Bài tập đường thẳng và mặt phẳng trong không gian, quan hệ song song – Diệp Tuân

Tài liệu gồm 135 trang, được biên soạn bởi thầy giáo Diệp Tuân, tóm tắt lý thuyết, phân dạng và hướng dẫn giải các dạng toán, tuyển chọn các bài tập trắc nghiệm và tự luận chuyên đề đường thẳng và mặt phẳng trong không gian, quan hệ song song,

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ĐƯNG THNG VÀ MT PHNG TRONG KHÔNG GIAN.
QUAN H SONG SONG
A. THUYT
I. KHÁI NIM M ĐẦU
1. Mt phng:
Mt bng, mt bàn, mặt nước h yên lng, mt sàn nhà,... cho ta hình nh mt phn ca mt
phng. Mt phng không có b dày và không có gii hn.
Để biu din mt phẳng ta thường dùng hình bình hành hay mt min góc ghi tên ca mt
phẳng đó vào một góc ca hình biu diễn (như hình 1) .
Để hiu mt phng, ta thường dùng ch cái in hoa hoc ch cái Hi Lạp đặt trong du ( ).
d: mt phng
P
, mt phng
, mt phng
, mt phng
hoc viết tt
mp P
,
mp Q
2. Điểm thuc mt phng:
Cho điểm
A
và mt phng
.
Khi điểm
A
thuc mt phng
, ta nói A nm trên
hay
mt phng
cha
A
, hay mt phng
đi qua điểm
A
và kí hiu
A
, được biu din hình 2 .
Khi điểm
A
không thuc mt phng
ta nói điểm
A
nm
ngoài mt phng
hay mt phng
không chứa điểm
A
và kí hiu là
A
, được biu din hình 3 .
II. CÁC TÍNH CHT ĐƯỢC THA NHN
Tính cht 1: mt ch mt đưng thng đi qua hai đim
phân bit.
Tính cht 2: mt ch mt mt phẳng đi qua ba đim
không thng hàng.
Tính cht 3: Nếu một đường thẳng hai điểm phân bit
thuc mt mt phng thì mọi điểm của đường thẳng đều
thuc mt phẳng đó.
Tính cht 4: Tn ti bốn điểm không cùng thuc mt mt
phng .
Khi đó bốn điểm đó tạo thành mt t din hay mt hình
chóp tam giác.
§BI 1. ĐẠI CƯƠNG V ĐƯNG THNG VÀ MT PHNG
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Tính cht 5: Nếu hai mt phng phân bit một điểm
chung thì chúng còn có một điểm chung khác na .
T tính cht này suy ra: Nếu hai mt phng phân bit
một điểm chung thì chúng s một đường thẳng chung đi
qua điểm chung ấy. Đường thng chung duy nht cha
tt c các điểm chung ca hai mt phẳng đó . Đường thng
chung đó được gi là giao tuyến ca hai mt phng.
Tính cht 6: Trên mi mt phng, các kết qu đã biết trong
hình hc phẳng đều đúng.
III. CÁCH XÁC ĐỊNH MT MT PHNG
Có ba cách xác định mt mt phng:
Mt phẳng được hoàn toàn xác định khi biết nó đi qua ba
đim không thng ng.
Mt phẳng được hoàn toàn xác định khi biết đi qua một
đim và cha mt đường thẳng không đi qua điểm đó.
Tc là, vi đưng thng
d
và điểm
A
không thuc
d
.
Khi đó điểm
A
đường thng
d
c định mt mt phng,
kí hiu
,mp A d
hoc
,mp d A
.
Mt phẳng được hoàn tn xác đnh khi biết nó cha hai đưng
thng ct nhau:
Khi đó: với hai đường thng ct nhau
a
b
ta luôn xác
định mt mt phng và kí hiu là
,mp a b
hay
;ab
.
IV. QUY TC BIU DIN VNH KNG GIAN
Hình biu din của đường thẳng đường thng, của đoạn
thẳng là đoạn thng.
Hình biu din của hai đường thẳng song song hai đường
thng song song, của hai đường thng cắt nhau hai đường
thng ct nhau
Hình biu din phi gi nguyên quan h thuc giữa điểm
đưng thng
Dùng nét v liền để biu diễn cho đường nhìn thy nét
đứt đoạn biu diễn cho đường b che khut.
V. HÌNH CHÓPT DIN
1. Hình chóp.
Trong mt phng
cho đa giác lồi
12
...
n
A A A
.
Lấy điểm
S
nm ngoài
. Lần lượt ni
S
với các đỉnh
12
, ,...,
n
A A A
ta được
n
tam giác
1 2 2 3 1
, ,...,
n
SA A SA A SA A
.
Hình gồm đa giác
12
...
n
A A A
n
tam giác
1 2 2 3 1
, ,...,
n
SA A SA A SA A
đưc gi là hình chóp , kí hiu là
12
. ...
n
S A A A
.
Ta gi
S
là đỉnh, đa giác
12
...
n
A A A
là đáy , các đoạn
12
, ,...,
n
SA SA SA
là các cnh bên,
1 2 2 3 1
, ,...,
n
A A A A A A
là các cnh
đáy, các tam giác
1 2 2 3 1
, ,...,
n
SA A SA A SA A
là các mặt bên…
N
M
A
B
C
S
P
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2. Hình T din
Cho bốn điểm
, , ,A B C D
không đồng phng.
Hình gm bn tam giác
,,ABC ABD
ACD
BCD
đưc gi là t din
ABCD
.
Hình t din có bn mt là
các tam giác đều
gi là hình
t din đu
.
Nhn xét:
Một tam giác bất kì bao giờ cũng có thể coi hình biểu diễn của một tam giác tùy ý cho trước
( tam giác cân, đều, vuông…) .
Một hình bình hành bất bao giờ cũng thể coi hình biểu diễn của một hình bình hành
tùy ý cho trước ( Hình vuông ,hình thoi, hình chữ nhật, hình bình hành…)
Một hình thang bất bao giờ cũng thể coi hình biểu diễn của một hình thang tùy ý cho
trước, miễn là tỉ số độ dài của hai cạnh đáy được bảo toàn.
Hình elip là hình biểu diễn của hình tròn.
B. PHÂN DNG VÀD MINH HA.
Dạng 1. M GIAO TUYẾN CỦA HAI MẶT PHẲNG
1. Phương pháp.
Mun tìm giao tuyến ca hai mt phng ? Ta tìm
hai đim chung
thuc c hai mt phng. Ni hai
điểm chung đó được giao tuyến cn tìm.
ch tìm:
Đim chung th nhất thường d tìm.
Đim chung còn li các bn phải tìm hai đường thng lần lượt thuc hai mt phẳng, đồng
thi chúng li thuc mt phng th ba và chúng không song song.
Giao điểm của hai đường thẳng đó là điểm chung th hai.
Nhn xét: ta s dng các k thuật tìm điểm chung như sau
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Kỹ thuật 1: Tính chất cắt ngoài.
Đáy là hình thang
//ABCD AB CD
Khi đó hai cạnh bên không song song nên ct
nhau ti
E
.
Tc là
AD BC E
Tính cht t l trong tam giác.
Cho tam giác
ABC
.
M
nm trên cnh
AB
sao cho
1
AM k AB
N
nm trên cnh
AC
sao cho
2
AN k AC
Nếu
12
kk
thì
//MN BC
Nếu
12
kk
thì
MN
ct
BC
ti
K
K
giao điểm cn tìm.
Hai điểm nm trên hai cnh ca một đa giác
đáy cắt các cnh còn li của đa giác.
Cho t giác
ABCD
.
M
nm trên cnh
AB
.
N
nm trên cnh
AC
.
Khi đó: kéo dài đường thng
MN
thì
MN
cắt đường thng
AD
ti
I
.
MN
cắt đường thng
DC
ti
J
.
2. Ví dụ minh họa.
dụ 1. Cho tứ giác
ABCD
sao cho các cạnh đối không song song với nhau. Lấy một điểm
S
không thuộc mặt phẳng
ABCD
. Xác định giao tuyến của :
a). Mặt phẳng
SAC
và mặt phẳng
SBD
.
b). Mặt phẳng
SAB
và mặt phẳng
SCD
.
c). Mặt phẳng
SAD
và mặt phẳng
SBC
.
Li gii
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E
A
B
D
C
K
B
C
A
M
N
I
J
N
M
B
D
C
A
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dụ 2. Cho hình chóp
.S ABCD
đáy
ABCD
hình thang
AB
song song
CD
. Gọi
I
giao điểm của
AD
BC
. Lấy
M
thuộc cạnh
SC
. Tìm giao tuyến của :
a).
mp SAC
mp SBD
. b).
mp SAD
mp SBC
. c).
mp ADM
mp SBC
.
Li gii
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Ví dụ 3. Cho tứ diện
ABCD
. Lấy các điểm
M
thuộc cạnh
AB
sao cho
2AM MB
,
N
trung
điểm cạnh
AC
. Gọi
I
là điểm bên trong tam giác
BCD
. Tìm giao tuyến của :
a). Mặt phẳng
MNI
và mặt phẳng
BCD
.
b). Mặt phẳng
MNI
và mặt phẳng
ABD
.
c). Mặt phẳng
MNI
và mặt phẳng
ACD
.
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Li gii
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Ví dụ 4. Cho tứ diện
.S ABC
. Lấy điểm
E
là trung điểm trên đoạn
SA
F
không phải là trung
điểm của đoạn
SB
và điểm
G
trọng tâm giác
ABC
. Tìm giao tuyến của:
a).
EFG
SBC
. b).
EFG
SGC
.
Li gii
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Lớp Toán Thầy-Diệp Tn Tel: 0935.660.880
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Ví dụ 5. Cho tứ diện
ABCD
. Gọi
,IJ
lần lượt là trung điểm các cạnh
,.AD BC
a). Tìm giao tuyến của 2 mp
IBC
và mp
.JAD
b). Lấy điểm
M
thuộc cạnh
AB
,
N
thuộc cạnh
AC
sao cho
,MN
không là trung điểm.
Tìm giao tuyến của mp
IBC
và mp
DMN
.
Li gii
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Ví dụ 6. Cho tứ diện
.S ABC
. Lấy
,,M SB N AC I SC
sao cho
MI
không song song với
BC
,
NI
không song song với
SA
. Tìm giao tuyến của mặt phẳng
MNI
với các mặt
ABC
SAB
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Li gii
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dụ 7. Cho hình chóp
.S ABCD
đáy hình bình hành tâm
O
. Gọi
,,M N P
lần lượt trung
điểm các cạnh
,,BC CD SA
. Tìm giao tuyến của :
a). Mp
MNP
và mp
SAB
. b). Mp
MNP
và mp
SAD
.
c). Mp
MNP
và mp
SBC
. d). Mp
MNP
và mp
SCD
.
Li gii
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dụ 8. Cho tứ diện
ABCD
,
M
một điểm bên trong tam giác
ABD
,
N
một điểm bên
trong tam giác
ACD
. Tìm giao tuyến của các cặp mặt phẳng sau :
a).
AMN
BCD
. b).
DMN
.ABC
Li gii
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Kỹ thuật 2: Tính chất cắt trong.
1. Phương pháp
K thuật này thường s dụng đối vi các mt phng
nm bên trong ca khi chóp
,SAC SBD
…để
s dng thành tho k thuật này ta luôn làm như
sau:
c 1: tìm giao điểm
O
ca mặt đáy.
c 2: Nối đường thng
SO
s cắt các đường
thng nm bên trong các mt phng
,SAC SBD
.
Ví d như:
AM
ct
SO
ti
I
hay
KQ
ct
SO
ti
I
.
2. Ví dụ minh họa.
Ví dụ 9. Cho tứ diện
.S ABC
, gọi
,,D E F
lần lượt là trung điểm của
, , .AB BC SA
a). Tìm giao tuyến
SH
của
2
mặt phẳng
SCD
SAE
.
b). Tìm giao tuyến
CI
của 2 mặt phẳng
SCD
BFC
.
c).
SH
CI
có cắt nhau không? Nếu có, gọi giao điểm đó là
O
Chứng minh
IH SC
d). Tính tỉ số
OH
OS
.
Li gii
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Q
I
M
O
D
B
C
A
S
K
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Ví d10. Cho hình chóp
.S ABCD
. Hai điểm
;GH
lần lượt trọng tâm
; SAB SCD
. Tìm
giao tuyến của:
a).
SGH
ABCD
. b).
SGH
SAC
.
c).
BGH
SAC
. d).
BGH
SCD
.
Li gii
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dụ 11. Cho hình chóp
.S ABCD
. Hai điểm
M
G
lần lượt trọng tâm
SAB
SAD
.
N SG
và điểm
P
nằm trong tứ giác
ABCD
. Tìm giao tuyến của:
a).
MNP
ABCD
.
b).
MNP
SAC
.
c).
MNP
SCD
.
Li gii
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Ví dụ 12. Cho hình chóp
.;S ABC
gọi
;HK
lần lượt là trọng tâm
; SAB SBC
. M là trung điểm
; AC I SM
sao cho
SI SM
. Tìm giao tuyến của:
a).
IHK
ABC
. b).
IHM
SBC
.
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Li gii
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dụ 13. Cho tứ diện
ABCD
. Lấy
,I AB
J
điểm trong tam giác
BCD
,
K
điểm trong
tam giác
ACD
. Tìm giao tuyến của mặt phẳng
IJK
với các mặt của tứ diện.
Li gii
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Lớp Toán Thầy-Diệp Tn Tel: 0935.660.880
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Ví dụ 14. Cho hình chóp
.S ABCD
với đáy
ABCD
là hình bình hành. Gọi
,'GG
lần lượt là trọng
tâm của các tam giác
SAD
SBC
. Tìm giao tuyến của các cặp mặt phẳng:
a).
'SGG
ABCD
b).
'CDGG
SAB
c).
'ADG
SBC
.
Li gii
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Ví dụ 15. Cho tứ diện
ABCD
và điểm
;M AB N CD
. Điểm
G
nằm trong tam giác
BCD
. Tìm
giao tuyến của:
a).
MCD
NAB
. b).
GMN
ACD
.
Li gii
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3. u hi trc nghim.
u 1. Trong các khẳng định sau, khẳng định nào đúng?
A. Qua 2 điểm phân bit có duy nht mt mt phng
.
B. Qua 3 đim phân bit bt kì có duy nht mt mt phng
.
C. Qua 3 điểm không thng hàng có duy nht mt mt phng
.
D. Qua 4 đim phân bit bt kì có duy nht mt mt phng
.
Li gii.
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u 2. Trong không gian, cho 4 điểm không đồng phng. th xác định được bao nhiêu mt
phng phân bit t các điểm đã cho?
A.
6.
B.
4.
C.
3.
D.
2.
Li gii.
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u 3. Trong mt phng
, cho 4 điểm
, , ,A B C D
trong đó không 3 điểm nào thng hàng.
Đim
S
không thuc mt phng
. Có my mt phng to bi
S
và 2 trong 4 điểm nói trên?
A.
4.
B.
5.
C.
6.
D.
8.
Li gii.
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u 4. Cho 5 điểm
, , , ,A B C D E
trong đó không có 4 điểm nào đồng phng. Hi bao nhiêu mt
phng to bởi 3 trong 5 điểm đã cho.
A.
10.
B.
12.
C.
8.
D.
14.
Li gii.
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u 5. Các yếu t nào sau đây xác định mt mt phng duy nht?
A. Ba điểm phân bit
.
B. Một điểm và một đường thng
.
C. Hai đường thng ct nhau
.
D. Bốn điểm phân bit
.
Li gii.
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u 6. Cho t giác
ABCD
. th xác định được bao nhiêu mt phng cha tt c các định ca t
giác
ABCD
.
A.
1.
B.
2.
C.
3.
D.
0.
Li gii.
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u 7. Trong các khẳng định sau, khẳng định nào đúng?
A. Nếu 3 điểm
,,A B C
là 3 điểm chung ca 2 mt phng
P
Q
thì
,,A B C
thng hàng
.
B. Nếu
,,A B C
thng hàng và
P
,
Q
có điểm chung là
A
thì
,BC
cũng là 2 điểm chung ca
P
Q
.
C. Nếu 3 điểm
,,A B C
là 3 điểm chung ca 2 mt phng
P
Q
phân bit thì
,,A B C
không thng hàng
.
D. Nếu
,,A B C
thng hàng và
,AB
là 2 điểm chung ca
P
Q
thì
C
cũng là điểm chung
ca
P
Q
.
Li gii.
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u 8. Trong các mệnh đề sau đây, mệnh đề nào sai?
A. Hai mt phng có một điểm chung thì chúng có vô s đim chung khác na
.
B. Hai mt phng có một điểm chung thì chúng có một đường thng chung duy nht
.
C. Hai mt phng phân bit có một điểm chung thì chúng có một đường thng chung duy nht
.
D. Hai mt phẳng cùng đi qua 3 điểm
,,A B C
không thng hàng thì hai mt phẳng đó trùng .
.
Li gii.
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u 9. Cho 3 đường thng
1 2 3
,,d d d
không cùng thuc mt mt phng ct nhau từng đôi.
Khẳng định nào sau đây đúng?
A. 3 đường thẳng trên đồng quy
.
B. 3 đường thng trên trùng nhau
.
C. 3 đường thng trên cha 3 cnh ca mt tam giác
.
D. Các khẳng định A, B, C đều sai
.
Li gii.
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u 10. Thiết din ca 1 t din có th là:
A. Tam giác
.
B. T giác
.
C. Ngũ giác
.
D. Tam giác hoc t giác
.
Li gii.
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u 11. Cho hình chóp
.S ABCD
có đáy là hình thang
.ABCD AB CD
Khẳng định nào sau sai?
A. Hình chóp
.S ABCD
có 4 mt bên.
B. Giao tuyến ca hai mt phng
SAC
SBD
SO
(O
là giao điểm ca
AC
).BD
C. Giao tuyến ca hai mt phng
SAD
SBC
SI
(I
là giao điểm ca
AD
).BC
D. Giao tuyến ca hai mt phng
SAB
SAD
là đường trung bình ca
.ABCD
Li gii.
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u 12. Cho t din
.ABCD
Gi
G
trng tâm ca tam giác
.BCD
Giao tuyến ca mt phng
ACD
GAB
là:
A.
(AM M
là trung điểm ca
).AB
B.
(AN N
là trung điểm ca
).CD
C.
(AH H
là hình chiếu ca
B
trên
).CD
D.
(AK K
là hình chiếu ca
C
trên
).BD
Li gii.
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u 13. Cho điểm
A
không nm trên mt phng
cha tam giác
.BCD
Ly
,EF
các điểm
lần lượt nm trên các cnh
,.AB AC
Khi
EF
BC
ct nhau ti
,I
thì
I
không phải điểm
chung ca hai mt phẳng nào sau đây?
A.
BCD
.DEF
B.
BCD
.ABC
C.
BCD
.AEF
D.
BCD
.ABD
Li gii.
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u 14. Cho t din
.ABCD
Gi
, MN
lần lượt trung điểm ca
, .AC CD
Giao tuyến ca hai
mt phng
MBD
ABN
là:
A. đưng thng
.MN
C. đưng thng
(BG G
là trng tâm tam giác
).ACD
B. đưng thng
.AM
D. đưng thng
(AH H
là trc tâm tam giác
).ACD
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Li gii.
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u 15. Cho hình chóp
.S ABCD
đáy
ABCD
hình bình hành. Gi
, MN
lần lượt trung
đim
AD
.BC
Giao tuyến ca hai mt phng
SMN
SAC
là:
A.
.SD
B.
(SO O
là tâm hình bình hành
).ABCD
C.
(SG G
là trung điểm
).AB
D.
(SF F
là trung điểm
).CD
Li gii.
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u 16. Cho hình chóp
.S ABCD
có đáy
ABCD
là hình bình hành. Gi
, IJ
lần lượt là trung điểm
, .SA SB
Khẳng định nào sau đây sai?
A.
IJCD
là hình thang. B.
.SAB IBC IB
C.
.SBD JCD JD
D.
(IAC JBD AO O
là tâm
).ABCD
Li gii.
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Lớp Toán Thầy-Diệp Tn Tel: 0935.660.880
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u 17. Cho hình chóp
.S ABCD
đáy hình thang
.ABCD AD BC
Gi
M
trung điểm
.CD
Giao tuyến ca hai mt phng
MSB
SAC
là:
A.
(SI I
là giao điểm ca
AC
).BM
B.
(SJ J
là giao điểm ca
AM
).BD
C.
(SO O
là giao điểm ca
AC
).BD
D.
(SP P
là giao điểm ca
AB
).CD
Li gii.
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u 18. Cho 4 điểm không đồng phng
, , , .A B C D
Gi
,IK
lần lượt trung điểm ca
AD
.BC
Giao tuyến ca
IBC
KAD
là:
A.
.IK
B.
.BC
C.
.AK
D.
.DK
Li gii.
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u 19. Cho hình chóp
.S ABCD
có đáy
ABCD
là hình thang vi
AB CD
. Gi
I
là giao điểm ca
AC
BD
. Trên cnh
SB
lấy điểm
M
. Tìm giao tuyến ca hai mt phng
ADM
SAC
A.
.SI
B.
AE
(
E
là giao điểm ca
DM
SI
).
C.
.DM
D.
DE
(
E
là giao điểm ca
DM
SI
).
Li gii.
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Lớp Toán Thầy-Diệp Tn Tel: 0935.660.880
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u 20. Cho t din
ABCD
và điểm
M
thuc min trong ca tam giác
.ACD
Gi
I
J
lần lượt
là hai điểm trên cnh
BC
BD
sao cho
IJ
không song song vi
.CD
Gi
,HK
lần lượt là giao
đim ca
IJ
vi
CD
ca
MH
.AC
Giao tuyến ca hai mt phng
ACD
IJM
là:
A.
.KI
B.
.KJ
C.
.MI
D.
.MH
Li gii.
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Dạng 2. M GIAO ĐIỂM CỦA HAI MẶT PHẲNG
1. Phương pháp:
Muốn tìm giao đim của đường thng
d
mt phng
, có hai cách làm như sau:
ch 1:
Những bài đơn giản, có sn mt mt phng
cha
đưng thng
d
và mt đường thng
a
thuc mt
phng
.
Giao điểm của hai đường thng không song song
d
a
chính là giao điểm ca
d
và mt phng
.
ch 2:
Tìm mt mt phng
chứa đường thng
d
, sao
cho d dàng tìm giao tuyến vi mt phng
P
.
. Giao điểm của đường thng
d
mt phng
P
chính giao điểm của đường thng
d
giao tuyến
a
va tìm.
Nhn xét: vn s dng k thut ct trong và ct ngoài.
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2. dụ minh họa.
Ví dụ 16. Cho hình chóp
.S ABCD
có đáy
ABCD
là hình thang, đáy lớn
AB
.
Gọi
,IJ
là trung điểm
;SA SB
. Lấy điểm
M
tùy ý trên
SD
. Tìm giao điểm của:
a).
IM
SBC
. b).
JM
SAC
. c).
SC
IJM
.
Li gii
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Ví dụ 17. Cho tứ diện
ABCD
. Trên
AC
AD
lần lượt lấy các điểm
,MN
sao cho
MN
không
song song với
CD
. Gọi
O
là một điểm thuộc miền trong tam giác
BCD
.
a). Tìm giao tuyến của
BCD
OMN
. b). Tìm giao điểm của
BD
OMN
.
c). Tìm giao điểm của
BC
OMN
. d). Tìm giao điểm của
MN
ABO
.
e). Tìm giao điểm của
AO
BMN
.
Li gii
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dụ 18. Cho hình chóp
.S ABCD
đáy hình thang, đáy lớn
AB
. Gọi
,,I J K
ba điểm
trên
,,SA AB BC
.
a). Tìm giao điểm của
IK
với
.SBD
b). Tìm các giao điểm của
mp IJK
với
SD
SC
.
Li gii
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dụ 19. Cho tứ diện
.S ABC
. Lấy điểm
M
trên cạnh
SA
. Lấy
,NP
lần lượt nằm trong các
tam giác
SBC
ABC
.
a). Tìm giao điểm của
MN
với
ABC
b). Tìm giao điểm của
MNP
với
; ; ; SCAB SB AC
.
c). Tìm giao điểm của
NP
với
,SAB SAC
.
Li gii
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Ví dụ 20. Cho hình chóp
.S ABCD
đáy
ABCD
hình bình hành.
M
trung điểm
; SB N
trọng tâm
SCD
. Xác định giao điểm của:
a).
MN
ABCD
. b).
MN
SAC
.
c).
SC
AMN
. d).
SA
CMN
.
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Li gii
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Ví d21. Cho hình chóp
.S ABCD
có đáy là hình bình hành
ABCD
tâm
O
.
Gọi
E
là trung điểm của
SC
.
a). Tìm giao tuyến của
BED
SAC
.
b). Tìm giao tuyến của
ABE
SBD
.
c). Tìm giao điểm của
SD
AEB
.
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Li gii
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Ví dụ 22. Cho hình chóp
.S ABCD
có đáy là hình bình hành
ABCD
.
Gọi
M
là trung điểm của
SD
.
a). Tìm giao điểm
I
của
BM
với mp
SAC
. Chứng minh:
2B I IM
.
b). Tìm giao điểm
E
của
SA
với mp
BCM
. Chứng minh
E
là trung điểm của
SA
.
Li gii
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Ví dụ 23. Cho hình chóp
.S ABCD
có đáy là hình thang
ABCD
, đáy lớn
AD
. Gọi
E
F
là hai
điểm lần lượt nằm trên hai cạnh
SB
CD
.
a). Tìm giao điểm của
EF
với mặt phẳng
SAC
.
b). Tìm giao điểm của mặt phẳng
AEF
với các đường thẳng
BC
SC
.
Li gii
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dụ 24. Cho hình chóp
.S ABCD
. Gọi
,MN
lần lượt trung điểm của cạnh
,SA SD
.
P
điểm thuộc cạnh
SB
sao cho:
3SP PB
.
a). Tìm giao điểm
Q
của
SC
MNP
. b). Tìm giao tuyến của
MNP
ABCD
.
Li gii
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29
Lớp Toán Thầy-Diệp Tn Tel: 0935.660.880
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dụ 25. Cho hình chóp
.S ABCD
, gọi
,MN
lần lượt trọng tâm của tam giác
SAB
SCD
.
Xác định giao điểm của:
a).
BD
SMN
. b).
MN
SAD
.
c).
SD
BMN
. d).
SA
CMN
.
Li gii
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30
Lớp Toán Thầy-Diệp Tn Tel: 0935.660.880
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Ví dụ 26. Cho tứ diện
.S ABC
. Gọi
,IJ
lần lượt là trung điểm của
,SA BC
.
Lấy điểm
M
trên đoạn
IJ
, lấy
N
trên cạnh
.SC
a). Tìm
H SM ABC
b). Tìm
K CM SAB
c). Tìm
L MN ABC
d). Tìm
P AM SBC
Li gii
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31
Lớp Toán Thầy-Diệp Tn Tel: 0935.660.880
Ví dụ 27. Cho tứ diện
OABC
. Gọi
,,M N P
lần lượt là trung điểm của
,OA OB
AB
.
Trên cạnh
OC
lấy điểm
Q
sao cho
OQ QC
a). Tìm
E BC MNQ
b). Tìm
F CP MNQ
c). Gọi
G
là trọng tâm của tam giác
ABC
, tìm giao điểm
K
của đường thẳng
BG
với mặt phẳng
MNQ
.
Li gii
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dụ 28. Cho hình chóp
.S ABCD
đáy hình bình hành tâm
O
. Gọi
M
trung điểm của
SB
G
là trọng tâm của tam giác
SAD
.
a). Tìm giao điểm
E
của
SA
với mặt phẳng
OMG
b). Tìm giao điểm
F
của
AD
với mặt phẳng
OMG
c). Tìm giao điểm
K
của
GM
với
ABCD
Li gii
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32
Lớp Toán Thầy-Diệp Tn Tel: 0935.660.880
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Ví dụ 29. Cho hình chóp
.S ABCD
có đáy
ABCD
là hình bình hành tâm
O
.
Gọi
,MN
là 2 điểm lần lượt nằm trong tam giác
,SAB SAD
.
a). Tìm giao điểm
E
của
MN
với mặt phẳng
ABCD
b). Tìm giao điểm
F
của
AB
với mặt phẳng
OMN
c). Tìm giao điểm
H
của
SA
với mặt phẳng
OMN
d). Tìm giao điểm
K
của
CD
với mặt phẳng
OMN
Li gii
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Ví d 30. Cho tứ diện
.S ABC
; lấy điểm
M
trung điểm
SA
; lấy điểm
N
trọng tâm
;SBC P
nằm trong
ABC
. Tìm giao điểm
a).
I
của
MN
với
ABC
. Tứ giác
ABIC
là hình gì ?
b).
SB
MNP
.
c).
SC
MNP
.
d).
NP
SAB
.
Li gii
Trung Tâm Luyện Thi Đại Học Amsterdam Chương II-Đại cương về đường thẳng và mặt phẳng
33
Lớp Toán Thầy-Diệp Tn Tel: 0935.660.880
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dụ 31. Cho hình chóp
.S ABCD
đáy hình thang, đáy lớn
AB
2AB CD
. Gọi
,,I J K
lần lượt là ba điểm trên các cạnh
,,SA AB BC
a). Tìm giao điểm của
IK
và mp
SBD
.
b). Tìm giao điểm
F
của
SD
và mp
IJK
. Tính tỉ số
FS
FD
.
c). Tìm giao điểm
G
của
SC
và mp
IJK
. Tính tỉ số
GS
GC
.
Li gii
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Lớp Toán Thầy-Diệp Tn Tel: 0935.660.880
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dụ 32. Cho tứ diện
.S ABCD
. Gọi
I
J
lần lượt trung điểm của
AC
BC
. Trên cạnh
BD
lấy điểm
K
sao cho
2BK KD
.
a). Tìm giao điểm
E
của
CD
với mp
IJK
. Chứng minh rằng:
DE DC
.
b). Tìm giao điểm
F
của
AD
với mp
IJK
. CMR:
2FA FD
.
c). Chứng minh:
FK IJ
d). Gọi
M
N
là hai điểm bất kì lần lượt nằm trên hai cạnh
AB
CD
.
Tìm giao điểm của
MN
với mp
IJK
.
Li gii
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Lớp Toán Thầy-Diệp Tn Tel: 0935.660.880
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dụ 33. Cho hình chóp
.S ABCD
đáy
ABCD
hình thang đáy lớn
AB
. Gọi
,IJ
trung
điểm của
,SA SB
. Lấy điểm
M
tùy ý trên cạnh
SD
.
a). Tìm giao tuyến của
SAD
;SBC SAC
SBD
.
b). Tìm giao điểm của
IM
;SBC
JM
;SAC SC
IJM
Li gii
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󰉪󰉗󰉭󰉼󰉴-󰉗󰉼󰉴󰉧󰉼󰉶󰉠󰉢󰉠

