theory that certain ways of positioning or moving the body have a direct (1-CORRELATE)
___________ with how one is perceived. People emit an aura of strength or power dependent on posture, gestures and eye movement. Quick,
enthusiastic, (2- MEAN) ___________ movements and gestures suggest a dynamic, alert person. People who look at, and maintain eye
contact with their audience while conversing with them exude confidence and (3- FEAR) ___________
Somebody who is relaxed enough to stand before his audience without any(4- VISION) ___________ signs of stress exudes self-
assuredness and honesty. Even though these people are comfortable in their stance, they hold themselves erect and avoid looking round-
shouldered or hunched over. Being lazy with one’s posture could be (5- INDICATE) ___________of defeat, while standing tall and proud
paints a picture of one who is in charge.
Being conscious of one’s posture and gestures when sitting is also (6- CONDUCT) ___________ to creating the right impression on
the (7- HOLD) ___________. When one wishes to appear self-assured and knowledgeable in an important (8- PERSON) ___________
situation where sitting is required, a high, straight-backed chair should be chosen when possible. Placing and clasping the hands behind the
head, with elbows stretched to the sides, adds to the impression of comfortable (9- ASSERT) ___________. It also keeps the hands under
control and out of danger of (10- WANT) ___________ fidgeting
Part 3: The shift from silent to sound film in the end of the 1920 marks, so far, the most important transformation in motion picture history.
Despite all the highly visible technological developments in theatrical and home delivery of the moved image that have occurred over the
decades since then, no single innovation has come closely to being regarded as a similar kind of watershed. In nearly every language,
however the words are phrased, the most basic division in cinema history lies in films that are mute and films that speak.
Yet this most fundamental standard of historic periodization conceals a host of paradoxes. Nearly every movie theater, although modest, had
a piano or organ to provide musical accompaniment to silent pictures. In many instances, spectators in the era before recording sound 71
experienced elaborate aural presentations alongside movies' visual images, from the Japanese benshi (narrators) crafting multivoiced dialogue
narrative to originally musical compositions performed by symphony-size orchestras in Europe and the United States. Beyond that, the
triumph of recorded sound has overshadowed the rich diversity of technological and aesthetic experiments with the visual image that were
going forward simultaneously in the 1920s. New color processes, larger or differently shaped screen sizes, multiple-screen projections, even
television, were among the developments invented or tried out during the period, sometimes with startle success. Your answers:
Example: 0. in->at (line 1)
Part 41. I'm tired and stressed and the kids have been acting________ all day. They don't seem to know how to behave properly.
2. I met Harold in the supermarket. He was asking________ you and I said you were fine and really happy about this new job you've got.
3. If someone phones me while I am in the meeting, I will have to break________ for a few minutes as I am expecting a really important call.
4. Sales are up 10% on this period last year. We need to build ________ that if we are to save this company.
5. Don’t take ________ your bad friends any more or you’ll regret it!
6. Even old Henry Spalding, who has returned to Wellington in the spring, added his signature ________good measure.
7. It was my first day on patrol and they threw me ________the deep end.
8. He’s not feeling well at the moment, but he should be up and ________again in a few days.
9. I only get _________________watching TV when the children are in bed.
10. He says he knows nothing about the missing documents but I’m sure he is holding _________________me.
III.READING (50/200 points)
Peoples' personalities vary considerably from one another as there are no two alike. Our ingrained characteristics which determine the
patterns of our behaviour, our reactions and temperaments are unparalleled on (1) ________of the diversified processes that mould our
personality in the earliest (2) ________of human development.
Some (3) ________ of character may to some extent be hereditary simulating the attributes that (4) ________ our parents. Others may(5)
________ from the conditions experienced during pregnancy and infancy in this way reflecting the parents' approach towards (6) ________ their offspring.
Consequently, the environmental factor (7) ________a crucial role in strengthening or eliminating certain behavioural systems making an
individual more prone to (8) ________ to the patterns that deserve a prize.
Undoubtedly, human personality(9) ________ the most profound and irreversible formation during the first period of its development, yet,
certain characteristics may still be (10) ________ to considerable changes conditioned by different circumstances and situations. 1. A. account B. means C. token D. event 2. A. states B. instants C. terms D. stages 3. A .factors B. traits C. items D. breeds 4. A. identify B. recognize C. associate D. pertain 5. A. rise B. relate C. stem D. formulate 6. A. breeding B. rearing C. growing D. yielding 7. A. makes B. does C. finds D. plays 8. A. comfort B. pledge C. aquiesce D. obey 9. A .undergoes B. undertakes C. underacts D. underlies 10. A. practicable B. feasible C. subject D. potential
Part 2: Aggression has long been a natural feature of human behavior, perhaps ever since the emergence of the earliest hominids. However,
there is no (1) ________for organized group conflict before about 12,000 years ago. The development of (2) ________conflict was closely
linked to changes in economy and society, (3) ________ probably became more serious after the adoption of agriculture. Larger population
put greater pressure on land and resources, and thus increased tension between neighbors. Settled farmers also had food stores, herd animals 72
and standing crops to steal. The stresses associated with the emergence of more hierarchical societies (4) ________ over by chiefs and kings
may (5) ________ have played an important part in the growth of inter-group conflict.
As human communities became organized into larger units (6) ________ warfare they waged became even more lethal. States had greater
resources (7) ________ for aggression, defence and the development of new weapons. The (8) ________ records of ancient societies tell of
full time specialists employed by the state to produce armor and weaponry, and expensively-equipped elite forces (9)________ into being.
Sometimes the (10) ________social and economic order was molded around the Demands of warfare. The feudal system of medieval Europe,
for example, had as one of its principal objectives, the maintenance of a force of armored knights.
Part 3: Types of Social Groups
Life places us in a complex web of relationships with other people. Our humanness arises out of these relationships in the course of
social interaction. Moreover, our humanness must be sustained through social interaction—and fairly constantly so. When an association
continues long enough for two people to become linked together by a relatively stable set of expectations, it is called a relationship.
People are bound within relationships by two types of bonds: expressive ties and instrumental ties. Expressive ties are social links
formed when we emotionally invest ourselves in and commit ourselves to other people. Through association with people who are meaningful
to us, we achieve a sense of security, love, acceptance, companionship, and personal worth. Instrumental ties are social links formed when we
cooperate with other people to achieve some goal. Occasionally, this may mean working with instead of against competitors. More often, we
simply cooperate with others to reach some end without endowing the relationship with any larger significance.
Sociologists have built on the distinction between expressive and instrumental ties to distinguish between two types of groups:
primary and secondary. A primary group involves two or more people who enjoy a direct, intimate, cohesive relationship with one another.
Expressive ties predominate in primary groups; we view the people as ends in themselves and valuable in their own right. A secondary group
entails two or more people who are involved in an impersonal relationship and have come together for a specific, practical purpose.
Instrumental ties predominate in secondary groups; we perceive people as means to ends rather than as ends in their own right. Sometimes
primary group relationships evolve out of secondary group relationships. This happens in many work settings. People on the job often
develop close relationships with coworkers as they come to share gripes, jokes, gossip, and satisfactions.
A number of conditions enhance the likelihood that primary groups will arise. First, group size is important. We find it difficult to
get to know people personally when they are milling about and dispersed in large groups. In small groups we have a better chance to initiate
contact and establish rapport with them. Second, face-to-face contact allows us to size up others. Seeing and talking with one another in close
physical proximity makes possible a subtle exchange of ideas and feelings. And third, the probability that we will develop primary group
bonds increases as we have frequent and continuous contact. Our ties with people often deepen as we interact with them across time and
gradually evolve interlocking habits and interests.
Primary groups are fundamental to us and to society. First, primary groups are critical to the socialization process. Within them,
infants and children are introduced to the ways of their society. Such groups are the breeding grounds in which we acquire the norms and
values that equip us for social life. Sociologists view primary groups as bridges between individuals and the larger society because they
transmit, mediate, and interpret a society's cultural patterns and provide the sense of oneness so critical for social solidarity.
Second, primary groups are fundamental because they provide the settings in which we meet most of our personal needs. Within
them, we experience companionship, love, security, and an overall sense of well-being. Not surprisingly, sociologists find that the strength of
a group's primary ties has implications for the group's functioning. For example, the stronger the primary group ties of a sports team playing
together, the better their record is.
Third, primary groups are fundamental because they serve as powerful instruments for social control. Their members command and
dispense many of the rewards that are so vital to us and that make our lives seem worthwhile. Should the use of rewards fail, members can
frequently win by rejecting or threatening to ostracize those who deviate from the primary group's norms. For instance, some social groups
employ shunning (a person can remain in the community, but others are forbidden to interact with the person) as a device to bring into line
individuals whose behavior goes beyond that allowed by the particular group. Even more important, primary groups define social reality for 73
us by structuring our experiences. By providing us with definitions of situations, they elicit from our behavior that conforms to group-devised
meanings. Primary groups, then, serve both as carriers of social norms and as enforcers of them.
1. The word complex in the passage is closest in meaning to 1.A. delicate B. elaborate C. private D. common
2. According to paragraph 1, which of the following is true of a relationship?
A. It is a structure of associations with many people.
B. It should be studied in the course of a social interaction.
C. It places great demands on people.
D. It develops gradually overtime.
3. The word endowing in the passage is closest in meaning to A. leaving B. exposing C. providing D. understanding
4. Which of the following can be inferred about instrumental ties from the author's mention of working with competitors in paragraph 2?
A. Instrumental ties can develop even in situations in which people would normally not cooperate.
B. Instrumental ties require as much emotional investment as expressive ties.
C. Instrumental ties involve security, love, and acceptance.
D. Instrumental ties should be expected to be significant.
5. According to paragraph 3, what do sociologists see as the main difference between primary and secondary groups?
A. Primary groups consist of people working together, while secondary groups exist outside of work settings.
B. In primary groups people are seen as means, while in secondary groups people are seen as ends.
C. Primary groups involve personal relationships, while secondary groups are mainly practical in purpose.
D. Primary groups are generally small, while secondary groups often contain more than two people.
6. Which of the following can be inferred from the author's claim in paragraph 3 that primary group relationships sometimes evolve out of
secondary group relationships?
A. Secondary group relationships begin by being primary group relationships.
B. A secondary group relationship that is highly visible quickly becomes a primary group relationship.
C. Sociologists believe that only primary group relationships are important to society.
D. Even in secondary groups, frequent communication serves to bring people into close relationships.
7. The phrase size up in the passage is closest in meaning to A. enlarge B. evaluate C. impress D. accept
8. Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change
the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.
A. Sociologists think that cultural patterns establish connections between the individual and the larger society.
B. Sociologists believe that individuals with a sense of oneness bridge the gap between society and primary groups.
C. Sociologists think primary groups contribute to social solidarity because they help maintain a society's cultural patterns.
D. Sociologists believe that the cultural patterns that provide social solidarity arise as bridges from primary groups.
9. This passage is developed primarily by
A. drawing comparisons between theory and practice
B. presenting two opposing theories
C. defining important concepts and providing examples of them
D. discussing causes and their effects
10. According to paragraph 7, why would a social group use shunning?
A. To enforce practice of the kinds of behavior acceptable to the group
B. To discourage offending individuals from remaining in the group 74
C. To commend and reward the behavior of the other members of the group
D. To decide which behavioral norms should be passed on to the next generation?
Part 4: Moles happy as homes go underground
A. The first anybody knew about Dutchman Frank Siegmund and his family was when workmen tramping through a field found a narrow
steel chimney protruding through the grass. Closer inspection revealed a chink of sky-light window among the thistles, and when amazed
investigators moved down the side of the hill they came across a pine door complete with leaded diamond glass and a brass knocker set into
an underground building. The Siegmunds had managed to live undetected for six years outside the border town of Breda, in Holland. They
are the latest in a clutch of individualistic homemakers who have burrowed underground in search of tranquillity.
B. Most, falling foul of strict building regulations, have been forced to dismantle their individualistic homes and return to more conventional
lifestyles. But subterranean suburbia, Dutch-style, is about to become respectable and chic. Seven luxury homes cosseted away inside a high
earth-covered noise embankment next to the main Tilburg city road recently went on the market for $296,500 each. The foundations had yet
to be dug, but customers queued up to buy the unusual part-submerged houses, whose back wall consists of a grassy mound and whose front is a long glass gallery.
C. The Dutch are not the only would-be moles. Growing numbers of Europeans are burrowing below ground to create houses, offices, discos
and shopping malls. It is already proving a way of life in extreme climates; in winter months in Montreal, Canada, for instance, citizens can
escape the cold in an underground complex complete with shops and even health clinics. In Tokyo builders are planning a massive
underground city to be begun in the next decade, and underground shopping malls are already common in Japan, where 90 percent of the
population is squeezed into 20 percent of the landspace.
D. Building big commercial buildings underground can be a way to avoid disfiguring or threatening a beautiful or 'environmentally sensitive'
landscape. Indeed many of the buildings which consume most land -such as cinemas, supermarkets, theatres, warehouses or libraries -have no
need to be on the surface since they do not need windows.
E. There are big advantages, too, when it comes to private homes. A development of 194 houses which would take up 14 hectares of land
above ground would occupy 2.7 hectares below it, while the number of roads would be halved. Under several metres of earth, noise is
minimal and insulation is excellent. "We get 40 to 50 enquiries a week," says Peter Carpenter, secretary of the British Earth Sheltering
Association, which builds similar homes in Britain. "People see this as a way of building for the future." An underground dweller himself,
Carpenter has never paid a heating bill, thanks to solar panels and natural insulation.
F. In Europe the obstacle has been conservative local authorities and developers who prefer to ensure quick sales with conventional mass
produced housing. But the Dutch development was greeted with undisguised relief by South Limburg planners because of Holland's chronic
shortage of land. It was the Tilburg architect Jo Hurkmans who hit on the idea of making use of noise embankments on main roads. His
twofloored, four-bedroomed, twobathroomed detached homes are now taking shape. "They are not so much below the earth as in it," he says.
"All the light will come through the glass front, which runs from the second floor ceiling to the ground. Areas which do not need much
natural lighting are at the back. The living accommodation is to the front so nobody notices that the back is dark."
G. In the US, where energy-efficient homes became popular after the oil crisis of 1973, 10,000 underground houses have been built. A
terrace of five homes, Britain's first subterranean development, is under way in Nottinghamshire. Italy's outstanding example of subterranean
architecture is the Olivetti residential centre in Ivrea. Commissioned by Roberto Olivetti in 1969, it comprises 82 one-bedroomed apartments
and 12 maisonettes and forms a house/ hotel for Olivetti employees. It is built into a hill and little can be seen from outside except a glass
facade. Patnzia Vallecchi, a resident since 1992, says it is little different from living in a conventional apartment.
H. Not everyone adapts so well, and in Japan scientists at the Shimizu Corporation have developed "space creation" systems which mix light,
sounds, breezes and scents to stimulate people who spend long periods below ground. Underground offices in Japan are being equipped with
"virtual" windows and mirrors, while underground departments in the University of Minnesota have periscopes to reflect views and light.
I. But Frank Siegmund and his family love their hobbit lifestyle. Their home evolved when he dug a cool room for his bakery business in a
hill he had created. During a heatwave they took to sleeping there. "We felt at peace and so close to nature," he says. "Gradually I began
adding to the rooms. It sounds strange but we are so close to the earth we draw strength from its vibrations. Our children love it; not every
child can boast of being watched through their playroom windows by rabbits. 75 Questions 1-15 List of Headings
i A designer describes his houses
ii Most people prefer conventional housing
iii Simulating a natural environment
iv How an underground family home developed
v Demands on space and energy are reduced
vi The plans for future homes
vii Worldwide examples of underground living accommodation
viii Some buildings do not require natural light
ix Developing underground services around the world
x Underground living improves health
xi Homes sold before completion
xii An underground home is discovered Questions 10-15
complete the sentences below with words taken from the reading passage. Use NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS for each answer. Write
your answers in boxes 10-15 10. Many developers prefer mass-produced houses because they ..............
11. The Dutch development was welcomed by ............
12. Hurkmans’ houses are built into ............
13. The Ivrea centre was developed for .............
14. Japanese scientists are helping people ............. underground life.
15. Frank Siegmund’s first underground room was used for ........... 1D 2C 3A 4B 5A 6B 7C 8A 9A 10B 11C 12D 13A 14A 15B 16A 17C 18C 19A 20B
1. Part 3: 1920-> 1920s 6. although-> however 2. moved-> moving 7.recording-> recorded 3. closely-> close 8.narrative-> narratives 4. in-> between 9.originally-> original 5. historic-> historical 10.startle-> startling Part 4 1.up 2. after 3. off 4. on 5. up with 6.for 7. at 8. about 9. round to 10. Out on III. 1.A 2.D 3.B 4.A 5.C 6.B 7.D 8.A 9.A 10.C Part 2 (10pts) 1. evidence 2. such 3.and 4.ruled 5.aslo 6.the 7.available 8.written 9. came 10.complete/ whole/ entire Part 3: (10pts) 1. B 2.D 3.C 4.A 5.C 6.D 7.B 8.C 9.C 10.A Part 4: (20pts) 76 1. x 2. Xi 3. Ix 4.viii 5.v 6.i 7.vii 8. Iii 9. Iv 10. sell (more) quickly 11. (South Limberg) planners 12. (road/ noise) embarkments 13. (Olivetti) employees 14. adapt to
15. his bakery busmess / a cool room Đề 13
1. My uncle was _________ ill last summer but fortunately, he is now making a slow but steady recovery. A. critically B. deeply C. fatally D. seriously
2. The noise got __________ as the car disappeared into the distance. A. smaller B. fainter C. weaker D. slighter
3. It just so ________ that I was in their area that day, so I went to visit them. A. occurred B. happened C. chanced D. arose
4. Recent defeats have _______ his confidence in himself as a player. A. undermined B. disabled C. impeded D. hampered
5. Many local authorities realize there is a need to make _____ for disabled people in their housing programmes. A. assistance B. conditions C. admittance D. provision
6. It ________ rains whenever I go out without my umbrella. A. typically B. continually C. invariably D. infallibly
7. Only five readers have _________ the correct solution to our recent competition. A. qualified B. communicated C. submitted D. subscribed
8. He may be ________ to penicillin, so you should give him some test before giving him a shot. A. allergic B. reactive C. resistant D. preventive
9. Many elderly people have to live on the money they ___ when they were working. A. laid up B. put back C. set up D. put aside
10. He went _________a bad cold just before Christmas .
A. down with B. in for C. over D. through
11. His success can be put _________ his cleverness and good luck. A. up to B. up with C. down to D. forward
12. ________, the people who come to this club are in their twenties and thirties. A. By and large B. To agree C. All together D. Virtually
13. The development company ____ approval from the council for their plans for a new shopping centre. A. begged B. sought C. pleaded D. searched
14. The competition he set up for young musicians is another _______ of his life-long support for the arts. A. exposition B. manifestation C. token D. exhibition
15. A part-time job gives me the freedom to _________ my own interests. A. pursue B. chase C. seek D. catch
16. After so many years, it’s great to see him ______ his ambitions. A. get B. realize C. possess D. deserve
17. I ______ doubt whether he will actually carry out his threats. A. highly B. deeply C. absolutely D. seriously
18. Despite all the interruptions, he ______ with his work. 77 A. stuck at B. held on C. hung out D. pressed on
19. A good newspaper story must come right ______ and save the details for later. A. to date B. to the good C. to the point D. to the bone
20. In the end, I just lost my ______ and started gabbling incoherently. A. head B. mind C. brain D. intelligence Question3:
Most children with (0) health appetites are ready to eat almost anything
that is offering them and a child rarely dislikes food unless it is badly.
cooked. The way a meal is cooked and served is most important and
an attractive served meal will often improve a child’s appetite. Never
ask a child when he likes or dislikes a food and never discuss likes
or dislikes in front of him or allow nobody else to do so. If the father
says he hates fat meat or the mother refuses vegetables under the child’s
hearing, he is likely to copy this procedure. Take it for grant that he likes
everything and he probably will. Nothing healthy should be omitted out
the meal because of a supposing dislike. At meal times, it is a good idea
to give a child a small portion and let him come back for a second helping
other than give him as much as he is likely to eat at once. Do not talk
too much to the child during meal times, but let him get on with his food
and do not allow him to leave the table immediately before a meal or he
will soon learn to swallow his food so that he can hurry back to his toys.
