IMMIGRATION AND DIVERSITY
Assimilation
- In the late 1700s, the assimilation
process was more like a melting pot,
because most immigrants who came
during this time were similar to those
who had already here (Western
European countries). They spoke the
same language, they followed the same
religion, they also had money -> easy to
assimilate to the existed culture.
Melting pot
- It has various racial and ethnic
groups have been combined and
assimilated into one culture. Everyone
assimilates, you cannot tell who were
their ancestors.
- Bi-cultural: some part they want to
be an actual American, some part they
want to retain their original culture.
Salad bowl
Different racial and ethnic groups maintain
their own traditions and culture, and live
together in a harmony.
The green color represents the dominant
color. Other colors are blended into the
salad bowl, you can still see the
distinctiveness between other color
(culture)
Citizenship classes
- English instruction classes offered
by Americans to the new immigrants to
teach them American beliefs, value:
freedom, self-reliance, competition.
Were the Citizenship classes useful for
new immigrants?
- Those classes weren’t useful.
Because new immigrants felt that
American teachers disapproved of their
homeland traditions. Moreover, taking
those courses didn’t give them enough
things for their lives such as
employment, food and place to live.
WASPs
- Are considered the ones that define
the American culture, the dominant
culture (greater number in population,
have political power, they have money).
- Characteristic of WASPs: They
were white, they were Anglo Saxon, they
were protestants.
- May Flower ship: set the
foundation for immigrants.
Those people who first came to America
(1620) were Protestants. At that time in
England, there were intense between the
politics and religion, and
Political bosses
- Political bosses are people at high
position politicians in large cities of the
north western US. These bosses are more
open-minded with different culture
brought from other homeland. In exchange
for the help, these bosses expected
immigrants to vote for them in election.
- Their actions only benefit for
themselves and destroy the US values.
However, they helped the new immigrants
adapt them.
Protestant was forbitten in England.
Therefore, they want freedom to practice
their religion so they have to go to
different places. The journey for freedom
and belief.
Why did many Americans
disapprove “political bosses”?
- It was because those bosses were often
corrupt. They stole money from the
government and engaged other illegal
practices. The bosses bought vote from the
immigrants
Slavery
- Support: The southern states of
the US, in which black slavery became the
basis of the economy. Economy depends
on farming and stuff, therefore they need
people to do the work -> slavery was
supported
- Against: The northern states of the
US where black slavery is against the
law. Because the minority in the
northern think slavery and freedom
couldn’t exist together in a free country
like the US. While the majority doesn’t
care about the right for black people who
are being slaved, but they think black
slavery will affect their economy.
Civil war
- Civil War is a war between the
Northern and the Southern of the US
when the South, led by Lincoln, left the
Union and tried to form a new nation of
their own based on slavery. - The North
won the war, and black slavery ended in
the US and black people were freed.
Segregation
How was the situation of Black America
after the Civil War?
- Most black people remained in the
South and they were treated unfairly.
They didn’t have the right to vote, their
children were not allowed to go to school
and most former slaves and their families
were caught in the cycle of poverty for
generations.
- There are different rules for the
white and the black. The black had to give
the seats to the white if they don’t have.
The civil right movement
1950-1960s
- 2 major civil rights laws were passed
which removed racial segregation from
public facilities in the South, and also
removed the barriers preventing black
people from voting in the region.
1954
- The US Supreme Court declared that
racially segregated public schools didn’t
provide equal opportunities for Black
people and were illegal.
Abraham Lincoln
- He is the 16
th
president of the United
States. His opinion about black slavery was
freedom and equality should be applied to
all people, no matter what race they are.
Therefore, if slavery spread westward, the
freedom and equality will be threaten.
(support black)
Mosaic
- A picture made of many tiny pieces of
different colors. If look closely, the
individuals of different colors and ethnic
groups are still distinct and recognizable,
but together they can
that is uniquely “E
Pluribus Unum – Out of
many, one”.
create a picture
America
.
Race relations/
Discriminations
- Income of black people are low. -
Many black people are trapped in
poverty, unemployment, violence and
despair in the inner city.
- Over 40% of black children have
only one parent.
(comparison table by Ms. Hong Ngoc)
TRADITIONS AND ADAPTING CULTURES
(for some idiot reasons I cant make the headline fit above the content of this chapter, so
the following tables are the Traditions and Adapting Cultures chapter).
