Bài tập nhóm môn Organizational behavior đề tài: Analysis of The Incident of A Woman Wearing Backless Shirt in Vietnam

Bài tập nhóm môn Organizational behavior đề tài: Analysis of The Incident of A Woman Wearing Backless Shirt in Vietnam với những kiến thức và thông tin bổ ích giúp sinh viên tham khảo, ôn luyện và phục vụ nhu cầu học tập của mình cụ thể là có định hướng ôn tập, nắm vững kiến thức môn học và làm bài tốt trong những bài kiểm tra, bài tiểu luận, bài tập kết thúc học phần, từ đó học tập tốt và có kết quả cao cũng như có thể vận dụng tốt những kiến thức mình đã học vào thực tiễn cuộc sống. Mời bạn đọc đón xem!

 

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NATIONAL ECONOMICS UNIVERSITY
GROUP ASSIGNMENT
Consumer Behavior by Lecturer Tran Hong Nhung
Topic: Analysis of The Incident of A Woman Wearing Backless Shirt
in Vietnam
Table of Content
I. Introduction 1
II. The Incident 1
III. Incident Analysis 2
1. Disagreeing Opinions 3 2
2. Supportive Opinions 4
3. Cyberbullying and Stealth Recording Behavior 7
IV. Why People Have Controversies and How TheyAffect People’s Behaviours 9
1. Why Are There Controversies? 9
2. How Do Controversies Affect People's Behaviour? 12
V. Learned Lessons 13
VI. Conclusion 14
References 14
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I . Introduction
Clothing is one of the most important parts of daily life and is also a unique cultural feature of
each country. Today, when people's quality of life is increasing, the demand for fashion
becomes more and more important, especially for women. They always want to wear the best
clothes to become attractive. However, each person's opinion about the beauty of clothes is
different, depending on their feelings. Therefore, this issue is always a hot topic for people to
discuss. And recently, we have encountered a controversial event related to aesthetic issues
associated with cultural and ethical properties in clothing. We will conduct the analysis of this
event with knowledge of “Consumer Behavior”.
II. The Incident
The story is about a guy moving on Xa Dan Street (Hanoi) when he accidentally caught a
girlfriend wearing a boldly cut shirt, almost revealing the entire back. Feeling strange, the guy
followed the car carrying the girl and used his phone to record the image behind the girl's back.
After that, the guy posted this video on TikTok with the caption: "I don't understand why so
many men let their lovers wear this on the street." With a critical quote, the guy's video attracted
mixed comments.
Faced with this incident, the girl in the video also recorded a video responding to the young
man's video with strong words. As a result, the girl believes that she has no control over her
husband or boyfriend; she chose this outfit because she liked it, and the other TikToker guy
does not have the right to use her image posted online without her permission.
This story is becoming a hot topic on social networks after many fan pages re-shared it and
raised the issue of freedom of dress and fine customs. Through this, we see three opposing
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views. The first opinion objected to the girl wearing that outfit; another said it was human
freedom; and the last one related to cyber violence.
III. Incident Analysis
1. Disagreeing Opinions
Tiktok is an application used by many young Vietnamese people. After the video of the girl
wearing a backless shirt on the street was posted on TikTok, there were hundreds of mixed
opinions protesting against wearing such clothes on the street.
Do Quynh Mai, 23 years old and working in Dong Da, Hanoi, shared: "Personally, I think it's
inappropriate to dress like a girlfriend in the street clip. I work in fashion and understand that
clothes are not naturally divided into different types of clothing such as party wear, work wear,
playwear, swimwear, pyjamas, etc. Gen Z young people say that fashion is to be creative, to
break the way, to be able to combine all kinds of costumes, but to be suitable for the situation,
the environment, and the time". This reaction of the girl refers to a term known as "crescive
norms"these are cultural norms taught from previous generations and surrounding social
factors, including "custom," "mor-ay" - taboo, and "convention" - daily rules. Here, we will
focus on conventions. A convention is a rule that regulates how we behave in everyday life.
These rules often address delicate issues of consumer behaviour, including the "right" way to
furnish a home, dress it up, or host a dinner party. Do Quynh Mai has been influenced by the
daily rules of how to dress and what is right for each case. According to Mai and some others
of the same opinion, the Vietnamese convention is that women are not allowed to wear
revealing clothes when going out in public. "Why not both sexes and only women?" We just
assume that conventions are the "right" thing to do. However, we learn these conventions from
our parents or by observing others. They frequently see images of semi-naked men wearing
tank tops on both TV and in real life, leading Vietnamese people to believe that wearing style
is normal for men. And for women, the opposite is true: women on TV are always covered,
thereby forming norms. Besides, parents often teach their daughters that it is necessary to dress
discreetly and delicately; depending on the case, they will wear different clothes to both be
beautiful and protect themselves from people with bad intentions. This has reinforced the idea
that women must dress modestly when going out.
According to Son, 20 years old, a law student at the University of Science at Thai Nguyen
shared that: “Agreeing to what to wear is everyone's privacy, but besides that, it is necessary
to pay attention to the surroundings. A beautiful outfit is to wear at the right place, time and
situation. Such an open-back outfit if worn at a bar or a party will be more appropriate. In the
case of wearing when going out, the outfit attracts many eyes, even children. It is not good for
children to see and learn from it.” This observation may come from a term called
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representativeness heuristic using short thinking by comparing with pre-existing patterns
in the mind. There will be people who have already in their mind an image of what is a beautiful
person, what is a person of good quality, and what is a bad person through judging their
appearance. This can be said as “Judge a book by its cover”. Here, we can understand that
fashion is the truest language of the wearer. As we often see images built into our heads, such
as images of monks. They practice in the way of purity and liberation with the mind on the
wish to become a Buddha, below saving sentient beings. They always spread their compassion
to all sentient beings, so their clothes are also brown and blue clothes. This is the colour of the
earth, which is the characteristic that represents a person who lives a simple life, has little
desire, knows enough about life and knows how to love and be compassionate towards sentient
beings and is ready to forgive all the mistakes of sentient beings. Likewise, according to
common sense, we will be interested in what a woman wears to express her personality and
qualities. A polite, gentle, educated girl will be a girl who dresses appropriately for the
situation, most of which will have to be discreet, not revealing her body parts when going out
or in crowded places. This available image may come from the costumes worn by Vietnamese
women in the 1950s with beautiful "áo dài" as well as "áo ba", showing the beauty of a
woman but also discreetly keeping herself. On the contrary, those who wear revealing clothes
will be indecent people, with bad moral qualities and bad characteristics. They will even refer
to people who dress like that as people who trade in their bodies to make money, going against
the traditional image of a girl with charming beauty. This has led to a fierce protest in the case
of the girl appearing in the video. They will think that the girl in the video is deliberately dressed
like that to serve some bad purpose and disrespect the opponent.
The world is made up of many cells and each of us is a small cell. We are always influenced
by external influences. There will be external connections that define who we are and what we
value: gender, race/ethnicity, religion, age, and where we live. Each of these is a subculture
a group whose members share important beliefs and common interests. To explain the
dissenting behaviour of the above title, we give two types of subcultures: religious
subculture” and “age subculture”.