Under no circumstances must a child be coaxed or forced to eat. Question 4 from off through at without across by down up on
1. His honesty is ______ question; nobody can doubt it.
2. The building of the new road has been held ______ by bad weather.
3. We can get ______ with eight computers in the lab at the moment, but we’ll need a couple more when the new staff arrive.
4. She established the school in 1960 and since then tens of thousands of children have passed ______ her school.
5. Judging _____ the time of day when something is done, one can decide how important an event is.
6. A convict escaped from prison and shook ______ the officers trying to follow him.
7. The teacher tried to explain the problem, but the explanation did not get ______ to the class.
8. People faint when the normal blood supply to the brain is suddenly cut ______.
9. Frequently single-parent children take ______ some of the functions that the absent adult in the house would have served.
10. He’s sometimes bad tempered but he’s a good fellow ______ heart.
PART III. In the north-west corner of the island paradise Isla Perlita, nestling in the shadow of Mount Machu,lies the sleepy village of San
Lorenzo . Off the beaten (1)_______ , there is nothing out of the ordinaryabout this quaint little village -nothing, thatis, apart from the
magnificent (2)_______ Bay Hotel. TheBay, as it is known locally, is a recent development catering for (3)_______travellers who enjoy 78
luxuryholiday-making. Famous throughout the island for the outstanding quality of its accommodation and theexcellence of its cuisine, the
Bay (4)_______ 30 guest suites, each with a charm and character of its own.Each suite looks (5)_______ Falmer Beach, commanding
breathtaking views of the four miles of whitesand, which gently shelves into the (6)_______ clear waters of the Crepuscan Sea. At the heart
of the BayHotel is personal, efficient and unobtrusive service. (7)_______ staff anticipate your every need in anatmosphere of quiet
professionalism and genuine friendliness. (8)_______ , the Bay Hotel is a place to get (9)_______ from the stresses of everyday life, and
whether it is (10)_______ away the hours soaking up the sun or taking advantage of the wide range of recreational activities that the hotel has
on offer, you can be sure that a holiday at the Bay truly is the holiday of a lifetime. 1. A. path B. track C. road D. way 2. A. starred B. stars C. star D. starring 3. A. disconcerting B. discerning C. distinctive D. discriminated 4. A. announces B. claims C. asserts D. boats 5. A. back on B. onto C. into D. down 6. A. crystal B. sky C. diamond D. pearl
7. A. Preoccupied B. Attentive C. Concentrated D. Undivided 8. A. All over B. For all C. Above all D. All along 9. A. out B. over C. off D. away 10. A. whiling B. wearing C. wending D. winding
Question 2: Autism is a mental disease which prevents those who suffer from it from communicating with the (1) ______ world. Victims
seem to live in a world of their own which, (2) ______ now, doctors are unable to penetrate. He illness was first (3) ______ a name in 1943,
and yet doctors have made very little progress in their understanding of the disease since then.
According to statistics, (4) ______ two and four children out of every 10,000 are born autistic. Often victims are not able to (5)
______, read or write. But (6) _______ is most extraordinary about illness is the fact that in other areas many of the children can perform
almost super-human feats of the brain. One of the more common skills these so-called autistic savants have is calendrical calculation, (7)
______ is the ability to say which day of the week a particular date falls (8) ______. Jackie, for instance, who is now 42 years old, could do
this from the age of six, when she first began to talk. She can tell you what day of the week it was on 1 April 1933 with (9) ______ a
moment’s hesitation. But if you ask her (10) ______ she does it, she’ll say she doesn’t know.
Question 3: The economic depression in the late-nineteenth-century United states contributed significantly to a growing movement in
literature toward realism and naturalism. After the 1870’s, a number of important authors began to reject the romanticism that had prevailed
immediately following the Civil War of 1861-1865 and turned instead to realism. Determined to portray life as it was, with fidelity to real life
and accurate representation without idealization, they studied local dialects, wrote stories which focused on life in specific regions of the
country, and emphasized the “true” relationship between people. In doing so, they reflected broader trends in the society, such as
industrialization, evolutionary theory which emphasized the effect of the environment on humans, and the influence of science.
Realists such as Joel Chandler Harris and Ellen Glasgow depicted life in the South; Hamlin Garland described life on the Great
Plains; and Sarah Orne Jewett wrote about everyday life in rural New England. Another realist, Bret Harte, achieved fame with stories that
portrayed local life in California mining camps. Samuel Clemens, who adopted the pen name Mark Twain, became the country’s most
outstanding realist author, observing life around him with a humorous and skeptical eye. In his stories and novels, Twain drew on his own
experiences and used dialects and common speech instead of literary language, touching off a major change in American prose style.
Other writers became impatient even with realism. Pushing evolutionary theory to its limits, they wrote of a world in which a cruel
and merciless environment determined human fate. These writers, called naturalists, often focused on economic hardship, studying people
struggling with poverty, and other aspects of urban and industrial life. Naturalists brought to their writing a passion for direct and honest
experience. Theodore Dreiser, the foremost naturalist writer, in novels such as Sister Carrie, grimly portrayed a dark world in which human
beings were tossed about by forces beyond their understanding or control. Dreiser thought that writers should tell the truth about human
affairs, not fabricate romance, and Sister Carrie, he said, was “not intended as a piece of literary craftsmanship, but was a picture of conditions.”
1. Which aspect of late-nineteenth-century United States literature does the passage mainly discuss?
A. The influence of science on literature.
B. The importance of dialects for realist writers 79
C. The emergence of realism and naturalism
D. The effects of industrialization on romanticism
2. The word “prevailed” in the passage is closest in meaning to ______. A. dominated B. transformed C. entered D. generalized
3. The word “they” in the passage refers to ______. A. authors B. dialects C. stories D. relationships
4. According to the passage, a highly significant factor in the development of realist and naturalist literature was ______. A. the Civil War
B. a recognition that romanticism was unpopular.
C. an increased interest in the study of common speech D. an economic depression
5. Realist writers took an interest in all of the following EXCEPT ______. A. human relationships
B. characteristics of different regions C. the idealization of life
D. social and historical theories
6. Why does the author mention “mining camps” in the passage?
A. To contrast the themes of realist and naturalist writers.
B. To illustrate how Bret Harte differed from other authors.
C. As an example of a topic taken up by realist writers.
D. As an example of how setting can influence literary style.
7. Which of the following wrote about life in rural New England?
A. Ellen Glasgow B. Sarah Orne Jewett C. Hamlin Garland D. Mark Twain
8. Mark Twain is considered an important literary figure because he ______.
A. was the first realist writer in the United States
B. rejected romanticism as a literary approach
C. wrote humorous stories and novels
D. influenced American prose style through his use of common speech
9. The word “foremost” in the passage is closest in meaning to ______.
A. most difficult B. interesting C. most focused D. leading
10. Which of the following statements about Theodore Dreiser is supported by the passage?
A. He mainly wrote about historical subjects such as the Civil War.
B. He novels often contained elements of humor.
C. He viewed himself more as a social commentator than as a literary artist.
D. He believed writers should emphasized the positive aspects of life.
Question 4: Sonja Henie 1
Sonja Henie was born in Kristiania, current Oslo. Her father had been a one-time World Cycling Champion and the Henie children were
encouraged to take up a variety of sports at a young age. Henie initially showed talent at skiing, and then followed her older brother Leif to
take up figure skating. As a girl, Henie was also a nationally ranked tennis player and a skilled swimmer and equestrienne. Once Henie began
serious training as a figure skater, her formal schooling ended. She was educated by tutors, and her father hired the best experts in the world,
including the famous Russian ballerina Tamara Karsavina, to transform his daughter into a sporting celebrity. 2
Henie won her first major competition, the senior Norwegian championships, at the age of 10. She then placed eighth in a field of eight at the
1924 Winter Olympics, at the age of eleven. During the 1924 program, she skated over to the side of the rink several times to ask her coach
for directions. But by the next Olympiad, she needed no such assistance. 80 3
Henie won the first of an unprecedented ten consecutive World Figure Skating Championships in 1927 at the age of fourteen. The results of
1927 World Championships, where Henie won in a 3-2 decision (or 7 vs. 8 ordinal points) over the defending Olympic and World Champion
Herma Szabo of Austria, were controversial, as all three of five judges that placed Henie first were Norwegian while Szabo received first-
place ordinals from an Austrian and a German judge. 4
Henie went on to win the first of her three Olympic gold medals the following year. She defended her Olympic titles in 1932 and in 1936, and
her World titles annually until 1936. She also won six consecutive European championships from 1931 to 1936. Henie's unprecedented three
Olympic gold medals haven't been matched by any ladies single skater since; neither are her achievements as ten-time consecutive World Champion. 5
Towards the end of her career, she began to be strongly challenged by younger skaters. However, she held off these competitors and went on
to win her third Olympic title at the 1936 Winter Olympics, albeit in very controversial circumstances with Cecilia Colledge finishing a very
close second. Indeed, after the school figures section at the 1936 Olympic competition, Colledge and Henie were virtually neck and neck with
Colledge trailing by just a few points. The closeness of the competition infuriated Henie, who, when the result for that section was posted on
a wall in the competitors' lounge, swiped the piece of paper and tore it into little pieces. The draw for the free skating then came under
suspicion after Henie landed the plum position of skating last, while Colledge had to perform second of the 26 competitors, which was clearly in Henie’s favor. 6
In addition to traveling to train and compete, she was much in demand as a performer at figure skating exhibitions in both Europe and North
America. Henie became so popular with the public that police had to be called out for crowd control on her appearances in various disparate
cities such as Prague and New York City. It was an open secret that, in spite of the strict amateurism requirements of the time, her father
demanded "expense money" for his daughter's skating appearances. Both of Henie's parents had given up their own pursuits in Norway in
order to accompany Sonja on her travels and act as her managers.
Paragraph headings:
A) Disputed achievements
B) Questionable behaviour
C) Work hard, play hard D) Teething troubles
E) Multiple sporting skills
F) Outside the skating rink
G) Questionable financial practices
H) Unparalleled achievements
Question 4 Trans Fatty Acids
A recent editorial in the British Medical Journal (BMJ), written by researchers from the University of Oxford, has called for food
labels to list trans fats as well as cholesterol and saturated fat.
Trans fats (or trims fatty acids) are a type of unsaturated fatty acid. They occur naturally in small amounts in foods produced
from I1uninant animals* e.g. milk, beef and lamb. However, most of the trans fatty acids in the diet are produced during the
process of partial hydrogenation (hardening) of vegetable oils into semi-solid fats. They are therefore found in hard margarines,
partially hydrogenated cooking oils, and in some bakery products, fried foods, and other processed foods that are made using these.
Trans fatty acids have an adverse effect on certain chemicals, known as lipids, which are found in the blood and have been
shown to increase the risk of heart disease. They also increase LDL-cholesterol (the 'bad cholesterol') and decrease HDL-
cholesterol (the 'good cholesterol'). They may also have adverse effects on cardiovascular disease risk that are independent of
an effect on blood lipids (Mozaffarian et al. 2006).
In a recent review of prospective studies investigating the effects of trans fatty acids, a 2% increase in energy intake from trans
fatty acids was associated with a 23% increase in the incidence of heart disease. The authors also reported that the adverse
effects of trans fatty acids were observed even at 'very low intakes (3% of total daily energy intake, or about 2-7g per day) (Mozaffarian et al. 2006).
However, in this recent review it is only trans fatty acids produced during the hardening of vegetable oils that are found to be
harmful to health. The public health implications of consuming trans fatty acids from ruminant products are considered to be 81 relatively limited.
Over the last decade, population intakes of trans fatty acids in the UK fell and are now, on average, well below the
recommended 2% of total energy set by the Department of Health in 1991, at 1.2% of energy (Henderson et at. 2003). This is
not to say that intakes of trans fatty. acids are not still a problem, and dietary advice states that those individuals who are in the
top end of the distribution of intake should still wake efforts to reduce their intakes.
Currently, trans fatty acids in foods are labelled in the USA, but not in the UK and Europe. The UK Food Standards Agency
(FSA) is in favour of the revision of the European directive that governs the content and format of food labels so that trans fatty
acids are labelled. This should enable consumers to make better food choices with regard to heart health (Clarke & Lewington 2006).
Recognising the adverse health effects of trans fatty acids, many food manufacturers and retailers have been systematically
removing them from their products in recent years. For example, they have been absent for some time from major brands of
margarine and other fat spreads, which are now manufactured using a different technique. Also, many companies now have
guidelines in place that are resulting in reformulation and reduction or elimination of trans fatty acids in products where they
have in the past been found, such as snack products, fried products and baked goods. Consequently, the vast majority of
savoury biscuits and crisps produced in the UK do not contain partially hydrogenated oils. Similarly, changes are being made to
the way bakery products are manufactured. For example, a leading European manufacturer of major brands of biscuits, cakes
and snacks has recently announced that these are now made without partially hydrogenated vegetable oils, a transition that
began in 2004. Alongside these changes, the manufacturer has also reported a cut in the amount of saturates. It is clear that a
major technical challenge in achieving such changes is to avoid simply exchanging trans fatty acids for saturated fatty acids,
which also have damaging health effects.
Foods that are labelled as containing partially-hydrogenated oils or fats are a source of trans fatty acids (sometimes 'partially-
hydrogenated' fats are just labelled as 'hydrogenated' fats). These foods include hard margarines, some fried products and
some manufactured bakery products e.g. biscuits, pastries and cakes.
It is important to note that intake may have changed in the light of reformulation of foods that has taken place over the past six
years in the UK, as referred to earlier. Furthermore, the average intake of trans fatty acids is lower in the UK than in the USA
(where legislation has now been introduced). However, this does not mean there is room for complacency, as the intake in
some sectors of the population is known to be higher than recommended. Questions 1-5
YES if the statement agrees with the information.
NO if the statement contradicts the information.
NOT GIVEN if there is no information on this
1. Trans fatty acids are found in all types of meat.
2. Health problems can be caused by the consumption of small amounts of trans fatty acids.
3. Experts consider that the trans fatty acids contained in animal products are unlikely to be a serious health risk.
4. In Britain, the intake of trans fatty acids is continuing to decline.
5. The amount of saturated fats in processed meats is being reduced by some major producers. Questions 6-8
Complete the sentences below.Choose NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS from the passage for each answer.
6. Scientists at Oxford University propose that information about trans fatty acids should be included on ………………..…..
7. The likelihood of a person developing.……………..…………..is increased by trans fatty acid consumption.
8. Partially hydrogenated oils are no longer found in most UK manufactured salty ………………………. 1. D 2. B 3. B 4. A 5. D 6.C 7. C 8. A 9. D 10. A 11. C 12. A 13. B 14. B 15. A 16. B 17. D 18. D 19. C 20. A
Question3: 1. offering > offered
2. attractive > attractively 3. when > whether 82 4. nobody > anybody 5. under > in/ within 6. grant > granted 7. out > from 8. supposing > supposed
9. other than > rather than 10. before > after
Question 4: 1. without 2. up 3. by 4. through 5. from 6. off 7. across 8. down 9. on 10. at PART III 1. B 2. C 3. B 4. D 5. B 6. A 7. B 8. C 9. D 10. A Question 2 1. outside 2. even 3. give 4. between 5. speak 6. what 7. that 8. on 9. scarcely 10. how Question 3: 1. C 2. A 3. A 4. D 5. C 6. C 7. B 8. D 9. D 10. C Question 4 Paragraph 1: ………… Paragraph 2: ………… Paragraph 3: ………… Paragraph 4: ………… Paragraph 5: ………… Paragraph 6: . ………… Question 4: 1. No 2. Yes 3. Yes 4. Not Given 5. Not Given 6. food labels
7. heart disease/ cardiovascular disease
8. biscuits and crips (in either order) ĐỀ 14
1. When it comes to the _______, Alice always supports her friends. A. point B. crunch C. crisis D. finale
2. Richard started the race well but ran out of _______ in the later stages. A. power B. steam C. force D. effort
3. The winter is usually mild, although we sometimes get a cold________ at the beginning of the year. A. spell B. term C. interval D. wave 83
4. Several passengers received minor injuries when the train unexpectedly came to a _______ A. delay B. stand C. brake D. halt
5. It was _______ of a surprise to Andrew that he got the job. A. rather B. something C. quite D. much
6. Please don’t_______ it a miss if I make a few suggestions for improvements. A. think B. assume C. take D. judge
7. He left the meeting early on the unlikely _______ that he had a sick friend to visit. A. claim B. excuse C. pretext D. motive
8. The girl felt _______ with hunger. A. faintly B. fainting C. fainted D. faint
9. My sunburnt nose made me feel rather _______for the first few days of the holiday.
A. self-confident B. self-centred C. self-conscious D. self-evident
10. Although the patient received intensive treatment, there was no_______ improvement in her condition. A. decipherable B. legible C. discernible D. intelligible
11. Nobody has any firm information, so we can only_________ on what caused the accident. A. guess B. contemplate C. speculate D. assume
12. Cars have been banned from the city center, which makes the area much safer for _________. A. passer-by B. onlookers C. footmen D. pedestrians
13. When I realized that I’d left my homework at home, I quickly_________ back to get it. A. crept B. dashed C. crawled D. drifted
14. The text doesn’t give you the answer explicitly- you have to _________it from the evidence. A. convert B. grasp C. reckon D. deduce
15. They will need time to _________ the proposals we have submitted. A. lash out B. scroll over C. shrivel D. mull over
16. Their decision on whether I get the job or not will be based mostly on my academic _________. A. credentials B. outstanding C. credits D. credibility
17. Retirement ages for men and women are currently at the center of a(n) _________debate. A. scorching B. fiery C. flamed D. exploded
18. The new science teacher was popular because she was _________with her classes. A. lenient B. conductive C. marked D. ameliorating
19. If she wins the prize again this year, it’ll be a real _________in her cap. A. nutshell B. gemstone C. feather D. landmark
20. The inn owner was so generous. What we consumed was _________the house.
III. I cannot stress too much the importance on watching your opponent, of knowing exactly where he is on the tennis court and what he is
doing. It is usually possible to work on the pattern of his game very early in a match. Test him at the front of the court. Try hitting one or two
balls up high to see how shots are like. The more quickly you discover his weakness, the easier the match should become.