Basic value
- 3 American values: individual
freedom, equality of opportunity
and material wealth. The costs for
these are: self-reliance,
competition and hard work. (these
6 values are those that became
“traditional” American values).
Diversity-
- The language and the foundation
for the political and economic systems
developed in the US are provided by
several cultures.
- In the past, accepting the diversity
was the only practical choice, even if the
people were not enthusiastic about it.
However, in time, many Americans
realized the strength in their country’s
diversity. -> today, there is more
recognition of the value of cultural
pluralism than at any other time in the
history of the US.
The land of opportunity -
Attracting immigrants from all
over the world.
- 3 traditional reasons why
immigrants are drawn to America:
the chance for individual freedom,
equality of opportunity and material
wealth. To achieve these they have to
pay the price with:
self-reliance, competition and hard
work.
The land of plenty
- Because America has an
incredibly abundant natural resources
where million could come to seek their
fortunes.
What has been the most important
reason why immigrants came to the
US? Why?
- Is to raise their standard of living.
Because America has enormous
number of natural resources, therefore
even though they will not be rich
overnight, their standard of living will
be improved better than the former one.
Even if the economic success is no
certain, they could be fairly certain that
their children would have the
opportunity for a better life.
Nobility ban
- Nobility is banned because the
reason people who originally came to
America to run away, to escape the control
from the kings, governments, priests and
churches, noblemen and aristocrats (quý
tộc).
- When they declared their freedom
from the British colonies, this means they
are no longer controlled by the kings.
- In 1776, the British colonial settlers
declared their independence from England
and established a new nation, the USA.
Power in the hands of the people, they
were now free from the kings power.
- In 1789, they wrote the Constitution
for their new nations.
Freedom
Americans mean the desire and the
ability of all indi
their own lives without any
interference from other such as the
government, noble class or any
organization.
(1)
viduals to control
Self-reliance
(the cost of freedom - The
price of having individual
freedom is selfand hard work.
- Because they must be self to
keep their freedom. If rely too much
on the support from families,
government or any organization,
they may lose their freedom to do
what they want. (this is difficult
value to understand).
- By the age supposed to be
financial and emotional independent
from their parents, as early as
possible. Meaning they should take
care of themselves, solve their
problems and stand on their own
two feet
(1)
)
-reliant
most
.
Material possessions
- This is a measure for social status in
the US. Material
possession is to
most Americans
material
wealth has
traditionally been a widely accepted
measure of social status
Because they don’t have such things as
social classes, they consider the quality
and quantity of a person’s material
wealth as a substitute.
important factor
because
(3)
reliance, competition
the
of 18 or 21, people are
an
in the US.
Competition
(2)
Hard work
(3)
p24
Value of equality/ Equality of
opportunity (2)
- equality of opportunity. It
means that everyone has an equal
chance to be succeed. They have
a equal chance to enter the race
and win. It makes sure that the
race to success is a fair one and
even if you were not born in a
wealthy family, or have different
religion, race doesn’t affect the
chance. This American concept of
"fair play" is an important aspect
of the belief in equality of
opportunity.
(the cost of equality of oppo -
Competition is the cost of of
opportunity. Life is a race person
in that race have to run in order to
succeed, a person must compete
with others. It’s everyone duty to
try because everyone has an equal
chance to succeed in America. -
Learning to compete successfully is
part of growing up in the US, and
competition is encouraged by
schools and community groups.
- Positive effect:
to compete with each other using
their energy and intelligence against
others to be succeed.
+ People who like to compete
and are more successful than others
are honored as the
+ People who dont like to
compete and are not successful are
often dishonored by being called
LOSERS.
WINNERS
)
equality
and a
everyone is pushed
.
(the cost of material possessions -
Even though America has rich
resources, most of them are
undeveloped. Therefore, people have
to work hard to convert it into material
that can be possessed, allow them to
live comfortably.
- They saw material possessions
as the natural reward for their har
What are
controversies
Wealth” and
- In the past, only hard working
can acquire them material success. -
Shifted from industrial
information -> work hard so that
they can acquire material wealth.