󰉵󰉚-󰉪 Tel: 0935.660.880
󰉺. Cho hình chóp
.S ABCD

ABCD
󰊀󰉝
O
󰉭
M
󰉨
󰉻
SB
,
N
󰉨󰉳󰉗
SD
sao cho
2SN ND
.
a). 󰉦󰉻󰉢󰉠
SBD
SAC
.
b). 󰉨
E
󰉻󰉼󰉶󰉠
MN
󰉢󰉠
ABCD
. Tính
EN
EM
.
c). 󰉨
K
󰉻󰉼󰉶󰉠
SC
󰉢󰉠
AMN
.
󰉭
J
󰉨󰉻
AK
SO
, tính
JK
JA
.
L󰉶i gi󰉘i
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󰉪󰉗󰉭 󰉼󰉴-󰉗󰉼󰉴󰉧󰉼󰉶󰉠󰉢󰉠

󰉵󰉚-󰉪 Tel: 0935.660.880
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󰉺. Cho hình chóp
.S ABCD

ABCD
󰉳󰉽󰉰󰉢󰉗󰉯
nào 󰉙󰉨
M
󰉗
SC
󰉨
N
󰉗
SD
.
a). 󰉦󰉻󰉢󰉠
SAD
NBC
.
b). 󰉨󰉻󰉼󰉶󰉠
AM
󰉢󰉠
SBD
.
L󰉶i gi󰉘i
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3. u h󰉮i tr󰉞c nghi󰉪m.
u 21. Cho b󰉯󰉨m
, , ,A B C D
󰉰ng ph󰉠ng. G󰉭i
,MN
l󰉚󰉼󰉹󰉨m c󰉻a
AC
.BC
󰉗n
BD
l󰉙󰉨m
P
sao cho
2.BP PD
󰉨m c󰉻󰉼󰉶ng th󰉠ng
CD
m󰉢t
ph󰉠ng
MNP
󰉨m c󰉻a
A.
CD
.NP
B.
CD
.MN
C.
CD
.MP
D.
CD
.AP
L󰉶i gi󰉘i.
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󰉪󰉗󰉭󰉼󰉴-󰉗󰉼󰉴󰉧󰉼󰉶󰉠󰉢󰉠