In recent years, we have seen an explosion of religion and spirituality in popular culture. As a
result, it has formed a popular subculture in society called a religious subculture referring
to a group of people with similar religious behaviour. Every religion prescribes to its members
what should be considered good or bad behaviour in terms of what to eat, where to go, what to
wear, etc. Through their teachings, some religions facilitate their members to adopt a lifestyle
that expects life satisfaction will come at a different cost. Rituals and religious beliefs may
regulate the use of certain products and may prevent the consumption of others. For some good
and good paths, directing people to peace and liberation, they will teach people to practice from
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the heart to the outer appearance. The outer appearance needs to maintain majesty and virtue.
Because they think how they think, they will act like that. If you have evil thoughts, your
actions lead to bad results. On the contrary, if you think wholesome thoughts, all your outward
actions will exude that look. Therefore, the dress is an important factor for people of this same
religion. They think that the fact that they dress modestly and politely will reflect that they are
a person with self-respect, privacy, self-respect, self-respect and respect for others. On the
contrary, it is bad practice to dress revealingly, showing yourself as an impolite person. We
take a specific example in Buddhism. The teaching in Buddhism is to follow cause and effect.
When you wear revealing clothes, you will get sick because some points on your body are
exposed to the toxic wind outside. Following that is to cause adultery for others, after death
will go to hell to suffer many tortures, immeasurable suffering, and it will take a long time to
get rid of suffering retribution. It is this that causes resistance to the idea of wearing an open-
back shirt on the street something that causes a loss of dignity.
Disagreement with wearing backless shirts comes not only from some young people but also
from the elderly. It is in the age subculture which includes people of the same age who
have gone through similar experiences. They share many common memories of cultural heroes,
and important historical events. The two common age groups that we all know are the Z gene
and the Y gene. Gen Y, or Millennials, refers to people born between 1981 and 1996. Unlike
the Z gene, the Y gene tends to hold relatively traditional values and they prefer to fit in rather
than rebel. They were born and raised in the period of national transformation, they have more
experience in social life and they are influenced by the concept of their ancestors. Those are
the conceptions of women's beauty that are neat and discreet clothes to reveal traditional moral
qualities.
2. Supportive Opinions
Do Quynh Mai's incident has created a fierce controversy, besides opinions disagreeing with
Quynh Mai’s way of dressing, there are still many people siding with her.
Quynh Mai’s supporters believe that it is individual freedom of a person to choose what he/she
wants to wear, for this reason, other people have no right to interfere with how Mai dresses.
The controversy became so stressful is also because of the man’s caption, which showed
concrete proof of men demeaning women, especially when women’s rights is now one of the
hottest topics in the world. There are many reasons behind the formation of this opinion, in
which it is impossible not to mention "acculturation" - the process of adapting to or adopting
traits from another culture. As globalization progressed, cultural movements, particularly
fashion trends, reached Vietnam quite swiftly, creating a change in the perception of fashion
among a great number of people. The desire for Vietnamese people to conform (change their
beliefs, attitudes, actions, or perceptions to more closely match those held by
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groups to which they belong or want to belong or by groups whose approval they desire) to an
open-minded society is also increased by the fact that there has been a sizable group of
Vietnamese people who tend to be "foreign-favoured". Those people are engaging in
"observational learning" or learning via observing and copying others, as part of the
acculturation process. It is common knowledge that Western society leans toward being more
liberal and accepting than Asian culture, particularly when it comes to attire. They respect
others’ choice of choosing clothes as a way to express their individuality. Many Vietnamese
people have encountered and observed this culture in connection with the integration
movement in a variety of ways. Moreover, there are thousands of pictures of celebrities and
influencers in Vietnam wearing backless shirts in public, which has contributed greatly to the
normalization of such type of attire. As a result, they have learned and believed that wearing
"a backless shirt" is acceptable. This supportive opinion has also been affected by another
factor which is place-based subcultures. Because they have more access to the contemporary
world, people who live in big cities of Vietnam tend to have more opportunities to gain
knowledge from the Western world and have more diverse and liberal choices of clothing than
those who live in rural regions. Therefore, a backless shirt can be more easily accepted in these
areas.
In addition, several opinions expressed that fashion is a form of art, which should not have
limitations. People in every culture have body decoration and mutilation in some way,
including clothes. Decorating the physical self serves a number of purposes: to separate group
members from nonmembers, to place the individual in the social organization, to place the
person in a gender category, to enhance sex-role identification, to indicate desired social
conduct, to indicate high status or rank, to provide a sense of security. Whichever the purpose
is, it is the person’s choice. Some people also support Quynh Mai with the opinion that, in
terms of cultural perspective, “ao yem” (a backless top) has appeared since the Ly Dynasty
(1009 - 1225), so it cannot be concluded that wearing such a shirt was a smear of Vietnamese
culture.
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Ao yem Vietnam
According to Maslow’s hierarchy of needs, Quynh Mai’s supporters are showing:
- Love and belongingness needs : They speak their thoughts to fulfil the need for
belongingness and give affection to the victim (Do Quynh Mai).
- Esteem needs : This is the need for recognition, the desire to be loved and respected in
any organization or environment. A group of people with the same interest in dressing
or admire Quynh Mai will also feel insulted by the comments offending her.
- Self-actualization needs : mong muốn được chứng minh bản thân. Được theo đuổi đam
mê, sở thích của mình và mang lại những giá trị, lợi ích tốt đẹp cho xã hội. Supporters
đưa ra quan điểm của mình họ tin rằng quan điểm ấy đúng muốn thay đổi xã
hội trở nên tốt hơn This is the desire to prove yourself, to pursue passions and interests
and bring good values and benefits to society. Supporters give their opinion in order to
express themselves and change society for the better.
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Maslow’s hierarchy of needs
Do Quynh Mai's supporters have instrumental values which are speaking out to fight for the
right to freedom of a woman’s body and enhance the confidence of women, in order to reach
the terminal values of gender equality and individual freedom.
3. Cyberbullying and Stealth Recording Behavior
a. Cyberbullying
It can be seen that the girl's video posting behaviour on Tiktok has become a controversial topic
with breakneck speed shared by media snackers - who always keep up with the latest trends,
information and most prominent on social sites. This story has led to a series of heated debates
among TikTok users, even Hot TikTokers and Influencers have enthusiastically voiced their
objections. There are also opinions in favor of the girl or boy who was secretly filmed, but at
the same time, there are also malicious comments and criticisms and judgments from thousands
of strangers. This has directly affected the girl's spirit, daily life, and social relationships.
Although there are still many comments defending the way female friends dress, however, the
contradictions and conflicts of opinion from the crowd cause many unpredictable
consequences. This is cyberbullying - threatening behaviour through messaging applications
or sharing negative information aimed at victims, thereby damaging the victim mentally and
honourably....
It is not too difficult to realise that more than 70% of negative and judgmental comments and
personal attacks in the 'backless shirt' video are from men. Although many male Tiktokers or
some people from the LGBT community have spoken out with their own videos to defend the
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girl, as well as clarify their views on this topic. However, there is still a crowd of men
expressing dissatisfaction, commenting that the girl's dress in the video is "contrary to
customs", "not suitable to wear on the street" and thinking that the details of the new shirt are
the most offensive element.
The fact that many opinions believe that the fault is entirely on the woman's side. These people
argued: "Girlfriends shouldn't wear that shirt outside", "If you wear that, you're right to be
filmed", "It's not right to dress offensively to people's eyes, swearing is right!"… So with just
a few words back and forth, the matter was changed into a mistake originating from the girl or
the design of the shirt, the person filming secretly did not need to admit it was wrong. The story
of back-blaming the victim, especially when the victim is a woman and wears clothing that
exposes some of the skin, risks becoming common sense when there is a dispute of opinion or
some negative event. take place on social media. It is so damaging that these reversals of
opinion can cause victims to fall into a state of mental crisis, some of whom even blame
themselves and are forced to admit mistakes in the way they choose their everyday clothes.