- quá khứ thì chỉ cầ nhiều giờ
đã kiếm đư rồi, nhưng hiện tạ ảnh
hưởng như skills n quả ng việc,
“Hard Work”?
-
n làm vi
i thì còn nhi
)
d works.
on “Material
> service and
people no longer need to
ệc nặng, làm
c nhiều tiền
ều yếu tố
a để tăng hiệu c
nhiều tiền ều.
kiếm đư nhưng không cần làm
nhi
-
Negative
effect: competition
causes
pressure
in the life of an
American in childhood and continue
k. The
constant emotional
on them. When people retire, feel
unwanted and useless
in a society that gives so much prestige
to those who compete well.
don’t have
as they have
in other less competitive society.
until retirement from wor
pressure places a
strain
they may
-> older people in the US
much honor and respec
GOVERNMENT
Suspicion of
governmental power - The
national government is divided into
three separate branches. This
division of governmental power is
based on the belief that if any one
part or branch of government has
all, or even most of the power, it
will become a threat to the
freedom of individual citizens.
Voting for the president -
Presidential elections are held
every 4 years, on the first Tuesday
in November.
- The civilian vote for
representatives (đại biểu) who called
electors (cử tri), and it is these
electors who actually vote for the
president on the behalf of the
civilian.
- popular vote: dân bầu
Bill of Rights (p28)
- The Constitution included a
Bill of Rights, which is designed
to protect specific individual
rights and freedoms from
government interference.
- The government may not
interfere with an individual's
freedom of speech or freedom of
religious worship.
- electoral vote: elector bầu
(1)
Legislative or lawmaking branch
(nhánh lập pháp) - The
Congress (quốc hội): has 2
houses:
+ The Senate (thượng viện): two
Senators from each state
regardless of its size. Has the total
of 100 senators for the whole the
U.S. Elected every 6 years.
+ House of Representatives
(hạ viện): has total of 435
Representatives divided among the
50 states by population.
Executive branch
(nhánh hành pháp) -
The president (or chief
executive)
- Supported by vice president and
the cabinet.
- Elected every 4 years.
-> carry out the laws
(1) Phân ra 2 thế này những
bang population nhỏ thì sẽ gây bất
công bằng, phân ra thế sẽ giúp
protect every state has their voice.
The judicial branch (nhánh
tư pháp)
- tòa án tối
cao)
-
-> settles disputes about the exact
meaning of the law through court
cases
. (gỉai quyết các tranh chấp).
Supreme Court
(
Lower national courts
Elected
every 2 years).
-> make laws
Check and balance
- If one of the 3 branches starts to
abuse its power, the other 2 may
join together and stop it using this
system, checks and balances. -
The Constitution is most careful in
balancing the powers of the
legislative and executive branches,
because these 2 (the Congress and
the President) are the most
powerful of the 3 branches. - In
most activities of the government
(make laws, declare war, conclude
treaties with foreign countries), the
Constitution gives each 2 branches
enough power to prevent the other
from acting on its own.
The relationship between
legislative and executive branches
- Leader of both legislative and
executive branches (who are the
president and 2 houses of Congress
respectively) are politically
independent from each other,
because they are all chosen in
separate elections.
-> the election of the Congress
doesn’t decide who will be elected
president. The presidential election
doesn’t decide who will be elected to
either house of the Congress.
- It is quite possible in the
American system to have the leader
of one political party win the
presidency while the other major
political party win most of the seats
in Congress.
Veto (bác bỏ)
- If the president sign bills
passed by Congress -> they will
become laws.
- If the president veto (bác bỏ)/
refuses to sign a legislative bill
passed by Congress, the bill dies
unless 2/3 of both the House and
Senate vote to override the veto. -
On the other hand, a treaty with a
foreign government signed by the
president dies if the Senate refuses
to ratify (phê chuẩn) it (votes to
accept it).
EDUCATION
1825 – public schools
- Reaffirmed the principle of
equality:
+ Making schools open to all classes
of Americans (elementary and
secondary schools).
+ Financing the schools with tax
money collected from all citizens ->
free
Common schools - Those
who favored these public schools
believed that these institutions
would help reduce social class
distinctions in the United States by
educating children of all social
classes in the same.
National blessings - The
intendency of public education to
encourage people to seek a higher
status in life was in harmony with,
not in conflict with, the customs of
American society. - The ideal of
equal opportunity for all regardless
of family background.
