Boost your Vocabulary - Business English | Trường Đại học Hùng Vương

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Môn: Business English( TA1901)

Trường: Đại học Hùng Vương

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Profile Mai Nguyệt
Tài li u g c Cambridge IELTS cệ ố ủa NXB Đ¿i học Cambridge-Mua sách g c t i ố ¿ link
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Tài li u g c Cambridge IELTS cệ ố ủa NXB Đ¿i học Cambridge-Mua sách g c t i ố ¿ link
Biên t p cuậ ốn sách Boost your vocabulary này được thực hi n b i ệ ở IELTS Family-Các nhóm tự h c IELTSọ
Cußn sách này là c a ủ
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
Điß ụm m c tiêu cho ph ần thi IELTS Reading là: …………
Đß ẽ đọ ố làm được điều này, mình s c cu n sách này ít nhất …. lần/tuần.
Tài li u g c Cambridge IELTS cệ ố ủa NXB Đ¿i học Cambridge-Mua sách g c t i ố ¿ link
Biên t p cuậ ốn sách Boost your vocabulary này được thực hi n b i ệ ở IELTS Family-Các nhóm tự h c IELTSọ
LâI GI I THI U à Þ
Chào các b n, ạ
Các b m trên tay cuạn đang cầ ốn <Boost your vocabulary= được biên soạn b i mình và các b n trong á ạ
nhóm IELTS Family. Cu c vi t nh m mốn sách đượ ế ằ ục đích giúp các bạn đang muốn cải thiện vốn từ
vựng cho phần thi Reading trong IELTS. Sách được viết dựa trên n n t ng b Cambridge IELTS c a ề ả ộ ủ
Nhà xuất bản Đại học Cambridge Anh Qu c. 3 ố
Trong quá trình th c hi n, mình và các bự ệ ạn trong nhóm đã dành nhiề ßi gian đßu th nghiên cứu cách
thức đưa nội dung sao cho khoa h c và d dùng nhọ á ất vớ ại các b n. Tuy v y, cu n sách không kh i có ậ ố ỏ
những hạn chế nh nh. Mất đị ọi góp ý đß c i thi n n i dung cu n sách mả ệ ộ ố ọi ngưßi xin gửi về email
Trân tr ng cọ ảm ơn,
Tài li u g c Cambridge IELTS cệ ố ủa NXB Đ¿i học Cambridge-Mua sách g c t i ố ¿ link
Biên t p cuậ ốn sách Boost your vocabulary này được thực hi n b i ệ ở IELTS Family-Các nhóm tự h c IELTSọ
TÁC GI & NHÓM TH C HI N À Ć Þ
Đinh Thắng
Hiện t i là giáo viên d y IELTS tạ ạ ại Hà N i t cu ng chộ ừ ối năm 2012. Chứ ỉ
ngành ngôn ng i h c Brighton, Anh Qu c, 2016.T ng làm vi c ữ Anh, đạ ọ ố ừ ệ
tại tổ ch c giáo dứ ục quốc tế Language Link Việt Nam (2011-2012)
Facebook.com/dinhthangielts
… cùng các bạn Đÿc Duy, Xuân Anh, Bùi Minh Châu, Thu H ng, Thu Anh, H nh Ngôằ ¿
Tài tr ÿ
Team làm sách xin trân tr ng c m - m t ph làm nên ọ ả ơn HP Academy trung tâm đã tài trợ ộ ần kinh phí đß
bộ sách này.