This is called the Looking-Glass Self when malicious comments and malicious words from
others have a strong impact on self-concept - beliefs in perspective, perception, and personality
about yourself. directly affect the psychology and personal image of the girl.
b. Stealth Recording Behaviour
Although the story of the girl with the backless shirt still has many opposing opinions, the
cameraman must strongly condemn the stealthy action of the owner of the video. Filming
without the permission of others is also considered an act of harassment, disrespect and in this
case an invasion of personal image. The person who posted the video may not be aware of the
consequences of his actions, but in fact it has the ability to disturb a girl's life, even turning her
into the focus of cyber violence.
This behaviour has led to a state of social power - the ability to control the behavior, attitudes
and opinions of others. This is reflected in two main aspects:
Firstly, the behaviour known as referent power when secretly filming a video and spreading
it on a popular website like Tik Tok with controversial status lines controlled the way of
thinking of netizens, leading to thoughts, misleading beliefs for those who do not really
understand the reason or context behind. In Vietnam, although the changes in life have made
people have more open ideas about clothing styles, there are still some old-fashioned notions
that tend to favour men and despise women. , especially when a man's actions and thoughts can
affect women. They always think that their thoughts and views are right and they have the right
to be judged like that.
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What's more, the behaviour is also known as information power when people secretly record
and post videos online when they are simply aware this will be information that deserves
attention and can go viral. This has had a great impact on the thoughts of netizens when they
only see the problem on the surface, the misleading and unclear caption of the sneaky camera
has influenced other people's thoughts. Since then, information that insinuates, inflates public
opinion or the girl's judgment and derision, while the freedom to decide what to wear is
inevitable in today's society, individuals Using personal opinion to impose on other people's
aesthetic taste, style or body is going against the innovative thinking of the fashion field.
IV. Why People Have Controversies and How They Affect People’s Behaviours
1. Why Are There Controversies?
Like the event analysed above, controversies always happen everywhere. Especially with the
surge of the Internet and social media platforms, the scale of those conflicts is getting wider
(not limited in a region but spreading over in a country or going international) and the public
tend to join in this more frequently. So why does this phenomenon occur? And why do people
have controversies?
We all know conflict is an inevitable “thing" to happen when two or more opposite opinions
exist. At that point people start arguing to protect their outlooks and perceptions. Those
outlooks mostly are related to the differences between norms, customs and values of different
cultures. But in practice shows that humans have opposite thoughts even when they were born
and grew in the same culture or community. And it’s crucial to understand why people generate
such contrastive ideas in order to know why they argue.
And we believe, Observational learning could be one of the reasons that lead to this
phenomenon. Just like its name, “Learning through seeing", observational learning is the
process of absorbing ideas and behaviours from people’s actions who live in the same
environment. Every individual will have different backgrounds and experiences, from place of
living, education level, occupation, social class, religion,... etc. Not to mention our daily social
contacts could also change a person’s perception about a specific object/event. Those
differences create variances in the process of learning beliefs, ideas and outlooks from
surrounding environments. Therefore, people who share the same nationality or culture could
still have various thoughts and beliefs, and some of them will be in contrast with others.
Another reliable reason could be how people choose to learn cultures. This refers to two ways
of absorption, that a person selects to understand multiple cultures or to learn only from the
culture he or she is living in. This, as in psychology, is called Acculturation and
Enculturation. Further explanation, Acculturation is the learning process in terms of beliefs
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and behaviours from not just their own but also other cultures, and in contrast, Enculturation is
the process a person only acquires from their own culture. People who follow acculturation
will contact many new and uncommon opinions from nations that never have in their country
or community. Of course, this will change their perception of their own culture, which creates
the differences in beliefs and behaviours between them and people who follow enculturation.
Furthermore, the process of absorbing multiple cultures also generates multiple ways to behave
among people while experiencing a similar event. This is because every individual does not
have the same life, and they may not learn from the same culture. The contrast of cultures and
experiences increases the variety in the spectrum of culture in people's perceptions. Therefore,
people always have opposite opinions and reactions towards a matter.
Now we understand why people have a variety of thoughts towards an object. So when
confronted with contrastive ideas, how will people evaluate them? Or in other words, which
process they will use to judge and react towards those ideas. According to Social judgement
theory, people mostly tend to agree with facts, and opinions that share similarities with their
previous experiences. In detail, when encountering new information, that person will evaluate
it to see if it is acceptable or unacceptable to them. This process of evaluation uses experienced
knowledge and feelings, which are in common with those facts, as an attitude standard. People
form a zone of acceptance around that standard, and opinions which fall within that zone will
be favourably received. Obviously those that fall outside of the zone will be rejected. This zone
is called the Latitudes of acceptance and rejection. Therefore, people will use the latitudes
as an anchor to decide which way of response they should express when facing a new piece of
information. But few things to be reminded of is that latitudes are really subjective and people
are so simple. When it comes to judging inexperienced behaviours, instead of analysing them
in a whole context, people tend to reject them. And if both sides reject the other's opinion, there
is no common will to be found between them and the contrast will keep existing, like an
unsolvable problem. That exactly is when a controversy arose. But it is not the end of the story.
The rejection towards uncommon information we discuss above generates a stronger and more
severe attitude of reaction. People express this attitude out and start arguing. We are aware that
the purpose of those behaviours is to protect their opinion and prove others are wrong. But
there must be some deeper intentions to explain that attitude. In 1960, Daniel Katz, a
psychologist, proposed the Functional theory of attitudes. This theory suggests that attitudes
and behaviours are determined to serve some psychological functions for the person. Following
Katz, there are four functions influencing attitudes: The value-expressive function,
Utilitarian function, Ego-defensive function and Knowledge function. But in the term
Controversy, we only discuss the first three functions. The Value-expressive function states
each individual develops attitudes, in this situation, toward opposite opinions in order to
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represent the value they hold. Those values are thoughts and faith that they gain during the
growing process till now. According to value-expressive functions, people like to express their
values to the outside and share them with other people. The behaviour of people stating their
points when talking about a problem, especially in an argument is a perfect example of that
intention. They believe through the action of speaking out, their knowledge and selfvalue can
be shown to the public.
In a controversy, surely an opinion once expressed will be refuted, and the owner of that opinion
will obviously try to defend his argument. The purpose of that behaviour is to serve the Ego-
defensive function for humans. This function assumes humans have an endless need to protect
themselves from external threats and internal feelings. For a controversy, it is the threat of
being proven that their opinions are wrong by other people or the fear of “being stupid".
Therefore, they must stand up against every idea that confronts their thoughts. And of course,
the other side of an argument would do the same with the same purpose. This function does not
depend on whether the opinion is wrong or right. But in case if that statement is truly wrong,
and the owner now realises it, the defensive action even gets more aggressive. Not many people
have the guts to admit their misunderstanding, especially people with big egos. So a better
option for them in that situation is to protect their wrong thoughts at all cost.