󰉵󰉚-󰉪 Tel: 0935.660.880
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u 22. Cho t󰉽 di󰉪n
.ABCD
G󰉭i
E
F
l󰉚n l󰉼󰉹󰉨m c󰉻a
AB
CD
;
G
tr󰉭ng tâm
tam giác
.BCD
󰉨m c󰉻󰉼󰉶ng th󰉠ng
EG
và m󰉢t ph󰉠ng
ACD
A. 󰉨m
.F
B. 󰉨m c󰉻󰉼󰉶ng th󰉠ng
EG
.AF
C. 󰉨m c󰉻󰉼󰉶ng th󰉠ng
EG
.AC
D. 󰉨m c󰉻󰉼󰉶ng th󰉠ng
EG
.CD
L󰉶i gi󰉘i.
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u 23. Cho hình chóp
.S ABCD

ABCD
hình bình hành. G󰉭i
M
󰉨m c󰉻a
.SC
G󰉭i
I
󰉨m c󰉻a
AM
v󰉵i m󰉢t ph󰉠ng
.SBD
M󰉪󰉧 󰉼󰉵
A.
2.IA IM
B.
3.IA IM
C.
2.IA IM
D.
2,5 .IA IM
L󰉶i gi󰉘i.
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u 24. Cho t󰉽 giác
ABCD
AC
BD
giao nhau t󰉗i
O
m󰉳󰉨m
S
không thu󰉳c m󰉢t
ph󰉠ng
ABCD
󰉗n
SC
l󰉙y m󰉳󰉨m
M
không trùng v󰉵i
S
C
󰉨m c󰉻󰉼󰉶ng
th󰉠ng
SD
v󰉵i m󰉢t ph󰉠ng
ABM
A. 󰉨m c󰉻a
SD
.AB
B. 󰉨m c󰉻a
SD
AM
.
C. 󰉨m c󰉻a
SD
BK
(v󰉵i
K SO AM
).
D. 󰉨m c󰉻a
SD
MK
(v󰉵i
K SO AM
).
󰉪󰉗󰉭 󰉼󰉴-󰉗󰉼󰉴󰉧󰉼󰉶󰉠󰉢󰉠

󰉵󰉚-󰉪 Tel: 0935.660.880
L󰉶i gi󰉘i.
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u 25. Cho b󰉯󰉨m
, , ,A B C S
không cùng 󰉷 trong m󰉳t m󰉢t ph󰉠ng. G󰉭i
,IH
l󰉚󰉼󰉹t trung
󰉨m c󰉻a
,SA AB
. Trên
SC
l󰉙󰉨m
K
sao cho
IK
không song song v󰉵i
IK
(
K
không trùng v󰉵i
󰉚u mút). G󰉭i
E
󰉨m c󰉻󰉼󰉶ng th󰉠ng
BC
v󰉵i m󰉢t ph󰉠ng
IHK
. M󰉪󰉧 nào sau

A.
E
n󰉟󰉗n
BC
v󰉧 phía
.B
B.
E
n󰉟󰉗n
BC
v󰉧 phía
.C
C.
E
n󰉟󰉗n
D.
E
n󰉟󰉗n
BC
, .E B E C
L󰉶i gi󰉘i.
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󰉪󰉗󰉭󰉼󰉴-󰉗󰉼󰉴󰉧󰉼󰉶󰉠󰉢󰉠

󰉵󰉚-󰉪 Tel: 0935.660.880
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󰈩. 󰉦󰉪󰉻
H
󰉞󰉷󰉢󰉠
.P
1. 󰉬
Thi󰉦t di󰉪n (m󰉢t c󰉞t) là ph󰉚n chung c󰉻a m󰉢t ph󰉠ng
P
và hình
H
.
󰉬nh thi󰉦t di󰉪n là 󰉬nh giao tuy󰉦n c󰉻a mp
P
v󰉵i các m󰉢t c󰉻a hình
H
.
󰉼󰉶󰉼󰉵c sau:
󰉼󰉵c 1: Tìm giao tuy󰉦󰉚u tiên
1
d
c󰉻a m󰉢t ph󰉠ng
P
v󰉵i m󰉳t m󰉢t ph󰉠ng
thu󰉳c hình
H
b󰉟ng cách t󰉾 m󰉳t 󰉨m có chung s󰉡n ta suy ra giao tuy󰉦n
1
d
.
󰉼󰉵c 2: ta kéo dài giao tuy󰉦n
1
d
v󰉾󰉼󰉹c c󰉞t các c󰉗nh khác c󰉻a hình
H
, t󰉾
󰉼󰉹c các giao tuy󰉦n
234
, , ...d d d
ti󰉦p theo.
󰉼󰉵c 3: N󰉯i các giao tuy󰉦n
1 2 3 4
, , , ...d d d d
l󰉗i v󰉵i nhau t󰉗o thành a giác gi󰉵i h󰉗n b󰉷i
o󰉗n giao tuy󰉦n này khép kín thành m󰉳t thi󰉦t di󰉪n c󰉚n tìm.
2. 󰉺󰉭
󰉺. 󰉽󰉪
.S ABC
󰉭
,KN
󰉨
SA
BC
.
M
󰉨󰉳󰉗
SC
sao
cho
32SM MC
.
a). 󰉦󰉪󰉻󰉢󰉠
KMN
.
b). 󰉢󰉠
KMN
󰉞
AB
󰉗
I
󰉫󰉯
IA
IB
.
L󰉶󰉘
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N
M
H
E
F
I
J
C
A
D
B
S
󰉪󰉗󰉭 󰉼󰉴-󰉗󰉼󰉴󰉧󰉼󰉶󰉠󰉢󰉠

󰉵󰉚-󰉪 Tel: 0935.660.880
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󰉺. 󰉽󰉪
ABCD
󰉭
H
,
K
󰉚󰉼󰉹󰉨󰉗
AB
,
BC
󰉼󰉶
󰉠
CD
󰉙󰉨
M
sao cho
KM
󰉵
BD
󰉦󰉪󰉻󰉽󰉪󰉵
󰉢󰉠
HKM
󰉼󰉶󰉹
a).
M
󰉷󰊀
C
D
.
b).
M
󰉷
C
D
.
󰉶󰉘
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󰉺. Cho hình chóp
.S ABCD
󰉭
M
,
N
󰉚󰉼󰉹󰉨󰉗
AD
CD
.
󰉯󰉻
DS
󰉙󰉨
E
󰉦󰉪󰉻󰉵󰉢󰉠
MNE
.
󰉶󰉘
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󰉪󰉗󰉭󰉼󰉴-󰉗󰉼󰉴󰉧󰉼󰉶󰉠󰉢󰉠

󰉵󰉚-󰉪 Tel: 0935.660.880
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󰉺. Cho hình chóp
.S ABCD
󰉭
M
,
N
󰉚󰉼󰉹󰉨
SB
SC
󰉘󰉿
AD
BC
không song song.
a). 󰉦󰉻󰉢󰉠
SAD
SBC
.
b). 󰉦󰉪󰉻󰉵󰉢󰉠
AMN
.
󰉶󰉘
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󰉺. 󰉽󰉪
ABCD
. G󰉭
H
,
K
󰉚󰉼󰉹󰉨󰉗
AC
,
BC
. Trong tam
giác
BCD
󰉙󰉨
M
󰉼󰉶󰉠
KM
CD
󰉞󰉦󰉪󰉻󰉽󰉪
󰉵󰉢󰉠
HKM
.
󰉶󰉘
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󰉪󰉗󰉭 󰉼󰉴-󰉗󰉼󰉴󰉧󰉼󰉶󰉠󰉢󰉠

󰉵󰉚-󰉪 Tel: 0935.660.880
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󰉺41. 󰉽󰉪󰉧
ABCD
󰉳󰉗󰉟
2a
󰉭
M
,
N
󰉚󰉼󰉹
󰉨󰉗
AC
,
BC
;
P
󰉭
BCD
󰉪󰉦󰉪󰉻󰉽󰉪󰉵
MNP
.
󰉶󰉘
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󰉺. Cho hình chóp
.S ABCD

ABCD
hình bình hành tâm
O
󰉭
M
,
N
,
P
󰉚
󰉼󰉹󰉨
SB
,
SD
OC
.
a). 󰉦󰉻󰉢󰉠
MNP
SAC
.
b). 󰉨󰉻󰉼󰉶󰉠
SA
󰉵󰉢󰉠
MNP
.
c). 󰉦󰉪󰉻󰉵󰉢󰉠
MNP
.
󰉶󰉘
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󰉪󰉗󰉭󰉼󰉴-󰉗󰉼󰉴󰉧󰉼󰉶󰉠󰉢󰉠

󰉵󰉚-󰉪 Tel: 0935.660.880
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󰉺. 󰉽󰉪󰉧
ABCD
󰉳󰉗󰉟
a
󰉭
I
󰉨󰉻
AD
,
J
󰉨 󰉯󰉽󰉵
D
qua
C
,
K
󰉨󰉯󰉽󰉵
D
qua
B
. 󰉪󰉦󰉪󰉻󰉽
󰉪󰉵󰉢󰉠
IJK
.
󰉶󰉘
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󰉪󰉗󰉭 󰉼󰉴-󰉗󰉼󰉴󰉧󰉼󰉶󰉠󰉢󰉠

󰉵󰉚-󰉪 Tel: 0935.660.880
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󰉺. Cho hình chóp
.S ABCD
󰉙󰉳󰉨
M
󰉳󰉧
SBC
󰉙󰉳
󰉨
N
󰉳󰉧
SCD
.
a). 󰉨󰉻
MN
󰉵
SAC
.
b). 󰉨󰉻
SC
󰉵
AMN
.
c). 󰉦󰉪󰉻
.S ABCD
󰉵
AMN
.
󰉶󰉘
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󰉺. Cho hình chóp
.S ABCD

ABCD
󰉭
K
󰉭󰉻
tam giác
SAC
,IJ
󰉚󰉼󰉹󰉨󰉻
CD
SD
.
a). 󰉨
H
󰉻󰉼󰉶󰉠
IK
󰉵󰉢󰉠
SAB
.
b). 󰉬󰉦󰉪󰉗󰉷󰉢󰉠
IJK
󰉵
󰉶󰉘
󰉪󰉗󰉭󰉼󰉴-󰉗󰉼󰉴󰉧󰉼󰉶󰉠󰉢󰉠

󰉵󰉚-󰉪 Tel: 0935.660.880
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󰉺. Cho hình chóp
.S ABCD

O
󰉭
M
󰉨󰉻
SB
,
G
󰉭
SAD
a).󰉨
I
󰉻
GM
󰉵
ABCD
.󰉽
I
󰉷󰉼󰉶󰉠
CD
2IC ID
.
b). 󰉨
J
󰉻
OMG
󰉵
AD
. Tính
JA
JD
.
c). Tìm g󰉨
K
󰉻
OMG
󰉵
SA
. Tính
KA
KS
.
d). 󰉦󰉪󰉗󰉷
OMG
󰉵
󰉶󰉘
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󰉪󰉗󰉭 󰉼󰉴-󰉗󰉼󰉴󰉧󰉼󰉶󰉠󰉢󰉠

󰉵󰉚-󰉪 Tel: 0935.660.880
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󰉺. Cho hình chóp
.S ABCD

ABCD
hình bình hành tâm
O
󰉭
,,M N P
󰉚
󰉼󰉹󰉨󰉻
,SB SD
OC
.
a). 󰉦󰉻
MNP
ABCD
.
b). 󰉨󰉻
SA
MNP
.
c). 󰉬󰉦󰉪󰉻󰉵
MNP
.
󰉫󰉯
MNP
󰉗
,SA BC
CD
.
󰉶󰉘
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󰉪󰉗󰉭󰉼󰉴-󰉗󰉼󰉴󰉧󰉼󰉶󰉠󰉢󰉠

󰉵󰉚-󰉪 Tel: 0935.660.880
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󰉺. Hình chóp
.S ABCD

ABCD
󰉨
P
󰉟
SAB
󰉨
M
󰉳󰉗
SD
sao cho
2MD MS
.
a). 󰉦󰉻󰉢󰉠
SAB
PCD
.
b). 󰉨󰉻
SC
󰉵󰉢󰉠
ABM
.
c). 󰉭
N
󰉨󰉻
AD
󰉦󰉪󰉗󰉷
mp MNP
và hình chóp
.S ABCD
.
󰉶󰉘
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󰉪󰉗󰉭 󰉼󰉴-󰉗󰉼󰉴󰉧󰉼󰉶󰉠󰉢󰉠

󰉵󰉚-󰉪 Tel: 0935.660.880
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3. u h󰉮i tr󰉞c nghi󰉪m.
u 26. Cho t󰉽 di󰉪n
.ABCD
G󰉭i
,MN
l󰉚n l󰉼󰉹󰉨m các c󰉗nh
AB
,AC
E
󰉨m
trên c󰉗nh
CD
v󰉵i
3.ED EC
Thi󰉦t di󰉪n t󰉗o b󰉷i m󰉢t ph󰉠ng
MNE
và t󰉽 di󰉪n
ABCD
:
A. Tam giác
.MNE
B. T󰉽 giác
MNEF
v󰉵i
F
󰉨m b󰉙t kì trên c󰉗nh
.BD
C. Hình bình hành
MNEF
v󰉵i
F
󰉨m trên c󰉗nh
BD
EF
//
D. Hình thang
MNEF
v󰉵i
F
󰉨m trên c󰉗nh
BD
EF
//
.BC
L󰉶i gi󰉘i.
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u 27. Cho t󰉽 di󰉪n
ABCD
. G󰉭i
H
,
K
l󰉚󰉼󰉹󰉨m các c󰉗nh
AB
,
BC
󰉼󰉶ng
th󰉠ng
CD
l󰉙󰉨m
M
n󰉟󰉗n
CD
. Thi󰉦t di󰉪n c󰉻a t󰉽 di󰉪n v󰉵i m󰉢t ph󰉠ng
HKM
là:
A. T󰉽 giác
HKMN
v󰉵i
.N AD
B. Hình thang
HKMN
v󰉵i
N AD
.HK MN
C. Tam giác
HKL
v󰉵i
.L KM BD
D. Tam giác
HKL
v󰉵i
.L HM AD
L󰉶i gi󰉘i.
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󰉪󰉗󰉭󰉼󰉴-󰉗󰉼󰉴󰉧󰉼󰉶󰉠󰉢󰉠

󰉵󰉚-󰉪 Tel: 0935.660.880
u 28. Cho hình chóp t󰉽 󰉧u
.S ABCD
c󰉗󰉟ng
0.aa
󰉨m
,,M N P
l󰉚n
󰉼󰉹󰉨m c󰉻a
, , .SA SB SC
M󰉢t ph󰉠ng
MNP
c󰉞t hình chóp theo m󰉳t thi󰉦t di󰉪n di󰉪n
tích b󰉟ng:
A.
2
.a
B.
2
.
2
a
C.
2
.
4
a
D.
2
.
16
a
L󰉶i gi󰉘i.
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u 29. Cho t󰉽 di󰉪󰉧u
ABCD
c󰉗nh b󰉟ng
.a
G󰉭i
G
tr󰉭ng tâm tam giác
.ABC
M󰉢t ph󰉠ng
GCD
c󰉞t t󰉽 di󰉪n theo m󰉳t thi󰉦t di󰉪n có di󰉪n tích là:
A.
2
3
.
2
a
B.
2
2
.
4
a
C.
2
2
.
6
a
D.
2
3
.
4
a
L󰉶i gi󰉘i.
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󰉪󰉗󰉭 󰉼󰉴-󰉗󰉼󰉴󰉧󰉼󰉶󰉠󰉢󰉠

󰉵󰉚-󰉪 Tel: 0935.660.880
u 30. Cho t󰉽 di󰉪󰉧u
ABCD
󰉳 dài các c󰉗nh b󰉟ng
2a
. G󰉭i
M
,
N
l󰉚󰉼󰉹󰉨m các
c󰉗nh
AC
,
BC
;
P
tr󰉭ng tâm tam giác
BCD
. M󰉢t ph󰉠ng
MNP
c󰉞t t󰉽 di󰉪n theo m󰉳t thi󰉦t di󰉪n
có di󰉪n tích là:
A.
2
11
.
2
a
B.
2
2
.
4
a
C.
2
11
.
4
a
D.
2
3
.
4
a
L󰉶i gi󰉘i.
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u 31.(THPT Chuyên Tr󰉚n Phú 2018) Cho hình chóp
.S ABCD
,
G
 󰉨m n󰉟m trong tam giác
SCD
.
E
,
F
l󰉚n 󰉼󰉹󰉨m c󰉻a
AB
AD
. Thi󰉦t di󰉪n c󰉻a hình chóp khi c󰉞t b󰉷i m󰉢t
ph󰉠ng
EFG
A. Tam giác. B. T󰉽 giác. C.  D. L󰉺c giác.
L󰉶i gi󰉘i
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󰉪󰉗󰉭󰉼󰉴-󰉗󰉼󰉴󰉧󰉼󰉶󰉠󰉢󰉠

