WORD FORMATION NEGATIVE PREFIXES MEANING ADDED TO: EXAMPLES UN- "the opposite of" adjectives unfair "not" participles unassuming/ unexpected ____SUPPORTIVE
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ NON- "not" various classes non-smoker non-drip (paint)
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ IN- (as for -UN) adjectives insane DIS- (as for- UN) adjectives disloyal verbs dislike abstract nouns disfavour
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ A- "lacking in" adjectives amoral nouns asymmetry
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
REVERSE OR PRIVATIVE PREFIXES MEANING ADDED TO: EXAMPLES UN- "to reverse action" verbs untie "to deprive of" unhorse -desarzonar
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ DE- "to reverse action" verbs defrost abstract nouns deforestation
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ DIS- (as for UN-) verbs disconnect participles discoloured nouns discontent
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- PEJORATIVE PREFIXES MEANING ADDED TO: EXAMPLES MIS- "wrongly" verbs misinform "astray" abstract nouns misconduct participles misleading
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ MAL- "badly" verbs maltreat abstract nouns malfunction participles malformed adjectives malodorous
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ PSEUDO- "false, nouns pseudonym imitation" adjectives pseudonymous
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
PREFIXES OF DEGREE OR SIZE MEANING ADDED TO: EXAMPLES ARCH- "highest, nouns archduke worst" (mainly human) arch-enemy
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- SUPER- "above, nouns superman more than, supermarket better" adjectives supernatural
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- - OUT- "to do something verbs outrun faster, longer, (mainly intrans) outlive etc than ..."
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ PREFIX MEANING ADDED TO: EXAMPLES SUR- "over and above" nouns surtax
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ SUB- "lower than, less adjectives subhuman, than" substandard
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ OVER- "too much" verbs overeat participles overdressed adjectives overconfident
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ UNDER- "too little" verbs undercook participles underprivileged
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ HYPER- "extremely" adjectives hypercritical
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ ULTRA- "extremely, adjectives ultra-violet beyond" ultra-modern
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ MINI- little" nouns miniskirt
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ PREFIXES OF ATTITUDE MEANING ADDED TO: EXAMPLES CO- "with, joint" verbs cooperate nouns co-pilot
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
COUNTER- "in opposition to" verbs counteract abstract nouns counter-revolution
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ ANTI- "against" nouns anti-missile adjectives anti-social adverbs anti-clockwise
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ PRO- "on the side of" nouns pro-Common Market adjectives pro-communist
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ LOCATIVE PREFIXES MEANING ADDED TO: EXAMPLES SUPER- "over" nouns superstructure
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ SUB- "beneath, nouns subway lesser in rank" adjectives subconscious verbs sublet
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ INTER- "between, adjectives international among" verbs intermarry nouns interaction
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ TRANS- "across, from adjectives transatlantic one place to verbs transplant another"
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
PREFIXES OF TIME AND ORDER MEANING ADDED TO: EXAMPLES FORE- "before" mainly verbs foretell abstract nouns foreknowledge
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- - PRE- "before" nouns pre-war adjectives pre-martial
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- - POST- "after" nouns post-war adjectives post-classical
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ EX- "former" human nouns ex-husband
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ RE- "again, verbs re-build, re-create back" abstract nouns resettlement
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ NUMBER PREFIXES PREFIX MEANING EXAMPLES UNI-, MONO- "one" unilateral, monotheism
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ BI-, DI- "two" bilingual, dipole
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ TRI- "three" tripartite
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ MULTI-, POLY- "many"
multiracial, polysillabic
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ OTHER PREFIXES MEANING EXAMPLES AUTO- "self" autobiography
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ NEO- "new, revived" neo-Gothic
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ PAN- "all, world-wide" pan-African
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ PROTO- "first, original" prototype
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ SEMI- "half" semicircle
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ VICE- "deputy" vicepresident
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ CONVERSION PREFIXES
ADDED TO  TO FORM EXAMPLES
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ BE-
nouns  participial adjectives bewigged, bespectacled verbs  { transi- bedazzle adjectives  { tive becalm nouns  { verbs bewitch EN- nouns  verbs enslave
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ A-
verbs  predicative adjectives afloat
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ SUFFIXES
ADDED TOTO FORM MEANING EXAMPLES [A] OCCUPATIONAL -STER nouns=
