Word formation list

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Tác giả:

Profile Tuyết Mai
Nouns
-age
-ene e
Verb
No
un
Verb
Noun
break
breakage
confide
confidenc
e
cover
coverage
depend
(in)dependence
pack
package
differ
difference
post
postage
exist
existen
ce
store
storage
insist
insisten
ce
wreck
wreckage
o
bey
obedience
Adjective
No
un
occur
occurrence
offend
offence
short
shortage
persist
persisten
ce
-al
recur
recurren
ce
Verb
Adjective
Noun
No
un
absent
absence
(
dis
)approve
(dis)approval
(in)competent
(in)competence
arrive
arrival
(in)convenient
(in)convenience
bury
burial
evident
evidence
den
y
denial
innocent
innocence
dismiss
dismissal
intelligent
intelligence
propase
proposal
(im)patient
(im)patience
rehearse
rehearsal
present
presence
remove
remo
val
violent
violence
renew
renewal
revive revival
survive
survival
-cy
Adjective
Noun
-ance
(in)accurate
(in)
accuracy
Verb
Noun
(in)adequate
(in)adequacy
annoy
annoyance
(in)decent
(in)decency
(
dis
)appear
(
dis
)appearance
(in)efficient (in)efficiency
attend
attendance
(in)frequent
(in)frequency
disturb
disturban
ce
immediate
immediacy
endure
enduran
ce
infant
infancy
en
ter
en
trance
intima
te
intimacy
ignore
ignorance
(il)literate (il)literacy
inherit
inheritance
pregnant
pregnancy
perform
performance
priva
te
privacy
rely
reliance
redundant
redundancy
resemble
resemblance
secret
secrecy
resist
resistance
urgent
urgency
signify
(in)significance
vácant
vacancy
tolerate
(in)tolerance
Adjective
Noun
arrogant
arrogan
ce
distant
distan
ce
(
un)important
(
un)importance
(ir
)relevant
(ir
)relevan
ce
reluctant
reluctance
116
Word
formation list -
-dom
-ity
Adjective
No
un
Adjective
Noun
bored
boredom
(un)able
(in)ability
free
freedom
(in)active (in)activity
wise
wisdom
complex
complexity
credible
credibility
Person
Abstract
noun
curious
curiosity
king
kingdom
(un)equal
(in)equality
star
stardom
(
un)familiar
(un)familiarity
ferocious
ferocity
-ful
(in)flexible (in)flexibility
(in)formal
(in)formality
No
un
Noun
(Quantity)
generous
generosity
arm
armful
hostil
e
hostility
cup
cupful
immune
immunity
fist
fistful
in
tense
intensity
hand
handful
major
majority
house
houseful
minor
minority
room
roomful
(im)mobile
(im)mobility
spoon
spoonful
objective objectivity
(
un)original
(
un)originality
-hood
personal
personality
(un)popular
(
un)popularity
Person
Abstract
noun
prosperous
prosperity
adult
adulthood
(im)pure
(im)purity
child
childhood
(in)secure
/
(in)security
father
fatherhood
(in)sensitive
(in)sensitivity
man
manhood
severe
severity
mother
motherhood
similar
similarity
neighbour
neighbourhood
;,
simple
simplicity
pa
r
ent
parenthood
(in)sincere
(in)sincerity
woman
womanhood
stupid
stupidity
;'neighbourhood
subjective
subjectivity
part
of
a
town
or
city
where
people
live
(in)valid
(in)validity
Adjective
No
un
-ing
likely
likelihood
Verb
Noun
-iety
advertís
e
advertising
build
building
Adjective
No
un
gather
gathering
anxious
anxiety
like liking
notorious
notoriety
live living
sober
sobriety
meet
meeting
various
variety
record
recording
say
saying
set
setting
suffer
suffering
117
Word
formation list
-ment
Verb
achieve
(dis)agree
amaze
amuse
announce
argue
arrange
commit
content
develop
disappoint
discourage
embarrass
employ
encourage
enjoy
entertain
excite
govern
improve
invest
involve
judge
manage
measure
m ove
(re)pay
punish
refresh
replace
require
retire
settle
treat
-ness
Adjective
(un)aware
careless
el ose
(
un)conscious
deaf
eager
(in)effective
(un)friendly
great
hard
hopeless
(un)selfish
serious
stiff
thorough
tired
useful
weak