HP Academy là NHÀ dành cho việc d y và h c IELTS t Tân Bình và Gò V p, TP.HCM. ạ ọ ại 2 cơ sá ấ
à ạ ẽ HP, các b n s KHÔNG được cam k u ra. K t qu c a các c u h c viên chính là câu tr l i chính xác nh t cho ch t ế ầt đ ế ả ủ ự ọ ả ß ấ ấ
lượng d y và hạ ọc.
www.hpacademy.vn
BOOST YOUR VOCABULARY CAMBRIDGE IELTS 14–
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03 LÝ DO T I SAO NÊN H C T V NG ¾ à Ā Ć
THEO CU N SÁCH NÀY Þ
1. Không còn m t nhi u th i gian cho vi c tra t à à ã ß ā
Các t h c thuừ ọ ật (academic words) trong sách đều có kèm gi i thích ho c tả ặ ừ đồng nghĩa. Bạn
tiết kiệm được đáng kß thßi gian gõ từng t vào t n và tra. Ch c chừ ừ điß ắ ắn nh ng b n thu c ữ ạ ộ
dạng <không được chăm chỉ lắm trong vi c tra t vệ ừ ựng= sẽ thích điề u này.
2. T p trung b nh vào các t quan tr ng Á ß á ā á
Mặc dù cuốn sách không tra h t các t giúp bế ừ ạn nhưng sách đã chọn ra các t quan tr ng và ừ ọ
phổ biến nhất giúp b y, b n có th t p trung b nhạn. Như vậ ạ ß ậ ộ ớ vào các t này, thay vì ph i m t ừ ả ấ
công nh các tớ ừ không quan tr ng. B t Reading t 7.0 trọ ạn nào đạ ừ á lên đều sẽ thấy rất nhiều
trong s các t này thu c lo i h t s c quen thu c ố ừ ộ ạ ế ứ ộ
3. H c m t t nh nhi u t á ß ā á Ã ā
Rất nhiều từ được trình bày theo synonym (từ đồng nghĩa), giúp các bạn có thß xem lại và học
thêm các từ có nghĩa tương đương hoặ ống như từ nói, đây là phương pháp học gi gốc. Có thß c
hết sức hi u qu vì khi h c m t tệ ả ọ ộ ừ như impact, bạn có thß nhớ l i ho c h c thêm mạ ặ ọ ột lo t các t ạ ừ
nghĩa tương đương như significant, vital, imperative, chief, key. Nói theo cách khác thì nếu khả
năng ghi nhớ của b n t t thì cu n sách này giúp bạ ố ố ạn đấy số lượng từ vựng lên một cách đáng
kß.
BOOST YOUR VOCABULARY CAMBRIDGE IELTS 14–
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H¯àNG D N S D¾ Ă ĀNG SÁCH
ĐÞI T¯þNG S D NG SÁCH Ă Ā
Nhìn chung các b n c n có m t vạ ầ ức độ ừ ựng tương đương 5.5 trá lên (theo thang điß m 9 của
IELTS), n u không có th s g p nhiế ß ẽ ặ ều khó khăn trong việc sử dụng sách này.
CÁC B¯àC SĂ DĀNG
CÁCH 1: LÀM TEST TR¯àC, HàC TĀ VĆNG SAU
B°á ßc 1: B¿n in cu n sách này ra. Nên in bìa màu đß có thêm độ ng l c h c. Cu n sách ự ọ ố
đượ ế ếc thi t k cho vi c tr c ti p, không ph i cho vi c online nên b c online s ệc đọ ự ế ả ệc đọ ạn nào đọ ẽ
có th th y khá b t ti n khi tra cß ấ ấ ệ ứu, đối chiếu từ vựng
B°á ßc 2: Tìm mua cu n Cambridge IELTS (8 cu n m i nh t t 6-14) c a Nhà xu n ố ớ ấ ừ ủ ất bả
Cambridge đß làm. Hãy c n th ng mua nh m sách l u. Sách c a nhà xu n Cambridge ẩ ận đừ ầ ậ ủ ất bả
đượ ả ạc tái b n t i Việt Nam thưßng có bìa và gi y dày, ch r t rõ nét. ấ ữ ấ