But why don’t they choose to get out of the conversation? This is related to the last function
we want to discuss today, the Utilitarian function. The utilitarian function uses the basic
principles of reward and punishment, it states that we develop some attitudes toward
objects/events because they provide pleasure or pain. For example, high school teenagers prefer
branded clothes so they could have the feeling of fitting in. When using this function to explain
the behaviour of joining an argument, we have two different reasons. The first possible reason
is similar to the Ego-defensive function. People choose to argue instead of running away
because of the fear of being called “a coward”. But there is a chance they are successful in
proving their idea, and the feeling of “winner" is kind of a reward that creates a motivation for
them to join the controversies. Another reason we also believe it's true is that on some
occasions, people jump in an argument simply because they don’t want to be left out. This
could be explained in another term Fear of Missing Out (FOMO), the addictive nature of
social networks. For the people who have FOMO, the feeling of being in a group, community,
or conversation is a “reward" and it gives them pleasure. This may sound doubtful, but humans
are always unpredictable and unexplainable in most cases.
Furthermore, due to social media, people can express their feelings and opinions more openly
and unhesitatingly. Especially when online platforms allow users to create anonymous
accounts. This can be perfectly explained by the Gyges effect. It is the phenomenon that the
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anonymity of the Internet can cause otherwise moral people to experience a loss of inhibition
and post things they would never say to a person in the real world. Anonymous accounts are a
perfect “invisible cloak" for people to go online and freely say about literally everything
without being recognised, without mentioning they are now able to join multiple arguments at
once. Consequently, more and more controversies surging with lots of people involved despite
distance and time.
2. How Do Controversies Affect People's Behaviour?
It would be remiss not to mention how controversial issues affect human behavior. The level
of controversy or the presence of competing viewpoints influences the conversational themes.
Controversial topics have both positive and negative impacts on how people behave.
On the one hand, things are more fascinating to discuss when there is a dispute. Everyone with
the same perspective can get quite dull, so some disagreement helps keep conversations
interesting. The debate allows the various parties to express their points of view and may spark
further discussion. Moreover, controversial issues draw attention. People are interested in
hearing your viewpoint to determine whether it agrees with their own or not.
On the other hand, because people's sentiments and personal ideas are so strongly linked, there
is frequently no apparent resolution to contentious situations. To establish trust with your reader
or listener, everybody must tread a fine line between opinion and truth while discussing
contentious issues. People will suffer if they don't handle contentious situations with care and
sensitivity. And one of the negative consequences of human behavior brought on by
controversy is social media addiction. Humans are living in the era of 4.0 technology. The
social media revolution is altering how people communicate with one another and the market.
It is also changing online disputes nowadays. Many of us like relating personal information
about ourselves or our thoughts that our parents would hardly discuss in public, also this is true
for arguments. People have controversies on social media because of the sensation when one
has after seeing a post on Facebook, Instagram or TikTok receives many likes and views. Their
brain's reward center is illuminating like fireflies on a starry summer night at that moment so
they go online. They just want to seek attention so if they have conflicts or different views,
they will choose online communities to both express their thoughts and gain concentration and
consent from others. Therefore, social networks ensnare people to the point where they feel the
need to check them frequently, to update the 24/7 information if they don’t want to be “the
ancient”. We will often be teased by our friends as old-fashioned people if we don't know the
hot issues and controversies that have happened recently. Even some people refer to this
tendency as fear of missing out
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FOMO, as we have explained this term above in “Why are these controversies”. They may be
scared of having different thoughts and being left out. They will behave, act differently from
themselves, and even learn and do bad things. And if they get social media addiction, they are
also likely to have Phantom Vibration Syndrome. It explains the propensity to routinely pick
up your mobile phone when it vibrates, even if it is off or you are not even wearing it at the
time. To sum up, the love of social media certainly has a significant influence on our feelings
and experiences.
When talking about controversy, we cannot help but mention cyberbullying, one of the biggest
influences on people’s behavior on the Internet. We have already mentioned this term above
but in this part it is more added-up specific. Cyberbullying occurs for many of the same reasons
as traditional bullying, but since it can be done anonymously, it could even be more tempting.
Bullies might avoid physically confronting their victims by engaging in cyberbullying, which
requires less bravery and gives the impression that they won't be detected. It’s easier to fight
online because people feel braver and in control. On social media, they can be as mean as they
want. This encourages people to have more cyberbullying or anything whatever they are
interested in through online platforms. They ignore the consequences as they think
cyberbullying is funny and not be aware of the extent of the harm they are causing. It will set
bad examples for other people going online, especially Gen Z and Gen Alpha, the generation
who learn and copy from others fast.
The arguments over the girl’s dress also cause conformity. It is a shift in attitudes or behaviours
in response to actual or imagined peer pressure. A society's members must establish norms or
unwritten standards that direct conduct for it to function. In this case, the girl has to suffer from
Fashion Conformity. In many countries in the world and in Vietnam, girls wearing short skirts,
split shirts and showing a little skin can make them vulnerable to criticism. The concept of ideal
beauty and absolute perfection is still deeply rooted in the subconscious of many people. Such
attitudes can lead to dire health consequences for women.
V. Learned Lessons
Firstly, to avoid giving false views and this "Victim Blaming" status quo, each person in the
community needs to be alert to all information appearing on Social Platforms. Select
information, and recognize the nature of things instead of hastily evaluating, commenting and
imposing a subjective perspective on others. Only then can we create a 'clean' social media
environment, helping women and even fashionistas to be free with their own style without fear
of scrutiny and sarcasm from other people.
Secondly, stop blaming the victim. As can be seen, this is a problem with no correct answer,
neither right nor wrong, this depends entirely on the perception and point of view of each
lOMoARcPSD|38777299
person. However, taking out the main character to criticise, scrutinise or even just baselessly
blame, especially when we don't know the black colour of things, has brought about a huge
relationship. for them. It is only quoted indiscriminately while this is the freedom of each
scammer who has turned their life upside down, causing unintended psychological and personal
images.
Thirdly, freedom to decide what to wear. The freedom to decide what to wear is inevitable in
today's society, individuals who use their personal opinions to impose on other people's
aesthetics, style or bodies are going against that opinion. innovation in the fashion industry.
There must still be many individuals and communities out there hiding behind the power of
social media to snoop on clothes and bodies of strangers. They leave extremely harsh,
contradictory and sometimes psychological manipulation comments on someone's personal
page. Therefore, to fashion lovers in particular and those who always desire to express their
identity through clothes, you have the full right to decide what you can buy or wear and no one
can take away your right!
VI. Conclusion
The backless shirt controversy is simply one typical illustration of the ongoing debate in
Vietnam over how women should wear. However, by investigation and analysis, we may
comprehend why humans have differences in beliefs, attitudes, and behaviours. From there, we
can understand the nature of controversy and human behaviour in order to provide the
appropriate lessons and solutions to create a better society.
REFERENCES
1. Michael R. Solomon (2016). Consumer Behavior: Buying, Having, and Being, Twelfth
Edition, Global Edition, Pearson.
2. Richard H. Thaler, Cass R. Sunstein (2008). Nudge: Improving Decisions About
Health, Wealth, and Happiness. New Haven: Yale University Press.
3. Steffen Klitgaard (2021). Fashion - Conformity, Individuality or Both?
[online]Available at: https://www.mindlessmag.com/post/fashion-conformity-
individuality-orboth
4. Trần Hoàng Duy, Kim Cương, Louis et al (2022). Tiêu chuẩn sắc đẹp nữ giới: Con
dao hai lưỡi [online] Available at: https://vnyouthally.org/tieu-chuan-sac-dep-o-nugioi-
con-dao-hai-luoi/
5. Smith, P. B., & Bond, M. H. (1993). Social Psychology Across Cultures: Analysis and
Perspectives. Hemel Hempstead: Harvester Wheatsheaf.