󰉵󰉚-󰉪 Tel: 0935.660.880
󰈩󰉽󰉨󰉠󰉼󰉶󰉠󰉰
1. Ph󰉼󰉴
1.1 Mu󰉯n ch󰉽󰉨m
,,A B C
th󰉠ng hàng:
Ta ch󰉽   󰉨  󰉚 󰉼󰉹t thu󰉳c hai m󰉢t ph󰉠ng
phân bi󰉪t
.
R󰉰 󰉨m
,,A B C
n󰉟m trên giao tuy󰉦n c󰉻a
nên chúng th󰉠ng hàng.
1.2 Ch󰉽󰉼󰉶ng th󰉠󰉰ng quy.
󰉨m c󰉻󰉼󰉶ng th󰉠󰉼󰉶ng th󰉠ng
󰉰i ch󰉽󰉨󰉟󰉼󰉶ng th󰉠ng th󰉽
ba. C󰉺 th󰉨 󰉼
Ch󰉽󰉼󰉶ng th󰉠ng
,,abc
󰉰ng quy t󰉗i m󰉳󰉨m.
Ch󰉭n m󰉳t m󰉢t ph󰉠ng
P
ch󰉽󰉼󰉶ng th󰉠ng
a
b
.
G󰉭i
.I a b
Tìm m󰉳t m󰉢t ph󰉠ng
Q
ch󰉽󰉼󰉶ng th󰉠ng
a
, tìm m󰉳t
m󰉢t ph󰉠ng
R
ch󰉽󰉼󰉶ng th󰉠ng
b
, sao cho
c Q R I c
.
V󰉝󰉼󰉶ng th󰉠ng
,,abc
󰉰ng quy t󰉗󰉨m
I
.
,
.
a b mp P
a b I
mp P mp Q a a b c I
mp P mp R b
mp Q mp R c



2. 󰉺󰉭
󰉺. 󰉽󰉪
ABCD
󰉭
;;M N P
󰉚󰉼󰉹󰉨󰉳󰉗
;;AB AC
.BD
;MN BC I
; MP AD J NJ IP K
󰉽
; ; C D K
󰉠
󰉶󰉘
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Q
P
C
A
M
N
K
B
󰉪󰉗󰉭 󰉼󰉴-󰉗󰉼󰉴󰉧󰉼󰉶󰉠󰉢󰉠

󰉵󰉚-󰉪 Tel: 0935.660.880
󰉺. Cho hình chóp
.S ABCD
AD
󰉵
BC
.
󰉙
M
󰉳
SB
O
󰉨
AC
󰉵
BD
.
a). 󰉨
N
󰉻
SC
󰉵
AMC
.
b). Cho
AN
󰉞
DM
󰉗
I
󰉽
,,S I O
󰉠
󰉶󰉘
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󰉺51. Cho hình chóp
.S ABCD
AB
không song song
CD
.
󰉭
M
󰉨
SC
O
󰉨
AC
󰉵
BD
.
a). 󰉨
N
󰉻
SD
󰉵
MAB
.
b). 󰉽
,,SO AM BN
󰉰
󰉶󰉘
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󰉪󰉗󰉭󰉼󰉴-󰉗󰉼󰉴󰉧󰉼󰉶󰉠󰉢󰉠

󰉵󰉚-󰉪 Tel: 0935.660.880
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󰉺. Cho hình chóp
.S ABCD
󰉭
;;E F H
󰉚󰉼󰉹󰉨󰉳󰉗
; ; .SA SB SC
a). 󰉨
K SD EFH
.
b).
; AC BD O EH FK I
󰉽
, , S I O
󰉠
c).
;AD BC M EK FH N
󰉽
,,S M N
󰉠
d).
;AB CD P EF HK O
󰉽
,,A P Q
󰉠
󰉶󰉘
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󰉪󰉗󰉭 󰉼󰉴-󰉗󰉼󰉴󰉧󰉼󰉶󰉠󰉢󰉠

󰉵󰉚-󰉪 Tel: 0935.660.880
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󰉺. Cho hình chóp
.S ABCD
󰉭
I
J
󰉨󰉗
,AD SB
.
a). 󰉦󰉻
SBI
SAC
󰉨
K
󰉻
IJ
và mp
SAC
.
b). 󰉦󰉻
SBD
SAC
󰉨
L
󰉻
DJ
và mp
SAC
.
c). Cho
AD
󰉞
BC
󰉗
O
OJ
󰉞
SC
󰉗
M
󰉽󰉟
, , ,A K L M
󰉠
󰉶󰉘
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󰉪󰉗󰉭󰉼󰉴-󰉗󰉼󰉴󰉧󰉼󰉶󰉠󰉢󰉠

󰉵󰉚-󰉪 Tel: 0935.660.880
󰉺. Cho hình chóp S.ABCD
,AB CD E AD BC K
󰉭
,,M N P
󰉚󰉼󰉹
󰉨󰉻
,,SA SB SC
.
a). 󰉦󰉻
SAC
SBD
.
b). 󰉦󰉻
MNP
SBD
.
c). 󰉨󰉻󰉻
MNP
.
d). 󰉭
H MN PQ
󰉽
,,S H E
󰉠
e). 󰉽
,,SK QM NP
󰉰
󰉶󰉘
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󰉺. 󰉽󰉪
.S ABC
󰉵
I
󰉨󰉻
SA
,
J
󰉨󰉻
BC
.
󰉭
M
󰉨󰉳
IJ
N
󰉨󰉳
SC
.
a). 󰉬󰉨
P
󰉻
MC
mp SAB
.
b). 󰉦 󰉻
mp SMP
mp ABC
.
c). 󰉨
E
󰉻
MN
mp ABC
.
d). 󰉭
F IN AC
󰉽󰉟
EF
󰉳󰉨󰉯󰉬
,MN
󰉳
󰉶󰉘
󰉪󰉗󰉭 󰉼󰉴-󰉗󰉼󰉴󰉧󰉼󰉶󰉠󰉢󰉠

󰉵󰉚-󰉪 Tel: 0935.660.880
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󰉺. Cho hình chóp
.S ABCD

O
󰉨
,MN
󰉚󰉼󰉹
󰉨󰉻
,SB SD
󰉨
P
󰉳
SC
󰉨󰉻
SC
.
a). 󰉨󰉻
SO
󰉵󰉢󰉠
MNP
.
b). 󰉨󰉻
SA
󰉵󰉢󰉠
MNP
.
c). 󰉭
,,F G H
󰉚󰉼󰉹󰉨󰉻a
QM
,AB QP
,AC QN
AD
.
󰉽󰉨
,,F G H
󰉠
󰉶󰉘
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󰉪󰉗󰉭󰉼󰉴-󰉗󰉼󰉴󰉧󰉼󰉶󰉠󰉢󰉠

󰉵󰉚-󰉪 Tel: 0935.660.880
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󰉺. Cho hình chóp
.S ABCD

ABCD
hình bình hành tâm
O
󰉭
,MN
󰉚󰉼󰉹
󰉨󰉻
,SA SC
.
a). 󰉦󰉻
BMN
󰉵
,SAB SBC
b). Tìm
,I SO BMN K SD BMN
c). Tìm
,E AD BMN F CD BMN
d). 󰉽󰉟
,,B E F
󰉠
󰉶󰉘
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󰉪󰉗󰉭 󰉼󰉴-󰉗󰉼󰉴󰉧󰉼󰉶󰉠󰉢󰉠

󰉵󰉚-󰉪 Tel: 0935.660.880
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󰉺. Cho hình chóp
.S ABCD
󰉭
,MN
󰉨󰉚󰉼󰉹󰉟󰉗
BC
SD
.
a). 󰉨
I
󰉻
BN
SAC
b). 󰉨
J
󰉻
MN
SAC
c). 󰉽
,,I J C
th󰉠
d). 󰉬󰉦󰉪󰉻󰉢󰉠
BCN
󰉵
󰉶󰉘
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󰉪󰉗󰉭󰉼󰉴-󰉗󰉼󰉴󰉧󰉼󰉶󰉠󰉢󰉠

󰉵󰉚-󰉪 Tel: 0935.660.880
󰉺. 󰉽󰉪
ABCD
K
󰉨󰉻
AB
󰉙
,IJ
󰉚󰉼󰉹󰉳
,AC BD
sao
cho
2 , 3IA IC JB JD
.
1). 󰉨
E
󰉻
AD
IJK
.
2). 󰉦
d
󰉻
IJK
BCD
.
3). 󰉭
O
󰉨󰉻
d
󰉵
CD
󰉽
,,I O E
󰉠
d). 󰉫󰉯
,
OI OC
OE OD
.
󰉶󰉘
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󰉪󰉗󰉭 󰉼󰉴-󰉗󰉼󰉴󰉧󰉼󰉶󰉠󰉢󰉠

󰉵󰉚-󰉪 Tel: 0935.660.880
󰉺. Cho hình chóp
.S ABCD

ABCD
hình thang,
AD
󰉵
2AD BC
.
󰉭
,MN
󰉚󰉼󰉹󰉨󰉻
,SB
,SC
O AC BD
.
a). 󰉦󰉻
ABN
SCD
.
b). 󰉨
P
󰉻
SAB
.
c). 󰉭
K AN DM
󰉽󰉨
,,S K O
󰉠
KS
KO
.
󰉶󰉘
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3. u h󰉮i tr󰉞c nghi󰉪m.
u 32. Cho t󰉽 di󰉪n
.ABCD
G󰉭i
, MN
l󰉚󰉼󰉹󰉨m c󰉻a
AB
.CD
M󰉢t ph󰉠ng
qua
MN
c󰉞t
, AD BC
l󰉚󰉼󰉹t t󰉗i
P
và
.Q
Bi󰉦t
MP
c󰉞t
NQ
t󰉗i
.I
󰉨󰉠ng hàng?
A.
, , .I A C
B.
, , .I B D
C.
, , .I A B
D.
, , .I C D
L󰉶i gi󰉘i.
󰉪󰉗󰉭󰉼󰉴-󰉗󰉼󰉴󰉧󰉼󰉶󰉠󰉢󰉠

󰉵󰉚-󰉪 Tel: 0935.660.880
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u 33. Cho t󰉽 di󰉪n
SABC
. G󰉭i
, , L M N
l󰉚󰉼󰉹󰉨m trên các c󰉗nh
, SA SB
AC
sao
cho
LM
không song song v󰉵i
AB
,
LN
không song song v󰉵i
SC
. M󰉢t ph󰉠ng
LMN
c󰉞t các c󰉗nh
l󰉚󰉼󰉹t t󰉗󰉨󰉠ng hàng?
A.
, , .K I J
B.
, , .M I J
C.
, , .N I J
D.
, , .M K J
L󰉶i gi󰉘i.
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u 34. Cho t󰉽 di󰉪n
.ABCD
G󰉭i
G
tr󰉭ng tâm tam giác
,BCD
M
󰉨m
,CD
I
󰉨m
󰉷 󰉗n th󰉠ng
,AG
BI
c󰉞t m󰉢t ph󰉠ng
ACD
t󰉗i
.J
Kh󰉠󰉬
A.
.AM ACD ABG
B.
, , A J M
th󰉠ng hàng.
C.
J
󰉨m c󰉻a
.AM
D.
.DJ ACD BDJ
L󰉶i gi󰉘i.
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󰉪󰉗󰉭 󰉼󰉴-󰉗󰉼󰉴󰉧󰉼󰉶󰉠󰉢󰉠

󰉵󰉚-󰉪 Tel: 0935.660.880
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u 35. Cho t󰉽 di󰉪n
ABCD
. G󰉭i
, , E F G
󰉨m l󰉚󰉼󰉹t thu󰉳c các c󰉗nh
, , AB AC BD
sao
cho
EF
c󰉞t
BC
t󰉗i
I
,
EG
c󰉞t
AD
t󰉗i
H
󰉼󰉶ng th󰉠󰉰ng quy?
A.
, , .CD EF EG
B.
, , .CD IG HF
C.
, , AB IG HF
. D.
, , .AC IG BD
L󰉶i gi󰉘i.
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u 36. Cho hình chóp
.S ABCD

ABCD
không ph󰉘i hình thang. Trên c󰉗nh
SC
l󰉙󰉨m
M
. G󰉭i
N
󰉨m c󰉻󰉼󰉶ng th󰉠ng
SD
v󰉵i m󰉢t ph󰉠ng
AMB
. M󰉪󰉧 
A. 󰉼󰉶ng th󰉠ng
, , AB CD MN
󰉳t song song.
B. 󰉼󰉶ng th󰉠ng
, , AB CD MN
󰉳t c󰉞t nhau.
C. 󰉼󰉶ng th󰉠ng
, , AB CD MN
󰉰ng quy.
D. 󰉼󰉶ng th󰉠ng
, , AB CD MN
cùng thu󰉳c m󰉳t m󰉢t ph󰉠ng.
L󰉶i gi󰉘i.
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Trung Tâm Luyện Thi Đại Học Amsterdam Chương II-Bài 2. Hai Đường Thẳng Song Song
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AL THUY󰈸T
1. V trí tương đối của hai đường thng trong không gian.
Cho hai đưng thng
a
b
trong không gian. Các trường hợp sau đây xảy ra đối vi
a
b
:
Trường hp 1: Có mt mt phng cha c
a
b
, khi đó theo kết qu trong hình hc phng ta có ba
kh năng sau:
a
b
ct nhau ti điểm
M
,
ta kí hiu
a b M
.
a
b
song song vi nhau,
ta kí hiu
//ab
.
a
b
trùng nhau,
ta kí hiu
ab
.
a b M
//ab
ab
Trường hp 2: Không có mt phng nào cha c
a
b
, khi đó ta nói
a
b
là hai đường thng
chéo nhau.
2. Tính cht
2.1. Định lí 1:(tiên đ Ơ-clit)
Trong không gian, qua một điểm không nằm trên đường
thẳng cho trước, mt ch một đường thng song song
với đường thẳng đã cho.
2.2. Định lí 2:
Nếu ba mt phng phân biệt đôi một ct nhau theo ba giao tuyến phân bit thì ba
giao tuyến y hoặc đồng quy hoặc đôi một song song vi nhau.
2.3. H qu:
Nếu hai mt phng phân bit lần lượt chứa hai đường thng song song thì giao tuyến ca chúng
(nếu có) cũng song song với hai đường thẳng đó hoặc trùng vi một trong hai đường thẳng đó.
§BI 2. HAI ĐƯNG THNG SONG SONG
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2.4. Định lí 3:
Hai đường thng phân bit cùng song song với đường thng th ba thì song song vi nhau.
2.5 . Kiến thc b tr.
Định lý đường trung bình
Định lý Ta Lét
Định lý Ta Lét đảo
Du hiu: cho trung điểm
Du hiu: cho t s, trng tâm.
Du hiu: cho song song
suy ra t s, trng tâm
Tam giác:
Nếu
//
MA MB
MN BC
NA NC
Tam giác:
Nếu
AM AN
AB AC
thì
//MN BC
Tam giác:
Nếu
//MN BC
thì
AM AN
AB AC
B. PHÂN DNG VÀ VÍ D MINH HA.
DNG 1. CHỨNG MINH HAI ĐƯỜNG THNG SONG SONG
1. Phương pháp.
Để chứng minh hai đường thng song song ta có th s dng mt trong các cách sau
Cách 1. Chứng minh hai đường thẳng đó đồng phng, ri áp dụng phương pháp chng minh
song song trong hình hc phng (tính chất đường trung bình, định lí Talét đảo, tính cht song
song của hai đường thng cùng vuông góc với đường thng th ba,…)
Cách 2. Chứng minh hai đường thẳng đó cùng song song với đường thng th ba.
Cách 3. Áp dụng định lí v giao tuyến song song.
Định lí 2:
Nếu ba mt phng phân biệt đôi một ct nhau theo ba
giao tuyến phân bit thì ba giao tuyến y hoặc đồng quy
hoặc đôi một song song vi nhau.
Định lí 3:
Nếu hai mt phng phân bit lần lượt chứa hai đường thng
song song thì giao tuyến ca chúng (nếu có) cũng song song
với hai đường thẳng đó hoặc trùng vi mt trong hai đường
thẳng đó.
2. Bài tp minh ha.
Bài tập 1. Cho hình chóp
.S ABCD
có đáy
ABCD
là một hình thang với đáy lớn
AB
. Gọi
,MN
lần lượt là trung điểm của
SA
SB
.
a). Chứng minh
MN
song song với
CD
.
b). Gọi
P
là giao điểm của
SC
ADN
và
I AN DP
. Chứng minh
//SI CD
Li gii.
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Bài tập 2. Cho tứ diện
ABCD
. Gọi
I
,
J
lần lượt là trọng tâm các tam giác
ABC
ABD
.
Chứng minh
IJ CD
.
Li gii.
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Bài tập 3. Cho tứ diện
SABC
. Trên
SA
,
BC
lấy hai điểm
M
,
N
sao cho
3
4
SM BN
SA BC