B°á ß ỳ ßc 3: Làm m t bài test hoặc passage bÃt k trong b sách trên. Ví d passage 1, ụ
test 1 c a Cambridge IELTS 13. ủ
B°á Đß á ßc 4: i chiÁu v i cu n sách này, bạ ẽ ọ ừn s l c ra các t vựng quan tr ng c n h c. ọ ầ ọ
Ví d passage 1, test 1 c a Cambridge IELTS 13, bài v Tourism New Zealand Website: B n sụ ủ ề ạ ẽ
thấy
4.1 C t bên trái là b n text gộ ả ốc, trong đó bôi đậm các từ h c thu t - ọ ậ academic word
4.2 Cßt bên phÁi ch a các t vÿ ā ćng này theo kèm đßnh nghĩa (definition) hoặc tā đồng
nghĩa (synonym)
BOOST YOUR VOCABULARY CAMBRIDGE IELTS 14–
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CÁCH 2: H C T Và Ā ĆNG TR¯àC, ĐàC TEST SAU
B°á ßc 1: B¿n in cu n sách này ra. Nên in bìa màu đß có thêm độ ng l c h c. Cu n sách ự ọ ố
đượ ế ếc thi t k cho vi c tr c ti p, không ph i cho vi c online nên b c online s ệc đọ ự ế ả ệc đọ ạn nào đọ ẽ
có th th y khá b t ti n khi tra cß ấ ấ ệ ứu, đối chiếu từ vựng
B°á Đác 2: c c c báo. ßt bên trái nh° đá Duy trì hàng ngày. Khi nào không hiß ừu t nào
thì xem nghĩa hoặ Giai đoạc synonym của từ đó á cột bên phải. n này giúp bạn phát trißn
việc đọ nhiên, thay vì đọc tự c theo kißu làm test. Bạn càng hißu nhiều càng tốt. Cố gắng
nh nh.ớ t theo ng cừ ữ ả
B°á ß ỳ ßc 3: Làm m t bài test hoặc passage bÃt k trong b sách Cambridge IELTS. Ví
dụ b c xong cu n Boost your vocabulary 13 này thì có th quay l i làm các test ạn đọ ố ß ạ
trong cu n 10 ch ng h n. trong ố ẳ ạ Làm test xong thì c g ng phát hi n các tß ắ ß ā đã hác
cuốn 13. Bạn nào có kh tả năng ghi nhớ ốt ch c chắ ắn sẽ g p l i r t nhi u t c. B n ặ ạ ấ ề ừ đã họ ạ
nào có kh v a ph g p l i không ít t . ả năng ghi nhớ ừ ải cũng sẽ ặ ạ ừ
B°ác 4: Đọc cuốn Boost your vocabulary tương ứng với test bạn vừa làm. Ví d trong cu n ụ ố
Boost your vocabulary 10.
Tóm l i, mình ví dạ ụ 1 chu trình đầy đủ theo cách này
B1. Đọc và hhiểu ọc từ cuốn Boost your vocabulary 13
B2. Làm test 1 trong cu n Boost your vocabulary 10 ố
B3. Đọ ạn đã đọc và hhiểu ọc từ cuốn Boost your vocabulary 10 & tìm các từ lặp lại mà b c trong cuốn Boost your
vocabulary 13
BOOST YOUR VOCABULARY CAMBRIDGE IELTS 14–
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TEST 1
READING PASSAGE 1
Brick by brick, six-year-old Alice is building a a magical
kingdom. Imagining s and fairy-tale turret fire-breathing
dragons, wicked witches and gallant heroes, she's creating an
enchanting world. Although she isn't aware of it, this fantasy is
helping her take her first steps towards her capacity for
creativity and so it will have important in her repercussions
adult life.