"person engaged in gangster -EER personal an occupation or nouns activity" engineer
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ -ER nouns= "varied meanings, teenager, nouns
eg "inhabitant of X" Londoner
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ [B] DIMINUTIVE OR FEMININE
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ -LET count nouns=
"small, unimportant" booklet, count nouns piglet
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ -'ETTE nouns= nouns "small, compact" kitchenette statuette
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ "imitation" flannelette (material)
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- "female" usherette
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- SUFFIX
ADDED TO  TO FORM MEANING EXAMPLES -ESS animate nouns= "female" waitress animate nouns
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -Y, IE nouns= nouns daddy, auntie
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- [C] STATUS, DOMAIN -HOOD nouns= "status" boyhood abstract nouns
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -SHIP (as for -hood) "status, condition" friendship
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -DOM (as for -hood)
"domain, condition" kingdom
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -'OCRACY (as for -hood) "system of government) democracy
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -(E)RY "chiefly nouns= a) abstract nouns a) "behaviour" slavery b) concrete count b) "place of activity or nouns abode" nunnery, refinery c) non-count nouns c) collectivity machinery
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- [D] OTHER
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -ING count nouns= "the substance of which non count nouns N is composed" panelling
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ -FUL count nouns=
"the amount which N mouthful contains"
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
NOUN/ADJECTIVE  NOUN/ADJECTIVE SUFFIXES
ADDED TOTO FORM MEANING EXAMPLES
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -ITE nouns (chiefly "member of community Israelite names) faction/type" socialite
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ -(I)AN nouns (chiefly "pertaining to ..." Indonesian proper) = personal republican nouns, non-gradable adjectives
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -ESE (as for -(i)an "nationality" Chinese
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -IST nouns/adjectives= "member of a party, socialist personal nouns/ad- occupation" violinist jectives
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -ISM nouns/adjectives= "attitude, political idealism abstract nouns movement" communism
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
VERB NOUN SUFFIXES
ADDED TO  TO FORM MEANING EXAMPLES
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -ER, -OR verbs (mainly dy- agentive and driver namic) =nouns instrumental receiver PUBLISH____ (mainly personal) actor
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -ANT verbs= nouns agentive and inhabitant instrumental disinfectant
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -EE verbs= personal passive employee nouns
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -(A)TION verbs a abstract nouns a "state, action" a exploration COMPETE COMPE REACT REAC b collective nouns b "institution" b organization -SION CONCEDE ________SSION
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ -MENT verbs= nouns "state, action" amazement (chiefly abstrac)
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ -AL verbs= nouns "action" refusal (chiefly count dismissal abstract)
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ -ING verbs= a abstract nouns a activity driving b concrete nouns b result of building activity SING____VOICE LEAD_____ PUBLISHER
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ -AGE verbs= non-count "activity, result drainage of activity"
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
ADJECTIVE NOUN SUFFIXES
ADDED TO  TO FORM MEANING EXAMPLES
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ -NESS adjectives= abs- "state, quality" tract nouns happiness
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ -ITY (as for - NESS) "state, quality" sanity
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ VERB SUFFIXES
ADDED TO  TO FORM MEANING EXAMPLES
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ -IFY nouns, adjectives= causative simplify verbs (chiefly transitive)
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -IZE (as for -IFY) causative popularize (BrE: also -ISE)
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -EN adjectives=verbs a transitive "causative" deafen b intransitive "become X" sadden
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
NOUN  ADJECTIVE SUFFIXES
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- SUFFIX
ADDED TO TO FORM MEANING EXAMPLES
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -FUL nouns (chiefly ab- "having ..., useful stract) = gradable giving..." helpful adjectives
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
ADDED TO TO FORM MEANING EXAMPLES -LESS nouns= adjectives "without ..." childless
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -LY nouns (chiefly con- "having the crete)= gradable qualities of adjectives ..." cowardly
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -LIKE (as for -LY) "having the qualities of" childlike
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -Y nouns (chiefly con- "like ..., creamy crete non-count)= covered with..." hairy gradable adjectives
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -ISH nouns (chiefly pro- per and count) = adjectives a) non gradable a belonging to Turkish b) gradable b having the foolish character of ...