Educational ladder -
American view on the public
school system.
- Kindergarten (age of 5) ->
elementary school (6 years) ->
middle school (2 years) -> high
school (4 years) -> bachelor ->
master -> PHD -> post doctor.
- “Elementary -> high school”
are free, but public universities
charge tuition and have competitive
“Work your way to the top” -
Educational ladder is a reflection
of equality and opportunity.
Every American have to go the
same route to the top following the
under ladder no matter who they
are, and how far
can they go
depend on their
o .
- There is open to all.
wn
ability
one system
that is
Private school -
Religious school:
+ Associated with particular
churches and receive financial
support from them (parents must
also pay tuition though). +
Purpose: to give religious
instruction to children, which
cannot be done in public schools.
And students have the same social
class background (Catholic).
- Elite private schools:
entrance requirements (SAT, essay,
GPA, interview).
+ Mainly
upper-class
children.
- The bachelor's degree can be
followed by professional studies,
which lead to degrees in such
professions as law and medicine, and
graduate studies, which lead to
master's and doctoral degrees.
+
+
High tuition costs
that only
can afford them.
associate
class children and
class position
wealthier families
Purpose: children will with
other uppermaintain the
upperheld by their parents +
getting a good education +
opportunity.
Inequality of education -
Elite private schools do conflict
with the American ideal of
equality of opportunity.
- Because of the way that schools
are funded, the quality of
education that American students
receive in public schools varies
greatly:
+ Most of the money for schools
comes from (property) taxes ->
School districts that have wealthy
families have more tax money to
spend on education -> better
facility and quality.
Financial aid program -
The tuition fees will increase
annually.
-> These aid under the form of
loans and scholarship available for
both public and private schools. -
Middle-class family that suffers
the most from the rising tuition
costs. The family income may be
too high to qualify for financial
aid, but not high enough to afford.
Community college -
Those who can’t afford uni or
college will go to commu college.
After 2 year, they will get a
diploma (chứng chỉ) (havent had
the bachelor degree yet).
- These two-year programs often
feed into the state university systems
and offer educational opportunities
to those who cannot afford to attend
a university.

Preview text:

IMMIGRATION AND DIVERSITY Assimilation Melting pot Salad bowl
- In the late 1700s, the assimilation -
It has various racial and ethnic Different racial and ethnic groups maintain
process was more like a melting pot, groups have been combined and their own traditions and culture, and live
because most immigrants who came assimilated into one culture. Everyone together in a harmony.
during this time were similar to those assimilates, you cannot tell who were The green color represents the dominant
who had already here (Western their ancestors.
color. Other colors are blended into the
European countries). They spoke the -
Bi-cultural: some part they want to salad bowl, you can still see the
same language, they followed the same be an actual American, some part they distinctiveness between other color
religion, they also had money -> easy to want to retain their original culture. (culture)
assimilate to the existed culture. Citizenship classes WASPs Political bosses -
English instruction classes offered -
Are considered the ones that define -
Political bosses are people at high
by Americans to the new immigrants to the American culture, the dominant position politicians in large cities of the
teach them American beliefs, value: culture (greater number in population, north western US. These bosses are more
freedom, self-reliance, competition. have political power, they have money). open-minded with different culture
Were the Citizenship classes useful for -
Characteristic of WASPs: They brought from other homeland. In exchange new immigrants?
were white, they were Anglo Saxon, they for the help, these bosses expected -
Those classes weren’t useful. were protestants.
immigrants to vote for them in election.
Because new immigrants felt that -
May Flower ship: set the -
Their actions only benefit for
American teachers disapproved of their foundation for immigrants.
themselves and destroy the US values.
homeland traditions. Moreover, taking Those people who first came to America However, they helped the new immigrants
those courses didn’t give them enough (1620) were Protestants. At that time in adapt them.
things for their lives such as England, there were intense between the
employment, food and place to live. politics and religion, and
Protestant was forbitten in England. Why did many Americans
Therefore, they want freedom to practice disapprove “political bosses”?
their religion so they have to go to - It was because those bosses were often
different places. The journey for freedom corrupt. They stole money from the and belief.