Again and again it may be a good idea to give your opponent an opportunity of making a mistake. When, early in the match, it
seems that he is a very inaccurate player, but not a forceful one, then you should tempt him to play a winning shot. Give him the opening, for
there are some players who simply cannot hit winners. They will try to play an attacking game but they can quite finish it off. The way to
break down their steady game may be by putting them into the front of the court.
It is obviously wiser to try to decide at the beginning of the match whether your opponent is weaker on his left-hand or on his right-
hand-side, and then play a little more than fifty per cent of your shots down that side. Play a normal attacking game, or the game you think
you will win, but concentrate the weaker side. A number of players experience more trouble than another in the back corners of the court-
always be ready to recognize this weakness. Perhaps an opponent has a favorite backhand shot, but lacks certainty with his forehand shot.
Tempt him to play the forehand shot.
IV. 1. The concert was so popular that people who had not bought tickets in advance were turned _______
2. I agree with what you said, but I can't go _______ your idea of letting children leave school at 14.
3. Learning English isn't difficult once you get ______it.
4. Owning to circumstances _______ our control, the flight to Rome has been canceled.
5. What chemical is this? It's giving _______ a horrible smell.
6. _________ receipt of your instruction, I immediately sent a telex message to Algeria.
7. What made Peter walk out _________ his family and his job? Where did he go and why?
8. We put his rude manner _________ ignorance of our British customs. 84
9. The teacher waited for the noise to die_________ before she continued to speak.
10. No witnesses to the murder have come_________ and the police are struggling to solve the crime. READING(50P) UNIVERSAL WET WEEKEND
The weather across much of the British Isles (1) _________ settled last week, with a good (2) _________of sunshine. On Saturday, the
lunchtime temperature at Bridlington in the northeast of England was 28.2oC, which compared favourably with Alicante in southern Spain at
29oC. The rest of the world, however, was (3) _________ with some extreme conditions. A tropical storm, given the name Helen, hit Hong
Kong on Saturday morning, though her presence had been (4) _________ in (5) _________ From noon on Friday, the showers and (6)
_________ of rain became more and more frequent so that by midnight on Sunday, thirty-six hours later, there had been 333mm of rainfall,
not far off the (7) _________ for the month of August, at 367mm. Even on Sunday there was a (8) _________in Helen’s tail. The town centre
of Shanwei, near Hong Kong, was flooded when 468mm of rain fell in the sixty hours (9) _________ up to midday on Sunday, (10)
_________twice the normal August rainfall. 1. A. kept B. remained C. lasted D. held 2. A. extent B. quantity C. proportion D. deal 3. A. coping B. matching C. colliding D. queuing 4. A. waited B. found C. felt D. warned 5. A. light B. advance C. likelihood D. day 6. A. outbursts B. outbreaks C. outputs D. outlets 7. A. general B. standard C. medium D. average 8. A. sting B. prick C. stab D. poke 9. A. going B. leading C. taking D. approaching 10. A. only B. fairly C. hardly D. nearly
II. THE SAHARA MARATHON
One of the most amazing marathon races in the world is the Marathon of the Sands. It takes place every April in the Sahara Desert in the
south of Morocco, a part of the world where temperatures can reach fifty degrees centigrade. The standard length of a marathon is 42.5
kilometres but (1) _________one is 240 kilometres long and takes seven days to complete. It began in 1986 and now attracts about two
hundred runners, the majority of (2) _________ ages range from seventeen to forty-seven. About half of them come from France and the rest
from all over the world. From Britain it costs £2,500 to enter, which includes return air fares. The race is rapidly becoming more and more
popular (3) _________, or perhaps because of, the harsh conditions that runners must endure. They have to carry food and (4) _________else
they need for seven days in a rucksack weighing no more than twelve kilograms. In (5) _________to this, they are given a litre and a half of
water every ten kilometres. Incredibly, nearly (6) _________the runners finish the course. (7) _________man, Ibrahim El Journal, took part
in every race from 1986 to 2004. Runners do suffer terrible physical hardships. Sometimes they lose toenails and skin peels (8)
_________their feet. However, doctors are always on hand to deal (9) _________ minor injuries and to make sure that runners do not push (10) _________ too far.
III Joanne scanned the area around her, her small frame straining above the pile of wood. She had to wriggle her way through the wood and
rubble. It did not matter where she tried, they were all the same. The holes were too small and she used all her might to remove the obstacles,
pushing and shoving them out of the way, the noise ringing into the night. She was imprisoned. The silence was a far cry from the explosion
moments ago. Afraid to be heard, she tried to be as quiet as possible. It was an impossible and ludicrous task. The destruction left behind by
the men was far greater than their numbers. Their goals had probably been achieved. Those who did not escape were probably dead.
Telephone lines had been cut and lights had been shut off moments before the much feared raids began. Except for the cut-off in
communication, there was nothing to indicate that the men would soon arrive. Under the cover of darkness, the more fortunate ones had
managed to escape. Those near the border climbed through the holes in the fence, to seek refuge in the neighbouring country. 85
For weeks, the government had warned of an impending attack by the group. Initial apprehension turned to fear when the expected
day arrived. However, when nothing happened, everyone thought that the government had made a mistake. After all, how often within that
past year had they failed to deliver what had been promised to the citizens. First, the new lands promised to the farmers after the massive insect
attacks were insufficient and each farmer had to contend with land that was one third their original size. Then, there was the promise of
opening the economy to the international community, allowing many to sell their handicraft overseas but this never materialised. The people
soon became angry as they were being deceived and complacency about the raids was abounding in the community.
The environment was ripe for the triad attack. No one noticed the men ambling into the town. What made their attack even more
shocking was that the multitude of people returning from work and sitting down to a meal did not even notice the seven men walking past
their windows. Military uniform had been a common sight in the town ever since the government’s warning was announced. There was no
need for these men to run or hide. No one had seen them. Joanne inched her foot out of a gap and half crawled, half walked ahead. Every step
she took was painful. Mounted up by the lack of water for hours, the pain in her leg was excruciating and the more she walked, the more
bodies she saw. Arms and legs were sticking out from under piles of rubble and sometimes a lifeless face could be seen among the debris.
Everyone she saw was dead. Despite her situation, Joanne hoped that she would not be able to find any of her family members.
Suddenly, she saw a movement among a pile of rubble. She ran the short distance forward, glad for any sign of life in the place.
What she saw spurred her on and she pushed aside several pieces of wood and lifted an orange cloth, probably once a curtain. Groping about,
she managed to locate the little body and using all her might, dragged it out. The child could have been more than five years old. He was
covered in soot and his stomach heaved in and out in agony. His eyes were shut and only his breathing told her that he was still alive.
Joanne carried the child over her shoulder and squinted in the darkness, trying to locate her bearings. Her only hope was the border.
Moments ago, she had wanted to forgo everything, thinking that it was probably better to lie in the darkness until it eventually overcame her
and the feelings of loneliness would disappear. Now, she was encouraged to continue. If she could reach the border, she would be able to get
help. Looking around, she ran in the direction of what looked like spots of bright yellow light.
1. What was causing “the noise” in the first paragraph?
A. Her small frame straining above the pile of wood.
B. Her wriggling through the wood and rubble.
C. Her pushing and shoving the obstacles out of the way.
D. The explosion heard moments ago.
2. Why were the lights “shut off” in the second paragraph?
A. It enabled the people to escape from the place.
B. It led them to the neighbouring country.
C. It warned the people of the coming raids.
D. It was shut inadvertently by the raiders.
3. The word “apprehension” in the third paragraph is closest in meaning to ……. A. anxiety B. clairvoyance C. voidance D. incongruity
4. It can be inferred from the passage that _________
A. the government had yet to fail the people
B. the strange men were dressed in military uniform
C. the main target of the mentioned men were Joanne
D. there were numerous indications of the men’s arrival
5. What spurred Joanne to remove the wood and orange cloth?
A. The child’s stomach which was moving.
B. The short distance between her and the child. 86
C. The vague sight of a family member.
D. The lifeless faces seen among the debris.
6. The word “excruciating” in the fourth paragraph can best be replaced by _________ A. painless B. discerning C. piercing D. powerful
7. What is not mentioned as a cause of the pain in Joanne’s walk?
A. Her leg was then in physical agony.
B. She saw numerous dead bodies.
C. She walked in fear of the men approaching.
D. She was in need of being hydrated.
8. Which did not happen before the raids began?
A. The people were cut off from the outside world.
B. Militarily dressed men entered the town.
C. The small frames strained above the wood.
D. The people saw massive insect attacks.
9. The word “bearings” in the last paragraph can be substituted by the term _________
A. whereabouts B. collocations C. managements D. strengths
10. What particular feeling led Joanne to the desire to “forgo everything” as mentioned in the last paragraph?
A. The fright the shadows had given her.
B. The worry for her family members.
C. The fear that the men would come for her.
D. An intense feeling of loneliness. IV.
HIGH-TECH CRIME -FIGHTING TOOLS
A. Crime- fighting technology is getting more sophisticated and rightly so. The police need to be equipped for the 21st century. In Britain
we’ve already got the world’s biggest DNA databases. By next year the state will have access to the genetic data of 4.25 m people: one
British-based person in 14. Hundreds of thousands of those on the database will never have been charged with a crime.
B. Britain is also reported to have more than £4 million CCTV (closed circuit television) camera, There is a continuing debate about the
effectiveness of CCTV. Some evidence suggests that it is helpful in reducing shoplifting and car crime. It has also been used to
successfully indentify terrorists and murderers. However, many people claim that better lighting is just as effective to prevent crime and
that cameras could displace crime. An internal police report said that only one crime was solved for every 1,000 cameras in London in
2007. In short, there is conflicting evidence about the effectiveness of camera, so it is likely that the debate will continue.
C. Professor Mike Press, who has spent the past decade studying how design can contribute to crime reduction, said that, in order for CCTC
to have any effect, it must be used in a targeted way. For example, a scheme in Manchester records every license plate at the entrance of a
shopping complex and alerts police when one is found to belong to an untaxed or stolen car. This is an effective example of monitoring,
he said. Most schemes that simply record city centers continually- often not being watched - do not produce results. CCTV can also have
the opposite effect of that intended, by giving citizens a false sense of security and encouraging them to be careless with property and
personal safety. Professor Press said: “All the evidence suggests that CCTV alone makes no positive impact on crime reduction and
prevention at all. The weight of evidence would suggest the investment is more or less a waste of money unless you have lots of other
things in place”. He believes that much of the increase is driven by the marketing efforts of security companies who promote the crime-
reducing benefits of their products. He described it as a “lazy approach to crime prevention” and said that authorities should instead be
focusing on how to alter the environment to reduce crime.
D. But in reality, this is not what is happening. Instead, police are considering using more technology. Police forces have recently begun
experimenting with cameras in their helmets. The footage will be stored on police computers, along with the footage from thousands of
CCTV cameras and millions of pictures form numberplate recognition camera used increasingly to check up on motorists. 87
E. And now another type of technology is being introduced. It’s called the Microdrone and it’s a toy-sized remote-control craft that hovers
above streets or crowds to film what’s going on beneath. The Microdrone has already been used to monitor rock festivals, but its supplier
has also been in discussions to supply it to the Metropolitan Police, and Soca, the Serious Organized Crime Agency. The drones are small
enough to be unnoticed by people on the ground when they are flying at 350ft. They contain high-resolution video surveillance equipment
and an infrared night vision capability, so even in darkness they give operators a bird’s -eye view of locations while remaining virtually undetectable.
F. The worrying thing is, who will get access to this technology? Merseyside police are already employing two of the devices as part of a
pilot scheme to watch football crowds and city parks looking for antisocial behaviors. It is not just about crime detection: West Midlands
fire brigade is about to lease a drone, for example, to get a better view of fire and flood scenes and aid rescue attempt; the Environment
Agency is considering their use for monitoring of illegal fly tipping and oil spills. The company that makes the drone says it has no plans
to license the equipment to individuals or private companies, which hopefully will prevent private security firms from getting their hands
on them. But what about local authorities? In theory, this technology could be used against motorists. And where will the surveillance
society end? Already there are plans to introduce smart water containing a unique DNA code identifier that when sprayed on a suspect
will cling to their clothes and skin and allow officers to identify them later. As long as high-tech tools are being used in the fight against
crime and terrorism, fine. But if it’s another weapon to be used to invade our privacy then we don’t want it.
List of Headings i The spy in the sky vi Lack of conclusive evidence
ii The spread of technology vii Cars and cameras iii The limitations of camera viii Advantages and disadvantages iv The cost of camera ix A natural progression v Robots solving serious crimes x A feeling of safety
Example: Paragraph A ix
V. THE CALL OF NATURE
One of the most popular characters in Dr. Who, a British television science-fiction series, was a robotic dog called K9. On June 1st
science fiction became fact when Sony launched its latest product, Ambo. Described as “a one-of-a-kind artificially intelligent pal”, Aibo is a
dog that never needs to be walked, fed or washed. Nor does it make a mess or get into fights with other dogs. It has stereo microphones for
ears, can recognize colours and shapes, and emits a variety of bleeps and chirps. A sensor in its head can distinguish between an amiable pat
and a reproachful slap. And the pause button on his chest means it can be switched off and left in a cupboard when you go on holiday.
A good joke, and a profitable one (the first batch of 3,000 machines, priced at just over $2,000 each, sold out within 20 minutes). But
behind the marketing spiel about Aibo’s autonomous behavior patterns, simulated emotions and instincts, “lovable shape” and “four highly
expensive legs”, lurks a serious point. Aibo is merely the latest example of a robot inspired by biology.
This makes sense. Millions of years of evolution have already solved difficult design problems in locomotion, manipulation, sensing
and navigation in almost every environment in which a robot might conceivably need to operate. Accordingly, a menagerie of “biomorphic”
robots can now be found scuttling, squirming and swimming in laboratories all round the world.
For instance, several separate efforts are now under way to build robotic fish that could be used to locate mines or take environmental
readings. Understanding how fish manage to swim so quickly but expend so little energy could also lead to new propulsion systems for ships
and submarines. This may explain why Mitsubitshi Heavy Industries, a Japanese company whose activities include shipbuilding, has spent
four years and $1m building an incredibly lifelike robotic sea bream. (The company now plans to move on to recreating extinct fish for
display in museums.). Similarly inspired robotic pike and tuna have been built at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology.
But a robot does not have to look like an animal to borrow useful ideas from the animal kingdom. Mark Tilden and his colleagues at
Los Alamos National Laboratory in New Mexico, who have been building animal-like robots for years, have now applied their knowledge to
create a system that will operate in one of the environments that natural selection has not yet managed to penetrate – outer space. Their latest
robot is designed to keep satellites on station.
Dr. Tilden is concerned not so much with what animals look like as with how their nervous systems work. As every schoolboy
discovers, pulling some of the legs off a spider does not stop it walking. Its nervous circuitry can adjust to such injuries. That is because,
unlike most modern computers (including those that control Aibo), much of that circuitry is analogue rather than digital. 88
In a digital computer, information is sent around as discrete bits and bytes. If a critical bit goes missing, and the programme has not
been prepared in advance for the possibility of such a loss, it breaks down. With analogue circuitry, however, there is no such thing as an
independent, critical piece of data – everything is coupled together as one continuous flow of current. If some information goes missing ( for
example, because a schoolboy has amputated a leg), the output will change – but it could still be meaningful. Dr. Tilden’s robots use cheap
and basic electronic components such as transistors, resistors, capacitors, rather than fancy microelectronic silicon chips. Yet their behavior is
so lifelike that they can sometimes “spook” those afraid of real spiders.
These robots, like Aibo, are toys. But a satellite-navigation system is a serious, practical application. Dr. Tilden’s design for such a
system is being tested in an experimental Swedish satellite called Hugin. Its task is to keep Hugin’s electricity-generating solar panels pointed
at the sun. It has a dozen light-sensors, each connected to a circuit whose natural oscillation is modulated by the strength of the incoming
illumination. Those circuits, in turn, control the satellite’s attitude jets. If the satellite moves off station, the amount of light falling on the
sensors will change, and its analogue circuitry will tell the jets how much to fire to bring it round to face the correct way. It may not be as
photogenic as a robot dog, but it is certainly a lot more useful.
Complete the summary below. Choose NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS from the reading passage .