.
Qua
N
kẻ đường thẳng song song với
CA
cắt
AB
tại
P
. Chứng minh
MP SB
Li gii.
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Trung Tâm Luyện Thi Đại Học Amsterdam Chương II-Bài 2. Hai Đường Thẳng Song Song
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Bài tập 4. Cho hình chóp
.S ABCD
đáy
ABCD
hình nh hành. Gọi
, , , M N P Q
lần lượt
là các điểm nằm trên các cạnh
, , , BC SC SD AD
sao cho
, , MN BS NP CD MQ CD
.
a). Chứng minh
PQ SA
.
b). Gọi
K MN PQ
. Chứng minh điểm
K
nằm trên đường thẳng cố định khi
M
di động
trên cạnh
BC
.
Li gii.
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Bài tập 5. Cho hình chóp
.S ABCD
có đáy
ABCD
là hình thang với đáy lớn
AB
. Gọi
M
,
N
lần
lượt là trung điểm của
SA
SB
. Gọi
P
là giao điểm của
SC
ADN
,
I
là giao điểm của
AN
DP
. Chứng minh
SI CD
.
Li gii
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Bài tập 6. Cho hình chóp
.S ABCD
có đáy
ABCD
là một hình thang với đáy
AD
BC
.
Biết
AD a
,
BC b
. Gọi
I
J
lần lượt trọng tâm các tam giác
SAD
SBC
. Mặt phẳng
ADJ
cắt
, SB SC
lần lượt tại
, MN
. Mặt phẳng
BCI
cắt
, SA SD
tại
, PQ
.
a). Chứng minh rằng
MN PQ
.
b). Giả sử
AM
cắt
BP
tại
E
;
CQ
cắt
DN
tại
F
. Chứng minh
EF MN
và tính
EF
theo
, ab
.
Li gii
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Bài tập 7. Cho hình chóp
.S ABCD
đáy
ABCD
hình thang. Một mặt phẳng
cắt các
cạnh
, , SA SB SC
SD
lần lượt tại các điểm
, , , M N P Q
.
a). Giả sử
MN PQ I
AB CD E
. Chứng minh
, , I E S
thẳng hàng.
b). Giả sử
IBC IAD

. Chứng minh
MQ NP BC AD
.
Li gii
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Bài tập 8. Cho hình hộp
. ' ' ' 'ABCD A B C D
tất cả các mặt đều hình vuông cạnh
a
. Các
điểm
M
,
N
lần lượt trên
'AD
,
BD
sao cho
2
3
a
AM DN
. Chứng minh
'MN A C
.
Li gii
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Trung Tâm Luyện Thi Đại Học Amsterdam Chương II-Bài 2. Hai Đường Thẳng Song Song
70
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3. u hi trc nghim.
u 26. Cho t din
.ABCD
Gi
,MN
ln lượt trung điểm các cnh
AB
,AC
E
điểm
trên cnh
CD
vi
3.ED EC
Thiết din to bi mt phng
MNE
và t din
ABCD
:
A. Tam giác
.MNE
B. T giác
MNEF
vi
F
là điểm bt kì trên cnh
.BD
C. Hình bình hành
MNEF
vi
F
là điểm trên cnh
BD
EF
//
.BC
D. Hình thang
MNEF
vi
F
là điểm trên cnh
BD
EF
//
.BC
Li gii.
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u 1. Trong các mệnh đề sau, mệnh đề nào sai?
A. Hai đường thẳng không có điểm chung thì chéo nhau.
B. Hai đường thẳng chéo nhau thì không có điểm chung.
C. Hai đường thng phân bit không ct nhau và không song song thì chéo nhau.
D. Hai đường thng phân bit không chéo nhau thì hoc ct nhau hoc song song.
Li gii
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u 2. Trong các mệnh đề sau, mệnh đề nào đúng?
A. Hai đường thng có một điểm chung thì chúng có vô s đim chung khác.
B. Hai đường thng song song khi và ch khi chúng không điểm chung.
C. Hai đường thng song song khi và ch khi chúng không đồng phng.
D. Hai đường thng chéo nhau khi và ch khi chúng không đồng phng.
Li gii.
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u 3. Trong các mệnh đề sau, mệnh đề nào đúng?
A. Hai đường thng cùng song song vi một đường thng th ba thì song song vi nhau.
B. Hai đường thng cùng song song vi một đường thng th ba thì trùng nhau.
C. Hai đường thng cùng song song vi một đường thng th ba thì song song vi nhau hoc
trùng nhau.
D. Hai đường thng cùng song song vi một đường thng th ba thì chúng lần lượt nm trên
hai mt phng song song.
Li gii.
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Trung Tâm Luyện Thi Đại Học Amsterdam Chương II-Bài 2. Hai Đường Thẳng Song Song
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u 4. Trong các khẳng định sau, khẳng định nào đúng?
A. Hai đường thẳng chéo nhau thì chúng có điểm chung.
B. Hai đường thẳng không có điểm chung là hai đường thng song song hoc chéo nhau.
C. Hai đường thng song song vi nhau khi chúng trên cùng mt mt phng.
D. Khi hai đường thng trên hai mt phng phân biệt thì hai đường thẳng đó chéo nhau.
Li gii.
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u 5. Cho hai đường thng chéo nhau
a
b
. Ly
,AB
thuc
a
,CD
thuc
b
. Khẳng định
nào sau đây đúng khi nói v hai đường thng
AD
BC
?
A. Có th song song hoc ct nhau. B. Ct nhau.
C. Song song vi nhau. D. Chéo nhau.
Li gii.
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u 6. Cho ba mt phng phân bit
,,
1
d


;
2
d


;
3
d


.
Khi đó ba đường thng
1 2 3
,,d d d
:
A. Đôi một ct nhau. B. Đôi một song song.
C. Đng quy. D. Đôi một song song hoặc đồng quy.
Li gii.
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u 7. Trong không gian, cho 3 đường thng
,,a b c
, biết
ab
,
a
c
chéo nhau. Khi đó hai
đưng thng
b
c
:
A. Trùng nhau hoc chéo nhau. B. Ct nhau hoc chéo nhau.
C. Chéo nhau hoc song song. D. Song song hoc trùng nhau.
Li gii.
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u 8. Trong không gian, cho ba đường thng phân bit
,,abc
trong đó
ab
.
Khẳng định nào sau đây sai?
A. Nếu
ca
thì
cb
.
B. Nếu
c
ct
a
thì
c
ct
b
.
C. Nếu
Aa
Bb
thì ba đường thng
,,a b AB
cùng trên mt mt phng.
D. Tn ti duy nht mt mt phng qua
a
b
.
Li gii.
Trung Tâm Luyện Thi Đại Học Amsterdam Chương II-Bài 2. Hai Đường Thẳng Song Song
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u 9. Cho hai đường thng chéo nhau
,ab
điểm
M
ngoài
a
ngoài
b
. nhiu nht bao
nhiêu đường thng qua
M
ct c
a
b
?
A. 1. B. 2. C. 0. D. Vô s.
Li gii.
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u 10. Trong không gian, cho 3 đường thng
,,abc
chéo nhau từng đôi. Có nhiều nht bao nhiêu
đưng thng ct c 3 đường thng y?
A. 1. B. 2. C. 0. D. Vô s.
Li gii.
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u 11. Cho t din
.ABCD
Gi
,IJ
lần lượt trng tâm các tam giác
ABC
.ABD
Chn
khẳng định đúng trong các khẳng định sau?
A.
IJ
song song vi
.CD
B.
IJ
song song vi
.AB
C.
IJ
chéo
.CD
D.
IJ
ct
.AB
Li gii.
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u 12. Cho hình chóp
.S ABCD
AD
không song song vi
.BC
Gi
,,MN
, , ,P Q R T
lần lượt
trung điểm
, , , , , .AC BD BC CD SA SD
Cặp đường thẳng nào sau đây song song với nhau?
A.
MP
.RT
B.
MQ
C.
MN
.RT
D.
PQ
.RT
Li gii.
Trung Tâm Luyện Thi Đại Học Amsterdam Chương II-Bài 2. Hai Đường Thẳng Song Song
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u 13. Cho hình chóp
.S ABCD
đáy
ABCD
hình bình hành. Gi
, , ,I J E F
lần lượt trung
đim
, , , .SA SB SC SD
Trong các đường thẳng sau, đường thng nào không song song vi
?IJ
A.
.EF
B.
.DC
C.
.AD
D.
Li gii.
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u 14. Cho t din
.ABCD
Gi
,MN
hai điểm phân bit cùng thuộc đường thng
;,AB P Q
hai điểm phân bit ng thuc đưng thng
.CD
Xét v trí tương đối của hai đường thng
,.MP NQ
A.
.MP NQ
B.
.MP NQ
C.
MP
ct
.NQ
D.
,MP NQ
chéo nhau.
Li gii.
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Dng 2. m giao tuyến ca hai mt phng
1. . Phương pháp.
Để tìm giao tuyến ca hai mt phẳng ngoài phương pháp ‘’Tìm hai điểm chung’’, ta s dụng định
lí v giao tuyến như sau
c 1. Ch ra hai mt phng
lần lượt cha hai đường thng song song
a
b
.
c 2. Tìm một điểm chung
M
ca hai mt phng.
c 3. Khi đó
Mx a b


.
Định lí 2:
Nếu ba mt phng phân biệt đôi một ct nhau theo ba
giao tuyến phân bit thì ba giao tuyến y hoặc đồng quy
hoặc đôi một song song vi nhau.
Định lí 3:
Nếu hai mt phng phân bit lần lượt chứa hai đường thng
song song thì giao tuyến ca chúng (nếu có) cũng song song
với hai đường thẳng đó hoặc trùng vi một trong hai đường
thẳng đó.
2. Bài tp minh ha.
Bài tập 9. Cho hình chóp
.S ABCD
có đáy
ABCD
là hình bình hành.Tìm giao tuyến của:
a).Hai mặt phẳng
SAB
SCD
. b).Hai mặt phẳng
SAD
SBC
.
Li gii.
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Bài tập 10. Cho tứ diện
ABCD
. Trên
AB
,
AC
lần lượt lấy
M
,
N
sao cho
AM AN
AB AC
.
Tìm giao tuyến của hai mặt phẳng
DBC
DMN
.
Li gii.
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Trung Tâm Luyện Thi Đại Học Amsterdam Chương II-Bài 2. Hai Đường Thẳng Song Song
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Bài tập 11. Cho tứ diện
ABCD
. Gọi
,M
N
lần lượt trung điểm của
AD
BD
;
G
trọng
tâm tam giác
ABC
. Tìm giao tuyến của hai mặt phẳng
ABC
MNG
.
Li gii
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i tập 12. Cho hình chóp
.S ABCD
đáy
ABCD
hình bình hành. Gọi
M
một điểm trên
cạnh
SC
.
a). Tìm giao điểm
N
của đường thẳng
SD
với mặt phẳng
ABM
. Tứ giác
ABMN
là hình gì ?
b). Gọi
I AN BM
. Chứng minh
I
thuộc một đường thẳng cố định khi
M
chạy trên cạnh
SC
Li gii
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Bài tập 13. Cho hình chóp
.S ABCD
có đáy
ABCD
là hình bình hành. Gọi
G
là trọng tâm tam
giác
ABD
,
N
là trung điểm
SG
. Tìm giao tuyến của hai mặt phẳng
ABN
SCD
.
Li gii
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Bài tập 14. Cho hình chóp
.S ABCD
đáy
ABCD
tứ giác lồi. Gọi
M
,
N
lần lượt trung
điểm của các đoạn thẳng
SA
,
AC
P
là điểm nằm trên cạnh
AB
sao cho
3BP AP
.
a).Tìm giao tuyến của hai mặt phẳng
MNP
SBC
.
b).Gọi
E
,
F
hai điểm nằm trong hai tam giác
SAD
SBC
. Tìm giao điểm của đường
thẳng
EF
với mặt phẳng
MNP
.
Li gii
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3. u hi trc nghim.
u 15. Cho hình chóp
.S ABCD
đáy
ABCD
là hình bình hành. Gi
d
là giao tuyến ca hai mt
phng
SAD
.SBC
Khẳng định nào sau đây đúng?
A.
d
qua
S
và song song vi
.BC
B.
d
qua
S
và song song vi
.DC
C.
d
qua
S
và song song vi
.AB
D.
d
qua
S
và song song vi
.BD
Li gii.
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u 16. Cho t din
.ABCD
Gi
I
J
theo th t là trung điểm ca
AD
,AC G
là trng tâm
tam giác
.BCD
Giao tuyến ca hai mt phng
GIJ
BCD
là đường thng:
A. qua
I
và song song vi
.AB
B. qua
J
và song song vi
C. qua
G
và song song vi
D. qua
G
và song song vi
.BC
Li gii.
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u 17. Cho hình chóp
.S ABCD
đáy hình thang với các cạnh đáy
AB
.CD
Gi
ACI
lần lượt là trung điểm ca
AD
BC
G
là trng tâm ca tam giác
.SAB
Giao tuyến ca
SAB
, 8.S SB
A.
.SC
B. đưng thng qua
S
và song song vi
.AB
C. đưng thng qua
G
và song song vi
.DC
D. đưng thng qua
G
ct
.BC
Li gii.
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DNG 3. Thiết din cha một đường thng song song vi một đường thng cho trước.
1. Phương pháp.
Để tìm thiết din ct bi mt mt phng cha một đường thng song song vi một đường thng
cho trước được xác định bng cách phi hợp hai cách xác định giao tuyến đã biết.
Ct ngoài, ct trong.
S dng h qu hai mt phng chứa hai đường thng song song.
S dụng định ba mt phng phân bit ct nhau theo ba giao tuyến thì ba giao tuyến đó
đồng quy hoc song song
2. Ví d minh ha.
Bài tập 15. Cho tứ diện
ABCD
các cạnh bằng nhau bằng
6a
. Gọi
I
,
J
lần lượt trung
điểm của
AC
BC
. Gọi
K
là một điểm trên cạnh
BD
với
2KB KD
.
a). Xác định thiết diện của tứ diện với mặt phẳng
IJK
.
Chứng minh thiết diện là hình thang cân.
b). Tính diện tích thiết diện theo
a
.
Li gii
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Bài tập 16. Cho tứ diện
ABCD
. Gọi
I
,
J
lần lượt trung điểm các cạnh
BC
BD
;
E
một điểm thuộc cạnh
AD
(
E
khác
A
D
).
a). Xác định thiết diện của tứ diện với mặt phẳng
IJE
.
b). Tìm vị trí của điểm
E
trên
AD
sao cho thiết diện là hình bình hành.
c). Tìm điều kiện của tứ diện
ABCD
và vị trí điểm
E
trên
AD
sao cho thiết diện là hình thoi.
Li gii
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Bài tập 17. Cho hình chóp
.S ABCD
có đáy
ABCD
là hình vuông cạnh bằng
a
, mặt bên
SAB
tam giác dều. Cho
3SC SD a
. Gọi
H
,
K
lần lượt trung điểm của
SA
,
SB
;
M
điểm
trên cạnh
AD
. Mặt phẳng
HKM
cắt
BC
tại
N
.
a). Chứng minh
HKNM
là hình thang cân.
b). Đặt
AM x
0 xa
, tính diện tích tứ giác
HKMN
theo
a
x
. Tìm
x
để diện tích đạt
giá trị nhỏ nhất.
Li gii
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Bài tập 18. Cho hình chóp
.S ABCD
có đáy
ABCD
là hình vuông cạnh
a
, tâm
O
. Mặt bên
SAB
là tam giác đều, góc
0
90SAD
. Gọi
Dx
là đường thẳng qua
D
và song song với
SC
.
a). Tìm giao điểm
I
của
Dx
với mặt phẳng
SAB
.
b).Tìm thiết diện của hình chóp
.S ABCD
với mặt phẳng
AIC
. Tính diện tích thiết diện đó.
Li gii
Trung Tâm Luyện Thi Đại Học Amsterdam Chương II-Bài 2. Hai Đường Thẳng Song Song
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Bài tập 19. Cho hình chóp
.S ABCD
đáy
ABCD
hình thang với các cạnh đáy
AB
CD
. Gọi
I
,
J
lần lượt là trung điểm của các cạnh
AD
BC
;
G
là trọng tâm của tam giác
SAB
.
a). Tìm giao tuyến của hai mặt phẳng
SAB
IJG
.
b). Tìm điều kiện của
AB
CD
để thiết diện của
IN ABC
hình chóp một hình bình
hành.
Li gii
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Bài tập 20. Cho hình chóp
.S ABCD
đáy
ABCD
hình thang với đáy lớn
AB
. Gọi
M
,
N
theo thứ tự là trọng tâm của các tam giác
SCD
SAB
.
a). Tìm giao tuyến của các cặp mặt phẳng
ABM
SCD
;
SMN
ABC
.
b). Chứng minh
MN ABC
.
c). Gọi
d
giao tuyến của
SCD
ABM
;
I
,
J
lần lượt các giao điểm của
d
với
SD
,
SC
Chứng minh
IN ABC
.
d).Tìm giao điểm
P
,
Q
của
MC
với
SAB
,
AN
với
SCD
. Chứng minh
, , S P Q
thẳng hàng.
Li gii
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3. u hi trc nghim.
u 18. Cho hình chóp
.S ABCD
đáy
ABCD
hình bình hành. Gi
I
trung điểm
.SA
Thiết
din ca hình chóp
.S ABCD
ct bi mt phng
IBC
là:
A. Tam gc
.IBC
B. Hình thang
IBCJ
(
J
là trung điểm
SD
).
C. Hình thang
IGBC
(
G
là trung điểm
SB
). D. T giác
.IBCD
Li gii.
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Trung Tâm Luyện Thi Đại Học Amsterdam Chương II-Bài 2. Hai Đường Thẳng Song Song
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u 19. Cho t din
,ABCD
M
N
lần lượt là trung điểm
AB
.AC
Mt phng
qua
MN
ct t din
ABCD
theo thiết diện là đa giác
.T
Khẳng định nào sau đây đúng?
A.
T
là hình ch nht.
B.
T
là tam giác.
C.
T
là hình thoi.
D.
T
là tam giác hoc hình thang hoc hình bình hành.
Li gii.
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u 20. Cho hai hình vuông
ABCD
CDIS
không thuc mt mt phng cnh bng
4.
Biết
tam giác
SAC
cân ti
, 8.S SB
Thiết din ca mt phng
ACI
hình chóp
.S ABCD
din
tích bng:
A.
6 2.
B.
8 2.
C.
10 2.
D.
9 2.
Li gii.
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u 21. Cho hình chóp
.S ABCD
đáy
ABCD
hình thang với đáy lớn
AB
đáy nhỏ
.CD
Gi
,MN
lần lượt trung điểm ca
SA
.SB
Gi
P
giao điểm ca
SC
.AND
Gi
I
giao
đim ca
AN
.DP
Hi t giác
SABI
là hình gì?
A. Hình bình hành. B. Hình ch nht. C. Hình vuông. D. Hình thoi.
Li gii.
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u 22. Cho t din
.ABCD
Các điểm
,PQ
lần lượt trung điểm ca
AB
;CD
đim
R
nm
trên cnh
BC
sao cho
2.BR RC
Gi
S
giao điểm ca mt phng
PQR
cnh
.AD
Tính t
s
.
SA
SD
A.
2.
B.
1.
C.
1
.
2
D.
1
.
3
Li gii.
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u 23. Cho t din
ABCD
và ba điểm
,,P Q R
lần lượt ly trên ba cnh
, , .AB CD BC
Cho
PR
//
AC
2.CQ QD
Gọi giao điểm ca
AD
và
PQR
.S
Chn khẳng định đúng ?
A.
3.AD DS
B.
2.AD DS
C.
3.AS DS
D.
.AS DS
Li gii.
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Trung Tâm Luyện Thi Đại Học Amsterdam Chương II-Bài 2. Hai Đường Thẳng Song Song
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u 24. Gi
G
là trng tâm t din
.ABCD
Gi
A
là trng tâm ca tam giác
.BCD
Tính t
.
GA
GA
A.
2.
B.
3.
C.
1
.
3
D.
1
.
2
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u 25. Cho t din
ABCD
trong đó tam giác
BCD
không cân. Gi
,MN
lần lượt trung
đim ca
,AB CD
G
trung điểm của đoạn
.MN
Gi
1
A
giao điểm ca
AG
.BCD
Khng định nào sau đây đúng?
A.
1
A
là tâm đường tròn tam giác
.BCD
B.
1
A
là tâm đường tròn ni tiếp tam giác
.BCD
C.
1
A
là trc tâm tam giác
.BCD
D.
1
A
là trng tâm tam giác
.BCD
Li gii.
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A. L THUY󰈸T
1. V trí tương đối của đường thng và mt phng.
Cho đường thng
d
và mt phng
, ta có ba v trí tương đối gia chúng là:
d
ct nhau tại điểm
M
d
song song vi
d
nm trong
Kí hiu
Md