government and engaged other illegal
practices. The bosses bought vote from the immigrants Slavery Civil war Segregation -
Support: The southern states of - Civil War is a war between the How was the situation of Black America
the US, in which black slavery became the Northern and the Southern of the US after the Civil War?
basis of the economy. Economy depends when the South, led by Lincoln, left the -
Most black people remained in the
on farming and stuff, therefore they need Union and tried to form a new nation of South and they were treated unfairly.
people to do the work -> slavery was their own based on slavery. - The North They didn’t have the right to vote, their supported
won the war, and black slavery ended in children were not allowed to go to school -
Against: The northern states of the the US and black people were freed.
and most former slaves and their families
US where black slavery is against the
were caught in the cycle of poverty for
law. Because the minority in the generations.
northern think slavery and freedom -
There are different rules for the
couldn’t exist together in a free country
white and the black. The black had to give
like the US. While the majority doesn’t
the seats to the white if they don’t have.
care about the right for black people who
are being slaved, but they think black
slavery will affect their economy.
The civil right movement 1954 Abraham Lincoln 1950-1960s
- The US Supreme Court declared that - He is the 16th president of the United
- 2 major civil rights laws were passed racially segregated public schools didn’t States. His opinion about black slavery was
which removed racial segregation from provide equal opportunities for Black freedom and equality should be applied to
public facilities in the South, and also people and were illegal.
all people, no matter what race they are.
removed the barriers preventing black
Therefore, if slavery spread westward, the
people from voting in the region.
freedom and equality will be threaten. (support black) Mosaic Race relations/
- A picture made of many tiny pieces of Discriminations
different colors. If look closely, the -
Income of black people are low. -
individuals of different colors and ethnic Many black people are trapped in
groups are still distinct and recognizable, poverty, unemployment, violence and
but together they can despair in the inner city.
create a picturet hat is uniquely “E -
Over 40% of black children have America .
Pluribus Unum – Out of only one parent. many, one”.
(comparison table by Ms. Hong Ngoc)
TRADITIONS AND ADAPTING CULTURES
(for some idiot reasons I cant make the headline fit above the content of this chapter, so
the following tables are the Traditions and Adapting Cultures chapter). Basic value Materialism Diversity-
- 3 American values: individual - The term refers to placing a high -
The language and the foundation
freedom, equality of opportunity value on material possessions, but for the political and economic systems
and material wealth. The costs for most Americans find this offensive. developed in the US are provided by these are: self-reliance, several cultures.
competition and hard work. (these -
In the past, accepting the diversity
6 values are those that became
Idealism and reality - was the only practical choice, even if the
“traditional” American values).
American values such as equality of people were not enthusiastic about it.
opportunity and self-reliance are However, in time, many Americans
ideals that may not necessarily realized the strength in their country’s
describe the reality of American life diversity. -> today, there is more
-> e.g.: Equality of opportunity is an recognition of the value of cultural
ideal that is not always put into pluralism than at any other time in the
practice. Those who are born into history of the US. rich families have more
opportunities than those who are born into poorer families.
Inheriting money does give a person a decided advantage. Many black
Americans have fewer opportunities
than the average white American, and many women have fewer opportunities than men.
The land of opportunity - The land of plenty Nobility ban
Attracting immigrants from all - Because America has an -
Nobility is banned because the over the world.
incredibly abundant natural resources reason people who originally came to
- 3 traditional reasons why where million could come to seek their America to run away, to escape the control
immigrants are drawn to America: fortunes.
from the kings, governments, priests and
the chance for individual freedom, What has been the most important churches, noblemen and aristocrats (quý
equality of opportunity and material reason why immigrants came to the tộc).
wealth. To achieve these they have to US? Why? -
When they declared their freedom pay the price with: -
Is to raise their standard of living. from the British colonies, this means they
self-reliance, competition and hard Because America has enormous are no longer controlled by the kings. work.
number of natural resources, therefore -
In 1776, the British colonial settlers
even though they will not be rich declared their independence from England
overnight, their standard of living will and established a new nation, the USA.
be improved better than the former one. Power in the hands of the people, they
Even if the economic success is no were now free from the king’s power.
certain, they could be fairly certain that -
In 1789, they wrote the Constitution
their children would have the for their new nations.