The Japanese company Sony has launched its latest product, a robotic dog, on the market. The robotic dog is advertised to have
(1)……………….. behaviour patterns and (2)………………. feelings. In fact, the robotic dog was designed under the inspiration of
(3)……………… rather than technology. For example, finding why fish moves so quickly with so little energy consumed will help produce
(4)………………… for submarines. That is why Mitsubitshi Heavy Industries has been building a robotic sea bream and MIT has already
produced robotic pike. Knowledge of (5)……………………has also been used in creating a system operating in (6)………………………. In
designing such a system, what scientists are most (7)…………. is not what animals look like, but how (8)……………. work, because if
computers have analogue circuitry rather than digital one, computers will not (9)…………………. if a critical piece of information goes
missing A satellite-navigation system is now (10)…………………….. in a Swedish satellite. It may not be as pleasant-looking but it will be
more useful than a robotic dog. 1.B 2. B 3.A 4.D 5.B 6.C 7.C 8.D 9.C 10.C 11.C 12.D 13.B 14.D 15.D 16.A 17.B 18.A 19.C 20.A
II. There are TEN mistakes in the following passage. Write them down and give the correction. Write your answers in the space provided. (10p) 1. (importance) on -> of 2. (work) on->out 3. (see) how-> what 4. Again (and again) ->Now 5. When (early) -> If 6. inaccurate -> accurate
7. can (quite finish) -> cannot 8. (break) down-> up
9. concentrate-> concentrate on
10. (than) another-> others
III. Complete each sentence with (a) suitable particle(s) or preposition(s).(10p) 1. away 2. along with 3. down to 4. beyond 5. off 6. on 7. on 8. down to 9. down 10. forward READING 1. B 2. D 3. A 4. C 5. B 6. B 7. D 8. A 9. B 10. D IITHE SAHARA MARATHON Your answer 4. anything/ 1. this 2. whose 3. despite everything/ whatever 5. addition 6. all 7. One 8. off/from/on 9. with 10. themselves 89 III. 1. C 2. A 3. A 4. B 5. A 6. C 7. C 8. C 9. A 10. D
IV. HIGH-TECH CRIME -FIGHTING TOOLS 1. Paragraph B vi 2. Paragraph C iii 3. Paragraph D ii 4. Paragraph E i 5. Paragraph F viii V. 1. autonomous
4. new propulsion systems 7. concerned with 2. simulated 5. the animal kingdom
8. their nervous systems 3. biology 6. outer space 9. break down 10. being tested ĐỀ 15
1. The plane was late taking off, due to _______ mechanical problem. A. inevitable B. unforeseen C. unimagined D. unpredictable
2. The ending of the joke was so _______ that no one laughed. A. predictable B. potential C. foreseen D. anticipated 3.The job has no _______ A. perspective B. outlook C. prospects D. expectations
4. He’s _______ on getting another job straight away. A. anticipating B. risking C. expecting D. gambling
5. She’s not very _______ She is never quite sure what she wants to do. A. energetic B. lively C. active D. decisive
6. Even though they don’t agree with what is happening, they are too ______ to protest. A. outgoing B. subdued C. quiet D. apathetic
7. I don’t feel ______ enough to go for a walk now. A. energetic B. extrovert C. outgoing D. sociable
8. I’m sorry for all the __________ things I said to you. A. hostile B. abrupt C. nasty D. short
9. I dislike him so much that I find it difficult even to be ________ to him. A. tactful B. diplomatic C. civil D. well- mannered
10. I find his behavior towards me quite _____. He treats me like a idiot. A. offending B. insulting C. crude D. ill- mannered
11. Don’t be silly! That __________ possibly be Madonna. 90 A. mustn’t B. shouldn’t C. won’t D. can’t
12. I supposed, as ________ we all, that the meeting would be cancelled. A. did B. would C. equally D. just
13. She is in no __________ that she has done the right thing. A. reservation B. misgiving C. doubt D. distrust
14. When he sings, he has the ________-ability to make even bad songs sound good. A. sparse B. rare C. infrequent D. scarce
15. The management are making ________ to increase the company’s efficiency. A. measures B. steps C. moves D. deeds
16. It ___________ during our conversation that Anita was extremely unhappy. A. emanated B. divulged C. revealed D. emerged
17. I’m afraid I don’t _________ your view on this matter , but let’s not quarrel about it. A. correspond B. equate C. accord D. share
18. Eventually the list of candidates for the job was ____________ down to three. A. narrowed B. lowered C. would D. dropped
19. Not until the office phoned me ________.
A. I found out about the meeting
B. had I found out about the meeting
C. did I find out about the meeting
D. that I found out about the meeting 20. _______ , let me know. A. If you heard anything B. Had you heard anything C. Unless you heard anything D. Should you heard anything
III. Each sentence below contains an error. Identify and correct them.
1. Tomorrow I’m going to ask my father about a ride to school.
2. The restaurant owner talked over the management changes with her staff.
3. I couldn’t understand why they were all laughing about me.
4. I must remember to listen up to the news at noon.
5. I intend to speak for the manager about the way I have been treated.
6. A storm was approaching the mountain area; therefore, the two climbers continued their trek.
7. Mr. Thanh arrived in the airport early he wouldn’t miss his flight.
8. I woke up frightened after I dreamed for falling off the roof of a building . 91
9. When Tom lost his job, it took him several weeks to get by the shock.
10. The students are hearing rumors about their teacher’s engagement for a week.
IV. Fill in each blank with an appropriate preposition or particle.
1. I described the machine _______ him.
2. Nothing _____ the ordinary ever happens here.
3. I’m afraid that this incident could put your career here __________ jeopardy.
4. I’m going to treat myself _________ an ice cream when I’ve finished work.
5. Scientists have been doing research ___________ the cause of the disease.
6. ________. She wanted revenge the terrible thing that had been done to her.
7. What were you two getting __________ just now in the garden?
8. You should always have an alternative plan to fall ___________
9. I hope the weather will clear ________ soon. I want to go out.
10. I asked him to put _________ the lights if he was the last to leave. PART IV.
Samuel Cunard’s first ship, the Britannia, made its first voyage from Liverpool in England to the US in 1850. In those
days there was little choice about (1) ____ of travel. Anyone who wished to go to the US from Britain had to sail across the Atlantic. (2) ____
that, there was no way of getting there. The Britannia was (3) ____ a mail ship, but it also took passengers. On that first (4) ____, as records
show, there was a (5) ____ of 63 of them, including Samuel Cunard and his daughter and, (6) ____ for that time, the ship had private bathrooms.
But Samuel Cunard would find it hard to see much similarity between his beloved Britannia and the Cunard company’s most famous
liner today, the QE2, named after Queen Elizabeth II of England. The Britannia is (7) ____ to have had two members of staff (8) ____ every
passenger. The passengers probably didn’t sleep in cabins as comfortable and with as much space as rooms in a good (9) ____ of hotel, as they do on the QE2 today.
The QE2 (10) ____ on her first voyage across the Atlantic from Southampton on the south coast of England on May 2 1969. Five days
later, she arrived in New York to an enthusiastic welcome. Since that day she has carried over one and a half million passengers around the world. 1. A. procedures B. processes C. courses D. means 2. A. Apart from B. Else C. Instead of D. Otherwise 3. A. at most B. above all C. overall D. vastly 4. A. incident B. occasion C. event D. circumstance 5. A. total B. sum C. number D. quantity 6. A. distinctly B. differently C. extremely D. remarkably 7. A. doubtful B. improbable C. uncertain D. unlikely 8. A. with B. by C. to D. of 9. A. level B. status C. class D. rank 10. A. set off B. went away C. got out D. came along
II The Alaska pipeline starts at the frozen edge of the Arctic Ocean. It stretches southward across the largest and northernmost state in the
United States, ending at a remote ice-free seaport village nearly 800 miles from where it begins. It is massive in size and extremely complicated to operate. 92
The steel pipe crosses windswept plains and endless miles of delicate tundra that tops the frozen ground. It weaves through crooked canyons,
climbs sheer mountains, plunges over rocky crags, makes its way through thick forests, and passes over or under hundreds of rivers and
streams. The pipe is 4 feet in diameter, and up to 2 million barrels (or 84 million gallons) of crude oil can be pumped through it daily.
Resting on H-shaped steel racks called "bents," long sections of the pipeline follow a zigzag course high above the frozen earth. Other long
sections drop out of sight beneath spongy or rocky ground and return to the surface later on. The pattern of the pipeline's up-and-down route
is determined by the often harsh demands of the arctic and subarctic climate, the tortuous lay of the land, and the varied compositions of soil,
rock, or permafrost (permanently frozen ground). A little more than half of the pipeline is elevated above the ground. The remainder is buried
anywhere from 3 to 12 feet, depending largely upon the type of terrain and the properties of the soil.
One of the largest in the world, the pipeline cost approximately $8 billion and is by far the biggest and most expensive construction project
ever undertaken by private industry. In fact, no single business could raise that much money, so eight major oil companies formed a
consortium in order to share the costs. Each company controlled oil rights to particular shares of land in the oil fields and paid into the
pipeline-construction fund according to the size of its holdings. Today, despite enormous problems of climate, supply shortages, equipment
breakdowns, labor disagreements, treacherous terrain, a certain amount of mismanagement, and even theft, the Alaska pipeline has been completed and is operating.
1. The passage primarily discusses the pipeline's… A. operating costs B. employees C. consumers D. construction
2. The word "it" in line 3 refers to…. A. pipeline B. ocean C. state D. village
3. According to the passage, 84 million gallons of oil can travel through the pipeline each… A. day B. week C. month D. year
4. The phrase "Resting on" in line 10 is closest in meaning to…. A. consisting of B. supported by C. passing under D. protected with
5. The author mentions all of the following as important in determining the pipeline's route EXCEPT the… A. climate B. lay of the land itself C. local vegetation D. kind of soil and rock 93
6. The word "undertaken" in line 19 is closest in meaning to… A. removed B. selected C. transported D. attempted
7. How many companies shared the costs of constructing the pipeline? A. three B. four C. eight D. twelve
8. The word "particular" in line 22 is closest in meaning to… A. peculiar B. specific C. exceptional D. equal
9. Which of the following determined what percentage of the construction costs each member of the consortium would pay?
A. How much oil field land each company owned
B. How long each company had owned land in the oil fields
C. How many people worked for each company
D. How many oil wells were located on the company's land
10. Where in the passage does the author provide a term for an earth covering that always remains frozen? A. Line 2 B. Line 10 C. Line 15 D. Line 23
IIIThe honey bee is a very unusual kind of insect. ___1___ other insects which live alone, the honey bee lives as a member of a community.
These bees live together in what is known as a bee colony.
The head of the colony is called the queen bee. She is larger than the___2___ of the bees. Her main task ___3___ the colony is to lay eggs.
Most of the ___4___ bees are the worker bees. These bees collect nectar and pollen from flowers. The nectar that is carried by the worker
bees is deposited on the hive and then converted ___5___ honey. The worker bees also help look after the young bees. as soon as the eggs
are hatched, the worker bees feed the young bees ___6___ pollen and nectar. The third type of bee found in the colony is the drone or
___7___ bee. The main task of ___8___ a bee is to mate with a new queen.
The queen bee has a life span of about three years. ___9___ this period, she would have ___10___ more than half a million eggs. When the
queen bee is dying, a new queen would be groomed. This new queen would eventually take over the 'duties' of the old queen when the latter dies.
IV. Not Just Another Russian
………A………..(0). He would grow up to write two of the greatest novels in the history of literature and inspire social reform that would
make an impact on the world. Not just another Russian author, (1)_____. 94
Tolstoy was an unsettled young man. He was a poor student who left his university when he could find no meaning in his studies. He joined
the army but could not endure the violence and soon left that as well. By this time, Tolstoy was being noticed as a writer but he still felt
unfulfilled (2) _____. In them, Tolstoy offered a new kind of fiction to Russian readers. He described events and characters so detailed and
convincing that they blurred the line between the imaginary and real life. In Tolstoy's version, it was not great leaders that moved history, but the common people (3) _____.
Tolstoy suffered a mid-life crisis after writing Anna Karenina. _____ (4), he decided he must find the meaning of life or else kill
himself. What he found came from the core of his Christian faith-universal love and passive resistance to evil. Gandhi later adopted this
message in his campaign to free India. Martin Luther King, Jr. did the same in his fight for racial equality in America. _____ (5). Tolstoy was
a gifted writer, but it was his revolutionary ideas that changed the course of history and the world in which we live
A. In 1828, baby Leo was born into the rich and powerful Tolstoy family of Central Russia
B. His work has been called, "not art, but a piece of life."
C. Leo Tolstoy was a teacher, a philosopher, and the grandfather of non-violent revolution.
D. The effects of passive resistance can still be felt today
E. It was during this time that Tolstoy wrote his most famous books, War and Peace and Anna Karenina
F. Giving up his fortune to live among the peasants,
V. Read the passage and do the tasks that follow.
A. Besides the earth’s oceans, glacier ice is the largest source of water on earth. A glacier is a massive stream or sheet of ice that moves
underneath itself under the influence of gravity. Some glaciers travel down mountains or valleys, while others spread across a large expanse
of land. Heavily glaciated regions such as Greenland and Antarctica are called continental glaciers. These two ice sheets encompass more
than 95% of the earth’s glacial ice. The Greenland ice sheet is almost 10,000 feet thick in some areas, and the weight of this glacier is so
heavy that much of the region has been depressed below sea level. Smaller glaciers that occur at higher elevations are called alpine or
valley glaciers. Another way of classifying glaciers is in terms of their internal temperature. In temperate glaciers, the ice within the
glacier is near its melting point. Polar glaciers, in contrast, always maintain temperatures far below melting.
B. The majority of the earth’s glaciers are located near the poles, though glaciers exist on all continents, including Africa and Oceania. The
reason glaciers are generally formed in high alpine regions is that they require cold temperature throughout the year, in these areas
where there is little opportunity for summer ablation (loss of mass), snow changes to compacted firm and then crystallized ice. During
periods in which melting and evaporation exceed the amount of snowfall, glaciers will retreat rather than progress. While glaciers rely
heavily on snowfall, other climatic conditions including freezing rain, avalanches and wind, contribute to their growth. One year of below
average precipitation can stunt the growth of a glacier tremendously. With the rare 7 exception of surging glaciers, a common glacier flows
about 10 inches per day in the summer and 5 inches per day in the winter. The fastest glacial surge on record occurred in 1953, when the
Kutiah Glacier in Pakistan grew more than 12 kilometers in three months.
C. The weight and pressure of ice accumulation causes glacier movement. Glaciers move out from under themselves, via plastic deformation
and basal slippage. First, the internal flow of ice crystals begins to spread outward and downward from the thickened snow pack also known
as the zone of accumulation. Next, the ice along the ground surface begins to slip in the same direction. Seasonal thawing at the base of the
glacier helps to facilitate this slippage. The middle of a glacier moves faster than the sides and bottom because there is no rock to cause
friction. The upper part of a glacier rides on the ice below. As a glacier moves it carves out a U-shaped valley to a riverbed, but with much
steeper walls and flatter bottom.
D. Besides the extraordinary rivers of ice, glacial erosion creates other unique physical features in the landscape such as horns, fjords,
hanging valleys, and cirques. Most of these landforms do not become visible until after glaciers have receded. Many are created by
moraines, which occur at the sides and front of a glacier. Moraines are formed when material is picked up along the way and deposited in a
new location. When many alpine glaciers occur on the same mountain, these moraines can create a horn. The matter horn, in the Swiss Alps
is one of the most famous horns. Fjords, which are very common in Norway, are coastal valleys that fill with ocean water during a glacial 95
retreat. Hanging valleys occur when two or more glacial valleys intersect at varying elevations. It is common for waterfalls to connect
the higher and lower hanging valleys, such as in Yosemite National Park. A cirque is a large bowl-shaped valley that forms at the
front of a glacier. Cirques often have a lip on their down slope that is deep enough to hold small lakes when the ice melts away.
E. Glacier movement and shape shifting typically occur over hundreds of years. While presently about 10% of the earth land is covered with
glaciers, it is believed that during the last Ice Age glaciers covered approximately 32% of the earth’s surface. In the past century, most
glaciers have been retreating rather flowing forward. It is unknown whether this glacial activity is due to human impact or natural causes,
but by studying glacier movement, and comparing climate and agricultural profiles over hundreds of years, glaciologists can begin to
understand environmental issues such as global warming.
Choose the most suitable heading for each paragraph I. Glacial continents
II. Formation and growth of Glaciers III. Glacial Movement
IV. Glaciers in the last Ice Age V. Glaciers through the years VI. Types of Glaciers
VII. Glacial Effects on Landscape
VIII. Glaciers in National Parks 1.Paragraph A ________ 2.Paragraph B ________ 3.Paragraph C ________ 4. Paragraph D ________
5. Paragraph E ________
Write T (true), F (false) or NG (not given) before each statement
6. ______ Glaciers exist only near the north and south poles.
7. ______ Glaciers are formed by a combination of snow and other weather conditions.
8. ______ Glaciers normally move at a rate of about 5 to 10 inches a day.
9. ______ All parts of the glacier move at the same speed.
10. _____ During the last Ice Age, average temperatures were much lower than they are now. 1. B 2.A 3.C 4.D 5.D 6.D 7.A 8.C 9.C 10.A 11.D 12.A 13.C 14.B 15.C 16.D 17.D 18.A 19.C 20.D Question 3: Correction Mistake Correction Mistake 1.about -> for 6. therefore -> however 2. talked over -> talked about 7. arrived in -> arrived at 3. laughing about -> laughing at 8. dreamed for -> dreamed of/ about 4.listen up -> listen in 9. get by -> get over 5. speak for -> speak to/ with 10. are hearing -> have been hearing 96
Question 4. 1. to 2. out of 3. in 4. to 5. into 6. for 7. up to 8. back on 9. up 10. out PART III. 1. D 2. A 3. B 4. B 5. A 6. D 7. D 8. C 9. C 10. A II. 1. D 2. A 3. A 4. B 5. C 6. D 7. C 8. B 9. A 10. C
III. Fill in each numbered blank with one suitable word. Answer: 1. Unlike 6. with 2. rest 7. male 3. in 8. such 4. other 9. During 5. into 10. laid
IV. Filling the blank with phrases/sentences suggested. Answer: 1- C 2-E 3-B 4-F 5-D
V. Answer: 1. VI 2. II 3. III 4. VII 5. V 6. F 7. T 8.T 9. F 10. NG NĂM 2015 Đề 1:
1.This new glue is very useful for small repairs as it… very quickly. A. thickens B. stiffens C. sets D. fixes.
2. This rose was…. after the grower’s grand-daughter. A. distinguished B. renowned C. named D. identified.
3. Advertisers often aim their campaigns at young people as they have…. A. power B. force C. energy D. ability
4. We’ve bought some…. chairs for the gardens so that they are easy to store away. A. adapting B. adjusting C. bending D. folding.
5.Demand for the product is expected to peak five years from now and then to…. A. taper off B. fall down C. set back D. drift away.
6. We were working overtime to cope with a sudden… in demand. A. surge B. boost C. impetus D. thrust.
7. Alan’s photo was slightly too large for the frame so he decided to…. it. 97 A. hack B. chop C. slice D. trim.
8. The area is famous for its…. gardens, where all kinds of different vegetables are grown. A. market B. hothouse C. trade D. greenhouse.
9. In court she was…. to have stolen company money. A. claimed B. accused C. charged D. alleged.
10. Although the patient received intensive treatment, there was no….. improvement in her condition. A. decipherable B. legible C. discernible D. intelligible
11. The new speed restrictions were a…. debated issue. A. heavily B. hotly C. deeply D. profoundly.
12.Lack of sleep over the last few months is finally… Jane A. catching up with
B. getting on with C. coming over D. putting on.
13. The train…. from side to side as it went round a series of bends. A. turned B. curved C. lunged D. swayed
14. His change of job has…. him with a new challenge in life. A. introduced B. initiated C. presented D. led.
15. The prisoner made his escape under… of darkness. A. protection B. disguise C. cover D. cloak.
16.That door is creaking again, it needs some oil in its…. A. screws B. hinges C. nails D. joints.
17…. She got a job that she likes, she is a lot happier. A.since when B. just as C. now that D. just now
18. I don’t want lots of excuses, I just want to hear the… truth. A. clear B. plain C. pure D. right.
19. I don’t want to discuss the matter but he insisted on bringing it…. A. up B. out C. about D. over.
20. The suspect was deported to his own country to…. changes of fraud. A. stand B. consider C. face D. defend.
2. Question2: Fill in ach numbered blank of the pasage with the most suitable form of the
word in bold.(10points) 98
1. At schools, the teachers are... (siege) by the urgent needs of a large number of children
clamoring for attention, and the frequent overcrowding of classrooms.