hoặc đơn
gin kí hiu
Md

Kí hiu
d
hoc
d
Kí hiu
d
(h3)
2. Các đnh lí và tính cht.
Tính cht 1. Nếu đường thng
d
không nm trong mt phng
d
song song với đường thng
'd
nm trong
thì
d
song song vi
.
Vy
'
'
d
d d d
d
Tính cht 2. Cho đường thng
d
song song vi mt phng
Nếu mt phng
đi qua
d
và ct
theo giao tuyến
'd
thì
'dd
.
Vy
'
'
d
d d d
d



.
Tính cht 3. Nếu hai mt phng phân bit cùng song song vi
một đường thng thì giao tuyến ca chúng (nếu có) cũng song
song với đường thẳng đó.
Vy
'
'
d
d d d
d


.
Tính cht 4. Cho hai đường thng chéo nhau. Có duy nht mt
mt phng chứa đường thng này và song song với đường
thng kia.
§BI 3. ĐƯNG THNG SONG SONG VI MT PHNG
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B. PHÂN DNG VÀ VÍ D MINH HA.
DNG 1. CHNG MINH ĐƯNG THNG SONG SONG VI MT PHNG.
1. Phương pháp.
Để chứng minh đường thng
d
song song vi mt phng
ta chng minh
d
song song vi một đường thng
'd
nm trong
.
Vy
'
'
d
d d d
d
Nh.
Đường trung bình ( cho trung điểm)
Đnh lý Ta Lét ( cho t l, trng tâm)
S dụng định lý hai mt phng chứa hai đường song
song.
2. Bài tp minh ha.
Bài tp 1. Cho hình chóp
.S ABCD
. Gi
,MN
lần lượt là trung điểm ca
AB
BC
12
,GG
tương ứng là trng tâm các tam giác
,SAB SBC
.
a). Chng minh
AC SMN
.
b).
12
G G SAC
.
c). Tìm giao tuyến ca hai mt phng
ABC
12
BG G
.
Li gii.
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Bài tp 2. Cho hai hình bình hành
ABCD
ABEF
không cùng nm trong mt mt phng có
tâm lần lượt là
O
'O
.
a). Chng minh
'OO
song song vi các mt phng
ADF
BCE
.
b). Gi
,MN
lần lượt hai điểm trên các cnh
,AE BD
sao cho
11
,
33
AM AE BN BD
.
Chng minh
MN
song song vi
CDEF
.
Li gii.
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Bài tp 3. Cho hình chóp
.S ABCD
có đáy
ABCD
là mt hình bình hành. Gi
G
là trng tâm
tam giác
SAB
,
I
là trung điểm ca
AB
M
là điểm trên cnh
AD
sao cho
1
3
AM AD
.
a). Đưng thẳng đi qua
M
và song song vi
AB
ct
CI
ti
N
. Chng minh
NG SCD
.
b). Chng minh
MG SCD
.
Li gii.
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Bài tp 4. Cho hình chóp
.S ABCD
có đáy
ABCD
là hình bình hành. Trên các cnh
,,SA SB AD
lần lượt lấy các điểm
,,M N P
sao cho
SM SN PD
SA SB AD

.
a). Chng minh
MN ABCD
. b).
SD MNP
. c).
NP SCD
.
Li gii.
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Bài tp 5. Cho hình chóp
.S ABCD
có đáy
ABCD
là hình thang với đáy lớn
AB
.
Gi
,MN
theo th t là trng tâm ca các tam giác
SCD
SAB
.
a). Tìm giao tuyến ca các cp mt phng :
ABM
SCD
;
SMN
ABC
.
b). Chng minh
MN ABC
.
c). Gi
d
là giao tuyến ca
SCD
ABM
còn
,IJ
lần lượt là các giao điểm ca
d
vi
,SD SC
. Chng minh
IN ABC
.
d). Tìm các giao điểm
,PQ
ca
MC
vi
SAB
,
AN
vi
SCD
.
Chng minh
,,S P Q
thng hàng.
Li gii.
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Bài tp 6. Cho hình lăng trụ
. ' ' 'ABC A B C
.
,,I G K
lần lượt là trng tâm các tam giác
ABC
,
'ACC
' ' 'A B C
. Chng minh
a).
'IG ABC
.
b).
''GK BB C C
.
Li gii.
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3. u hi trc nghim.
u 1. Cho đường thng
a
mt phng
P
trong không gian. bao nhiêu v trí tương đối
ca
a
P
?
A.
2.
B.
3.
C.
1.
D.
4.
Li gii.
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u 2. Cho hai đường thng phân bit
,ab
và mt phng
. Gi s
ab
,
b
. Khi đó:
A.
.a
B.
.a
C.
a
ct
.
D.
a
hoc
.a
Li gii.
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u 3. Cho hai đường thng phân bit
,ab
và mt phng
. Gi s
a
,
b
. Khi đó:
A.
.ab
B.
,ab
chéo nhau.
C.
ab
hoc
,ab
chéo nhau. D.
,ab
ct nhau.
Li gii.
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u 4. Cho đường thng
a
nm trong mt phng
. Gi s
b
. Mnh đề nào sau đây
đúng?
A. Nếu
b
thì
.ba
B. Nếu
b
ct
thì
b
ct
.a
C. Nếu
ba
thì
.b
D. Nếu
b
ct
cha
b
thì giao tuyến ca
là đường thng ct c
a
.b
Li gii.
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u 5. Cho hai đường thng phân bit
,ab
và mt phng
. Gi s
a
b
.
Mệnh đề nào sau đây đúng?
A.
a
b
không có điểm chung.
B.
a
b
hoc song song hoc chéo nhau.
C.
a
b
hoc song song hoc chéo nhau hoc ct nhau.
D.
a
b
chéo nhau.
Li gii.
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u 6. Cho mt phng
P
và hai đường thng song song
a
b
. Khẳng định nào sau đây đúng?
A. Nếu
P
song song vi
a
thì
P
cũng song song với
.b
B. Nếu
P
ct
a
thì
P
cũng cắt
.b
C. Nếu
P
cha
a
thì
P
cũng chứa
.b
D. Các khẳng định A, B, C đều sai.
Li gii.
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u 7. Cho
d
, mt phng
qua
d
ct
theo giao tuyến
d
. Khi đó:
A.
.dd
B.
d
ct
d
. C.
d
d
chéo nhau. D.
.dd
Li gii.
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u 8. Có bao nhiêu mt phng song song vi c hai đường thng chéo nhau?
A.
1.
B.
2.
C.
3.
D. Vô s.
Li gii.
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u 9. Cho hai đường thng chéo nhau
a
b
. Khẳng định nào sau đây sai?
A. Có duy nht mt mt phng song song vi
a
.b
B. Có duy nht mt mt phng qua
a
và song song vi
.b
C. Có duy nht mt mt phẳng qua điểm
M
, song song vi
a
b
(
M
là điểm cho trước).
D. Có vô s đưng thng song song vi
a
và ct
.b
Li gii.
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u 10. Cho ba đường thẳng đôi một chéo nhau
,,abc
. Gi
P
mt phng qua
a
,
Q
mt
phng qua
b
sao cho giao tuyến ca
P
Q
song song vi
c
. nhiu nht bao nhiêu mt
phng
P
Q
tha mãn yêu cu trên?
A. Mt mt phng
P
, mt mt phng
.Q
B. Mt mt phng
P
, vô s mt phng
.Q
C. Mt mt phng
Q
, vô s mt phng
.P
D. Vô s mt phng
P
.Q
Li gii.
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u 11. Cho hình chóp t giác
.S ABCD
. Gi
M
N
ln ợt trung điểm ca
SA
.SC
Khẳng định nào sau đây đúng?
A.
MN
//
.mp ABCD
B.
MN
//
.mp SAB
C.
MN
//
.mp SCD
D.
MN
//
.mp SBC
Li gii.
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u 12. Cho hình chóp
.S ABCD
đáy
ABCD
hình bình hành,
M
N
hai điểm trên
,SA SB
sao cho
1
.
3
SM SN
SA SB

V trí tương đối gia
MN
ABCD
là:
A.
MN
nm trên
.mp ABCD
B.
MN
ct
.mp ABCD
C.
MN
song song
.mp ABCD
D.
MN
mp ABCD
chéo nhau.
Li gii.
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u 13. Cho t din
ABCD
. Gi
G
trng m ca tam giác
,ABD Q
thuc cnh
AB
sao cho
2,AQ QB P
là trung điểm ca
.AB
Khẳng định nào sau đây đúng?
A.
MN
//
.BCD
B.
GQ
//
.BCD
C.
MN
ct
.BCD
D.
Q
thuc mt phng
.CDP
Li gii.
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u 14. Cho hai hình bình hành
ABCD
ABEF
không cùng nm trong mt mt phng. Gi
1
,OO
lần lượt là tâm ca
,.ABCD ABEF
M
là trung điểm ca
.CD
Khẳng định nào sau đây sai
A.
1
OO
//
.BEC
B.
1
OO
//
.AFD
C.
1
OO
//
.EFM
D.
1
MO
ct
.BEC
Li gii.
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u 15. Cho t din
.ABCD
Gi
, , , , ,M N P Q R S
theo th t là trung điểm ca các cnh
,AC
, , , , .BD AB CD AD BC
Bốn điểm nào sau đây không đồng phng?
A.
, , , .P Q R S
B.
, , , .M P R S
C.
, , , .M R S N
D.
, , , .M N P Q
Li gii.
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DNG 2. DNG THI󰈸T DIN SONG SONG VI ĐƯNG THNG.
1. Phương pháp:
Ta s dụng hai định lý sau.
Định 1. Thiết din ca mt phng
đi qua một điểm
song song với hai đường thng chéo nhau
Định 2. Thiết din ca mt phng
cha một đường
thng(
một điểm
) và song song vi một đường thng. C th
' , '
d
d d d M d
M


Trong quá trình thc hành, ta tiến hành các bước:
c 1. Nhn dng cho mt mt phng
cha mt
đim
M
hay hai điểm
,MN
và song song với đường
thng
d
.
c 2. Ta phải đi tìm một mt phng
chứa đường
thng
d
và chứa điểm
M
hoc
N
(điểm chung).
c 3. Suy ra giao tuyến đưng thẳng đi qua
M
hoc
N
và song song với đường thng
d
.
2. Bài tp minh ha.
Bài tp 7. Cho hình chóp
.S ABCD
có đáy
ABCD
là mt t giác li. Gi
O
là giao điểm ca hai
đưng chéo
AC
BD
. Xác định thiết din ca hình chóp ct bi mt phng qua
O
, song song
vi
AB
SC
.
Li gii.
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Bài tp 8. Cho hình chóp
.S ABCD
,
M
N
là hai điểm thuc cnh
AB
CD
,
là mt
phng qua
MN
và song song vi
SA
.
a). Xác định thiết din ca hình chóp
.S ABCD
khi ct bi
.
b). Tìm điều kin ca
MN
để thiết din là mt hình thang.
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Li gii.
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Bài tp 9. Cho hình chóp
.S ABCD
có đáy
ABCD
là mt hình bình hành . Gi
M
là trung
đim ca cnh
AB
. Xác định thiết din ca hình chóp vi mt phng
qua
M
, song song vi
BD
SA
.
Li gii.
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Lớp Toán Thầy-Diệp Tn Tel: 0935.660.880
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Bài tp 10. Cho hình chóp
.S ABCD
. Gi
,MN
là hai điểm bt kì trên hai cnh
SB
CD
,
là mt phẳng đi qua
MN
và song song vi
SC
. Xác định thiết din ca hình chóp ct bi
Li gii.
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Bài tp 11. Cho hình chóp
.S ABCD
, đáy hình vuông cạnh
a
tam giác
SAB
đều. Mt
đim
M
thuc cnh
BC
sao cho
BM x
0 xa
,
mt phẳng đi qua
M
song song vi
SA
SB
.
a). Xác định thiết din ca hình chóp ct bi
.
b). Tính din tích thiết din theo
a
x
.
Li gii.
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Lớp Toán Thầy-Diệp Tn Tel: 0935.660.880
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Bài tp 12. Cho t diện đều
ABCD
cnh
a
. Gi
M
P
là hai điểm di động trên các cnh
AD
BC
, sao cho
, 0MA PC x x a
. Mt mt phng qua
MP
song song vi
CD
ct t
din theo mt thiết din.
a). Chng minh thiết din là hình thang cân.
b). Tìm
x
để din tích thiết din nh nht.
Li gii.
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Lớp Toán Thầy-Diệp Tn Tel: 0935.660.880
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Bài tp 13. Cho t din
ABCD
. Gi
,'OO
lần lượt là tâm đường tròn ni tiếp các tam giác
ABC
ABD
. Chng minh rằng điều kin cần và đủ để
a).
'OO BCD
BC AB AC
BD AB AD
.
b).
'OO CBD
'OO ACD
BC BD
AC AD
.
Li gii.
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Lớp Toán Thầy-Diệp Tn Tel: 0935.660.880
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Bài tp 14. Cho hình chóp
.S ABCD
có đáy là hình bình hành
ABCD
.
Gi
M
là trung điểm ca
SC
;
là mt phng qua
AM
và song song vi
BD
.
a). Xác định thiết din ca hình chóp khi ct bi
.
b). Gi
,EF
lần lượt là giao điểm ca
vi các cnh
,SB SD
. Tính các t s
;
SME SMF
SBC SCD
SS
SS