opportunity for a better life. Freedom (1) Self-reliance (1) Material possessions (3) (the cost of freedom reliance, - The ) competition an
Americans mean the desire and the price of having individual
- This is a measure for social status in
ability of all indi viduals to control freedom is selfand hard work. the US. Materi al their own lives without any -
Because they must be self to important factorp ossession is to
interference from other such as the keep their freedom. If rely too - much reliant because most America in ns the US.
government, noble class or any on the support from families, material organization.
government or any organization, wealth has they may lose their freed th om
e to do traditionally been a widely accepted
what they want. (this is difficult measure of social status value to understand of 18 ). or 21, p mo eop st
le are Because they don’t have such things as -
By the age supposed to be social classes, they consider the quality
financial and emotional independent and quantity of a person’s material
from their parents, as early as
possible. Meaning they should take wealth as a substitute.
care of themselves, solve their
problems and stand on their own two feet . Competition (2) Hard work (3) p24
Value of equality/ Equality of (the cost of equality of oppo ) -
(the cost of material possessions - ) opportunity (2)
Competition is the cost of eq o u f
ality Even though America has rich
- equality of opportunity. It opportunity. Life is a race person an d a resources, most of them are
means that everyone has an equal in that race have to run in order to
undeveloped. Therefore, people have
chance to be succeed. They have succeed, a person must compete
to work hard to convert it into material
a equal chance to enter the race with others. It’s everyone duty to
that can be possessed, allow them to
and win. It makes sure that the try because everyone has an equal live comfortably.
race to success is a fair one and chance to succeed in Americ a. - - They saw material possessions
even if you were not born in a Learning to compete successfully is
as the natural reward for their d har works.
wealthy family, or have different part of growing up in the US, and
religion, race doesn’t affect the competition is encouraged by What
are on “Material
chance. This American concept of schools and community group s.
"fair play" is an important aspect - Positive effect: everyone is pushed
“Hard Work”?
of the belief in equality of to compete with each other using controversies opportunity.
their energy and intelligence against Wealth” and others to be succeed. > service and + People who like to compete -
In the past, only hard working people no longer need to
and are more successful than others
can acquire them material success. - - are honored as the Shifted from industrial .
information -> work hard so that + People who don’t like to
they can acquire material wealth. ệc nặng, làm
compete and are not successful are c nhiều tiền
often dishonored by being called
- quá khứ thì chỉ cầ nhiều giờ là n làm vi ợ ều yếu tố LOSERS.
đã kiếm đư rồi, nhưng hiện tạ ảnh hưởng như skills n i q th uì ả cô còn nngh a đ vi ể iệc, ữ tăn g hiệu c WINNERS ợ nhiều tiền ều.
kiếm đư nhưng không cần làm nhi
- Negative effect: competition causes in the life of an pressu Ame re
rican in childhood and continue k. The until retiremen co t n fr stan om t em wor otional p o ressu n re th p em. W
laces a h en people retire, feel strain unwanted and useless in th a so ey ciety
may that gives so much prestige to those who compete well. don’t have -> older people in the US as they have in oth mu er ch less hono comp r and retitiv esp e so ec ciety. GOVERNMENT Suspicion of
Voting for the president - Bill of Rights (p28)
governmental power - The Presidential elections are held
national government is divided into every 4 years, on the first Tuesday - The Constitution included a
three separate branches. This in November.
Bill of Rights, which is designed
division of governmental power is - The civilian vote
for to protect specific individual
based on the belief that if any one representatives (đại biểu) who called rights and freedoms from
part or branch of government has electors (cử tri), and it is these government interference.
all, or even most of the power, it electors who actually vote for the - The government may not
will become a threat to the president on the behalf of the interfere with an individual's
freedom of individual citizens. civilian.
freedom of speech or freedom of - popular vote: dân bầu religious worship.
- electoral vote: elector bầu (1)
Legislative or lawmaking branch Executive branch
The judicial branch (nhánh
(nhánh lập pháp) - The (nhánh hành pháp) - tư pháp)
Congress (quốc hội): has 2
The president (or chief Supreme Court ( - tòa án tối houses: executive)
Lower national courtscao)
+ The Senate (thượng viện): two -
Supported by vice president and - Senators from each state the cabinet.
regardless of its size. Has the total -
Elected every 4 years.
of 100 senators for the whole the -> carry out the laws
U.S. Elected every 6 years.