Minutes later, Alice has abandoned in favour of the kingdom
playing schools with her younger brother. When she bosses
him around as his 'teacher', she's practising how to regulate
her emotions through . Later on, when they tire of this pretence
and settle down with a board game, she's learning about the
need to follow rules and with a partner. take turns
'Play in all its rich variety is one of the highest achievements of
the human species,' says Dr David Whitebread from the
Faculty of Education at the University of Cambridge, UK. 'It
brick by brick= steadily in a step-by step manner,
the creation or destruction of smt. ˈ ɪbrɪk ˈbaɪ br k
fairy-tale= enchanted, magical, fabulous fe r te lə ɪ ɪ
turret= a small tower on a large building, especially
a castle. ˈtʌrɪt
fire-breathing = able to produce a stream of fire
from the mouth fajZˌbriːðɪŋ
wicked= evil, unkind, sadistic, cruel, #good ˈwɪkɪd
gallant= kind, polite, respectful, gracious, #rude,
#cowardly ɡəˈlænt
enchanting= attractive, pleasant delightful,
interesting, compelling ɪnˈtʃSːntɪŋ
take the first step= begin, start new things ˈ ɪ əte k ð
ˈf\:st step
repercussion= consequence, effect, impact,
outcome (cuss= shake i.e dis ion, concuss cussion)
riːpəˈ nkʌʃ
abandon =, leave behind, give up, walk out on #stay
with. əˈ əbænd n
in favour of= preferring to choose someone or
something that you believe is better ɪn ˈfeɪv vər T
boss someone around= give orders, order around,
command, bully #obey ˈ əˈbTs ˈsʌmwʌn ra ndʊ
pretence= pretense, make-believe, imagination,
#reality pr tensɪˈ
settle down= to relax, doing a quiet activitiy ˈ lset
da nʊ
take turn (take it in turns) = alternate ˈteɪk ˈt\:n
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underpins how we develop as intellectual, problem-solving
adults and is crucial to our success as a highly adaptable
species.'
Recognising the importance of play is not new: over two
millennia ago, the Greek philosopher Plato its extolled
virtues as a means of developing skills for adult life, and ideas
about play-based learning have been developing since the
19th century.
But we live in changing times, and Whitebread is a mindful of
worldwide decline in play, pointing out that over half the
people in the world now live in cities. 'The opportunities for free
play, which I experienced almost every day of my childhood,
are becoming increasingly ,' he says. Outdoor play is scarce
curtailed perceptions by of risk to do with traffic, as well as
parents' increased wish to protect their children from being the
victims of crime, and by the on 'earlier is better' emphasis
which is leading to greater competition in academic learning
and schools.
International bodies like the United Nations and the European
Union have begun to develop policies concerned with
children's right to play, and to consider implications for
leisure facilities and educational programmes. But what they
often lack is the evidence to base policies on.
'The type of play we are interested in is , child-initiated
spontaneous and unpredictable- but, as soon as you ask a
five-year-old "to play", then you as the researcher have
intervened,' explains Dr Sara Baker. 'And we want to know
what the long-term impact of play is. It's a real challenge.'
Dr Jenny Gibson agrees, pointing out that although some of
the steps in the of how and why play is important have puzzle
been looked at, there is very little data on the impact it has on
the child's later life.
Now, thanks to the university's new Centre for Research on
Play in Education, Development and Learning (PEDAL),
Whitebread, Baker, Gibson and a team of researchers hope to
provide evidence on the role played by play in how a child
develops.
'A strong possibility is that play
supports the early
development of children's self-control,' explains Baker. 'This is
our ability to develop awareness of our own thinking processes
- it influences how effectively we go about undertaking
challenging activities.'