118
Noun
achievement
(dis)agreement
amazement
amusement
announcement
argument
arrangement
commitment
contentment
development
disappointment
discouragement
embarrassment
(
un)employment
encouragement
enjoyment
entertainment
excitement
government
improvement
investment
involvement
judgement/judgment
management
measurement
movement
\
(re)payment
punishment
refreshment
replacement
requirement
retirement
settlement
treatment
No
un
(
un)awareness
carelessness
closeness
(
un)consciousness
deafness
eagerness
(in)effectiveness
(
un)friendliness
greatness
hardness
hopelessness
(un)selfishness
seriousness
stiffness
thoroughness
tiredness
usefulness
weakness
-ship
(
Person
Abstract
noun
champion
championship
companion
companionship
friend
friendship
leader
leadership
member
membership
owner
ownership
partner
partnership
scholar
scholarship"'
sponsor
sponsorship
* *
''
'scholarship
money
given
to
someone
to
help
pay
for
their
studies
'""'sponsorship
\
money
given
to
someone/an
organization
to
help
pay
for
something,
eg
an
event
Adjective
hard
-sis
Verb
diagnose
emphasize
-ston
Verb
collide
convert
erode
exclude
expand
in
elude
persuade
supervise
-son
Verb
compare
No
un
hardship
No
un
diagnosis
emphasis
Noun
collision
conversion
erosion
exclusion
expansion
inclusion
persuasion
supervision
Noun
comparison
Word
formation list -
-ation
-th
Verb
No
un
Adjective
No
un
adapt
adaptation
broad
breadth
administer
administration
deep
depth
apply
application
long
length
combine
combination
strong
strength
compile
compilation
true
truth
consider
consideration
expectation
warm
warmth
expect
wide
width
explain
-
explanation
young
youth
identify
identification
imagine
imagination
Verb
No
un
inflame
inflammation
grow
growth
inform
information
inspire
inspiration
interpret
interpretation
-ure
observe
observation
Verb
preparation
No
un
prepare
present
presentation
el
ose
closure
publish
publication
compase
composure
(dis)qualify
(
dis
)qualification
depart
departure
realize
realization
expose
exposure
resign
resignation
fail failure
vary
variation
please
pleasure
proceed
procedure
-tion
sign
signature
Verb
No
un
-y
accommodate
accommodation
(re)act
(re)action
Adjective
No
un
associate
association
difficult difficulty
collect
collection
(dis)honest
(
dis
)honesty
complica
te
complication
poor
poverty
compase
composition
safe
safety
(dis)connect
(dis)connection
(un)certain
(un)certainty
contamina
te
contamination
demonstrate
demonstration
Verb
No
un
direct
direction
discover
discovery
evolve
evolution
en
ter
entry
hesita
te
hesitation
imita
te
imitation
inhibit
inhibition
investigate
investigation
(de
)motiva
te
(de)motivation
opera
te
operation
perceive
perception
predict
prediction
prescribe
prescription
receive
reception
recognize
recognition
reduce
reduction
repeat
repetition
·
~
(~is)satisfy
(dis)satisfaction
(re)solve
(re
)solution
subscribe
subscription
substitute
substitution
119
Word
formation
list
People
"
-ant
-tan
\
Verb
Person
Noun
Person
apply
applicant
electricity
electrician
assist
assistant
history
historian
confide
confidant(e)
library
librarían
consult
consultant
mathematics
mathematician
con
test
contestant
music
musician
defend
defendant
politics
politician
inhabit
inhabitant
occupy
occupant
-ist
participa
te
participant
Noun
Person
bicycle
cyclist
-ar
environment
environmentalist
Verb
Person
motor
(car)
motorist
nature
naturalist
lie
liar
novel
novelist
psychiatry
psychiatrist
-ative
science
scientist
Verb
Person
specialism
specialist
violín
violinist
represent
representative
-or
-er
Verb
Person
Verb
Person
act