+ House of Representatives
(1) Phân ra 2 thế này vì có những
(hạ viện): has total of 435
bang population nhỏ thì sẽ gây bất
Representatives divided among the công bằng, phân ra thế sẽ giúp 50 states by population.
protect every state has their voice. -> settles disputes about the exact
Elected every 2 years).
meaning of the law through court
cases . (gỉai quyết các tranh chấp). -> make laws Check and balance The relationship
between Veto (bác bỏ)
legislative and executive branches -
Leader of both legislative and
executive branches (who are the - If the president sign bills
- If one of the 3 branches starts to president and 2 houses of Congress passed by Congress -> they will
abuse its power, the other 2 may respectively) are politically become laws.
join together and stop it using this independent from each other, -
If the president veto (bác bỏ)/
system, checks and balances. - because they are all chosen in refuses to sign a legislative bill
The Constitution is most careful in separate elections.
passed by Congress, the bill dies
balancing the powers of the -> the election of the Congress
legislative and executive branches,
unless 2/3 of both the House and
doesn’t decide who will be elected
because these 2 (the Congress and
Senate vote to override the veto. -
president. The presidential election
the President) are the most
On the other hand, a treaty with a
doesn’t decide who will be elected to
powerful of the 3 branches. - In
foreign government signed by the either house of the Congress.
most activities of the government
president dies if the Senate refuses - It is quite possible in the
(make laws, declare war, conclude
to ratify (phê chuẩn) it (votes to
treaties with foreign countries), the American system to have the leader accept it).
Constitution gives each 2 branches of one political party win the
enough power to prevent the other presidency while the other major from acting on its own.
political party win most of the seats in Congress. EDUCATION
1825 – public schools Common schools - Those
National blessings - The - Reaffirmed the principle of
who favored these public schools intendency of public education to equality:
believed that these institutions encourage people to seek a higher
+ Making schools open to all classes would help reduce social class status in life was in harmony with,
of Americans (elementary and distinctions in the United States by not in conflict with, the customs of secondary schools).
educating children of all social American society. - The ideal of
+ Financing the schools with tax classes in the same.
equal opportunity for all regardless
money collected from all citizens -> of family background. free Educational ladder -
“Work your way to the top” - Private school - American view on the public
Educational ladder is a reflection Religious school: school system.
of equality and opportunity. + Associated with particular -
Kindergarten (age of 5) -> Every American have to go the churches and receive financial
elementary school (6 years) -> same route to the top following the support from them (parents must
middle school (2 years) -> high under ladder no matter who they also pay tuition though). +
school (4 years) -> bachelor -> are, and
how far Purpose: to give religious
master -> PHD -> post doctor. can they wn ability
go instruction to children, which -
“Elementary -> high school” depend one system that iso n
their cannot be done in public schools.
are free, but public universities o .
And students have the same social
charge tuition and have competitive - There is open to all. class background (Catholic).
- Elite private schools:
entrance requirements (SAT, essay, + Mainly upper-class GPA, interview). children.
- The bachelor's degree can be
+ High tuition costs that only
followed by professional studies, wealthier families can afford them. which lead to degrees in such + Purpose: children ass will ociate with
professions as law and medicine, and class children and other uppermaintain the
graduate studies, which lead to class position upperheld by their parents +
master's and doctoral degrees. getting a good education + opportunity.
Inequality of education -
Financial aid program - Community college -
Elite private schools do conflict
The tuition fees will increase
Those who can’t afford uni or with the American ideal of annually.
college will go to commu college. equality of opportunity.
-> These aid under the form of After 2 year, they will get a
- Because of the way that schools
loans and scholarship available for diploma (chứng chỉ) (haven’t had are funded, the quality of
both public and private schools. - the bachelor degree yet).
education that American students
Middle-class family that suffers - These two-year programs often
receive in public schools varies
the most from the rising tuition feed into the state university systems greatly:
costs. The family income may be and offer educational opportunities
+ Most of the money for schools
too high to qualify for financial
comes from (property) taxes ->
aid, but not high enough to afford. to those who cannot afford to attend
School districts that have wealthy a university.
families have more tax money to
spend on education -> better facility and quality.