In a study carried out by Baker with and young toddlers pre-
schoolers, she found that children with greater self-control
solved problems more quickly when exploring an unfamiliar
underpin= support, reinforce, strengthen, #weaken
ʌnd pəˈ ɪn
intellectual= philosopher, thinker, scholar (lect= read
i.e pre , lect lecture) ɪnt lektəˈ ʃʊəl
adaptable= adjustable, easygoing, flexible,
#inflexible əˈ ə ldæpt b
millennia (plural) - millennium (singular)= 1000
years (millen= thousand each i.e million millenaire, ary)
mɪˈlenɪə - mɪˈlenɪəm
extol= praise, admire, exalt, #deprecate ɪkˈstəʊl
virtue= goodness, integrity, morality, #wickedness
(vir= man i.e virtual, tuality) vir ˈ \v ːtʃuː
mindful of= aware, attentive #unaware #inattentive
ˈ ə Tmaɪndf l v
point out= indicate, show, reveal, #hide poɪnt ˈaʊt
scarce= rare, uncommon, limited, in short supply,
#plentiful, #abundant skeəs
curtail= restrain, limit, restrict, reduce k l\ːˈteɪ
perception= insight, view, opinion
(per=thoroughly i.e fection, per persistence) p sepəˈ ʃn
emphasis= stress, highlighting importance, ˈ ə ɪemf s s
implication= effect, inference, association, knock-
on effect (plic= fold i.e com ate, ap ation) plic plic
ˌɪ ɪˈ nmpl keɪʃ
leisure= free time, entertainment, relaxation ˈleʒə
facilities= buildings, services, equipment, etc. that
are provided for a particular purpose (fac=do, make i.e
fac factory, ilitate) fəˈsɪlɪtɪz
child-initiated play= play in which children choose
what and how to play and who to play with ʧaɪld-
ɪˈ ɪnɪʃɪeɪtɪd ple
spontaneous= unplanned, impulsive, natural,
#planned sp nTnˈteɪ ɪəs
intervene=, interrupt , , get involved become involved
in a situation in order to improve or help it (ven=
come i.e in t, adven vent) ɪntəˈviːn
puzzle= mystery, enigma, riddle, #explanation ˈ lpʌz
possibility= option, probability, likelihood, prospect
p b tiTsəˈ ɪlɪ
self-control= self-discipline, willpower, ability to
remain calm and not show your emotions even
though you are feeling angry, excited, etc. self
kənˈtrəʊl
undertake= carry out, embark on, take on,
#relinquish ʌnd teəˈ ɪk
toddler= baby, a child who has only recently learnt
to walk ˈ T ət dl
pre-schooler= a child who does not yet go to
school, or who goes to preschool priˌskuːlZ
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set-up requiring scientific reasoning. 'This sort of evidence
makes us think that giving children the chance to play will
make them more successful problem-solvers in the long run.'
If experiences do this aspect of development, playful facilitate
say the researchers, it could be extremely significant for
educational practices, because the ability to self-regulate has
been shown to be a key of academic performance. predictor
Gibson adds: 'Playful behaviour is also an important indicator
of healthy social and emotional development. In my previous
research, I investigated how children at play can observing
give us important clues about their well-being and can even
be useful in the of diagnosis neurodevelopmental disorders
like .' autism
Whitebread's recent research has involved developing a play-
based approach to supporting children's writing. 'Many primary
school children find writing difficult, but we showed in a
previous study that a playful was far more effective stimulus
than an instructional one.'
Children wrote longer and better-structured stories when they
first played with dolls representing
characters in the story. In the latest study, children first created
their story with Lego*, with similar results. 'Many teachers
commented that they had always previously had children
saying they didn't know what to write about. With the Lego
building, however, not a single child said this through the whole
year of the project.'
Whitebread, who directs PEDAL, trained as a primary school
teacher in the early 1970s, when, as he describes, 'the
teaching of young children was largely a quiet backwater,
untroubled by any serious intellectual or debate
set-up= arrangement, system, situation,
circumstance ˈset ʌp
problem-solver= those who are good at finding
ways of dealing with problems ˈ T ə T əpr bl m s lv (r)
(solv=loosen, set free i.e dis e, solv solution)
playful= lively, frisky, full of fun, full of life, subdued #
ˈ əpleɪf l
facilitate= enable, aid, help, smooth the assist,
progress of, #impede (fac=do, make i.e tory, ility) fac fac
fəˈsɪl teɪ ɪt
self-regulate= self-control, self-discipline, self-will
(regul=rule i.e regul regular, ation) self ˈ ɡ.jə.leɪtre
predictor= something that can show what will
happen in the future (dic/dict= proclaim, say i.e
dict dictation, ver ) prɪˈd ktɪ ə
indicator= pointer, sign display, (dic/dict= proclaim,
say i.e ation, verdict dict) ˈɪ ɪnd keɪtə
investigate= examine, explore, inspect, check.