actor
employ
employer
collect
collector
lecture
lecturer
communicate
communicator
manufacture
manufacturer
compete
competitor
present
presenter
conduct
conductor
read
reader
con
tribute
contributor
research
researcher
demonstrate
demonstrator
win
winner
distribute
distributor
instruct
instructor
invent
inventor
spectate
spectator
120
Word
formation list -
Nouns formed
with
up, down, in, away, out, back
up-
upbringing
upkeep
uprising
uproar
upset
upturn
down-
downfall
downpour
downside
downturn
-down
breakdown
tn-
in
come
input
insight
intake
-away
getaway
hideaway
runaway
takeaway
Miscellaneous
Verb
Noun
(mis)behave
(mis)behaviour
choose
choice
complain
complaint
die
death
give gift
know
knowledge
laugh
laughter
lose loss
prove
proof
receive
receipt
respond
response
(
out-
outbreak
outburst
outcome
outline
outlook
output
outset
-out
breakout
checkout
handout
knockout
lookout
payout
turnout
workout
-back
comeback
drawback
feedback
setback
back-
background
Verb
sell
succeed
think
try
weigh
Adjective
high
No
un
sale(s)
success
thought
tri
al
weight
No
un
height
121
Word
formation list
Adjectives
-ah
le
Verb
Adjective
accept
(
un)acceptable
advise (in)advisable
afford affordable
agree
(dis)agreeable
apply
(in)applicable
appreciate
appreciable
approach
(
un)approachable
avoid (
un)avoidable
bear
(un)bearable
believe (un)believable
compare
(in)comparable
consider
(in)considerable
desire
(
un)desirable
dispense
(in)dispensable
forget
(
un)forgettable
imagine
(
un)imaginable
irrita
te
irritable
note
notable
notice
noticeable
pay
payable
predict
(
un)predictable
prefer
preferable
prevent
preventable
regret
regrettable
rely (un)reliable
remar
k (
un)remarkable
respect
respectable
understand
understandable
work
(un)workable
Noun
Adjective
comfort
(
un)comfortable
fashion
(
un)fashionable
knowledge
knowledgeable
memory
(un)
memorable
profit
(
un)profitable
reason
(
un)reasonable
val u e
valuable/invaluable''
''invaluable:
extremely useful. eg invaluable advicelexperience!help
122
-ible
No
un
access
flexibility
sense
Verb
comp
r
ehend
respond
'' sensible:
Adjective
(in)accessible
(in)flexible
(in)sensible*
Adjective
(in)comprehensible
(ir
)responsible
showing
or
having
good
sense
eg Cycling
with
a
broken arm is not a very sensible thing
to
do.
insensible:
a
unconscious
eg
He
was found drunk and insensible.
b
not
caring
about
or
unaware
of
eg She seemed insensible
to
the
dang~rs
involved.
-al
No
un
Adjective
accident
accidental
addition
additional
alphabet
alphabetical
behaviour
behavioural
centre
central
culture
cultural
ecology
ecological
emotion
(
un)emotional
environment
environmental
exception
(
un)exceptional
experiment
experimental
fact
factual
globe
global
intention
intentional
medicine
medicinal
method
methodical
monument
monumental
nation
national
occasion
occasional
occupation
occupational
origin
(un)original
parent
parental
person
(im)personal
practice
(im)practical
profession
(
un)professional
sensation
(
un)sensational
society social
temperament
temperamental
tradition
traditional
universe
universal
-ial
Noun
benefit
commerce
controversy
fa ce
finan
ce
industry
influence
manager
matrimony
residen
ce
secretary
substance
territory
-ant
Verb
ignore
please
rely
resist
signify
tolera
te
-ent
Verb
appear
confide
depend
differ
insist
o
bey
persist
recur
No
un
absence
(in)competence
·
(in)convenience
evidence
(in)frequency
innocence
intelligence
(im)patience
presence
violence
Adjective
beneficia!
commercial
(
un)controversia
l
facial
financia!
industrial
influential
managerial
matrimonial
residential
secretaria!