2. The air stewardess made it clear how... (contempt) she was of his behavior.
3. I felt that turning up at the wedding in jeans and T-shirt was rather ...(appropriacy).
4. She gave a solemn ...(take) to respect their decision
5. Please ensure that your child’s sports clothes are clearly marked in (delete) ink.
6. The police took... (discipline) action against that player, who was involved in the match- fixing scandal.
7. In order for the project to get started, they need a large... (lay)
8. Tom Spoke.. (breath) because he was so excited.
9. Frank told everyone that he worked for a large company, but the company is... (exist)
10. The president... (error) drew his conclusions from that ill-founded evidence .
Question3: Find out ten mistakes in the following passage then correct them.(10points)
Water scarcity is fast becoming one of major limiting factors in world crop production. In many
areas, poor agricultural practices have led to increased desertification and the loss of former
arable lands. Consequently, those plant species are well adapted to survive in dry climates are
being looked at for an answer in developing more efficient crops to grow in marginally arable lands.
Plants use several purely mechanical and physical adaptations, such as the shape of the
Planet’s surface, small leaf size, and extensive root system. Some of adaptations are related with
chemical mechanism. Many plants such as cactuses, have internal gums which give them water
retaining properties. Another chemical mechanism is that of the epicuticular wax layer. This
was layer acts like a cover to protect the plant which prevents loss of internal moisture.
Question 4:Complete each of the following sentences with one suitable preposition or
particle. (10 points)
1.The unpaid bill will be caried... to the next month's account. A.in B. on C. up D. over.
2. I don't think that this fashion will................ A. catch on B. catch up C. catch out D. catch over.
3.Many of his best photographs of conflict were taken when he was actually....fire. A. on B. under C. in D. to.
4.The government decided to crack...income tax invasion. A. down on B. up on C. out of D. down with.
5.They want to bring... a bill to limit arms export. 99 A. in B. out C. up D. forward.
6. He set... his objectionsto the plan. A. off B. in C. up D. about.
7. After a fall in profits, the company decided... the hotel business. A. to pull out of
B. to back off from C. to take out of D. to keep away from.
8. Jane's been....a bad patch-A holiday should cheer her up
A. coming up with B. going through C. putting up with D. to keep away from.
9. I didn't like that song when i first heard it, but it's grown....me. I quite like it now. A. on B. out C. up D. in
10.He knew that I was right , buthe refused to back.... A. on B. up C. down D.in.
PART III. READING (50points)
Question 1. Choose the best word or phrase among A, B, C or D that best fits the blank space
in the following passage. (10 points)
What we know about music and the brain.
Work on the human brain has indicated how different parts are centres of activities for different
skills, feeling, perceptions and so on. It has also been shown that the left and right halves, or
hemispheres, of the brain are (1)for different functions. While language is processed in the
right, or emotional hemisphere. However, professional musicians have the tendency to process
music in the left hemisphere more often than those without musical training do. This (2) they
are having a different experience- which is likely to be the case because they are analyzing
music rather than just listening to it. (3 )of music like tone, pitch and melody are all probably
processed in different parts of the brain. Some features of musical experience are processed not
just in the auditory parts of the brain, but in the visual ones. We don’t yet fully understand the (4) of this.
The tempo of music seems to be (5) related to its emotional impact, with fast music often
felt as happier and slower music as sadder. It is the same with the major biological rhythm of
the body: our heart (6) quickens when we are happy, but slows when we are sad. Military music
may have (7) from attempts to get us ready for battle by using fast drumming to (8) our hearts
to beating faster. Music is perhaps one of the most complex experiences the brain copes with
and it has become an absolutely (9) part of our ritual and ceremonies. It has power beyond
language to (10 ) mood and co-ordinate our emotional states 1.A. amenable B. dependable C. reliable D. responsible. 2.A. suggests B. advances C. introduces D. proposes 3. A. views B. factors C. aspects D. pieces. 100 4. A. expectations B. implications C. assumptions D. propositions 5. A. surely B. plainly C. directly D. evidently 6. A. pulse B. speed C. pace D. rate. 7. A. extended B. evolved C. advanced D. elevated. 8.A. activate B. motivate C. animate D. stimulate 9.A. dominant B. important C. compulsory D. vital 10.A. notify B. communicate C. associate D. report
Question 2. Read the passage and choose the best answer A, B, C, or D to each question (10 points)
Cholera, a highly infectious disease, has resulted in millions of deaths time after time
over centuries. It is caused by the bacterium Vibrio cholera, first isolated by Robert Koch in 1883.
The organism enters the body through the digestive tract when contaminated food or
water is ingested. The bacteria multiply in the digestive tract and establish infection. As they
die, they release a potent toxin that leads to severe diarrhea and vomiting. This results in
extreme dehydration, muscle cramps, kidney failure, collapse and sometimes death. If the
disease is treated promptly, death is less likely.
In many countries, a common source of the organism is raw or poorly cooked seafood,
taken from the contaminated waters. The disease is especially prevalent after a natural disaster
or other destruction that results in a lack of fresh water. Sewer systems fail and waste travels
into rivers or streams; piped water is not available so people must take their drinking and
cooking water from rivers or streams. Because people frequently develop communities along
waterways, the disease can be spread easily from one community to the next community down
streams, resulting in serious epidemics.
1. The word infectious in the first sentence is closest in meaning to ______. A. communicable B. severe C. isolated D. common
2. According to the passage, cholera is caused by ______. A. a virus B. a bacterium
C. kidney failure D. dehydration
3. All of the following are probable causes of infection EXCEPT ______.
A. eating food cooked with contaminated water B. eating undercooked seafood C. eating overcooked pork D. eating raw oysters
4. According to the passage, what is a symptom of the infection? 101
A. Release of a toxin by the bacteria B. Regurgitation C. Overeating D. Epidemics
5. Which of the following would be an appropriate title for this passage? A. Dysentery and its effects
B. Water Purification Systems and Their Importance
C. Results of Wars and Natural Disasters D. The Causes and Effects of Cholera
6. The word prevalent in the third paragraph is closest in meaning to ______. A. dangerous B. commonplace C. unusual D. organized
7. The word lack in the third paragraph is closest in meaning to ______. A. contamination B. multitude C. shortage D. well
8. According to the passage, cholera ______.
A. is easily passed from one person to another B. is not a real threat
C. is no more dangerous than the common cold
D. cannot be passed from one to another by casual contact
9. What can you infer from the passage?
A. Careful cooking and hygiene practices can reduce the chance of getting the disease
B. Water mixed with other substances will not pass the disease
C. The respiratory system is the most common area of entrance
D. Kidney disease is the most common cause of the disease
10. The word epidemics at the end of the passage is closest in meaning to ______. A. studies B. illness C. bacteria D. plagues
Question 3.Fill in each numbred blank of the following passage with the most suitable word (10points)
They call New York “the Big Apple”. Maybe it’s not (1) ______ like an apple, but it’s
certainly very big. There are too many people, that’s the (2) ______. The street are always full
of cars and trucks, and you can never find a (3) ______ to park.
If you have enough money, you can take a taxi. New York cabs are yellow. They look all
the same. But the drivers are very (4) ______. Some were born and (5) ______ up in New York,
but many are (6) ______ to the United States. A few drive slowly, but most go very, very fast.
Cab (7) ______ is a difficult job. It can be dangerous, too. Thieves often try to steal the drivers’
money. Drivers sometimes get hurt. 102
If you don’t want to take a taxi, you can go by bus or you can take a subway. The (8)
______ is quick, and it’s cheap, but parts of it are old (9)______ dirty. Lights don’t always
work and there are often fires on the track. On some subway lines, there are new, clean, silver
trains. But you can’t see the color of the old trains easily. There is too much dirt and too much
graffiti, inside and (10) ______.
Question 4:Complete the summary using the list of words and phrases (A-J )below.(5points)
You may use any letter more than one.(10points)
Glass and Singer (1972) showed that situations in which there is intense noise have less effect
on performance than circumstance in which (1) noise occurs. Subjects were divided into groups
to perform a task. Some heard loud bursts of noise, other soft. For some subjects, the noise was
predictable, while for others its occurence was random . All groups were exposed to (2) noise.
The predictable noise group (3) the unpredictable noise group on this task.
In the second part of the experiment, the four groups were given a proof reading task to
complete under conditions of no noise. They were required to check within materialsfor errors.
The group which had been exposed to unpredictable noise (4) the group which had been
exposed to predictable noise. The group which had been exposed to loud predictable noise
performed better than those who had heard soft, unpredictable bursts.The result suggested
that(5) noise produces fatigue but that this manifits itself later. A. No control over B. unexpected C. intense D. The same amount of
E. performed better than
F. Performed at about the same level as G. No
H. showed more irritation than
I. made more mistakes than J.different types of.
Question 5:Read the pasagethen match the heading and give yes, no information in the
passage(10points) 103
Biological control of pests.
The continuous and reckless use of synthetic chemicals for the control of pests which pose a
threat to argricultural crops and human health is proving to be counter -productive. Apart from
engendering widespread ecological disorders, pesticiles have contributed to the emergence of a
new breed of chemical resistant, highly lethal superbugs.
According to a recent study by the Food and Agricultural Organisation(FAO), more than 300
species of Agricutural pests have developed resistance to a wide range of potent chemicals.Not
to be left behind are the disease- spreading pessts, about 100 species of which have become
immune to a variety of inceticides now in use.
One glaring disadvantage of pesticides' application is that, while destroying harmful pests they
also wipe out many useful non-targeted organisms, which keep the growth of pest population in
check. This results in what agroecologists call " the treadmill syndrom". because of their
tremendous breeding potential and genetic diversity, many pests are known to withstand
synthetic chemicals and bear offspring with a built-in resistance to pesticides.
The havoc that the " treadmill syndrom" can bring about is well illustated by what happened to
cotton farmers in Central America, In the early 1940s, basking in the glory of chemical based
intensive agriculture, the farmers avidly took to pesticides as a sure measure to boost crop yield.
The insecticide was applied eight times a year in the mid-1940s, rising to 28 in a season in the
mid- 1950s, following the sudden proliferation of three new varieties of chemical-resistant pests.
By the mid-1960s, the situation took an alarming turn with the outbreak of four more new pests,
necessitating pesticide spraying to such an extent that 50% of the financial outlay on cotton
production was accounted for by pesticides.In the early 1970s, the spraying frequently reached
70 times a season as the farmers were pushed to the wall by the invasion of genetically stronger insect species.
Most of the pesticides in the market today remain inadequately tested for properties that cause
cancer and mutations as well as for other adverse effects on health, says a study by United 104
States environmental agencies. The United States National Resource Defend Council has found
that DDT was the most popular of a long list of dangerous chemical in use.
In the face of the escalating perils from indiscriminate applications of pesticides a more
effective and ecologically sound strategy of biological control, involving the selective use of
natural enemies of the pest population, is fast gaining popularity- though as yet, it is a new field
with limited potential. The adavantage of biological control in contrast to other methods is that
it provides a relatively low cost, perpetual control system with a minimum of detrimental side-
effects, when handed by experts, bio-control is safe, non-polluting and self-dispersing.
The Commonweath Institude of Biological Control (CIBC) in Bargalore, with its global
network of research laboratories and field station, is one of the most active, non-commercial
research agencies engaged in pesst control by setting natural predators against parasites. CIBC
also serves as a clearing-house for the export and import of biological agents for pest-control world-wide.
CIBC successfully used a seed-feeding weevil, native to Mexico, so control the obnoxious
parthenium weed, known to exert devious influence on agriculture and human health in both
India and Australia. Similarly the Hyderabated-based regigional rseach laboratory (RRL),
supportedby CIBC, is now trying out an Argentinian weevil for the eradication of water
hyacinth, another dangerous weed, which has become a nuissance in many parts of the world.
According to Mrs kaiser Jamil of RRL, the Agentinian weevil does not attack any other plant
and a pair of adult bugs could destroy the weed in 4-5 days ' CIBC is also perfecting the
technique for breeding parasites that prey on ' diapense scale' insects- notorious defoliants of
fruit trees in the US and India.
How effectively biological control can be pressed into service is proved by the following
examples. In the late 1960s, when Sri lanka's flourishing coconut groves were plagued by leaf-
mining hispides, a larval parasite imported from Singapore brought the pest under control, a
natural predators indeginious to India, Neodumetia sangawani, was found useful in controling
the Rhodes grass -scale insect that was devouring forage grass in many parts of the US. By
using Neohetina bruci, a heetle native to Brazil, scinetists at Kerala Agricultural University
freed a 12-kilometre long canal from the clutches of the weed Savila molesta, piopular called' 105
African Payal' in Kerala. About 30,000 hectares of rice fields in Kerala are infested by this weed.
Do the folowing statements agree with the claims of the writer in the Reading passage. Write
YES if the statement agrees with the claims of the writer.
NO if the statement contradicts the claims of th writer.
NOT GIVEN if it is impossible to say what the writer thinks about this.
1.Disease-speading pests response more quickly to pesticides than agricultural pest do.
2. A number of pests are now born with an innate immunity to some pesticides.
3. Biological control entails using synthetic chemicals to try and change the genetic make-up of the pests' offspring.
4. Bio-control is free from danger under certain circumstances.
Complete each sentence with the correct ending A-I below
Write correct letter , A-I , in boxes 5-9
5. Disapense scale insect feed on 6. Neodumelia sagawani ate
7. Leaf-mining hispides blighted
8. An Argentinian weevil may be sucessful in wiping out 9.Salvina molesta plagues. A. forage grass B.rice field C. Coconut trees D. Friut trees E. water hyacinth F. parthenium weed G. Brazilian beettles H.grass-scale insects I. larval parasites. 106
Question 1. Choose the most suitable word or phrase (A, B, C, or D) to fill in each blank. (20points) 1.C 2.C 3.A 4.D 5.A 6.A 7.D 8.A 9.D 10. C 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. B A D C C B C B A C
2. Question2: Fill in ach numbered blank of the pasage with the most suitable form of the
word in bold.(10points) 1.beseiged 2.comtemptou 3.inapprpriat 4. 5.indelible s e undertaking 6.discripnar 7.outlay 8.breathlessl 9.non- 10. y y existent erroneousl y.
Question3: Find out ten mistakes in the following passage then correct them.(10points) 1.Major- the major
2. Increased- increasing 3. Former- formerly
4.Species are well adapted- species that are well adapted / species well adapted. 5. survive-survival 6.grow in- grow on 7. Mechanic- mechanism
8.adaptation- the adaptation 9. Related with-related to 10. Like –as.
Question 4:Complete each of the following sentences with one suitable preposition or
particle. (10 points) 1.D 2.A 3.B 4.A 5.A 6.C 7.A 8.B 9.A 10.C
PART III. READING (5opoints)
Question 1. Choose the best word or phrase among A, B, C or D that best fits the blank space
in the following passage. (10 points) . 107 1.D 2.A 3.C 4.B 5.C 6.D 7.B 8.D 9.D 10.B
Question 2. Read the passage and choose the best answer A, B, C, or D to each question (10 points) 1. A 2. B 3. C 4. B 5. D 6. B 7. C 8. A 9. A 10. D
Question 3.Fill in each numbred blank of the following passage with the most suitable word (10points) 1. exactly 6. newcomers 2. problem 7. driving 3. place 8. subway 4. different 9. and 5. grew 10. outside
Question 4:Fill in the blank ofthe following passage with phrases or sentences suggested (10points) 1. B 2.D 3.F 4.I 5B
Question 5:Match the heading and yes, no information in t he passage(10points) 1. Not given 2. Yes 3. No 4. Yes 5. D 6.H 7.C 8.E 9.B. Đề 2:
1. From an early age, George had a / an ________for music. A. interest B. passion C. involvement D. tendency
2. Mark never spoke to anyone, and kept himself_________ A. outside B. withdrawn C. superior D. aloof 108
3. Jane delivered a / an __________appeal to the court and asked for mercy. A. sensational B. sentimental C. emotional D. affectionate
4. When I gave her the present, my mother ___________with satisfaction. A. beamed B. grinned C. giggled D. guffawed
5. In answer to my question, my sister __________in agreement. A. shook B. grimaced C. wriggled D. nodded
6. After my uncle's death, my aunt remained a / an ______for only a few months before remarrying. A. in-law B. widow C. single D. bride
7. I can't tell Tom and Paul apart, they are _________twins. A. similar B. alike C. resemblance D. identical
8. Many people consider that the _________of marriage is under threat. A. institution B. constitution C. attribution D. restitution
9. After the accident, the police informed the victim's next of __________. A. relation B. blood C. kin D. generation
10. I'm sorry I snapped at you like that, but I'm in a bad ________. A. mind B. mood C. mentality D. manner
20. We went to see the play last night and_____-for Tony, we all enjoyed it very much. A. apart B. aside C. except D. unless
21. They haven't beaten me yet. I still have one or two ______ up my sleeve. A. traps B. tricks C. jokes D. defenses
22. You ______ go to the dentist's before your toothache gets worse. A. ought to B. ought C. rather D. better
23. According to the forecast it will be mostly cloudy, with ______of rain in the north. A. outbreaks B. elements C. bursts D. times
24. ______ of all of us who are here tonight. I would like to thank Mr Jones for his talk. A. On behalf B. On account C. In person D. Instead
25. The brothers are so alike I can not _____ one from the other. A. say B. notice C. mark D. tell
26. From the hotel there is a good ______of the mountains. A. vision B. view C. sight D. picture
27. I can't make ______what's happening. A. away B. out C. up D. over
28. He's left his book at home, he's always so ______ A. forgetting B. forgotten C. forgettable D. forgetful
29. The accused man ______to give the police any more information. A. objected B. denied C. refused D. disliked
2. Give the correct form of each bracketed word in the space provided .
1. Thrips are tiny which are hardly _______ (VISION) to the naked eye.
2. I wonder which party is going to put forward Mr Coxton's ____(CANDIDATE) in the next election.
3. Does the thick fur of the polar bear give it enough ______ (WARM) during the long frosty winter?
4. It wasn't clear who of the neighbors showed so strong a determination as to ____ (NOTE) the police of
the argument the Browns had at home. 109
5. Some of you must have forgotten to _______ (CONNECT) the iron before leaving the house and there
fore the fire broke out.
6. Abraham Lincoln is a ________ (HISTORY ) character.
7. The local council officer has again denied giving any _____ (PERMIT) to the building company for occupying the land.
8. It is feared that this dreadful accident in the chemical plant may have severe ________ (IMPLY) for the
natural environment in this region.
9. The boy's ___ (OBJECT) behavior was the primary reason for which he was expelled from school.
10. Only one sailor from the missing boat has been rescued so far. The fate of the other crew members
remains ____ (KNOW). + Your answer here: 1........................... 2.......................... 3.......................... 4...........................
5.............................. 6........................... 7...........................
8............................ 9............................ 10...........................
3. In each sentence contains a mistake find it and correct it.
1. The school advised William's parents to let him go on the adventure holiday
.............................
as it might gain his self- confidence.