(vestig= track i.e ial) vestig ɪn vest eˈ ɪɡ ɪt
observe= watch, view, monitor, study, #ignore
(serv= save, protect i.e con e, re e) serv serv əbˈz\ːv
well-being= comfort, happiness, welfare wel ˈbiːɪŋ
diagnosis= analysis, discover or identify the exact
cause of an illness or a problem (gno= know i.e
telegnosis, agnosia) da n sɪəɡˈ əʊsɪ
neurodevelopmental disorders = a group of
disorders in which the development of the central
nervous system is disturbed (neur= nerve i.e
neur neurologic, al) ˌnjʊərəʊ pˈmd vɪˌ [lə [nt(ə)l dɪsˈɔ əːd z
autism= a mental condition in which a person finds
it very difficult to communicate or form relationships
with others (aut=self i.e omatic, hentic) aut aut ˈɔːtˌɪzəm
approach= method, methodology tactic, əˈprəʊtʃ
stimulus= incentive, incitement, motivation,
encouragement (stimul= rouse i.e stimulate) ˈ ɪ ʊ əst mj l s
backwater= remote place, the middle of nowhere,
backwoods, sticks ˈbækˌwɔ əːt
untroubled= peaceful, calm, tranquil, undisturbed #
bothered #troubled ʌnˈtrʌ lb d
debate= argument, discuss, dispute d beɪˈ ɪt
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controversy.' Now, the is very different, with landscape hotly
debated topics such as school starting age.
'Somehow the importance of play has been lost in recent
decades. It's regarded as something , or even as trivial
something negative that with "work". Let's not lose contrasts
sight of its benefits, and the fundamental contributions it
makes to human achievements in the arts, sciences and
technology. Let's make sure children have a rich diet of play
experiences.'
*Lego: coloured plastic building blocks and other pieces that
can be joined together
controversy= disagreement, discussion, debate,
#agreement (vers=turn i.e conver verst, ad e) ˈ T ə \ːsik ntr v
landscape= environment, situation, background
ˈlændskeɪp
hotly= fiercely, angrily, strongly, passionately,
#dispassionately ˈ Th tli
trivial=minor, unimportant, insignificant, #crucial
ˈtrɪvɪəl
contrast= differ, conflict, be different from
something (contra= against i.e contraception,
contradict) kənˈtrSːst
fundamental= basic, essential, central, important
(fund = bottom i.e ation, profound found) fʌndəˈmentl
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READING PASSAGE 2
How Dutch engineer Luud Schimmelpennink helped to
devise urban bike-sharing schemes
A.
The original idea for an urban bike-sharing scheme dates back
to a summer's day in Amsterdam in 1965. Provo, the
organisation that the idea, was a group of Dutch came up with
activists who wanted to change society. They believed the
scheme, which was known as the Witte Fietsenplan, was an
answer to the perceived threats of air pollution and
consumerism. In the centre of Amsterdam, they painted a
small number of used bikes white. They also distributed
leaflets describing the dangers of cars and inviting people to
use the white bikes. The bikes were then left unlocked at
various locations around the city, to be used by anyone in
need of transport.
B.
Luud Schimmelpennink, a Dutch industrial engineer who still
lives and cycles in Amsterdam, was heavily involved in the
original scheme. He how the scheme succeeded in recalls
devise= invent, create, plan, conceive d vaɪˈ ɪz
scheme= program, plan, system, strategy
(schem = plan i.e schem schema, atic) skiːm
come up with= think of, create, produce ˈkʌm
ˈʌp wɪð
activist= protester, advocate, campaigner
(act= do i.e ion, act act ageor, nt) ˈækt v stɪ ɪ
perceive= understand, notice, recognize,
distinguish, become aware of, #ignore
(per=thoroughly i.e fection, per persistence) pəˈsiːv
threat = risk, danger, trouble θret
consumerism = the belief that it is good to
buy and use a lot of goods and services 3
often used to show disapproval (sum=take i.e
assume, subsume) kənˈsjuːmə ərɪz m
leaflet = flyer, pamphlet, brochure, booklet,
handout (piece of paper advertising) ˈliːflɪt
recall= remember, remind, elicit, bring to
mind, #forget rɪˈkɔːl
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attracting a great deal of attention - particularly when it came
to publicising Provo's aims - but struggled to get off the
ground. The police were opposed to Provo's initiatives and
almost as soon as the white bikes were around distributed
the city, they removed them. However, for Schimmelpennink
and for bike-sharing schemes in general, this was just the
beginning. 'The first Witte Fietsenplan was just a symbolic
thing,' he says. 'We painted a few bikes white, that was all.