(in)substantial
territorial
Adjective
ignorant
(un)pleasant
reliant
resistant
(in)significant
(in)tolerant
Adjective
apparent
confident
(in)dependent
(in)different
insistent
(dis)obedient
persistent
recurrent
Adjective
absent
(in)competent
(in)convenient
evident
(in)frequent
innocent
intelligent
(im)patient
present
violent
-ate
No
un
accuracy
adequacy
appropriacy
consideration
fortune
moderation
-ative
Verb
administer
argue
compare
consult
imagine
inform
prevent
provoke
represent
Word
formation list -
Adjective
(in)accurate
(in)adequate
(in)appropriate
(in)considerate
(un)fortunate
(im)moderate
Adjective
administrative
argumentative
comparative
consulta
ti ve
(
un)imaginative
(
un)informative
preventative
provoca
ti
ve
(un
)representa
ti
ve
123
Word
formation list
-ive
Verb
Adjective
act
(in)active
adopt
adoptive
appreciate
(
un)appreciative
assert
(
un)assertive
attend
(in)attentive
attract
(
un)attractive
communicate
(
un)communicative
compete
(
un)competitive
conclude
(in)conclusive
construct
(
un)constructive
coopera
te
(
un)cooperative
crea
te
(un)creative
deceive
deceptive
decide
(in)decisive
defend
defensive
describe
descriptive
destroy
destructive
disrupt
disruptive
divide
divisive
explode
explosive
express
expressive
extend
extensive
impress
(
un)impressive
include
inclusive
invent
inventive
offend (in)offensive
persuade
persuasive
possess
possessive
produce
(
un)productive
progress
progressive
protect
protective
receive
(
un)receptive
respect
(ir )respective
respond
(
un)responsive
speculate
speculative
succeed
successive
support
(
un)supportive
No
un
Adjective
aggression
( un)aggressive
effect
(in)effective
expense
(in)expensive
secret
secretive
sense
(in)sensitive
124
\
-ing!-ed
The
following verbs
can
be
used
to
form
participle
adjectives
eg
worryinglworried
alarm, amaze, amuse, annoy, astonish, bore,
confuse, convince, depress, disappoint, disgust,
embarrass, entertain, excite, exhaust, fascinate,
frighten, frustrate, increase, interest, irritate,
motivate, move, refresh, relax, satisfy, shock,
surprise, terrify, threaten, thrill, tire,
worry "
The
following -ing adjectives
are
commonly
used
with
the
nouns
in
brackets.
Verb
clase
consult
recur
run
support
-ous
Noun
( dis
)advantage
ambition
anxiety
caution
courtesy
curiosity
danger
disaster
glamour
hazard
humour
luxury
monster
mystery
nerve
number
poison
religion
suspicion
Verb
infect
vary
Adjective
closing (date)
consulting
(room)
recurring
(illness,
nightmare,
problem,
theme)
running
(water)
supporting
(actor, actress,
evidence, role)
Adjective
( dis
)advantageous
(
un)ambitious
anxious
cautious
(dis)courteous
curious
dangerous
disastrous
(
un)glamorous
hazardous
humorous
luxurious
monstrous
mysterious
nervous
numerous
poisonous
(ir )religious
suspicious
Adjective
infectious
various
-ful!-less
Root
-fui
beauty
beautiful
ca
re
careful
cheer
cheerful
colour
colourful
count
deceit
deceitful
delight
delightful
effort
end
event
eventful
faith
faithful
fault
faulty
flight
gratitud
e
grateful
hair
hairy
harm
harmful
heart
help
helpful
home
hope
hopeful
job
meaning
meaningful
pain
painful
peace
peaceful
point
power
powerful
price
relent
res o
urce
resourceful
respect
respectful
skill
skilful"' 1 skilled ''
sleep
speech
stress
stressful
success
successful
taste
tasty'~
/tasteful
j,
thought
thoughtful''
time
truth
truthful
use
useful
waste
wasteful
wonder
wonderful
worth
youth
youthful
-less/un_ful
careless
cheerlessj'
colourless
countless
effortless
endless
uneventful
unfaithful
faultless
flightless
ungrateful
hairless
harmless
heartless
helpless''
/unhelpful
''
homeless
hopeless
jobless
meaningless
painless
pointless
powerless
priceless''
re
lentless
unresourceful
disrespectful
unskilled
_ sleepless
speechless
unstressful
unsuccessful
tasteless
thoughtless
timeless
untruthful
useless
worthlessj'
Word
formation list -
cheerless:
used
mainly
to
describe
the
weather
or
a
room
which
is
not
bright
or
pleasant
helpless:
unable
to
do
anything
to
help
or
protect
yourself
unhelpful:
not
willing
to
help
other
people
priceless:
used
to
describe
an
object
which
has
a
very
high
value;
it
is
worth
so
much
money
that
the
price
cannot
be
calculated
(compare
with
worthless
below)
skilful
& skilled:
both
can
be
used
to
describe
a
person
who
has
the
necessary
ability, experience
and/or
training
to
do
something
well.