.
c). Gi
,K ME CB J MF CD
.
Chng minh
,,A K J
nm trên một đường thng song song vi
EF
.
Li gii.
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Bài tp 15. Cho hình chóp
.S ABCD
có đáy
ABCD
là hình bình hành tâm
O
.
Gi
M
là mt điểm di động trên cnh
SC
,
là mt phng qua
AM
và song song vi
BD
.
a). Chng minh
luôn cha một đường thng c định.
b). Tìm các giao điểm
,HK
ca
vi
,SB SD
. Chng minh
SB SD SC
SH SK SM

có giá tr không
đổi.
b). Thiết din ca hình chóp vi
có th là hình thang được không?
Li gii.
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Bài tp 16. Cho t din
ABCD
,,AB CD a BC AD b AC BD c
vi. Mt mt phng
song song với hai đường thng
AB
CD
ct các cnh ca ca t din theo mt thiết din
là hình thoi. Tính din tích ca thiết din.
Li gii.
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Bài tp 17. Cho hình chóp
.S ABCD
có đáy
ABCD
là mt hình bình hành.
Mt mt phng
thay đổi đi qua
AB
và ct
,SC SD
ti
,MN
.
a). T giác
ABMN
là hình gì?
b). Chứng minh giao điểm
I
ca
AM
BN
luôn thuc một đường thng c định.
c). Chng minh giao điểm
K
ca
AN
BM
luôn thuc một đường thng c định và
AB BC
MN SK
không đổi.
Li gii.
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Bài tp 18. Cho hình lăng trụ
. ' ' 'ABC A B C
. Gi
I
là trung điểm ca cnh
''BC
.
a). Chng minh
''AB A IC
.
b).
M
là một điểm thuc cnh
''AC
,
' , ' 'AM A C P B M A I Q
.
Chng minh
'PQ AB
. Tìm v trí ca
M
để
''
2
9
A PQ A CI
SS

.
Li gii.
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Bài tp 19. Cho t diện đều
ABCD
cnh
a
. Gi
I
là trung điểm ca cnh
AC
,
J
là điểm tuc
cnh
AD
sao cho
2AJ JD
.
M
là một điểm di động trong tam giác
BCD
sao cho
MIJ AB
.
a). Tìm tp hợp điểm
M
.
b). Tính din tích thiết din ca t din ct bi
MIJ
.
Li gii.
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3. u hi trc nghim.
u 16. Cho t din
.ABCD
Gi
H
một điểm nm trong tam giác
,ABC
mt phẳng đi
qua
H
song song vi
AB
.CD
Mệnh đề nào sau đây đúng về thiết din ca
ca t din?
A. Thiết din là hình vuông. B. Thiết din là hình thang cân.
C. Thiết din là hình bình hành. D. Thiết din là hình ch nht.
Li gii.
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u 17. Cho hình chóp t giác đều
.S ABCD
cạnh đáy bằng
10.
M
điểm trên
SA
sao cho
2
.
3
SM
SA
Mt mt phng
đi qua
M
song song vi
AB
,CD
ct hình chóp theo mt t
giác có din tích là:
A.
400
.
9
B.
20
.
3
C.
4
.
9
D.
16
.
9
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u 18. Cho hình chóp
.S ABCD
đáy
ABCD
hình bình hành tâm
.O
Gi
M
điểm thuc
cnh
SA
(không trùng vi
S
hoc
A
).
P
mt phng qua
OM
song song vi
.AD
Thiết
din ca
P
và hình chóp là
A. Hình bình hành. B. Hình thang. C. Hình ch nht. D. Hình tam giác.
Li gii.
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u 19. Cho hình chóp
.S ABCD
ABCD
hình thang cân đáy lớn
.AD
,MN
lần lượt hai
trung điểm ca
AB
.CD
P
mt phng qua
MN
ct mt bên
SBC
theo mt giao
tuyến. Thiết din ca
P
và hình chóp là
A. Hình bình hành. B. Hình thang. C. Hình ch nht. D. Hình vuông
Li gii.
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u 20. Cho t din
.ABCD
Gi
,IJ
ln lượt thuc cnh
,AD BC
tha
2IA ID
2.JB JC
Gi
P
là mt phng qua
IJ
và song song vi
.AB
Thiết din ca
P
và t din
ABCD
A. Hình thang. B. Hình bình hành. C. Hình tam giác. D. Tam giác đều.
Li gii.
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A. L THUY󰈸T
1. Định nghĩa.
Hai mặt phẳng được gọi là song song nếu chúng không có điểm chung, kí hiệu
.
Vậy
.
2. Định lý và hệ quả.
Định lý 1: Nếu mặt phẳng
chứa hai đường thẳng cắt nhau
,ab
và hai đường thẳng này cùng song song với mặt phẳng
thì
.
Vậy
,
,
ab
a b M
ab



.
Ví d 1. Cho hai hình bình hành
ABCD
ABEF
có chung cạnh
AB
và không đồng phẳng.
Gọi
, , I J K
lần lượt là trung điểm các cạnh
, , AB CD EF
. Chứng minh rằng:
ADF BCE
DIK JBE
.
Lời giải
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Nhận xét: từ định lý này ta suy ra hệ quả
Hệ quả: Nếu hai mặt phẳng
mặt phẳng
song song
với nhau thì mọi đường thẳng
a mp
đều song song mặt
phẳng
.
Vậy
a
a
.
Đây là một phương pháp chứng minh đường thẳng song song với mặt phẳng.
Ví d 2. Cho hình chóp
.S ABCD
có đáy
ABCD
là hình bình hành. Gọi
I
là trung điểm của
SD
J
là một điểm trên
ABCD
cách đều
AB
CD
. Chứng minh
IJ SAB
.
§BI 4. HAI MT PHNG SONG SONG
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Lời giải
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Ví d 3. Cho tứ diện
ABCD
. Gọi
1 2 3
, , G G G
lần lượt là trọng tâm của các tam giác
, ,ABC ACD
ADB
.
a). Chứng minh
1 2 3
G G G BCD
.
b). Tìm thiết diện của tứ diện
ABCD
với mặt phẳng
1 2 3
G G G
.
c). Tính diện tích thiết diện theo diện tích của tam giác
BCD
S
.
Lời giải
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Định lý 2: Qua một điểm
A
nằm ngoài mặt phẳng
có một và
chỉ một mặt phẳng
song song với mặt phẳng đã cho.
3. Một số Hệ quả
Hệ quả 1: Nếu
d
thì trong
một đường thẳng song
song với
d
qua
d
duy nhất một mặt phẳng song song với
.
Hệ quả 2:
Hai mặt phẳng phân biệt cùng song song với mặt
phẳng thứ ba thì chúng song song.
Hệ quả 3:
Cho điểm
A
không nằm trên mặt phẳng
.
Mọi đường thẳng đi qua
A
và song song với
đều nằm trong
mặt phẳng qua
A
song song với
.
Vậy
,AA
Ad
d
d



.
Định lý 3: Cho hai mặt phẳng song song. Nếu một mặt phẳng cắt
mặt phẳng này thì cũng cắt mặt phẳng kia và hai giao tuyến đó
song song với nhau.
Vậy
ba
a



.
Hệ quả 4.
Hai mặt phẳng song song chắn trên hai cát tuyến song
song những đoạn bằng nhau.
3. Định lí Ta-lét (Thales)
3.1. Định Ta-t (Thales) thuận: Ba mặt phẳng đôi một song
song chắn trên hai cát tuyến bất kì những đoạn thẳng tương
ứng tỉ lệ.
1 1 2 2
1 1 1 1 1 1
1 1 2 2
2 2 2 2 2 2
,,
,,
A B A B
d A d B d C
B C B C
d A d B d C
.
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3.2. Định Ta-t( Thales) đảo
Cho hai đường thẳng
12
,dd
chéo nhau và các điểm
1 1 1
,,A B C
trên
1
d
, các điểm
2 2 2
,,A B C
trên
2
d
sao cho
1 1 2 2
1 1 2 2
A B A B
B C B C
.
Lúc đó các đường thẳng
1 2 1 2 1 2
,,A A B B C C
cùng song song với một
mặt phẳng.
4. Hình lăng trụ hình chóp cụt.
4.1. Hình lăng tr
Cho hai mặt phẳng song song
'
.
Trên
cho đa giác
12
...
n
A A A
.
Qua các đỉnh
1 2 1
, ,..., ,
nn
A A A A
vẽ các đường thẳng song song với
nhau cắt
'
lần lượt tại
' ' '
12
, ,...,
n
A A A
.
Hình gồm hai đa giác
12
...
n
A A A
,
' ' '
12
...
n
A A A
và các hình bình hành
' ' ' ' ' '
1 1 2 2 2 2 3 3 1 1
, ,...,
nn
A A A A A A A A A A A A
được gọi là hình lăng trụ
' ' '
1 2 1 2
... . ...
nn
A A A A A A
.
Lăng trụ có đáy là hình bình hành được gọi là hình hộp.
4.2. Hình chóp cụt.
Cho hình chóp
12
. ...
n
S A A A
.
Một mặt phẳng không đi qua đỉnh, song song với mặt phẳng đáy
của hình chóp cắt các cạnh bên
1 2 3
, , ,..,
n
SA SA SA SA
lần lượt tại
' ' '
12
, ,..
n
A A A
.
Hình tạo bởi thiết diện
' ' '
12
...
n
A A A
đáy
12
...
n
A A A
cùng với các tứ
giác
' ' ' ' ' '
1 2 2 1 2 3 3 2 1 1
, ,...,
nn
A A A A A A A A A A A A
gọi là hình chóp cụt
' ' '
1 2 1 2
... . ...
nn
A A A A A A
Người ta gọi tên hình lăng trụ dựa vào tên của đa giác đáy
Nhận xét:
Các cnh bên của hình lăng trụ bng nhau và song song vi nhau.
Các mt bên của hình lăng trụ là hình bình hành.
Hai đáy của hình lăng trụ là hai đa giác bằng nhau.
Ví d 4. Cho hình lăng trụ tam giác
.ABC A B C
. Gọi
H
là trung điểm của
.AB

a). Tìm giao tuyến của hai mp
AB C

ABC
.
b). Chứng minh rằng
.CB AHC
Lời giải
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B. PHÂN DẠNG VÀI TẬP MINH HỌA.
DNG 1. CHNG MINH HAI MT PHNG SONG SONG.
1. Phương pháp:
Để chng minh hai mt phng song song ta có th thc hin
theo một trong hai hướng sau:
ng 1: Chng minh trong mt phẳng này có hai đường
thng ct nhau cùng song song vi mt phng kia.
Vy
,
,
ab
a b I
ab



.
ng 2: Chng minh hai mt phẳng đó cùng song song với
mt phng th ba.
Vy
Nh.
Đưng trung bình (cho trung điểm)
Đnh lý TaLét (cho t l, trng tâm)
S dụng định lý hai mt phng chứa hai đường song song.
2. Bài tp minh ha.
Bài tp 1. Cho hình chóp
.S ABCD
có đáy
ABCD
là hình bình hành tâm
O
, gọi
,MN
lần lượt
là trung điểm của
,SA SD
.
a). Chứng minh
//OMN SBC
.
b). Gọi
, , P Q R
lần lượt là trung điểm của
, , AB ON SB
.
Chứng minh
PQ SBC
MOR SCD
.
Lời giải.
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Bài tp 2. Cho hình chóp
.S ABCD
có đáy
ABCD
là hình thang, đáy lớn
AD
. Gọi
1
G
,
2
G
lần
lượt là trọng tâm các tam giác
SBC
,
SCD
;
M
một điểm nằm trên cạnh
SA
sao cho
2.SM MA
Chứng minh
12
MG G ABCD
.
Lời giải
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Bài tp 3. Cho hình chóp
.S ABCD
có đáy
ABCD
là hình bình hành tâm
O
. Các tam giác
SAD
ABC
cùng cân tại
A
. Gọi
AE
,
AF
các đường phân giác trong của các tam giác
ACD
SAB
. Chứng minh
EF SAD
.
Lời giải
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Bài tp 4. Cho các hình bình hành
ABCD
,
ABEF
nằm trên hai mặt phẳng khác nhau chung
cạnh
AB
. Gọi
M
,
N
thứ tự trung điểm của
AD
BC
;
, , I J K
theo thứ tự trọng tâm các
tam giác
, , ADF ADC BCE
. Chứng minh
IJK CDFE
.
Lời giải
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Bài tp 5. Cho hai hình vuông
ABCD
ABEF
ở trong hai mặt phẳng phân biệt. Trên các
đường chéo
AC
BF
lần lượt lấy các điểm
,MN
sao cho
AM BN
. Các đường thẳng song
song với
AB
vẽ từ
,MN
lần lượt cắt
AD
AF
tại
'M
'N
. Chứng minh:
a).
ADF BCE
. b).
''DEF MM N N
.
Lời giải.
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Bài tp 6. Cho các hình bình hành
ABCD
,
ABEF
nằm trên hai mặt phẳng khác nhau chung
cạnh
AB
. Trên các đường chéo
AC
,
BF
theo thứ tự lấy các điểm
M
,
N
sao cho
2MC AM
,
2NF BN
. Qua
M
kẻ đường thẳng song song với
AB
cắt
AD
tại
H
, qua
N
kẻ đường thẳng
song song với
AB
cắt
AF
tại
K
. Chứng minh
a).
MN DE
. b).
MNKH DEF
.
Lời giải
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Bài tp 7. Cho hình lăng trụ
. ' ' 'ABC A B C
. Gọi
, , I K G
lần lượt là trọng tâm các tam giác
ABC
,
' ' 'A B C
'ACC
. Chứng minh
''IGK BB C C
'A KG AIB
.
Lời giải
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Bài tp 8. Cho hình hộp
. ' ' ' 'ABCD A B C D
. Trên các cạnh
BD
,
''AC
lấy các điểm
M
,
N
sao
cho
'
''
BM C N
BD C A
.
a). Chứng minh rằng
' ' 'A BD CB D
.
b). Chứng minh
MN
luôn song song với một mặt phẳng cố định.
Lời giải
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3. u hi trc nghim.
u 1. Trong các mệnh đề sau, mệnh đề nào đúng?
A. Hai mặt phẳng không cắt nhau thì song song.
B. Hai mặt phẳng cùng song song với một đường thẳng thì cắt nhau.
C. Qua một điểm nằm ngoài một mặt phẳng cho trước có duy nhất một mặt phẳng song song
với mặt phẳng đó.
D. Qua một điểm nằm ngoài một mặt phẳng cho trước có vô số mặt phẳng song song với mặt
phẳng đó.
Lời giải.
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u 2. Trong các điều kiện sau, điều kiện nào kết luận
?mp mp
A.
(
là mặt phẳng nào đó
).
B.
a
b
với
,ab
là hai đường thẳng phân biệt thuộc
.
C.
a
b
với
,ab
là hai đường thẳng phân biệt cùng song song với
.
D.
a
b
với
,ab
là hai đường thẳng cắt nhau thuộc
.
Lời giải.
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u 3. Trong các mệnh đề sau, mệnh đề nào đúng?
A. Nếu hai mặt phẳng
song song với nhau thì mọi đường thẳng nằm trong
đều
song song với
.
B. Nếu hai mặt phẳng
song song với nhau thì bất kì đường thẳng nào nằm trong
cũng song song với bất kì đường thẳng nào nằm trong
.
C. Nếu hai đường thẳng phân biệt
a
b
song song lần lượt nằm trong hai mặt phẳng
phân biệt thì
.a
D. Nếu đường thẳng
d
song song với
mp
thì nó song song với mọi đường thẳng nằm trong
.mp
Lời giải.
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u 4. Cho hai mặt phẳng song song
, đường thẳng
a
. mấy vị trí tương đối
của
a
.
A.
1.
B.
2.
C.
3.
D.
4.
Lời giải.
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u 5. Cho hai mặt phẳng song song
P
Q
. Hai điểm
,MN
lần lượt thay đổi trên
P
.Q
Gọi
I
là trung điểm của
.MN
Chọn khẳng định đúng.
A. Tập hợp các điểm
I
là đường thẳng song song và cách đều
P
.Q
B. Tập hợp các điểm
I
là mặt phẳng song song và cách đều
P
.Q
C. Tập hợp các điểm
I
là một mặt phẳng cắt
.P
D. Tập hợp các điểm
I
là một đường thẳng cắt
.P
Lời giải.
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u 6. Trong các điều kiện sau, điều kiện o kết luận đường thẳng
a
song song với mặt phẳng
?P
A.
ab
.bP
B.
ab
.bP
C.
aQ
.QP
D.
aQ
.bP
Lời giải.
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u 7. Trong các mệnh đề sau, mệnh đề nào đúng?
A. Nếu
,ab