2. If you need to keep fit, then why not take on a sport such as squash or tennis? ...............................
3. The Internet will provide access to reference material that most schools could ............................... never ordinarily afford.
4. Probably hundreds of people are going to work on space stations in fifty years' time.
..............................
5. Society will be having to change radically to keep pace with the technology available.
..............................
6. The development of virtual galleries offers new opportunities, predominantly
to artists working with computerized images.
..............................
7. It seems almost inevitable that the lead actor will be replaced before the show will close.
...............................
8. The film has no space a very thin plot and some very wooden acting.
..............................
9. Don't let me disturb you now. I'll be coming back some other time, when
.............................. you're less busy.
10. By the year 2015 it may be possible to travel faster than the speed of the light.
...............................
4. Fill in the gap with a correct preposition to complete the following sentences.
1. She was irritated ___________ the way her finance pick his nose, so she broke it off.
2. Take advantage ____________ this special offer! 50 percent off list price while stocks last !
3. Because of the increase in number of firms offering financial services, there's a bigger demand than ever
___________ qualified accountants.
4. Please give my regards ______ your mother, Oedipus, when you see her again.
5. " I'm Polish __________ birth, but I have French nationality" 110
6. I'm sorry you have been expelled from the garden, Adam, but ____some extent it's your own fault.
7. The railway police have finally arrested the man who has been responsible ________ biting all the buttons off railway carriage seats.
8. With reference _________ your advertisement in today's Guardian, I should like to apply for the post of Head
Clerk in your Sales Department.
9. He went __________his own accord: nobody forced him to go.
10. Sarah is studying hard. She is intent _______getting a good degree.
+ Your answer here: 1............................ 2........................... 3........................... 4......................... 5...........................
6.............................. 7............................ 8............................ 9......................... 10........................ PART III- READING
1. Choose the best word by circling letter A, B, C or D to complete the following passage:
Does the climate of a country really affect the behavior of the people who live in it and help to (1) _____
its culture? Have you ever heard of people from hot countries being described (2) _____" warm and friendly"
while those from places with low temperatures and gray climates are sometimes called " cold and distant?". the
people who live in colder climates tend
(3)_____spend much more time at home (4) _____ television or wondering what color to paint the living- room.
As a result of being " shut in" at home for (5) _____ of their lives, perhaps they also develop personalities to
match. Maybe they tend to be (6)_____ expressive in their everyday lives.
In (7) _____, we see that people who live in warm and sunny countries spend much more time outdoors.
In squares all (8) _____southern Europe, for example, we can see hundreds of people (9) _____ the day
drinking coffee in cafes and chatting. It certainly seems as if climate affects behavior, (10) _____you have to be
careful not generalize too much. 1. A. do B. be C. create D. invent 2. A. as B. while C. like D. during 3. A. to B. of C. at D. in 4. A. viewing B. looking C. seeing D. watching 5. A. most B. lots C. many D. rest 6. A. least B. less C. little D. few 7. A. opposite B. addition C. contrast D. similarity 8. A. in B. into C. under D. over 9. A. as B. during C. when D. while 10. A. despite B. however C. although D. otherwise.
2. Read the following passage then choose the best answer A, B, C or D
Even before the turn of the century, movies began to develop in two major directions: the realistic and
the formalistic. Realism and formalism are merely general, rather than absolute, terms. When used to suggest a
tendency toward either polarity, such labels can be helpful, but in the end they are just labels. Few films are
exclusively formalist in style, and fewer yet are completely realist. There is also an important difference realism 111
and reality, although this distinction is often forgotten. Realism is a particular type, whereas physical reality is
the source of all the raw materials of film, both realistic and formalistic. Virtually, all movie directors go to the
photographable world for their subject matter, but what they do with this material- how they shape and
manipulate it- determines their stylistic emphasis.
Generally speaking, realistic films attempt to reproduce the surface of concrete reality with a minimum
of distortion. In photographing objects and events, the Filmmaker tries to suggest the copiousness of life itself.
Both realist and formalist film directors must select (and hence emphasize) certain details from the chaotic
sprawl of reality. But the element of selectivity in realistic films is less obvious. Realists, in short, to preserve
the illusion that their film world is un-manipulated, an objective mirror the actual world. Formalists, on the
other hand, make no such pretense. They deliberately stylize and distort their raw materials so that only the very
naive would mistake a manipulated image of an object or event for the real thing. We rarely notice the style in a
realistic movie; the artist tends to be self-effacing. me filmmakers are more concerned with what is being
shown than how It is manipulated. The camera is used conservatively. It is essentially a recording mechanism
that produces the surface of tangible objects with as little commentary s possible. A high premium is placed on
simplicity, spontaneity, and directness. his is not to suggest that these movies lack artistry, however, for at its
best the realistic cinema specializes in art that conceals art.
Question1. What does the passage mainly discuss? A. Acting styles B. Film plots C. Styles of filmmaking D. Filmmaking 100 years ago
Question2. With which of the following statements would the author be most likely to agree?
A. Realism and formalism are outdated terms.
B. Most films are neither exclusively realistic nor formalistic.
C. Realistic films are more popular than formalistic ones.
D. Formalistic films are less artistic than realistic ones.
Question3. The phrase " this distinction " in the first paragraph refers to the difference between_______. A. formalists and realists B. realism and reality C. general and absolute
D. physical reality and raw materials
Question4. Whom does the author say is primarily responsible for a style of film? A. The director B. The actors C. The producer D. The camera operator
Question5. The word "It" in the first paragraph refers to__________. A. the photographable world B. their subject matter C. this material D. their stylistic emphasis
Question6. The word " Copiousness " in the second paragraph is closest in meaning to __________. A. abundance B. greatness C. fullness D. variety
Question7. How can one recognize the formalist style? A. it uses familiar images. B. it is very impersonal.
C. it obviously manipulated images.
D. it mirrors the actual world. 112
Question8. The word " tangible " in the last paragraph is closest in meaning to_________. A. concrete B. complex C. various D. comprehensible
Question9. The word " self-effacing " in the last paragraph is closest in meaning to____________. A. modest B. shy C. egocentric D. introverted
Question10. Which of the following films would most likely use a realist style? A. A travel documentary B. A science fiction film C. A musical drama D. An animated cartoon
3. Read the passage below, fill in the gap with correct word to complete it.
If you feel like something just a little different in the way of a skiing holiday, why not try heli-skiing in
Canada? The last person I suggested this to, answered predictably, " What the hell is that?" It's quite simple (1)
_____. Not only do you have to travel by helicopter to the ski lodge, which in the (2) ______of the one I visited
was undoubtedly buried in the Rocky Mountains, and is inaccessible by road during the winter months, (3)
_____ the fact that flying is also the only means of getting to the slopes. So (4) _____ of the familiar queue at
the ski- lift, you radio for a helicopter. As it sets down to pick you up, just make sure the blast of air from the
rotors doesn't blow away your hat and coat, and then off the (5) ____ .
Somewhere in the snowy wastes the helicopter will deposit you and a dozen (6) _____ onto a slope of
virgin snow. The appeal is meant to be that it is a far cry from the busy slopes of Europe and most other
American ski resorts. You are fifty miles from the nearest town, and there is nothing resembling a ski-lift or
cable are, so you have to (7) _____ on legs, skis and the helicopter. You might see the occasional mountain-
goat or grizzly bear, but there won't be hordes of people all dressed the (8) ____ . There are one or two (9)
______ however, apart from the cost of flying all the way to Canada. Your friendly helicopter pilot might just
put you down in fifteen- foot snow drift. Your guide might forget where the snow neatly disguises a hundred-
foot drop, or might warn you too late. An other problem is the freezing weather, which might ground your
helicopter and leave you stranded in the wilderness. (10)___the end,
though , the whole point is the adventure, and the exhilaration of skiing in open country, on fresh powdery
snow. So if the idea attracts you, and you have about $ 4000 to spend on a week's holiday, and the skiing ability
to cope with the conditions, it might be just the thing for you.
+ Your answer here: 1..........................
2............................. 3......................... 4........................... 5.......................... 6........................... 7............................ 8.......................... 9........................... 10........................
4. You are going to read a magazine article about a safari guide. Six sentences have been removed from the
article. Choose the most suitable sentence from the list A- J for each part (1-5) of the article. There is one
extra sentence which you do not need to use.
A HAIR- RAISING EXPERIENCE!
Safari guide Pete Johnson had found a good place to camp. 113
But it turned out not to be quite as good as he first thought.
After three days of driving our truck through the heat and dust of northern Botswana, my assistant John and I
were covered in sweat and mud and looking forward to cleaning ourselves up_____( 0 ) J
Our inquiries had led us to a disused and abandoned public campsite. The cool shade of the thick bush and
towering trees in this secluded clearing was a welcome change from the scoring heat. This deserted place,
famous for lions and wild dogs, was perfect and far away from the main tourist areas. After dusting ourselves
down, we gazed over the deserted site. (1) _____.How would the film crew, several weeks behind us and
hoping for some comfort, take to it? We began to investigate the area.
Nearby we found a large rusty reservoir tower. (2) _____ With broken window frames, missing doors and a
damaged roof, the washing block was a horrible eyesore in this otherwise beautiful area. For our purposes,
however, it was ideal, and I was delighted to find that water still flowed through the showerheads. This would
provide a week or two of relative luxury for the film crew, as they had had to make do with a bucket shower up to now.
Pleased with our find, yet too tired to move on that afternoon, John and I sat up an overnight camp. Once it was
established. I excited headed for the cool darkness of the shower block, armed with four-days- worth of dirty
clothing and a bar of soap to begin my laundry. Just how did the windows, doors and roof of the building
become so damaged, I wondered? (3) _____.
While kneeling down at a shower basin, rinsing the last of the soapsuds out of my travel- stained clothes, I was
started by a loud slithering noise. It was the beginning of my nightmare. (4) _____. I realized that it was not a
large snake, but an elephant who had expertly inserted its truck through the window and was now sucking up water.
Suddenly, another truck coiled through the window right above me, sniffed the air and proceeded to suck up my
laundry water. I was absolutely petrified and began to nervously edge away on my knees, making slowly for the
door. I knew that if any one of the elephants sensed me and panicked, they might easily injure or kill me. I had
only moved a few inches, but before I reached the door yet another trunk bust in, this time through a hole in the
corrugated roof, and found its way into one of the lidless water tanks. (5) ______. There was nothing I could do
but stay perfectly still in the corner, listening to the sound of bits of roofing being torn away and the deafening
sucking up of water. After several terrifying long minutes, the elephants stopped drinking as quickly as they had
started and moved quietly away. I remained frozen where I was for a few moments to make sure they had gone,
then stood up and stumbled out into the welcoming sunlight.
There was no sight nor sound of herd. The animals had disappeared into the bush as if they had never been
there. Feeling dazed I bundled up my laundry and quickly boarded up the doorway to the shower block with
pieces of roofing. The film crew would have to make do with bucket showers after all.
+ List of phrases / sentences:
A. I glanced over my shoulder towards the source of the noise, and my eyes immediately fixed on a huge grey
serpent- like thing that was slithering through one of the high windows.
B. This ugly construction provided essential dry- season water for the old washing block on the edge of the camp clearing. 114
C. And beyond it, two more of them were swinging their way towards me.
D. Though quiet, the campsite also looked completely run down.
E. I was about to find out.
F. I was now surrounded.
J. As professional safari guides we were looking for good base- camp locations in the Savui National Park before our crew arrived.
5. You will read a passage and then answer the questions that follow. Part A. YES
if the statement agrees with the writer. NO
if the statement does not agree with the writer. NOT GIVEN
if there is no information about this in the passage.
DEADLY ILLUSSION BRINGS DEATH ON THE ROAD.
Children are being killed on Britain's roads because of an optical illusion, warn researchers at the
University Of Aberdeen. The illusion fools drivers into underestimating how long it will take them to stop, and
by the time they discover their mistake it is too late to avoid an accident.
About 50 children are injured on Britain's roads every day. Investigators looking at this problem have
tended to blame children's inexperience and carelessness. But the researchers at Aberdeen suggest that the
problem lies with the drivers. Doung Stewart of the university's engineering department says that the optical
illusion is responsible for more than half the injuries to children on the roads.
People normally judge the time it will take an approaching object to reach them by the rate at which its
size increases, a phenomenon called optic flow. This is adequate for catching a ball or ducking a projectile,
Stewart says, but for car drivers it is only effective in the final second or so before collision. At speech of 50
kilometres an hour, which are typical for traffic in towns, it takes around 3 seconds to stop a car.
Stewart and his colleagues Chris Cudworth and Rely Lishman say that instead drivers judge the time
before a collision by subconsciously measuring the angle between the top and the bottom of the pedestrian's
image. In the absence of any other clue, they assume that the pedestrian is an adult and judge the distance accordingly.
If the pedestrian turns out to be a child, this assumption can be lethal, as it leads drivers to believe the
child is farther away it really is. By the time the error has become apparent, it can be too late for the driver to avoid hitting the child.
Stewart and his colleagues conducted a series of tests in which volunteers acted as drivers in a computer
simulation of a car approaching a pedestrian. In the test, volunteers were presented with a child one meter tall
and an adult 1.8 meters tall. The volunteer " drivers" were asked to stop at a safe distance in front of the pedestrian.
Describing their results in the journal Perception, the researchers say that drivers were more likely to
make errors when the image was a child's. They also found that the driver's height above the road influenced the 115
number of errors. A driver sitting 1.8 meters above the road was less likely to misjudge the distance than one
sitting one meter above the road.
This seems to be borne out by the road accident statistics. Cars are two or three times more likely than
lorries to hit children, when the number of each type of vehicle on the road is taken into account. Lorry drivers
sit higher up than car drivers.
Stewart says that the risk of drivers making potentially fatal errors can be reduced by providing visual
cues for drivers about the size of the object they are approaching. Britain has one of the worst child safety
records in Europe. One reason, says Stewart, is that other European countries have more zebra crossings, and
that the markings on the road help drivers to distinguish between a child and an adult.
Britain's zebra crossings are gradually being replaced by pelican crossings, which have traffic lights but
no striped markings on the road. Stewart says that pelican crossing should also have road markings to help
drivers judge the size of a pedestrian.
In correspondence with Stewart, the Department of Transport describes the research as" interesting",
though it does not accept that the paper " demonstrates that perceptual error in the way described is the main
reason for children having a much higher accident rate". The DoT does agree, however, that marking the road
with stripes at pelican crossings could improve things. Unfortunately, says Stewart, there is no indication that
the positive tone of some of the DoT's comments has led to " action to curb child pedestrian accidents or to promote further research". QUESTION 1-4
Do the following statements agree with the writer of Deadly Illusion Brings Death on the Road? Please write
+ Example: Scientists are studying traffic accidents involving children. → Answer: YES
1. Optic flow refers to the moving speed of an object approaching someone.
2. Stewart and his colleagues hope that drivers will be required by law to drive at a lower speed in town.
3. Lorries are less to hit children because lorry drivers sit higher up than car drivers.
4. Stewart believes that pelican crossing should be replaced by zebra crossings.
+ Your answer here: 1 2 3 4 ..........................
.............................. ........................... ............................ Part B. Question 1-6
The following reading passage has seven paragraphs A-G. Choose the most suitable headings for paragraphs B-
G from the list of headings below. Write the appropriate numbers (i-x) in the spaces provided. ( There are more
headings than paragraphs so you will not use all of them. You may use any of the headings more than once) + List of headings:
i. Sustainable fishing techniques.
ii. Regulating fishing activities. iii. Gregorio Dano. 116
iv. Alternative sources of income. v. Peculiar creatures. vi. Tiger-Tail seahorses.
vii. Medicinal use of seahorses. viii. Stephen Casey's effort.
ix. Getting all parties to work together.
x. Finding ways to protect seahorses. Example Paragraph A Answer: iii 1 Paragraph B __________ 2 Paragraph C __________ 3 Paragraph D __________ 4 Paragraph E __________ 5 Paragraph F __________ 6 Paragraph G __________ SAVING THE SEAHORSES
A. Gregorio Dano is a seahorses fisherman, and he is not happy. A decade ago, he and the other subsistence
fishers from the central Philippine village of Handumon supported their families by collecting dozens of
seahorses a day from the coral reefs of nearby Danajon Bank. But as the six-month-long seahorse-fishing
season begins next month, Dano will be lucky to catch a half dozen of the elusive fish in a full night's diving,
enough to buy only a day's worth of rice.
B. Seahorses and their relatives, the only animal species whose males, rather females, become pregnant, are
popular with home collectors and public aquariums alike. Since the charismatic fish die easily in captivity, they
must be replaced frequently from the alike. Dried seahorses are prized by practitioners of traditional Chinese
medicine, in remedies for everything from asthma to impotence. As disposable income in China has risen over
the last decade, so too has demand for seahorse- based cures. That has caused over-fishing at Danajon Bank and
throughout the fishes' range, leading to the loss of at least 20 million wild seahorses a year. Populations have
been plummeting everywhere seahorses are fished- in sea grass beds and mangrove stands from Florida to
Ecuador, and coral reefs from India to Vietnam.
C. Last week 35 researchers and representatives of major public aquariums from around the world met at
Chicago's John G Shedd Aquarium to discuss what can be done to reverse the trend. " We've seen population
declines of 50 per cent over the last five years, and that's unacceptable," says Amanda Vincent, a conservation
biologist at Montreal's Mc Gill University and co- founder of Project Seahorse. One way to reduce aquariums'
dependence on wild stocks is to improve captive breeding techniques. Jorge Gomezjurado, a biologist at San
Francisco's Steinhart Aquarium, has spent the last year trying to raise Hippocampus ingens, the Giant Pacific
seahorse. Prized as the largest of the seahorses at up to 12 inches long, H. ingens is also one of the trickiest to
breed. Like all seahorses, they're fussy eaters, and in captivity they're susceptible to disease. By experimenting
with food supplements, Gomezjurado has managed to raise three successive generations.
D. Another researchers, a Ph.D, candidate at the London Institute of Zoology named Stephen Casey, has been
studying the six-inch-long Tiger-Tail seahorse (H.comes), the most heavily exploited species on the Danajon 117
Bank. Casey spent six weeks in Handumon, going out with seahorse fishers nightly to collect specimens. He
paid the fishers the going rate for their catch, a few pesos each, which allowed him to sample without further
depleting the population. His research will help determine whether seahorses can move from one spot on a reef
to another. Adults rarely stray more than a few feet from their small home range, but juveniles might be
transported to distant areas by waves or currents. If so, the progeny of an isolated pocket of reproducing adults
would spread out, recolonizing distant reefs that have been depopulated by fishing.
E. The Shedd Aquarium is tackling the depopulation problem from a different angle. Together with Project
Seahorse, Shedd's merchandizing department developed a project with the Handumon villages to lessen their
dependency on seahorses. The Shedd gift shop now stocks 34 different products made by Handumon fishers
and their families. Straw beach mats and handbags with seahorse motifs are big sellers. Dono and his wife have
gone into business making wooden diving goggles, sold at the Shedd gift shop for $7, and have earned enough
to get out of debt and buy food and medicine for their six children.