eg
He's
a skilful footballer. This work was done by
skilled craftsmen.
skilled:
can
also
be
used
to
describe
a
job
or
piece
of
work
that
requires
special skill
and
training
eg
Nursing is a skilled job.
tasty:
used
to
describe
food
with
a
strong
and
pleasant
flavour
tasteful:
used
to
describe
clothes,
decoration
etc
which
is attractive
and
shows
good
taste
thoughtful:
a
to
describe
a
person
who
is
quiet
and
serious
because
they
are
thinking
about
something
b
to
describe
someone
who
thinks
and
cares
about
the
feelings
and
needs
of
other
people
worthless:
used
to
describe
an
object
with
no
value
in
money
(compare
with
priceless above)
-te
No
un
Adjective
allergy allergic
drama
drama
tic
optimism
optimistic
pessimism
pessimistic
science
scientific
strategy
strategic
125
Word
formation list
-ary
Verbs
No
un
Adjective
-ate
caution
cautionary
Verb
literat
u
re
literary
Noun
revolution
revolutionary
alien
aliena
te
assassin
assassinate
Verb Adjective
difference
differen
tia
te
imagine
imaginary
val u e eval
uate
volunteer
(in)voluntary
Adjective Verb
active activa
te
-ory
captive
captivate
Verb
Adjective
dominant
domina
te
advise
advisory
valid
valida
te
celebra
te
celebratory
contradict
contradictory
en-
explain
explanatory
introduce
introductory
No
un
Verb
migra
te
migratory
act
enact
oblige
obligatory
circle encircle
prepare
preparatory
courage
encourage
( discourage)
satisfy (
un)satisfactory
danger
endanger
·
superv
i
se
supervisory
force
enforce
list enlist
-ly
rage
enrage
trust
en
trust
No
un
Adjective
friend
(un)friendly
Adjective Verb
able
enable
life
lively
large
enlarge
time
(un)time
ly
rich
enrich
sure
ensure
-y
No
un
Adjective -ify
chat
chatty
No
un
Verb
cloud
cloudy
class classify
e
ase
easy
example
exemplify
fault
faulty
fog
foggy
glory glorify
frost
frosty
identity
identify
note
notify
grass
grassy
( dis
)qualification
( dis )qualify
guilt
guilty
ha
ir
hairy
Adjective Verb
hill
hilly
clear
clarify
mist
misty
just
justify
mud
muddy
pure
purify
rain
rain
y
simple
simplify
rock
rocky
so
lid
solidify
sleep
sleepy
sun
sunny
wealth
wealthy
126
-en
Adjective
black
bright
broad
dar
k
dead
deaf
deep
fat
flat
hard
high
long
less
loo
se
red
sad
sharp
short
soft
stiff
straight
strong
sweet
thick
tight
weak
wide
worse
Noun
threat
-ize
No
un
character
clima
te
computer
criticism
emphasis
maximum
memory
mínimum
moisture
pressure
revolution
standard
summary
symbol
sympathy
Verb
blacken
brighten
broaden
darken
deaden
deafen
deepen
fatten
flatten
harden
heighten
lengthen
lessen
loasen
redden
sadden
sharpen
shorten
soften
stiffen
straighten
strengthen
sweeten
thicken
tighten
weaken
widen
worsen
Verb
threaten
Verb
characterize
acclimatize
computerize
criticize
emphasize
maximize
memorize
minimize
moisturize
pressurize
revolutionize
standardize
summarize
symbolize
sympathize
Word
formation list -
Adjective
commercial
familiar
formal
general
item
modern
social
special
stable
visual
Verb
commercialize
familiarize
formalize
generalize
itemize
modernize
socialize
specialize
stabilize
visualize
Verbs formed
with
up,
down, over, under,
out
up-
update
upgrade
uphold
uplift
uproot
upset
upstage
down-
downgrade
download
downplay
downshift
downsize
over-
overcome
overcook
overeat
overestimate
overexpose
overflow
overhear
overheat
overload
overlook
overrate
overrule
overrun
overshadow
oversleep
overspend
overstay
overstretch
overtake
overthrow
overuse
overwork
127
Word
formation list
under-
underachieve
undercharge
undercut
underestimate
undergo
underline
underrate
understate
undertake
undervalue
out-
outgrow
outlast
outlive
outnumber
outplay
outrun
outstay
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