6. McLeod, S. A. (2022, April 04). Maslow's hierarchy of needs. Simply Psychology.
[online] Available at: www.simplypsychology.org/maslow.html
lOMoARcPSD|38777299
7. Chi Hảo (2022). Truyền thông hội đang ảnh hưởng tiêu cực đến quyền ăn mặc của
nữ giới?
[online] Available at: https://style-republik.com/truyen-thong-xa-hoi-dang-anh-
huongtieu-cuc-den-quyen-an-mac-cua-nu-
gioi/?fbclid=IwAR1l5pPPS9wB1WJJ4SiT6XEFcqssPuR4jCu09wXpEgOx12RNmuD
uxcY3Ao
8. Diệu Mi (2022). Clip gái mặc hở lưng: Tự tiện đăng ảnh người khác lên mạng
phạm luật?
[online] Available at: https://thanhnien.vn/clip-co-gai-mac-ho-lung-tu-tien-dang-
anhnguoi-khac-len-mang-co-pham-luat-post1487853.html
9. Khánh My (2022). Vụ gái mặc áo hở lưng bị quay lại: TikToker thể phải bồi
thường
[online] Available at: https://www.yan.vn/vu-co-gai-mac-ao-ho-lung-bi-quay-
laitiktoker-co-the-phai-boi-thuong-309383.html
10. Wallace, P. (2014). Internet addiction disorder and youth. EMBO reports, 15(1), 1216
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lOMoARcPSD| 38777299
NATIONAL ECONOMICS UNIVERSITY GROUP ASSIGNMENT
Consumer Behavior by Lecturer Tran Hong Nhung
Topic: Analysis of The Incident of A Woman Wearing Backless Shirt in Vietnam Table of Content I. Introduction 1 II. The Incident 1 III. Incident Analysis 2 1. Disagreeing Opinions 3 2 2. Supportive Opinions 4
3. Cyberbullying and Stealth Recording Behavior 7
IV. Why People Have Controversies and How TheyAffect People’s Behaviours 9
1. Why Are There Controversies? 9
2. How Do Controversies Affect People's Behaviour? 12 V. Learned Lessons 13 VI. Conclusion 14 References 14 lOMoARcPSD| 38777299 I . Introduction
Clothing is one of the most important parts of daily life and is also a unique cultural feature of
each country. Today, when people's quality of life is increasing, the demand for fashion
becomes more and more important, especially for women. They always want to wear the best
clothes to become attractive. However, each person's opinion about the beauty of clothes is
different, depending on their feelings. Therefore, this issue is always a hot topic for people to
discuss. And recently, we have encountered a controversial event related to aesthetic issues
associated with cultural and ethical properties in clothing. We will conduct the analysis of this
event with knowledge of “Consumer Behavior”. II. The Incident
The story is about a guy moving on Xa Dan Street (Hanoi) when he accidentally caught a
girlfriend wearing a boldly cut shirt, almost revealing the entire back. Feeling strange, the guy
followed the car carrying the girl and used his phone to record the image behind the girl's back.
After that, the guy posted this video on TikTok with the caption: "I don't understand why so
many men let their lovers wear this on the street." With a critical quote, the guy's video attracted mixed comments.
Faced with this incident, the girl in the video also recorded a video responding to the young
man's video with strong words. As a result, the girl believes that she has no control over her
husband or boyfriend; she chose this outfit because she liked it, and the other TikToker guy
does not have the right to use her image posted online without her permission.
This story is becoming a hot topic on social networks after many fan pages re-shared it and
raised the issue of freedom of dress and fine customs. Through this, we see three opposing lOMoARcPSD| 38777299
views. The first opinion objected to the girl wearing that outfit; another said it was human
freedom; and the last one related to cyber violence. III. Incident Analysis
1. Disagreeing Opinions
Tiktok is an application used by many young Vietnamese people. After the video of the girl
wearing a backless shirt on the street was posted on TikTok, there were hundreds of mixed
opinions protesting against wearing such clothes on the street.
Do Quynh Mai, 23 years old and working in Dong Da, Hanoi, shared: "Personally, I think it's
inappropriate to dress like a girlfriend in the street clip. I work in fashion and understand that
clothes are not naturally divided into different types of clothing such as party wear, work wear,
playwear, swimwear, pyjamas, etc. Gen Z young people say that fashion is to be creative, to
break the way, to be able to combine all kinds of costumes, but to be suitable for the situation,
the environment, and the time". This reaction of the girl refers to a term known as "crescive
norms"—these are cultural norms taught from previous generations and surrounding social
factors, including "custom," "mor-ay" - taboo, and "convention" - daily rules. Here, we will
focus on conventions. A convention is a rule that regulates how we behave in everyday life.
These rules often address delicate issues of consumer behaviour, including the "right" way to
furnish a home, dress it up, or host a dinner party. Do Quynh Mai has been influenced by the
daily rules of how to dress and what is right for each case. According to Mai and some others
of the same opinion, the Vietnamese convention is that women are not allowed to wear
revealing clothes when going out in public. "Why not both sexes and only women?" We just
assume that conventions are the "right" thing to do. However, we learn these conventions from
our parents or by observing others. They frequently see images of semi-naked men wearing
tank tops on both TV and in real life, leading Vietnamese people to believe that wearing style
is normal for men. And for women, the opposite is true: women on TV are always covered,
thereby forming norms. Besides, parents often teach their daughters that it is necessary to dress
discreetly and delicately; depending on the case, they will wear different clothes to both be
beautiful and protect themselves from people with bad intentions. This has reinforced the idea
that women must dress modestly when going out.
According to Son, 20 years old, a law student at the University of Science at Thai Nguyen
shared that: “Agreeing to what to wear is everyone's privacy, but besides that, it is necessary
to pay attention to the surroundings. A beautiful outfit is to wear at the right place, time and
situation. Such an open-back outfit if worn at a bar or a party will be more appropriate. In the
case of wearing when going out, the outfit attracts many eyes, even children. It is not good for
children to see and learn from it.” This observation may come from a term called lOMoAR cPSD| 38777299
representativeness heuristic” – using short thinking by comparing with pre-existing patterns
in the mind. There will be people who have already in their mind an image of what is a beautiful
person, what is a person of good quality, and what is a bad person through judging their
appearance. This can be said as “Judge a book by its cover”. Here, we can understand that
fashion is the truest language of the wearer. As we often see images built into our heads, such
as images of monks. They practice in the way of purity and liberation with the mind on the
wish to become a Buddha, below saving sentient beings. They always spread their compassion
to all sentient beings, so their clothes are also brown and blue clothes. This is the colour of the
earth, which is the characteristic that represents a person who lives a simple life, has little
desire, knows enough about life and knows how to love and be compassionate towards sentient
beings and is ready to forgive all the mistakes of sentient beings. Likewise, according to
common sense, we will be interested in what a woman wears to express her personality and
qualities. A polite, gentle, educated girl will be a girl who dresses appropriately for the
situation, most of which will have to be discreet, not revealing her body parts when going out
or in crowded places. This available image may come from the costumes worn by Vietnamese
women in the 1950s with beautiful "áo dài" as well as "áo bà ba", showing the beauty of a
woman but also discreetly keeping herself. On the contrary, those who wear revealing clothes
will be indecent people, with bad moral qualities and bad characteristics. They will even refer
to people who dress like that as people who trade in their bodies to make money, going against
the traditional image of a girl with charming beauty. This has led to a fierce protest in the case
of the girl appearing in the video. They will think that the girl in the video is deliberately dressed
like that to serve some bad purpose and disrespect the opponent.