thì
.ab
B. Nếu
,ab


thì
a
b
chéo nhau.
C. Nếu
ab
,ab


thì
.
D. Nếu
,ab
thì
.ab
Lời giải.
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u 8. Cho đường thẳng
a mp P
và đường thẳng
.b mp Q
Mệnh đề nào sau đây đúng?
A.
.P Q a b
B.
.a b P Q
C.
P Q a Q
.bP
D.
a
b
chéo nhau.
Lời giải.
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u 9. Hai đường thẳng
a
b
nằm trong
.mp
Hai đường thẳng
a
b
nằm trong
.mp
Mệnh đề nào sau đây đúng?
A. Nếu
aa
bb
thì
.
B. Nếu
thì
aa
.bb
C. Nếu
ab
ab
thì
.
D. Nếu
a
cắt
b
,a a b b

thì
.
Lời giải.
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u 10. Cho hai mặt phẳng
P
cắt nhau theo giao tuyến
.
Hai đường thẳng
p
q
lần
lượt nằm trong
P
.Q
Trong các mệnh đề sau, mệnh đề nào đúng?
A.
p
q
cắt nhau. B.
p
q
chéo nhau.
C.
p
q
song song. D. Cả ba mệnh đề trên đều sai.
Lời giải.
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u 11. Cho hình chóp
.S ABCD
có đáy
ABCD
là hình bình hành tâm
.O
Gọi
,,M N I
theo thứ tự
là trung điểm của
,SA SD
.AB
Khẳng định nào sau đây đúng?
A.
NOM
cắt
.OPM
B.
MON
//
.SBC
C.
.PON MNP NP
D.
NMP
//
.SBD
Lời giải.
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u 12. Trong các mệnh đề sau, mệnh đề nào sai?
A. Hình lăng trụ có các cạnh bên song song và bằng nhau.
B. Hai mặt đáy của hình lăng trụ nằm trên hai mặt phẳng song song.
C. Hai đáy của lăng trụ là hai đa giác đều.
D. Các mặt bên của lăng trụ là các hình bình hành.
Lời giải.
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u 13. Trong các mệnh đều sau, mệnh đề nào sai?
A. Các cạnh bên của hình lăng trụ bằng nhau và song song với nhau.
B. Các mặt bên của hình lăng trụ là các hình bình hành.
C. Các mặt bên của hình lăng trụ là các hình bình hành bằng nhau.
D. Hai đáy của hình lăng trụ là hai đa giác bằng nhau.
Lời giải.
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u 14. Trong các mệnh đều sau, mệnh đề nào đúng?
A. Các cạnh bên của hình chóp cụt đôi một song song.
B. Các cạnh bên của hình chóp cụt là các hình thang.
C. Hai đáy của hình chóp cụt là hai đa giác đồng dạng.
D. Cả 3 mệnh đề trên đều sai.
Lời giải.
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u 15. Trong các mệnh đều sau, mệnh đề nào sai?
A. Trong hình chóp cụt thì hai đáy là hai đa giác có các cạnh tương ứng song song và các tỉ số
các cặp cạnh tương ứng bằng nhau.
B. Các mặt bên của hình chóp cụt là các hình thang.
C. Các mặt bên của hình chóp cụt là các hình thang cân.
D. Đường thẳng chứa các cạnh bên của hình chóp cụt đồng quy tại một điểm.
Lời giải.
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u 16. Cho hình lăng trụ
..ABC A B C
Gọi
,MN
lần lượt là trung điểm của
BB
.CC
Gọi
giao tuyến của hai mặt phẳng
AMN
.ABC
Khẳng định nào sau đây đúng?
A.
.AB
B.
.AC
C.
.BC
D.
.AA
Lời giải.
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u 17. Cho hình lăng trụ
..ABC A B C
Gọi
H
trung điểm của
.AB

Đường thẳng
BC
song
song với mặt phẳng nào sau đây?
A.
.AHC
B.
.AA H
C.
.HAB
D.
.HA C
Lời giải.
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u 18. Cho hình lăng trụ
.ABC A B C
. Gọi
H
trung điểm của
.AB

Mặt phẳng
AHC
song
song với đường thẳng nào sau đây?
A.
.CB
B.
.BB
C.
.BC
D.
.BA
Lời giải.
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u 19. Cho hình lăng trụ
1 1 1
..ABC A B C
Trong các khẳng định sau, khẳng định nào sai?
A.
ABC
//
1 1 1
.AB C
B.
1
AA
//
1
.BCC
C.
AB
//
1 1 1
.AB C
D.
11
AA B B
là hình chữ nhật.
Lời giải.
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u 20. Cho hình hộp
1 1 1 1
..ABCD A B C D
Khẳng định nào dưới đây là sai?
A.
ABCD
là hình bình hành.
B. Các đường thẳng
1 1 1 1
, , ,AC AC DB D B
đồng quy.
C.
11
ADD A
//
11
.BCC B
D.
1
AD CB
là hình chữ nhật.
Lời giải.
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u 21. Cho hình hộp
.ABCD A B C D
các cạnh bên
, , , .AA BB CC DD
Khẳng định o dưới
đây sai?
A.
AA B B

//
.DD C C

B.
BA D

//
.ADC
C.
A B CD

là hình bình hành. D.
BB D D

là một tứ giác.
Lời giải.
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DNG 2. c định thiết diện của
với hình cp khi biết
đi qua điểm
, ...MN
và song song
với một mặt phẳng
cho trước.
1. Phương pháp:
Xác định thiết din ta s dng các tính cht sau.
Phương pháp 1:Chuyn v định lý một đường thng song song
vi mt mt phng:
Khi
thì
s song song vi tt c các đưng thng
nm trong
và ta chuyn v dng thiết din song song vi
đưng thng (§3). Vy
'
'
d
d d d
d



3. Bài tp minh ha.
Bài tp 9. Cho hình chóp
.S ABCD
có đáy
ABCD
là hình bình hành và
,MN
lần lượt là trung
điểm của
,AB CD
. Xác định thiết diện của hình chóp cắt bởi
đi qua
MN
và song song với mặt
phẳng
SAD
.Thiết diện là hình gì?
Lời giải.
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Bài tp 10. Cho hình chóp
.S ABCD
có đáy
ABCD
là hình bình hành và
,,M N P
lần lượt là
trung điểm các cạnh
,,AB CD SA
.
a). Chứng minh
SBN DPM
.
b). Gọi
Q
một điểm thuộc đoạn
SP
(
Q
khác
,SP
). Xác định thiết diện của hình chóp cắt bởi
đi qua
Q
và song song với
SBN
.
c). Xác định thiết diện của hình chóp cắt bởi
đi qua
MN
song song với
SAD
.
Lời giải.
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Bài tp 11. Cho hình chóp
.S ABCD
có đáy
ABCD
là hình bình hành với
AC a
,
BD b
.
Gọi
O
giao điểm của hai đường chéo
AC
BD
. Tam giác
SBD
tam giác đều. Mặt phẳng
đi qua điểm
I
trên đoạn
AC
song song với mặt phẳng
SBD
. Đặt
AI x
0 xa
.
Xác định và tính diện tích thiết diện của hình chóp cắt bởi
.
Lời giải
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Bài tp 12. Cho hình chóp
.S ABCD
có đáy
ABCD
là hình thang, đáy lớn
3AB a
,
AD CD a
. Mặt bên
SAB
tam giác cân đỉnh
S
với
2SA a
. Mặt phẳng
di động
song song với
SAB
đồng thời cắt các cạnh
AD
,
BC
,
SC
,
SD
theo thứ tự tại
, , , M N P Q
.
a). Chứng minh
MNPQ
là hình thang cân.
b). Đặt
x AM
, với
0 xa
. Tìm
x
để tứ giác
MNPQ
ngoại tiếp được một đường tròn. Tính
bán kính đường tròn đó.
Lời giải
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Phương pháp 2:
S dụng định lý 4:
Nếu hai mt phng song song vi nhau thì mt mt
phng th ba ct hai mt phng kia theo các giao
tuyến thì các giao tuyến đó song song với nhau.
Tc là: Tìm đường thng
d
nm trong
xét các
mt phng trong hình chóp cha
d
, khi đó
d
nên s ct các mt phng cha
d
( nếu có)
theo các giao tuyến song song vi
d
.
S dng
,d d M d
d
M






.
4. Bài tp minh ha.
Bài tp 13. Cho hình chóp
.S ABCD
có đáy
ABCD
là hình bình hành. Gọi
I
,
J
lần lượt là trọng
tâm các tam giác
SAB
SAD
;
M
là điểm trên cạnh
SA
sao cho
2MS MA
.
a). Chứng minh
MIJ ABCD
.
b). Xác định thiết diện của hình chóp với mặt phẳng
MIJ
. Thiết diện là hình gì ?
Lời giải
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Bài tp 13. Cho hình chóp
.S ABCD
có đáy
ABCD
là hình bình hành. Gọi
1 2 3
, , G G G
lần lượt là
trọng tâm các tam giác
, , SAB SBC SCD
;
K
một điểm bất nằm trong hình bình hành
ABCD
(
K
không nằm trên các cạnh). Tìm giao tuyến của hai mặt phẳng
SCK
1 2 3
G G G
Lời giải
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DNG 3. MT S NG DNG CA ĐỊNH LÝ TA-LÉT.
1. Phương pháp:
Định lí Thales từng được ng dng nhiu trong các bài toán t
s hay các bài toán chứng minh đường thng song song vi
mt mt phng c định.
2. Bài tp minh ha.
Bài tp 14. Cho tứ diện
ABCD
,MN
là các điểm thay đổi trên các cạnh
,AB CD
thỏa
AM CN
MB ND
.
a). Chứng minh
MN
luôn luôn song song với một mặt phẳng cố định.
b). Cho
0
AM CN
MB ND

P
là một điểm trên cạnh
AC
. Xác định thiết diện của hình chóp ct
bởi
MNP
.
c). Tính theo
k
tỉ số diện tích tam giác
MNP
và diện tích thiết diện.
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Lời giải.
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Bài tp 15. Cho hình hộp
. ' ' ' 'ABCD A B C D
có tất cả các mặt đều là hình vuông cạnh
a
.
Các điểm
,MN
lần lượt trên
',AD BD
sao cho
AM DN x
02xa
.
a). Chứng minh khi
x
biến thiên, đường thẳng
MN
luôn song song với một mặt phẳng cố định.
b). Chứng minh khi
2
3
a
x
thì
'MN A C
.
Lời giải.
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DNG 4. CHỨNG MINH CÁC ĐIỂM CÙNG NM TRÊN MT MT PHNGNG PHNG)
1. Phương pháp:
Để chứng minh các đường thng cùng nm trên mt mt phng ta chứng minh các đường
thẳng đó cùng đi qua một điểm và song song vi mt mt phng.
Để chứng minh 4 điểm đồng phng ta chứng minh các điểm đó thuộc các đường thng
các đường thẳng đó đi qua một điểm và song song vi mt mt phẳng nào đó.
Ngoài ra s dụng định lí Menelaus trong không gian để chng minh bốn điểm đồng phng.
1. Định lí Menelaus
Gi
, , ,M N P Q
theo th t các điểm trên các đường thng
, , ,AB BC CD DA
ca t din
ABCD
(
, , ,M N P Q
khác vi
, , ,A B C D
) thì
, , ,M N P Q
đồng phng khi và ch khi
. . . 1
MA NB PC QD
MB NC PD QA
.
2. Bài tp minh ha.
Bài tp 16. Chứng minh định lý Menelaus.
Lời giải.
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Bài tp 17. Cho hình chóp
.S ABC
SA SB SC
. Chứng minh các đường phân giác ngoài tại
S
của các tam giác
,,SAB SAC SBC
cùng nằm trong một mặt phẳng.
Lời giải.
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Bài tp 18. Cho tứ diện
ABCD
. Gọi
, , ,M N P Q
theo thứ tự là các điểm trên các cạnh
, , ,AB BC CD DA
(
, , ,M N P Q
khác với các đỉnh của tứ diện) sao cho
MA PD
MB PC
NB QA
NC QD
.
Chứng minh bốn điểm
, , ,M N P Q
đồng phẳng.
Lời giải.
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Bài tp 19. Cho tứ diện
ABCD
và một điểm
S
trong không gian (
S
không trùng với
, , ,A B C D
). Gọi
, , ,E F H K
lần lượt chân các đường phân giác trong góc
S
của các tam giác
, , ,SAB SBC SCD SDA
. Chứng minh bốn điểm
, , ,E F H K
đồng phẳng.
Lời giải.
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3. u hi trc nghim.
u 22. Nếu thiết diện của một lăng trụ tam giác một mặt phẳng một đa giác thì đa giác đó
có nhiều nhất mấy cạnh?
A.
3
cạnh. B.
4
cạnh. C.
5
cạnh. D.
6
cạnh.
Lời giải.
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u 23. Nếu thiết diện của một hình hộp một mặt phẳng một đa giác thì đa giác đó nhiều
nhất mấy cạnh ?
A.
4
cạnh. B.
5
cạnh. C.
6
cạnh. D.
7
cạnh.
Lời giải.
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u 24. Cho hình hộp
.ABCD A B C D
. Gọi
I
trung điểm của
.AB
Mặt phẳng
IB D

cắt hình
hộp theo thiết diện là hình gì?
A. Tam giác. B. Hình thang. C. Hình bình hành. D. Hình chữ nhật.
Lời giải.
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u 25. Cho hình chóp
.S ABCD
đáy
ABCD
hình bình hành tâm
.O
Tam giác
SBD
đều. Một
mp P
song song với
SBD
qua điểm
I
thuộc cạnh
AC
(không trùng với
A
hoặc
C
). Thiết
diện của
P
và hình chóp là hình gì?
A. Hình hình hành. B. Tam giác cân. C. Tam giác vuông. D. Tam giác đều.
Lời giải.
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u 26. Cho hình chóp
.S ABC
có đáy tam giác
ABC
thỏa mãn
4,AB AC
30 .BAC 
Mặt
phẳng
P
song song với
ABC
cắt đoạn
SA
tại
M
sao cho
2.SM MA
Diện tích thiết diện của
P
và hình chóp
.S ABC
bằng bao nhiêu?
A.
16
.
9
B.
14
.
9
C.
25
.
9
D.
1.
Lời giải.
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u 27. Cho hình chóp
.S ABCD
đáy
ABCD
hình thang cân với cạnh bên
2,BC
hai đáy
6, 4.AB CD
Mặt phẳng
P
song song với
ABCD
cắt cạnh
SA
tại
M
sao cho
3.SA SM
Diện tích thiết diện của
P
và hình chóp
.S ABCD
bằng bao nhiêu?
A.
53
.
9
B.
23
.
3
C.
2.
D.
73
.
9
Lời giải.
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u 28. Cho hình chóp
.S ABCD
đáy
ABCD
hình bình hành tâm
,8O AB
,
6.SA SB
Gọi
P
là mặt phẳng qua
O
và song song với
.SAB
Thiết diện của
P
và hình chóp
.S ABCD
l
A.
5 5.
B.
6 5.
C.
12.
D.
13.
Lời giải.
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Lớp Toán Thầy-Diệp Tn Tel: 0935.660.880
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u 29. Cho hình hộp
.ABCD A B C D
. Gọi
mặt phẳng đi qua một cạnh của hình hộp cắt
hình hộp theo thiết diện là một tứ giác
T
. Khẳng định nào sau đây không sai?
A.
T
là hình chữ nhật. B.
T
là hình bình hành.
C.
T
là hình thoi. D.
T
là hình vuông.
Lời giải.
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u 30. Cho hình chóp cụt tam giác
.ABC A B C
2 đáy 2 tam giác vuông tại
A
A
1
.
2
AB
AB

Khi đó tỉ số diện tích
ABC
ABC
S
S
bằng
A.
1
.
2
B.
1
.
4
C.
2.
D.
4.
Lời giải.
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