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -IAN nouns (chiefly "in the tradition proper) of ... " Darwinian
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
SOME ADJECTIVE SUFFIXES COMMON IN BORROWED AND NEO-CLASSICAL WORDS
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ SUFFIX USED TO FORM EXAMPLES
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ -AL primarily non-gradable criminal (also -IAL, -ICAL) adjectives editorial PROFESSION_____
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ -IC gradable or non-gradable heroic adjectives
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ -IVE gradable or non-gradable (also -ATIVE, adjectives) attractive, -ITIVE) affirmative, sensitive SUPPORT_____
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ -OUS primarily gradable virtuous, (also -EOUS, adjectives courteous -IOUS) vivacious
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ OTHER ADJECTIVE SUFFIXES SUFFIX
ADDED TO  TO FORM MEANING EXAMPLE
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ -ABLE verbs (chiefly transi- "able/worthy readable -IBLE tive) = adjectives to be V-ed" forcible
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ -ISH gradable adjectives= "somewhat..." youngish gradable adjectives
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ -ED nouns or noun phrases "having ..." balconied = adjectives
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ ADVERB SUFFIXES
ADDED TO  TO FORM MEANING EXAMPLE
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ -LY adjectives= adverbs "in a... happily
of manner, viewpoint manner" etc strangely
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ -WARD(S) adverbs, nouns= manner/direc- backwarkd(s) adverbs of manner/ tion direction
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ -WISE nouns= a adverbs of manner "in the ma- a) crabwise nner of ..." b viewpoint adverbs "as far as ... b) weather-wise is concerned"
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- SUBJECT AND VERB COMPOUND
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- SUNRISE = the sun rises bee-sting noun + deverbal noun earthquake Very productive type headache
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
RATTLESNAKE = the snake rattles flashlight verb + noun hangman
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ DANCING GIRL = the girl dances firing squad Vebal noun + noun
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ VERB AND OBJECT COMPOUNDS
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
SIGHTSEEING = X sees sights air-conditioning Noun + verbal noun brainwashing (Number is neutralized) dressmaking Very productive type story-telling
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ TAX-PAYER = X pays taxes gamekeeper
Noun + agentive or instrumental noun record-player (Number is neutralized) songwriter Very productive type window-cleaner
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ BLOODTEST = X tests blood count nouns non-count nouns Noun + deverbal noun book review birth-control haircut self-control
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- CALL-GIRL = X call the girl knitwear Verb + noun
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- CHEWING GUM = X chews gum cooking apple spending money
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
VERB AND ADVERBIAL COMPOUNDS
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
SWIMMING POOL = X swims in the pool typing paper Verbal noun + noun adding manchine Very productive type walking stick
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
DAYDREAM = X dreams during the day sun-bathing Sleepwalking Noun + verbal noun handwriting
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
BABY-SITTER = X sits with the baby factory-worker Noun + agentive noun sun-bather daydreamer
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- HOMEWORK = X works at home boat-ride Noun + deverbal noun daydream Most examples are count gunfight
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
SEARCHLIGHT = X searches with a light dance hall Verb + noun plaything
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- VERBLESS COMPOUNDS
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
WINDMILL = the wind (powers) the mill hydrogen bomb Noun + noun motorcycle
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
TOY FACTORY = the factorey (produces) toys tear gas Noun + noun oil well
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
BLOODSTAIN = the blood (produces) stains hay fever Noun + noun sawdust
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
DOORKNOB = the door (has) a knob shirt-sleeves Noun + noun table leg Very productive type television screen
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