The world is made up of many cells and each of us is a small cell. We are always influenced
by external influences. There will be external connections that define who we are and what we
value: gender, race/ethnicity, religion, age, and where we live. Each of these is a “subculture
– a group whose members share important beliefs and common interests. To explain the
dissenting behaviour of the above title, we give two types of subcultures: “religious
subculture” and “age subculture”.
In recent years, we have seen an explosion of religion and spirituality in popular culture. As a
result, it has formed a popular subculture in society called a “religious subculture” – referring
to a group of people with similar religious behaviour. Every religion prescribes to its members
what should be considered good or bad behaviour in terms of what to eat, where to go, what to
wear, etc. Through their teachings, some religions facilitate their members to adopt a lifestyle
that expects life satisfaction will come at a different cost. Rituals and religious beliefs may
regulate the use of certain products and may prevent the consumption of others. For some good
and good paths, directing people to peace and liberation, they will teach people to practice from lOMoARcPSD| 38777299
the heart to the outer appearance. The outer appearance needs to maintain majesty and virtue.
Because they think how they think, they will act like that. If you have evil thoughts, your
actions lead to bad results. On the contrary, if you think wholesome thoughts, all your outward
actions will exude that look. Therefore, the dress is an important factor for people of this same
religion. They think that the fact that they dress modestly and politely will reflect that they are
a person with self-respect, privacy, self-respect, self-respect and respect for others. On the
contrary, it is bad practice to dress revealingly, showing yourself as an impolite person. We
take a specific example in Buddhism. The teaching in Buddhism is to follow cause and effect.
When you wear revealing clothes, you will get sick because some points on your body are
exposed to the toxic wind outside. Following that is to cause adultery for others, after death
will go to hell to suffer many tortures, immeasurable suffering, and it will take a long time to
get rid of suffering retribution. It is this that causes resistance to the idea of wearing an open-
back shirt on the street – something that causes a loss of dignity.
Disagreement with wearing backless shirts comes not only from some young people but also
from the elderly. It is in the “age subculture” – which includes people of the same age who
have gone through similar experiences. They share many common memories of cultural heroes,
and important historical events. The two common age groups that we all know are the Z gene
and the Y gene. Gen Y, or Millennials, refers to people born between 1981 and 1996. Unlike
the Z gene, the Y gene tends to hold relatively traditional values and they prefer to fit in rather
than rebel. They were born and raised in the period of national transformation, they have more
experience in social life and they are influenced by the concept of their ancestors. Those are
the conceptions of women's beauty that are neat and discreet clothes to reveal traditional moral qualities. 2. Supportive Opinions
Do Quynh Mai's incident has created a fierce controversy, besides opinions disagreeing with
Quynh Mai’s way of dressing, there are still many people siding with her.
Quynh Mai’s supporters believe that it is individual freedom of a person to choose what he/she
wants to wear, for this reason, other people have no right to interfere with how Mai dresses.
The controversy became so stressful is also because of the man’s caption, which showed
concrete proof of men demeaning women, especially when women’s rights is now one of the
hottest topics in the world. There are many reasons behind the formation of this opinion, in
which it is impossible not to mention "acculturation" - the process of adapting to or adopting
traits from another culture. As globalization progressed, cultural movements, particularly
fashion trends, reached Vietnam quite swiftly, creating a change in the perception of fashion
among a great number of people. The desire for Vietnamese people to conform (change their
beliefs, attitudes, actions, or perceptions to more closely match those held by lOMoAR cPSD| 38777299
groups to which they belong or want to belong or by groups whose approval they desire) to an
open-minded society is also increased by the fact that there has been a sizable group of
Vietnamese people who tend to be "foreign-favoured". Those people are engaging in
"observational learning" or learning via observing and copying others, as part of the
acculturation process. It is common knowledge that Western society leans toward being more
liberal and accepting than Asian culture, particularly when it comes to attire. They respect
others’ choice of choosing clothes as a way to express their individuality. Many Vietnamese
people have encountered and observed this culture in connection with the integration
movement in a variety of ways. Moreover, there are thousands of pictures of celebrities and
influencers in Vietnam wearing backless shirts in public, which has contributed greatly to the
normalization of such type of attire. As a result, they have learned and believed that wearing
"a backless shirt" is acceptable. This supportive opinion has also been affected by another
factor which is place-based subcultures. Because they have more access to the contemporary
world, people who live in big cities of Vietnam tend to have more opportunities to gain
knowledge from the Western world and have more diverse and liberal choices of clothing than
those who live in rural regions. Therefore, a backless shirt can be more easily accepted in these areas.
In addition, several opinions expressed that fashion is a form of art, which should not have
limitations. People in every culture have body decoration and mutilation in some way,
including clothes. Decorating the physical self serves a number of purposes: to separate group
members from nonmembers, to place the individual in the social organization, to place the
person in a gender category, to enhance sex-role identification, to indicate desired social
conduct, to indicate high status or rank, to provide a sense of security. Whichever the purpose
is, it is the person’s choice. Some people also support Quynh Mai with the opinion that, in
terms of cultural perspective, “ao yem” (a backless top) has appeared since the Ly Dynasty
(1009 - 1225), so it cannot be concluded that wearing such a shirt was a smear of Vietnamese culture. lOMoARcPSD| 38777299 Ao yem Vietnam
According to Maslow’s hierarchy of needs, Quynh Mai’s supporters are showing:
- Love and belongingness needs : They speak their thoughts to fulfil the need for
belongingness and give affection to the victim (Do Quynh Mai).
- Esteem needs : This is the need for recognition, the desire to be loved and respected in
any organization or environment. A group of people with the same interest in dressing
or admire Quynh Mai will also feel insulted by the comments offending her.
- Self-actualization needs : mong muốn được chứng minh bản thân. Được theo đuổi đam
mê, sở thích của mình và mang lại những giá trị, lợi ích tốt đẹp cho xã hội. Supporters
đưa ra quan điểm của mình vì họ tin rằng quan điểm ấy là đúng và muốn thay đổi xã
hội trở nên tốt hơn This is the desire to prove yourself, to pursue passions and interests
and bring good values and benefits to society. Supporters give their opinion in order to
express themselves and change society for the better. lOMoARcPSD| 38777299
Maslow’s hierarchy of needs
Do Quynh Mai's supporters have instrumental values which are speaking out to fight for the
right to freedom of a woman’s body and enhance the confidence of women, in order to reach
the terminal values of gender equality and individual freedom.
3. Cyberbullying and Stealth Recording Behavior a. Cyberbullying
It can be seen that the girl's video posting behaviour on Tiktok has become a controversial topic
with breakneck speed shared by media snackers - who always keep up with the latest trends,
information and most prominent on social sites. This story has led to a series of heated debates
among TikTok users, even Hot TikTokers and Influencers have enthusiastically voiced their
objections. There are also opinions in favor of the girl or boy who was secretly filmed, but at
the same time, there are also malicious comments and criticisms and judgments from thousands
of strangers. This has directly affected the girl's spirit, daily life, and social relationships.
Although there are still many comments defending the way female friends dress, however, the
contradictions and conflicts of opinion from the crowd cause many unpredictable
consequences. This is cyberbullying - threatening behaviour through messaging applications
or sharing negative information aimed at victims, thereby damaging the victim mentally and honourably....