F. Project Seahorse is also encouraging traditional Chinese medicine practitioners to identify alternatives to
seahorses, and researchers are helping villagers to develop sustainable fishing techniques. The villagers have
established an 80-acre " no fishing" zone around Handumon. Populations of both seahorses and other species
have rebounded so well that the idea is spreading to other villages, says Philippine biologist Marivic Pajarro,
though the fish suffered a setback a year ago when the night watchman sneaked away to attend a fiesta and the
area was poached of seahorses.
G. As the workshop concluded last week, Vincent said she was more hopeful than ever before that seahorse
decline can be reversed before disaster strikes. She now hopes to get all of the " stakeholders", including fishers,
traders. medical practitioners and biologists, to meet together and work out how best to manage seahorses so
that all parties- including the fish get what they need. " Fish are seen as food, not wildlife," says London Zoo
curator and Project Seahorse co- founder Heather Hall, summing up the difficulty of preserving underwater
species. " We're just lucky that seahorses are about as cute as you get in the fish world". those good looks may
be what eventually saves them in the wild. The researchers hope that less popular but equally threatened species
that share their watery homes may be saved in the bargain. PART IV- WRITING
1. Read the following attract and use your own words to summarize it. You summary should be about 120
words long. You must not copy the original. AMERICAN FOOTBALL
The American type of football was developed in the 19th century from soccer and rugby football. Played
by professionals, amateurs, college, high schools, or young children, football in America is one of the most
popular sports besides basketball and baseball. It attracts millions of fans each fall and people are very
supportive of their favorite teams. The football playing field of today is rectangular in shape and measures 100
yards long and 53.5 yards wide. White lines are painted on the playing field to mark off the distances to the end
zone. The games is divided into four quarters, each fifteen minutes long. The first two quarters are known as the
first half. There is a rest period between two halves which usually last about fifteen minutes. Each team has
eleven players. Each team has offensive players ( play when the team has possession of the ball) and defensive
players ( play when the other team has the possession of the ball). Because of the body contact players have 118
during the game, helmets are worn to protect their head and face area, whereas pads are worn to protect the
shoulders, arms, and legs. Also, there are officials carrying whistles and flags to make certain that the rules of
the game are followed during the game. The football is made of leather and is brown in color. It is shaped much
like an oval and has white rings near each end of the football. These rings help the players see the ball when it is
thrown or someone is running with it. The eight stitches on the top of the football help the players to grip the
ball when throwing or passing. The most famous game of the year is Super Bowl that is played in January. It is
televised around the world and is watched by millions of people each year.
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2. The chart shows the numbers of workers in two categories: permanent settlers and temporary workers,
immigrating to Australia from 1992 to 2001. Write a 150 word paragraph to describe it.
Inflow of foreign workers into Australia 1992 - 2001 50 45 40 s d 35 30 an Pemanent settlers s 25 u o 20 Temporary workers 15 Th 1050
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3. Some people think that the use of computers should be restricted to reduce its harmful effect on children.
Do you agree or disagree? Write a composition of 250 words, giving your opinion on the topic.
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PART I- LISTENING: 40 points
1. Listen and complete the passage. Use no more than three words for each blank ( 20 points) 1. boy 6. hands 2. climbing 7. nowhere 3. safe 8. frightened 4. train 9. enjoyment 5. adventure 10. ground
2. Listen to a conversation and fill in the numbered gaps in the table. Write NO MORE THAN THREE
WORDS AND/OR A NUMBER for each answer.( 10 points) 11. Friday 12. History 13. Forty-three 14. Why study 15. Animal (43) history language
3: Listen to the conversation between a man and a woman and choose the best answer (10 points) 16. A 17. B 18. C 19. B 20. B + Transcripts Part 1.
I have always enjoyed walking. When I was boy, I used to go walking at weekends with my father. We
went camping and climbing together. I try to visit a new place every year. Last year, I decided to walk a path in 121
Spain called El Camino del Rey, which means the King's way. It is one of the highest and most dangerous
footpaths in Europe. It used to be very safe but now it is falling down. I took a train to the village of El Chorro
and started to walk towards the mountains. I was very excited. Then the adventure began. The path was about
three feet wide and there were holes in it. It used to have a handrail but not any more. I didn't know what to do-
should I go on my hands and knees, or stand up? I decided to stand up and walk very slowly. At times, the path
was only as wide as my two boots. I stopped to have a rest but there was nowhere to sit.
I began to feel very frightened. It was impossible to look down or look up. I was concentrating so hard that
my body started aching. There was no thrill of danger, no enjoyment of the view. I thought I was going to die.
I finally managed to get to the end. I was shaking, and I was covered in sweat from heat and fear. I fell to the ground, exhausted. PART 2: (Conversation)
JANE Hi Tim! (Tim: Jane.) How are you? (Tim: Fine.) I'd been wondering when I'd run into
you. Have you been here long?
TIM I arrived yesterday, on Sunday. How about you?
JANE I got here a few days ago, on Saturday. No - wait a minute, what's today? – Sorry, Friday, not Saturday.
TIM But we didn't have to be here till today.
JANE Yes, I know, but I wanted to get my things moved into my room, and just take a look
around. So, did you decide to do English in the end?
TIM No, I changed my mind and opted for history instead. And you're doing biology, if I remember correctly.
JANE Yes, although to start with I couldn't decide between that and geography.
TIM How much reading have you got? I was given an amazingly long list of books to read. See!
JANE Wow, it does look pretty long. TIM
Well, I counted 57. I could hardly believe it! What's your list like?
JANE Well, it's not as long as yours, but it's still pretty big. There are 43. I don't know
how I'm going to get through them all.
TIM Well you don't have to read them all this week! You just have to stay ahead of the
lectures and seminars. Have you got your class schedule yet?
JANE Yeah. It came with the reading list. When's your first lecture? TIM Tuesday. How about you?
JANE The day after. It's my busiest day; I've got two lectures in the morning and one in the afternoon.
JANE It's going to be different from school, isn't it!
TIM Yeah, particularly the lectures. Have you got any special strategy for listening to lectures?
JANE Well I'm going to use a cassette recorder and record them all. TIM What! Are you allowed to?
JANE Sure. Lots of people do it nowadays. It means you can listen to the lectures all over again
later, and make really good notes.
TIM I couldn't do that. I like to take notes as I'm listening. I usually find I get all the important
points. Reading is different of course. My approach is to skim the book first to see what's
important and what isn't. It saves hours of time.
JANE But what if you miss something?
TIM You don't mean you're going to read every word, do you? 122
JANE Well, that's what I usually do.
TIM Well, that's up to you, but I think you're crazy!
JANE What's your first lecture on, anyway?
TIM Oh, it's a lecture on the French Revolution.
JANE The French Revolution! How boring!
TIM It's not boring at all! It was an amazing period of history. It changed everything in
Europe. So what's your first lecture about?
JANE It's about animal behavior. It sounds really interesting.
TIM Look, I was on my way to the library. I'm going to get some of these books out and start
reading for the first essay I've got to write.
JANE And what have you got to write about?
TIM Well, you'll never believe it, I think our professor must have a sense of humor. He's
given us the title "Why study history?"
JANE That's a good one. When you find the answer, let me know!
TIM I'm going to enjoy writing it. Have you been given any writing assignments yet?
JANE Yes, I've got to write about animal language.
TIM Hmm! That sounds a challenge. I suppose you'll be off to the zoo to do field research. Part 3
Man: Hi, Sis. I just came over to drop off the DVDs you wanted, and . . . Hey, wow!? Where did you get all of this stuff?
Woman: I bought it. So, what do you think of my new entertainment center? And the widescreen TV . . . Man: Bought it?
Woman: . . . and my new DVD player. Here, let me show you my stereo. You can really rock the house with this one.
Man: But where did you get the dough to buy all this? You didn't borrow money from mom and dad again, did you?
Woman: Of course not. I got it with this!
Man: This? Let me see that . . . Have you been using Dad's credit card again?
Woman: No, silly. It's mine. It's student credit card.
Man: A student credit card? How in the world did you get one of these?
Woman: I got an application in the mail.
Man: Well, why did you get one in the first place?
Woman: Listen. Times are changing, and having a credit card helps you build a credit rating, control spending,
and even buy things that you can't pay with cash . . . like the plane ticket I got recently. Man: What plane ticket?
Woman: Oh yeah, my roommate and I are going to Hawaii over the school break, and course, I needed some new clothes for that so . . .
Man: I don't want to hear it. How does having a student credit card control spending? It sounds you've spent
yourself in a hole. Anyway, student credit cards just lead to impulse spending . . . as I can see here. And the
interest rates of student credit cards are usually sky-high, and if you miss a payment, the rates, well, just jump! 123
Woman: Ah. The credit card has a credit limit . . . Man: . . . of $20,000?
Woman: No, no quite that high. Anyway, . . . Man: I've heard enough.
Woman: Did I tell you we now get digital cable with over 100 channels? Oh, and here's your birthday present. A new MP3 player . . .
Man: Yeah. Oh, don't tell me. Charged on the credit card. Listen. Hey, I don't think having a student credit card
is a bad idea, but this is ridiculous. And how in the world are you going to pay off your credit card bill?
Woman: Um, with my birthday money? It's coming up in a week.
Man: Hey, let's sit down and talk about how you're going to pay things back, and maybe we can come up with a
budget that will help you get out of this mess. That's the least I can do.
PART II: LEXICO - GRAMAR: ( 50 points - 1 point for each)
1. Choose the best answer A, B, C, or D to each sentence below( 20 points) 1B 2D 3C 4A 5D 6B 7D 8A 9C 10B 11C 12B 13A 14A 15A 16D 17B 18B 19D 20C
2. Give the correct form of each bracketed word in the space provided ( 10 points) 1. visible 2. candidacy 3. warmth 4. notify 5. disconnected 6. historic 7. permission 8. implic ati ons 9. objec tionable 10. unknown
3. In each sentence contains a mistake find it and correct it is correct put √(10 points)
1. develop his self confidence 2. take up a sport 3. √ 4. are going to be working 5. will have to change 6. √ 7. before the show closes 8. no pace, a 9. I'll come back 10. light ( no the )
4. Fill in the gap with a correct preposition ( 10 points) 124 1. by 2. of 3. for 4. to 5. by 6. to 7. for 8. to 9. of 10. on
PART III- READING: 50 points
1. Choose the best word to complete the passage (10 points) 1C 2A 3A 4D 5A 6B 7C 8D 9B 10C
2. Read the following passage then choose the best answer A, B, C or D (10 points) 1C 2B 3B 4A 5C 6A 7C 8A 9A 10A
3. Read the passage below, fill in the gap with correct word to complete it.( 10 points) 1. really 2. case 3. despite 4. instead 5. mountain 6. others 7. rely 8. same 9. disadvantages 10. In
4. Choose the most suitable sentence from the list A- J for each part (1-5) of the article. There is one extra
sentence which you do not need to use. (10 points) 1D 2B 3E 4A 5F
5. You will read a passage and then answer the questions that follow.( 10 points) Part A. YES
if the statement agrees with the writer. NO
if the statement does not agree with the writer. NOT GIVEN
if there is no information about this in the passage. 1.NO 2. NOT GIVEN 3. YES 4. NO Part B. Question 1-6
The following reading passage has seven paragraphs A-G. Choose the most suitable headings for paragraphs B-
G from the list of headings below. Write the appropriate numbers (i-x) in the spaces provided. ( There are more
headings than paragraphs so you will not use all of them. You may use any of the headings more than once) + Question 1-6 1.v 2.x 3.viii 4.iv 5.i 6.ix Đề 3
1. He was ___________ with an extraordinary ability. A. intrusted B. ensured C. endowed D. entreated
2. The news of his death was like a bolt ___________. A. from the red B. from the blue
C. from the black D. from the white
3. Four people drowned when the yatch ___________ in a sudden storm. 125 A. inverted B. overflowed C. upset D. capsized
4. Could I pick your ___________ on the subject before the meeting? A. brains B. mind C. head D. intellect
5. At first they refused but I managed to ___________ them around to my way of thinking. A. put B. force C. push D. bring
6. ___________, he remained optimistic.
A. Though badly wounded he was B. Badly wounded as he was C. As he was badly wounded D. As badly wounded he was
7. These drugs will help you but don't expect a miracle ___________. A. cure B. remedy C. recovery D. therapy
8. Her health has improved in ___________.
A. sick and tired B. odds and ends C. leaps and bounds D. trial and error
9. ___________ imagined what would happen.
A. Not for one minute had they B. Never they had C. No minute had they D. Not one minute had they
10. If you act ___________, you risk making mistakes. A. on purpose B. on impulse C. in a sense D. in panic
11. The nervous job candidate took a deep breath and tried to ___________ herself. A. subdue B. compose C. wrestle D. strike
12. We were taken out for a meal ___________ the company's expense. A. for B. in C. at D. from
13. My new shoes will be great once I've ______ them ______. A. broken – in
B. put – through C. taken – to D. fixed – up
14. I don't think it would be wise to try to make Max change his mind about divorcing Barbara.
Well, in his place I ___________ her at all. A. would never have married B. needn't have married C. would never marry D. must never have married
15. They must have gone away, ___________?
A. shouldn't they B. haven't they C. mustn't they D. didn't they
16. Find someone who will let you talk things through, or ___________ that, write down your thoughts. 126 A. except B. failing C. for all of D. given
17. ___________ unprepared for the exam, I felt sure I would get a low score. A. Having B. Being C. Although D. Because
18. Many students couldn't _______, but the teacher _______ the problem by going into a detailed explanation. A. catch up/ cleared away B. catch up with/ cleared off C. catch on/ cleared up D. catch at/ cleared out
19. Everythings looks very positive for the company, ___________ the current investors do not default on their agreements. A. assuming that B. whether C. whereas D. as if
20. What on earth made you risk your life and ___________ by driving that fast? A. death B. health C. limb D. liberty
PART 2. Give the correct form of the word in brackets. (10 points)
1. At the age of 17 she is already one of Hollywood's most ___________ actresses. (SEEK)
2. If you are worried about wrinkles, use a ___________ cream every day. (MOIST)
3. They lost the battle, despite ___________ the enemy by two to one. (NUMBER)
4. Few active steps were taken to measure, understand or manage the occurence of ___________. (ABSENCE)
5. Advertising is particularly effective on people who are highly ___________. (SUGGEST)
6. The ___________ sports stadium is the pride of the city. (FUTURE)
7. Nadal has defeated his ___________, Ferrer in the quarter final. (PATROTISM)
8. She ___________ herself, left the farm and moved to London. (ROOT)
9. The new BMW has a more powerful engine than its ___________. (PRECEDE)
10. She stood there completely ___________, so I had no idea at all what she was thinking. (EXPRESS)
PART 3. There is one mistake in each sentence. Find and correct it.(10 points)
1. I am very glad (A) that you have done (B) lots of (C) progress this semester (D).
2. The Girls Scouts, found (A)by Juliette Gordon Low in 1912, has grown (B) to a current
membership of more than (C) three million (D) girls. 127
3.The Nobel Prize winning (A) candidate, together with (B) his wife and children, are (C)
staying in Sweden after (D) the presentation.
4. In general, novels are thought of extended (A) works of prose fiction depicting (B) the inner and
outer lives (C) of their characters (D).
5. Full time jobs for men are declining, while (A) more women are finding (B) part-time or full-time work.
The result is declining social status for men so (C) they lose their role as (D) the sole finance provider.
6. Ancient people made a clay (A) pottery because (B) they needed it (C) for their survival(D).
7.The Concord can fly across (A)the Atlantic without refuelling (B)and carrying (C)11 tons of freight.(D)
8.That (A)cats have (B)nine lives (C) have been believed (D)for centuries.
9. Despite the appearance (A)of the Mayan empire(B), there are (C)still Mayans in the region that they (D)once inhabited.
10. An organ is(A) a group of tissues(B) capable to perform(C)some special functions, as, for
example, the heart, the liver(D) or the lungs.
PART 4. Fill in each gap with a suitable preposition.(10 points)
1. Two thieves were arrested, but one is still ___________ large.
2. I’m ___________ any having more meetings.
3. Amused by the three clowns, the spectators were convulsed ___________ laughter.
4. When the police raided the gambling den, the gamblers dispersed ___________ all directions.
5. Many people aspire ___________ power and wealth, but few attain them.
6. At the moment, I am ___________ to my ears in work, so I can't go out with you.
7. Have you seen a miser parting ___________ his money?
8. The poor girl has fallen victim ___________ a wasting disease.
9. As the weather was fine, we set out ___________ high spirits.
10. Don't interrupt; just hear me ___________ before you give comments.
READING COMPREHENSION (50 points)
PART 1. Read the text below and decide which answer best fits each space. (10 points)
(1) ___________ popular belief, one does not have to be a trained programmer to work
online. Of course, there are plenty of jobs available for people with high-tech computer skills,
but the growth of new media has (2) ___________up a wide range of Internet career 128
opportunities requiring only a minimal level of technical (3) ___________. Probably one of the
most well-known online job opportunities is the job of webmaster. However, it is hard to define
one basic job description for this position. The qualifications and responsibilities depend on
what tasks a particular organization neeads a webmaster to (4) ___________.
To specify the job description of a webmaster, one needs to identify the hardware and
software that the website will manage to run (5) ___________. Different typres of hardware and
software require different skill sets to manage them. Another key factor is whether the website
will be running internally or externally. Finally, the responsibilities of a webmaster also depend
on whether he or she will be working independently, or whether the firm will provide people to
help. All of these factors need to be considered before one can create requiring (6)
___________ knowledge of the latest computer applications. (7) ___________, there are also
online jobs available for which traditional skills remain in high (8) ___________. Content jobs
require excellent writing skills and a good sense of the web as a "new media".
The term "new media" is difficult to define because it encompasses a (9) ___________
growing set of new technologies and skills. Specifically, it includes websites, email, Internet
technology, CD-ROM, DVD, streaming audio and video, interactive multimedia presentations,
e-books, digital music, computer illustration, video games, (10) ___________ reality, and computer artistry. 1. A. Apart from B. Contrary to C. Prior to D. In contrast to 2. A. taken B. sped C. set D. opened 3. A. expertise B. master C. efficiency D. excellency 4. A. conduct B. perform C. undergone D. overtake 5. A. on B. over C. in D. with 6. A. built-in B. up-market C. in-service D. in-depth 7. A. However B. Therefore C. Moreover D. Then 8. A. content B. demand C. reference D. requirement 9. A. constantly B. continually C. increasingly D. invariably 10. A. fancy B. imaginative C. illusive D. virtual
PART 2. Read the passage and choose the best answer to each question. (10 points)
"The evolution of the banana, star of the Western fruit bowl" By Rosie Mestel 129
Did you hear? The genome of the banana has been sequenced, an important development
in scientist's efforts to produce better bananas.