GIRL-FRIEND = the friend (is) a girl oak tree Noun + noun tape measure
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- DARKROOM = the room (is) dark hardboard Adjective + noun madman
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
FROGMAN = the man (is) like a frog goldfish Noun + noun kettledrum Very productive type tissue paper
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
SNOWFLAKE = the flake (consists) of snow bread-crumb Noun + noun sand-dune
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
ASHTRAY = the tray (is) for ash coffee time Noun + noun facecloth Very productive type fire engine
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- BAHUVRIHI COMPOUNDS
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- PAPERBACK noun + noun adjective + noun = the book has a paper back blockhead fathead a `bahuvrihi compound´ hunchback loudmouth
names an entire thing by specifying pot-belly paleface some feature
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ADJECTIVE COMPOUND
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- VERB AND OBJECT COMPOUNDS
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- MAN-EATING = X eats men breathtaking Noun + -ing participle heartbreaking
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
VERB AND ADVERBIAL COMPOUNDS
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
OCEAN-GOING = X goes across ocean law-abiding Noun + -ing participle mouth-watering
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
HEARTFELT = X feels it in the heart handmade Noun + -ed participle self-employed
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- HARD-WORKING = X works hard easy-going
Adjective / adverb + -ing participle good-looking
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
QUICK-FROZEN = X is frozen quickly far-fetched
Adjective / adverb + -ed participle new-laid
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- VERBLESS COMPOUNDS
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
CLASS-CONSCIOUS = X is conscious with respect to class duty-free Noun + adjective homesick
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
GRASS-GREEN = X is green like grass brick red Noun + adjective sea-green
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
BRITISH-AMERICAN (initiative) = the British and bitter-sweet
the American jointly (made an initiative) deaf-mute adjective + adjective (coordination compound)
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- VERB COMPOUNDS
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- SIGHTSEE = X sees sights house-hunt Noun + verb lip-read
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
SPRING-CLEAN = X cleans in the spring baby-sit Noun + verb sleep-walk GLOSSARY
Afloat: floating; carried along on air or water
Bedazzle: dazzle or confuse, as with brilliance
Bespectacled: wearing spectacles Bewigged: wearing wig
Bewitch: work magic on; put a magic spell on
Blockhead: unintelligent, and stupid person
Courteous: polite and considerate in manner
Daydream: pleasant dreamlike fantasy indulged in while awake; idle reverie "ensueño"
Darkroom: a room in which photographs are processed in darkness or safe light.
Dismisssal: an official notice of discharge from employment or service.
Easy-going: pleasant; tolerant; relaxed.
Fathead: dull, stupid person.
Fire engine: a heavy road vehicle that carries firemen and fire-fighting equipment to a fire.
Flannelette: a cotton imitation of flannel "muletón"(a soft light woollen fabric with a slight nap
"lanilla", used for clothing.) "franela"
Gamekeeper: a person employed to take care of game and wildlife, as on an estate.
Goldfish: freshwater cyprinid fish, typical of a pond or aquarium bowl has an orange-red or golden coloration. Insane: mad; senseless
Kettledrum: a percussion instrument of definite pitch, consisting of a hollow bow-like hemisphere
covered with a skin or membrane, supported on a tripod or stand. "timbal"
Knitwear: knitted clothes, esp. sweaters
Law-abiding: obeying the law
Loudmouth: person who brags (boasts) or talks too loud.
Nunnery: the convent or religious house of a communitiy of nuns.
Outlive: live longer than
Outrun: run faster or better than
Paleface: a derogatory term for a White person, said to have been used by North American Indians.
Panelling: panels collectively, as on a wall or ceiling. "paneles"; "artesonado" Piglet: young pig
Plaything: a person regarded or treated as a toy.
Pot-belly: a protruding or distended belly.
Socialite: a person who is or seeks to be prominent in a fashionable society. "persona mundana,
conocidisima en buena sociedad"
Squad: any small group of people engaged in a common pursuit.
Sublet: rent (a room, house etc of which one is a tenant) to somebody else.