It is not too difficult to realise that more than 70% of negative and judgmental comments and
personal attacks in the 'backless shirt' video are from men. Although many male Tiktokers or
some people from the LGBT community have spoken out with their own videos to defend the lOMoAR cPSD| 38777299
girl, as well as clarify their views on this topic. However, there is still a crowd of men
expressing dissatisfaction, commenting that the girl's dress in the video is "contrary to
customs", "not suitable to wear on the street" and thinking that the details of the new shirt are the most offensive element.
The fact that many opinions believe that the fault is entirely on the woman's side. These people
argued: "Girlfriends shouldn't wear that shirt outside", "If you wear that, you're right to be
filmed", "It's not right to dress offensively to people's eyes, swearing is right!"… So with just
a few words back and forth, the matter was changed into a mistake originating from the girl or
the design of the shirt, the person filming secretly did not need to admit it was wrong. The story
of back-blaming the victim, especially when the victim is a woman and wears clothing that
exposes some of the skin, risks becoming common sense when there is a dispute of opinion or
some negative event. take place on social media. It is so damaging that these reversals of
opinion can cause victims to fall into a state of mental crisis, some of whom even blame
themselves and are forced to admit mistakes in the way they choose their everyday clothes.
This is called the Looking-Glass Self when malicious comments and malicious words from
others have a strong impact on self-concept - beliefs in perspective, perception, and personality
about yourself. directly affect the psychology and personal image of the girl.
b. Stealth Recording Behaviour
Although the story of the girl with the backless shirt still has many opposing opinions, the
cameraman must strongly condemn the stealthy action of the owner of the video. Filming
without the permission of others is also considered an act of harassment, disrespect and in this
case an invasion of personal image. The person who posted the video may not be aware of the
consequences of his actions, but in fact it has the ability to disturb a girl's life, even turning her
into the focus of cyber violence.
This behaviour has led to a state of social power - the ability to control the behavior, attitudes
and opinions of others. This is reflected in two main aspects:
Firstly, the behaviour known as referent power when secretly filming a video and spreading
it on a popular website like Tik Tok with controversial status lines controlled the way of
thinking of netizens, leading to thoughts, misleading beliefs for those who do not really
understand the reason or context behind. In Vietnam, although the changes in life have made
people have more open ideas about clothing styles, there are still some old-fashioned notions
that tend to favour men and despise women. , especially when a man's actions and thoughts can
affect women. They always think that their thoughts and views are right and they have the right to be judged like that. lOMoARcPSD| 38777299
What's more, the behaviour is also known as information power when people secretly record
and post videos online when they are simply aware this will be information that deserves
attention and can go viral. This has had a great impact on the thoughts of netizens when they
only see the problem on the surface, the misleading and unclear caption of the sneaky camera
has influenced other people's thoughts. Since then, information that insinuates, inflates public
opinion or the girl's judgment and derision, while the freedom to decide what to wear is
inevitable in today's society, individuals Using personal opinion to impose on other people's
aesthetic taste, style or body is going against the innovative thinking of the fashion field.
IV. Why People Have Controversies and How They Affect People’s Behaviours
1. Why Are There Controversies?
Like the event analysed above, controversies always happen everywhere. Especially with the
surge of the Internet and social media platforms, the scale of those conflicts is getting wider
(not limited in a region but spreading over in a country or going international) and the public
tend to join in this more frequently. So why does this phenomenon occur? And why do people have controversies?
We all know conflict is an inevitable “thing" to happen when two or more opposite opinions
exist. At that point people start arguing to protect their outlooks and perceptions. Those
outlooks mostly are related to the differences between norms, customs and values of different
cultures. But in practice shows that humans have opposite thoughts even when they were born
and grew in the same culture or community. And it’s crucial to understand why people generate
such contrastive ideas in order to know why they argue.
And we believe, Observational learning could be one of the reasons that lead to this
phenomenon. Just like its name, “Learning through seeing", observational learning is the
process of absorbing ideas and behaviours from people’s actions who live in the same
environment. Every individual will have different backgrounds and experiences, from place of
living, education level, occupation, social class, religion,... etc. Not to mention our daily social
contacts could also change a person’s perception about a specific object/event. Those
differences create variances in the process of learning beliefs, ideas and outlooks from
surrounding environments. Therefore, people who share the same nationality or culture could
still have various thoughts and beliefs, and some of them will be in contrast with others.
Another reliable reason could be how people choose to learn cultures. This refers to two ways
of absorption, that a person selects to understand multiple cultures or to learn only from the
culture he or she is living in. This, as in psychology, is called Acculturation and
Enculturation. Further explanation, Acculturation is the learning process in terms of beliefs lOMoAR cPSD| 38777299
and behaviours from not just their own but also other cultures, and in contrast, Enculturation is
the process a person only acquires from their own culture. People who follow acculturation
will contact many new and uncommon opinions from nations that never have in their country
or community. Of course, this will change their perception of their own culture, which creates
the differences in beliefs and behaviours between them and people who follow enculturation.
Furthermore, the process of absorbing multiple cultures also generates multiple ways to behave
among people while experiencing a similar event. This is because every individual does not
have the same life, and they may not learn from the same culture. The contrast of cultures and
experiences increases the variety in the spectrum of culture in people's perceptions. Therefore,
people always have opposite opinions and reactions towards a matter.
Now we understand why people have a variety of thoughts towards an object. So when
confronted with contrastive ideas, how will people evaluate them? Or in other words, which
process they will use to judge and react towards those ideas. According to Social judgement
theory, people mostly tend to agree with facts, and opinions that share similarities with their
previous experiences. In detail, when encountering new information, that person will evaluate
it to see if it is acceptable or unacceptable to them. This process of evaluation uses experienced
knowledge and feelings, which are in common with those facts, as an attitude standard. People
form a zone of acceptance around that standard, and opinions which fall within that zone will
be favourably received. Obviously those that fall outside of the zone will be rejected. This zone
is called the Latitudes of acceptance and rejection. Therefore, people will use the latitudes
as an anchor to decide which way of response they should express when facing a new piece of
information. But few things to be reminded of is that latitudes are really subjective and people
are so simple. When it comes to judging inexperienced behaviours, instead of analysing them
in a whole context, people tend to reject them. And if both sides reject the other's opinion, there
is no common will to be found between them and the contrast will keep existing, like an
unsolvable problem. That exactly is when a controversy arose. But it is not the end of the story.
The rejection towards uncommon information we discuss above generates a stronger and more
severe attitude of reaction. People express this attitude out and start arguing. We are aware that
the purpose of those behaviours is to protect their opinion and prove others are wrong. But
there must be some deeper intentions to explain that attitude. In 1960, Daniel Katz, a
psychologist, proposed the Functional theory of attitudes. This theory suggests that attitudes
and behaviours are determined to serve some psychological functions for the person. Following
Katz, there are four functions influencing attitudes: The value-expressive function,
Utilitarian function, Ego-defensive function and Knowledge function. But in the term
Controversy, we only discuss the first three functions. The Value-expressive function states
each individual develops attitudes, in this situation, toward opposite opinions in order to lOMoAR cPSD| 38777299
represent the value they hold. Those values are thoughts and faith that they gain during the
growing process till now. According to value-expressive functions, people like to express their
values to the outside and share them with other people. The behaviour of people stating their
points when talking about a problem, especially in an argument is a perfect example of that
intention. They believe through the action of speaking out, their knowledge and selfvalue can be shown to the public.