A look at that genome has revealed curious things, said Pat Heslop-Harrison, a plant
geneticist at the University of Leicester in England who was a coauthor of the report published
this week in the journal Nature.
For example, there are regions of the banana genome that don't seem to be involved in
making proteins but are shared by many different species of plants, far beyond bananas. What, he wonders, are they doing?
There are remnants of bits of banana streak virus spliced into the banana genome (too
broken-up to cause disease, however).
There are whole sets of DNA repeats that plants normally have but bananas do not. And,
intriguingly, three times since this genus of giant herbs took an evolutionary turn away from its
relatives -- the grasses -- it has duplicated its entire set of chromosomes.
Two of the doublings took place at the Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary 65 million years ago,
back when the dinosaurs and lots of other species went extinct, Heslop-Harrison noted.
Duplications like this are known to have happened in other plant groups at this same time
but haven't occurred since, Heslop-Harrison said. Scientists don't know why, but they believe
having extra copies of genes may have imparted some stability to plants during a time of rapid
climate change after an asteroid hit Earth.
Having more than one gene of each type means that if one gene of a set loses function, the
plant still has another one that works. And there's more room for adaptability to new
circumstances, because one gene could be altered and co-opted for new purposes and there
would still be the other one left to perform the original job.
"Perhaps it's the reason [bananas have] done so well in the subsequent millions of years,"
Heslop-Harrison said. "One can ask, will changes occurring in the world's climate now mean
there's going to be a whole set of new genome duplications that will enable plants to survive?
We don't know that, but it's interesting to consider."
The banana genome sequenced by the French scientists was from the Pahang, a wild
Malaysian banana of the species Musa acuminata. It's a key species in the complicated
evolution of the bananas and plantains people eat around the world, including the Cavendish
banana that we buy at the supermarket.
The sterile Cavendish is a so-called triploid: It has three sets of chromosomes instead of the
normal two. One of those genomes came from Pahang. The others came from other subspecies of Musa acuminata.
The changes occurred stepwise, and went something like this:
Thousands of years ago, two wild banana species from different parts of the islands of
Southeast Asia were brought into the same range by people. They formed hybrids. A bit like
mules, the hybrids were vigorous but fairly sterile.
The hybrids were kept going without sex through propagation of their shoots.
At some point, the hybrids developed the ability to set fruit without being fertilized.
Then (for most bananas, including the Cavendish) came another chance event that
caused the hybrids to end up with three sets of chromosomes. Every now and again, the few 130
viable eggs and pollen that they made would mistakenly contain two sets of chromosomes instead of just one.
When a double-chromosome pollen combined with a single-chromosome egg (or vice
versa), the result was a hopelessly sterile plant with even more vigorous fruit.
Events like this happened more than once and sometimes included other types of ancestral banana species.
Some scientists, in fact, have made a whole study of banana domestication and movement
around the world. They've pieced the story together using quite different strands of
information, including the genomes of wild and cultivated bananas, the microscopic relics of
banana leaf material found at archaeological sites, and even the word for "banana" in different languages.
1. In paragraph 2, the word "curious" is closest in meaning to A. inquisitive B. peculiar C. nosy D. intricate
2. What does paragraph 5 suggest about bananas?
A. The banana genus may not yet be classifiable into a traditional category.
B. Bananas are actually a species of grass.
C. Bananas may now be categorized as "herbs" in supermarkets.
D. Because banana chromosomes duplicate themselves, they have better potential for successful cloning.
3. Why does the author use "intriguingly" to describe the phenomenon in paragraph 5?
A. To imply that bananas are far more interesting than other fruits.
B. To make readers doubt the claims scientists are making about bananas.
C. To suggest that duplication of chromosomes is a rare and interesting occurrence in the plant world.
D. To encourage questions about whether bananas are grasses or herbs.
4. Why is the observation in paragraph 6 important?
A. It suggests that the banana mutated its genetic structure for survival.
B. It shows that bananas can be traced as far back as dinosaurs.
C. It suggests that bananas were fatal to dinosaurs and other species.
D. It proves that bananas are immune to atmospheric changes.
5. The word "co-opted" in paragraph 8 is closest in meaning to A. decided upon together B. argued against C. removed from the study D. adopted
6. The quote in paragraph 9 most closely suggests
A. Bananas may be an example of ways that species might alter their genetics to survive
changes in the earth's climate and atmosphere.
B. That the genetic mutations of bananas have no implications for other species.
C. That genetic structure is the only factor that should be considered when predicting survival.
D. Though bananas have made it this far, there is no proof that they will survive the next
wave of significant atmospheric changes. 131
7. According to the article, all are steps in the evolution of the banana EXCEPT
A. Some banana hybrids began to develop three sets of chromosomes.
B. The merging of two different banana species.
C. Bananas reproduced widely and easily through fertilization.
D. Bananas developed the ability to develop fruit without fertilization.
8. The word "chance" in paragraph 16 is closest in meaning to A. random B. gamble C. risky D. opportune
9. All are variations of banana mentioned in the article EXCEPT A. the Cavendish
B. Dolus mundi C. Musa acuminata D. plantains
10. The word "domestication" in the final paragraph is closest in meaning to A. housebroken B. well-controlled
C. adapted for human consumption
D. accepted within the culture
PART 3. Read the passage and fill in each gap with ONE suitable word. (10 points)
My stay among the indigenous people of Africa turned out to be a mixture of both success
and failure. I was able to observe firsthand (1) __________ the people lived instead of relying on
books or films. I was pleasantly surprised to find out that they were genial people. They were
friendly (2) ___________ me from the very first day and they did not display any signs of
hostility throughout my month long stay. I felt indignant (3)____________ I thought of the
terrible way they had always been (4) __________ in films and books. I felt (5)____________ for
them as they did not know how much others (6) __________ them.
However, my trip was not a (7) __________ of roses. I had been warned many times by
my colleagues that when I stay with a tribe, I had to do as the Romans do. I should not be afraid
to try new things especially the food that they (8) __________ delicacies. These were highly
prized and only eaten on special (9)__________. Unfortunately, I did not (10) __________ their
advice and I gagged on a piece of meet that they offered me. They looked offended and from
that day, many of them were not as friendly as they used to be.
PART 4. Five sentences have been removed from the newspaper article below. Choose one
sentence which fits each gap. (10 points)
Fun at the Dentist's?
If you walk into W.Lloyd Jerome's dental surgery in the centre of Glasgow, you'll see
bright modern paintings on the wall and a fashionable blue couch which patients sit on while he 132
checks their teeth. Jerome says, "Fifty percent of the population only go to the dentist when
they're in pain rather than attending for regular check-ups. That's because they're frightened."
To counteract this, he has tried to create an environment where people are not afraid. " (1)
_______" I find that's one of the things that people associate with pain. In fact, my philosophy
is that dental treatment should take place in an atmosphere of relaxation, interest and above all enjoyment."
Which is all highly shocking for anyone (most of us in fact) who has learnt to associate
dental treatment with pain, or at the very least, with formal, clinical visits. Jerome says, " If
people are relaxed, entertained and correctly treated, they will forget such previous negative experiences."
Virtual-reality headsets are one of his new relaxation techniques. " (2) _______ The
headsets are used for the initial check-up, where the patient sits comfortably on the blue couch
and watches a film about underwater wildlife while I look at their teeth. Then the headset
switches to a special camera, to give the patient a visual tour around their mouth." Surprisingly,
most patients seem to enjoy this part of their visit to the dentist.
Another key point is that the surgery smells more like a perfume shop than a dentist's.
Today there is the smell of orange. Jerome explains, " (3) _______ Smell is very important.
That dental smell of surgical spirit can fet the heart racing in minutes if you are frightened of
dentists." I certainly found the delicate smell in the surgery very pleasant.
Although he is known as Glasgow's most fashionable dentist, Jerome is keen to point out
that he takes his work very seriously. " (4) _______"
For example, Jerome uses a special instrument which sprays warm water on the teeth to
clean them, rather than scraping them. " It feels a bit strange at first. but as long as people are
relaxed, it's not painful at all."
Five years ago, Jerome went to the United States to do research into dental techniques. "
(5) _______" , he explains. He sees his patient-centred attitude as the start of a gradual
movement towards less formality in the conservative British dentistry profession.
At that moment, a patient arrives. Jerome rushes over, offers him a cup of tea, asks him
what video he'd like to watch and leads him gently towards the chair. The patient seems
enjoying this five-star treatment and no wonder. The surgery seems more like an elegant beauty
parlour than a mainstream dental practice.
A. One of the things I found out there was that when you make it easier for the patient, you make it easier for yourself.
B. That's why I took the decision not to wear a white coat. 133
C. The relaxation techniques are important but the quality of the treatment is of course the most important thing.
D. We were the first practice in Britain to introduce them and they're proving very popular.
E. Now I'm sure that they actually look forward to their visits here.
F. When people walk in, I want them to realise with all their senses that it's not like going to the dentist's.
PART 5. Read the passage and answer the questions below.(10 points)
WHAT COOKBOOKS REALLY TEACH US
A. Shelves bend under the weight of cookery books. Even a mrdium-sized bookshop contains
many more recipes than one person could hope to cook in a lifetime. Although the recipes
in one book are often similar to those in another, their presentation varies wildly, from an
array of vegetarian cookbooks to instructions on cooking the food that historical figures
might have eaten. The reason for this abundance is that cookbooks promise to bring about
a kind of domestic transformation for the user. The daily routine can be put to one side and
they liberate the user, if only temporarily. To follow their instructions is to turn a task
which has to be performed every day into an engaging, romantic process. Cookbooks also
provide an opportunity to delve into distant cultures without having to turn up at an airport to get there.
B. The first Western cookbook appeared just over 1,600 years ago. De re coquinara (it means
'concerning cookery') is attributed to a Roman gourmet named Apicius. It is probably a
compilation of roman and Greek recipes, some or all of them drawn from manuscripts that
were later lost. The editor was sloppy, allowing several duplicated recipes to sneak in. Yet
Apicius's book set the tone of cookery advice in Europe for more than a thousand years. As
a cookbook it is unsatisfactory with very basic instructions. Joseph Vehling, a chef who
translated Apicius in the 1930s, suggested the author had been obscure on purpose, in case his secrets leaked out.
C. But a more likely reason is that Apicius's recipes were written by and for professional
cooks, who could follow their shorthand. This situation continued for hundred of years.
There was no order to cookbooks: a cake recipe might be followed by a mutton one. But
then, they were not written for careful study. Before the 19th century few educated people
cooked for themselves. The wealthiest employed literate chefs; others presumably read
recipes to their servants. Such cooks would have been capable of creating dishes from the vaguest of instructions.
D. The invention of printing might have been expected to lead to greater clarity but at first the
reverse was true. As words acquired commercial value, plagiarism exploded. Recipes were
distorted through reproduction. A recipe for boiled capon in The Good Huswives Jewell,
printed in 1596, advised the cook to add three or four dates. By 1653, when the recipe was
given by a different author in A Book of Fruits & Flowers, the cook was told to set the dish aside for three or four days. 134
E. The dominant theme in 16th and 17th century cookbooks was order. Books combined
recipes and household advice, on the assumption that a well-made dish, a well-ordered
larder and well-disciplined children were equally important. Cookbooks thus became a
symbol of dependability in chaotic times. They hardly seem to have been affected by the
English civil war or the revolutions in America and France.
F. In the 1850s Isabella Beeton published The Book of Household Management. Like earlier
cookery writers she plagiarised freely, lifting not just recipes but philosophical
observations from other books. If Beeton's recipes were not wholly new, though, the way
in which she presented them certainly was. She explains when the chief ingredients are
most likely to be in season, how long the dish will take to prepare and even how much how
much it is likely to cost. Beeton's recipes were well suited to her times. Two centuries
earlier, an understanding of rural ways had been so widespread that one writer could advise
cooks to heat water until it was a little hotter than milk comes from a cow. By the 1850s
Britain was industrialising. The growing urban middle class needed details, and Beeton provided them in full.
G. In France, cookbooks were fast becoming even more systematic. Compared with Britain,
france had produced few books written for the ordinary householder by the end of the 19th
century. The most celebrated French cookbooks were written by superstar chefs who had a
clear sense of codifying a unified approach to sophisticated French cooking. The 5,000
recipes in Auguste Escoffier's Le Guide Culinaire (The Culinary Guide), published in
1902, might as well have been written in stone, given the book's reputation among French
chefs, many of whom still consider it the definitive reference book.
H. What Escoffier did for French cooking, Fannier did for American home cooking. She not
only synthesised American cuisine; she elevated it to the status of science. 'Progress in
civilisation has been accompanied by progress in cookery,' she breezily announced in The
Boston Cooking-School Cook Book, before launching into a collection of recipes that
sometimes resembles a book of chemistry experiments. She was occasionally over-fussy.
She explained that currants should be picked between June 28th and July 3rd, but not when
it is raining. But in the main her book is reassuringly authoritative. Its recipes are short,
with no unnecessary chat and no unnecessary spices. I.
In 1950 Mediterranean Food by Elizabeth David launched a revolution in cooking advice
in Britain. In some ways Mediterranean Food recalled even older cookbooks but the
smells and noises that filled David's books were not mere decorations for her recipes. They
were the points of her books. When she began to write, many ingredients were not widely
available or affordable. She understood this, acknowledging in a later edition of one of her
books that 'even if people could not very often make the dishes here described, it was
stimulating to think about them.' David's books were not so much cooking manuals as
guides to the kind of food people might well wish to eat. 135 Questions 1-5
Which paragraph contains the following information? Write the correct letter, A-I, in spaces 1-
5. You may use any letter more than once.
1. cookery books providing a sense of stability during periods of unrest .............................
2. details in recipes being altered as they were passed on .............................
3. knowledge which was in danger of disappearing .............................
4. the negative effect on cookery books of a new development .............................
5. a period when there was no need for cookery books to be precise ............................. Questions 6-10
Look at the following list of books and statements (Questions 6-10) below.
Match each statement with the correct book, A-E List of cookery books A. De re coquinara
B. The Book of Household Management
C. Le Guide Culinaire
D. The Boston Cooking-School Cook Book
E. Mediterranean Food
6. Its recipes were easy to follow despite the writer's attention to details. .............................
7. Its writer may have deliberately avoided passing on details. .............................
8. It appealed to ambitious ideas people have about cooking. .............................
9. Its writer used ideas from other books but added additional related information. .............................
10. It put into print ideas which are still respected today. ............................. WRITING (60 points)
PART 1. Writing a summary (10 points)
In a paragraph of between 70-90 words, summarise in your own words as far as possible the
reasons why new species have been introduced by human and the bad consequences of this phenomenon. 136
Alien species are those moved by humans to areas outside their native ranges. Once
transported in this manner, they become removed from the predators, parasites and diseases that
kept them in balance in their native environments. As a result of losing these controls, they
often become pests in the areas into which they are introduced. In Hawaii, alien species have
caused tremendous amount of damage to the environment, and economy and pose an ever-
increasing threat to its natural resources, native species and ecosystems.
Because of its isolation, Hawaii originally had thousands of species found nowhere else
on Earth. But is has suffered the highest rate of extinction of any area of the USA and one of the
highest rates anywhere in the world, with hundreds or possibly thousands of unique species already extinct.
The primary agent of this remarkable loss of native biodiversity has been the massive
introduction by humans of alien species to the Hawaiian island. It has been estimated that
before the arrival of humans, new species became established in Hawaii (under their own steam
or blown by storms) once every 70,000 years. Now Hawaii receives in excess of twenty new species per year.
They arrive in Hawaii in a variety of ways. Many, such as ornamental plants, are legally
imported and planted, but then spread to forests when they reproduce and their seeds are blown
there by wind or carried by birds. Others, like agricultural insect pests and a variety of other
flying insects, arrive as unintentional hitchhikers on agricultural produce, cargo or aeroplanes.
Still other species, like reptile, are smuggled illegally into the state to satisfy their owners’ urge to have an exotic pet.
PART 2. Chart description (20 points)
The two pie charts below illustrate five types of energy production in France in 1995 and 2005.
Summarize the information by selecting and reporting the main features, and make
comparisons where relevant. You must write at least 150 words. 137
PART 3: Essay writing (30points)
In order to improve safety on our roads more severe punishment should be established for
driving offenses. To what extent do you agree or disagree with this statement?
Give reasons for your answer and include any relevant examples from your own knowledge or
experience. Write at least 250 words. GV ra đề:
Đinh Thị Thu Hường
huongdinhthithu.ctn@gmail.com 138
ĐÁP ÁN VÀ HƯỚNG DẪN CHẤM LISTENING (40 points) PART 1 (20 points): 1. Youth 6. sports centre 2. Comedy 7. 180
3. 12th March/March 12th/12 March/March 8. costumes/costume hire 12 9. Sawdicott
4. Publicity/design/lights (in any order) 10. 07955 240063 5. Community PART 2 (10 points): 11.C 14.C 12.B 15.B 13.C PART 3 (10 points): 16.B 19.B 17.B 20.A 18.C 139
LEXICO – GRAMMAR (50 points)
PART 1. Choose the word that best completes each sentence. (20 points) 1.C 11.B 2.B 12.C 3.D 13.A 4.A 14.A 5.D 15.D 6.B 16.B 7.A 17.B 8.C 18.C 9.A 19.A 10.B 20.C
PART 2. Give the correct form of the word in brackets. 1.sought-after 6.futuristic 2.moisturizing 7.compatriot 3.outnumbering 8.uprooted 4.absenteeism 9.predecessors 5.suggestible 10.expressionless
PART 3. There is one mistake in each sentence. Find and correct it. 1.B.done --> made 6.A.a clay --> clay 2.A.found --> founded 7.C.carrying --> carry 3.C.are --> is 8.D --> has been believed
4.A.of extended --> of as extended
9.A --> despite the disappearance 5.C.so --> because 10.C --> of performing
PART 4. Fill in each gap with a suitable preposition. 1.at 3.with 2.against 4.in 140 5.after 8.to 6.up 9.in 7.with 10.out
READING COMPREHENSION (50 points)
PART 1. Read the text below and decide which answer best fits each space. (10 points) 1.B 6.D 2.D 7.A 3.A 8.B 4.B 9.A 5.A 10.D
PART 2. Read the passage and choose the best answer to each question. (10 points) 1.B 6.A 2.A 7.C 3.C 8.A 4.A 9.B 5.D 10.C
PART 3. Read the passage and fill in each gap with ONE suitable word. (10 points) 1.how 6.misunderstood 2.to 7.bed 3.when 8.considered 4.depicted 9.occasion(s) 5.sorry 10.heed/take/follow
PART 4. Five sentences have been removed from the newspaper article below. Choose one
sentence which fits each gap. (10 points) 1.B 4.C 2.D 5.A 3.F 141
PART 5. Read the passage and answer the questions below. (10 points) 1.E 2.D 3.F 4.D 5.C 6.D 7.A 8.E 9.B 10.C Đề 4 142 143