Usherette: a woman assistant who shows people in a cinema or theatre to their seats.
WORD FORMATION. Complete the following sentences with an appropriate
word formed from the words in CAPITALS.
EXAMPLE: Notice the similarity of these words. SIMILAR
1 Language is a means of .............................COMMUNICATION
2 Dolphins are .......................very intelligent. APPEAR
3 How do they show their ............................. INTELLIGENT
4 Sagan looked at Elvar in ............................ASTONISH
5 He wanted to learn more about the ................ of the dolphin's brain.
6 The chimp's trainer made several .................CORRECT.
7 His .................. to stop annoyed the chimp. REFUSE 8 The chimp looked at Tim.
9 What an ........................... story. AMUSE
10 Are you ................... in this story? INTEREST
11 I felt very ...................EMBARRASS
12 I wasn't ..................... by the story. AMUSED
13 I didn't find it at all ................. INTEREST
14 In fact, I found it extremely .................. EMBARRASS
15 Have you any ....................... experience. SECRETARY
16 I'm not very ........................ MUSIC
17 There are many .................benefits besides this. ADDITION
18 What are your ...............qualifications? PROFFESION
19 Do you know the boss ......................PERSONAL
20 The office is .................... located. CENTRE
21 It is a very ..................... company. FRIEND
22 You will have a share of the ........ .profits. YEAR
23 What is your .................. salary? MONTH
24 Do you get a ....................... newspaper?
25 The sewing machine was a very important ............... INVENT
26 I am reading a book called the .......... of the dream. INTERPRET
27 Elias Howe is not the only person who had found the ... ....... to his problem. SOLVE
16 Charlotte is not the only writer who used dreams as well as her
....................................... IMAGINE
28 Many artists as well as psychologists give a great deal of ........ ......... IMPORTANT to dreams.
29 The opera singer's dream symbolized her desire to a perfect PERFORM
30 Sometimes of course there is a great deal of DISAGREE ............
II Look at the word in CAPITALS. What form of the word do you need to complete the sentences? Does the word always change?
1 Scientists don't .................... about this. AGREE
2 Let's sign this ...................... AGREE
3 What does this word ................. MEAN
4 What's the ................... of this word?
5 Where do you .................. ? LIVE
6 It's a hard .................LIVE
7 When will we ................... ARRIVE in London?
8 Pan Am announces the .............. ARRIVE flight 704 from New York.
9 This news will ................. you. ASTONISH
10 Sagan looked at Elvar in ....................... ASTONISH
11 I ........................... stamps. COLLECT
12 Would you like to see my ..................... COLLECT VERB NOUN suggest explanation satisfy permission interfere appearance encourage delivery see breath give export prove practice advise
II Give the noun forms (-ion) of these verbs. add confess inflate divide impress suspect persuade possess pollute
III What are the two missing forms for each word? The first one is done as an example. VERB PERSON (NOUN) THING (NOUN) advise adviser advice apply assistant interviewer/ interviewee translate critic employment think shopping speak love use /z/ /s/ opponent discover invention
IV Complete the following sentences with the correct form of the word in CAPITALS.
1 She had ignored her neighbours' COMPLAIN
2 They had been disturbed by the dog's BARK
3 It could be heard all over the NEIGHBOUR 4 Her lawyer said in her DEFEND
5 He said this was not a case of deliberate CRUEL
6 In other words, she had had no INTEND causing any suffering.
7 He said he hoped the court would show some of her condition. UNDERSTAND
8 However, the court found her GUILT 9 The judge gave her to keep only one dog for ten years. PERMIT 10 Do you agree with this DECIDE 11 That man is a police INSPECT 12 Jack is a very bad LOSE 13 Einstein was a great THINK 14 I've always wanted to be an ACT
15 The all went back to the ship SAIL
16 The town is full of tourists and other VISIT
17 Jack the Ripper was a famous MURDER THE GERUND FORM AND USES
The gerund has the same form as the present participle. In Spanish the gerund of the verb
`amar' is `amando' and the present participle of this verb is `amante' which means the person who loves.
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