In a controversy, surely an opinion once expressed will be refuted, and the owner of that opinion
will obviously try to defend his argument. The purpose of that behaviour is to serve the Ego-
defensive function for humans. This function assumes humans have an endless need to protect
themselves from external threats and internal feelings. For a controversy, it is the threat of
being proven that their opinions are wrong by other people or the fear of “being stupid".
Therefore, they must stand up against every idea that confronts their thoughts. And of course,
the other side of an argument would do the same with the same purpose. This function does not
depend on whether the opinion is wrong or right. But in case if that statement is truly wrong,
and the owner now realises it, the defensive action even gets more aggressive. Not many people
have the guts to admit their misunderstanding, especially people with big egos. So a better
option for them in that situation is to protect their wrong thoughts at all cost.
But why don’t they choose to get out of the conversation? This is related to the last function
we want to discuss today, the Utilitarian function. The utilitarian function uses the basic
principles of reward and punishment, it states that we develop some attitudes toward
objects/events because they provide pleasure or pain. For example, high school teenagers prefer
branded clothes so they could have the feeling of fitting in. When using this function to explain
the behaviour of joining an argument, we have two different reasons. The first possible reason
is similar to the Ego-defensive function. People choose to argue instead of running away
because of the fear of being called “a coward”. But there is a chance they are successful in
proving their idea, and the feeling of “winner" is kind of a reward that creates a motivation for
them to join the controversies. Another reason we also believe it's true is that on some
occasions, people jump in an argument simply because they don’t want to be left out. This
could be explained in another term Fear of Missing Out (FOMO), the addictive nature of
social networks. For the people who have FOMO, the feeling of being in a group, community,
or conversation is a “reward" and it gives them pleasure. This may sound doubtful, but humans
are always unpredictable and unexplainable in most cases.
Furthermore, due to social media, people can express their feelings and opinions more openly
and unhesitatingly. Especially when online platforms allow users to create anonymous
accounts. This can be perfectly explained by the Gyges effect. It is the phenomenon that the lOMoARcPSD| 38777299
anonymity of the Internet can cause otherwise moral people to experience a loss of inhibition
and post things they would never say to a person in the real world. Anonymous accounts are a
perfect “invisible cloak" for people to go online and freely say about literally everything
without being recognised, without mentioning they are now able to join multiple arguments at
once. Consequently, more and more controversies surging with lots of people involved despite distance and time.
2. How Do Controversies Affect People's Behaviour?
It would be remiss not to mention how controversial issues affect human behavior. The level
of controversy or the presence of competing viewpoints influences the conversational themes.
Controversial topics have both positive and negative impacts on how people behave.
On the one hand, things are more fascinating to discuss when there is a dispute. Everyone with
the same perspective can get quite dull, so some disagreement helps keep conversations
interesting. The debate allows the various parties to express their points of view and may spark
further discussion. Moreover, controversial issues draw attention. People are interested in
hearing your viewpoint to determine whether it agrees with their own or not.
On the other hand, because people's sentiments and personal ideas are so strongly linked, there
is frequently no apparent resolution to contentious situations. To establish trust with your reader
or listener, everybody must tread a fine line between opinion and truth while discussing
contentious issues. People will suffer if they don't handle contentious situations with care and
sensitivity. And one of the negative consequences of human behavior brought on by
controversy is social media addiction. Humans are living in the era of 4.0 technology. The
social media revolution is altering how people communicate with one another and the market.
It is also changing online disputes nowadays. Many of us like relating personal information
about ourselves or our thoughts that our parents would hardly discuss in public, also this is true
for arguments. People have controversies on social media because of the sensation when one
has after seeing a post on Facebook, Instagram or TikTok receives many likes and views. Their
brain's reward center is illuminating like fireflies on a starry summer night at that moment so
they go online. They just want to seek attention so if they have conflicts or different views,
they will choose online communities to both express their thoughts and gain concentration and
consent from others. Therefore, social networks ensnare people to the point where they feel the
need to check them frequently, to update the 24/7 information if they don’t want to be “the
ancient”. We will often be teased by our friends as old-fashioned people if we don't know the
hot issues and controversies that have happened recently. Even some people refer to this
tendency as fear of missing out lOMoARcPSD| 38777299
FOMO, as we have explained this term above in “Why are these controversies”. They may be
scared of having different thoughts and being left out. They will behave, act differently from
themselves, and even learn and do bad things. And if they get social media addiction, they are
also likely to have Phantom Vibration Syndrome. It explains the propensity to routinely pick
up your mobile phone when it vibrates, even if it is off or you are not even wearing it at the
time. To sum up, the love of social media certainly has a significant influence on our feelings and experiences.
When talking about controversy, we cannot help but mention cyberbullying, one of the biggest
influences on people’s behavior on the Internet. We have already mentioned this term above
but in this part it is more added-up specific. Cyberbullying occurs for many of the same reasons
as traditional bullying, but since it can be done anonymously, it could even be more tempting.
Bullies might avoid physically confronting their victims by engaging in cyberbullying, which
requires less bravery and gives the impression that they won't be detected. It’s easier to fight
online because people feel braver and in control. On social media, they can be as mean as they
want. This encourages people to have more cyberbullying or anything whatever they are
interested in through online platforms. They ignore the consequences as they think
cyberbullying is funny and not be aware of the extent of the harm they are causing. It will set
bad examples for other people going online, especially Gen Z and Gen Alpha, the generation
who learn and copy from others fast.
The arguments over the girl’s dress also cause conformity. It is a shift in attitudes or behaviours
in response to actual or imagined peer pressure. A society's members must establish norms or
unwritten standards that direct conduct for it to function. In this case, the girl has to suffer from
Fashion Conformity. In many countries in the world and in Vietnam, girls wearing short skirts,
split shirts and showing a little skin can make them vulnerable to criticism. The concept of ideal
beauty and absolute perfection is still deeply rooted in the subconscious of many people. Such
attitudes can lead to dire health consequences for women. V. Learned Lessons
Firstly, to avoid giving false views and this "Victim Blaming" status quo, each person in the
community needs to be alert to all information appearing on Social Platforms. Select
information, and recognize the nature of things instead of hastily evaluating, commenting and
imposing a subjective perspective on others. Only then can we create a 'clean' social media
environment, helping women and even fashionistas to be free with their own style without fear
of scrutiny and sarcasm from other people.
Secondly, stop blaming the victim. As can be seen, this is a problem with no correct answer,
neither right nor wrong, this depends entirely on the perception and point of view of each lOMoARcPSD| 38777299
person. However, taking out the main character to criticise, scrutinise or even just baselessly
blame, especially when we don't know the black colour of things, has brought about a huge
relationship. for them. It is only quoted indiscriminately while this is the freedom of each
scammer who has turned their life upside down, causing unintended psychological and personal images.
Thirdly, freedom to decide what to wear. The freedom to decide what to wear is inevitable in
today's society, individuals who use their personal opinions to impose on other people's
aesthetics, style or bodies are going against that opinion. innovation in the fashion industry.
There must still be many individuals and communities out there hiding behind the power of
social media to snoop on clothes and bodies of strangers. They leave extremely harsh,
contradictory and sometimes psychological manipulation comments on someone's personal
page. Therefore, to fashion lovers in particular and those who always desire to express their
identity through clothes, you have the full right to decide what you can buy or wear and no one can take away your right! VI. Conclusion
The backless shirt controversy is simply one typical illustration of the ongoing debate in
Vietnam over how women should wear. However, by investigation and analysis, we may
comprehend why humans have differences in beliefs, attitudes, and behaviours. From there, we
can understand the nature of controversy and human behaviour in order to provide the
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