Things got more serious when I became a member of the
Amsterdam city council two years later.'
C.
Schimmelpennink seized this opportunity to present a more
elaborate Witte Fietsen plan to the city council. 'My idea was
that the municipality of Amsterdam would distribute 10,000
white bikes over the city, for everyone to use,' he explains. 'I
made serious calculations. It turned out that a white bicycle -
per person, per kilometre - would cost the municipality only
10% of what it contributed to public transport per person per
kilometre.' Nevertheless, the council unanimously rejected
the plan. 'They said that the bicycle belongs to the past. They
saw a future for the car,' says Schimmelpennink. But glorious
he was not in the least discouraged.
D.
Schimmelpennink never stopped believing in bike-sharing, and
in the mid-90s, two Danes asked for his help to set up a
system in Copenhagen. The result was the world's first large-
scale bike-share programme. It worked on a : 'You deposit
dropped a coin in the bike and when you returned it, you got
your money back.' After setting up the Danish system,
Schimmelpennink decided to try his luck again in the
Netherlands - and this time he succeeded in the arousing
interest of the Dutch Ministry of Transport. 'Times had
changed,' he recalls. 'People had become more
environmentally , and the Danish experiment hadconscious
proved that bike-sharing was a real possibility.' A new Witte
Fietsenplan was launched in 1999 in Amsterdam. However,
riding a white bike was no longer free; it cost one per guilder
trip and payment was made with a card developed by the chip
Dutch bank Postbank. Schimmelpennink designed
conspicuous sturdy, white bikes locked in special racks
which could be opened with the chip card - the plan started
with 250 bikes, over five stations. distributed
a great deal= enormous, a large amount,
significant, #a little, #a few ə ˌgreɪt diːl
struggle= to try very hard to do something
when it is difficult ˈ lstrʌɡ
get off the ground (phrase)= start to be
successful get graTf ðə ʊnd
be opposed to= disagree with, against,
object to (op/ob=against i.e offend, lique) ob bi
əˈpəʊzd tuː
initiative= proposal, scheme, project idea,
ɪˈnɪʃətɪv
distribute= give out, allocate, spread
d strɪˈ ɪbjuːt
symbolic= figurative, representative,
emblematic sɪmˈbTlɪk
seize= grab, get hold of, capture, take, #lose
siːz
elaborate= complicated, complex, detailed,
carefully prepared and organized ɪˈ əlæb reɪt
municipality= city, town, metropolis borough,
mju: nɪs pæl tiɪˈ ɪ
turn out= come out, result, end up become,
ˈ ʊt\:n a t
unanimously= all together, consistently,
totally, #partly juːˈnænɪ əm sli
glorious= magnificent, superb, wonderful,
#inglorious (glori=glory i.e glorify, vainglory) ˈɡlɔːrɪəs
discourage= demoralized, deter, less
confident #encourage d r dɪsˈkʌ ɪ ʒ
deposit= a sum of money that is paid by
somebody when they rent something and that
is returned to them if they do not lose or
damage the thing they are renting. (posit= put
i.e ion, apposit posite) d p z tɪˈ T ɪ
arouse= stimulate, provoke, awaken, stir up,
encourage, inspire əˈraʊz
conscious= aware, mindful, deliberate,
#unaware, #unconscious ˈ Tk nʃəs
prove= show, demonstrate, verify #disprove
pruːv
guilder= the standard unit of money used in
the Netherlands before the Euro ˈɡɪldə
chip = microchip = a very small piece
of silicon containing a set of electronic parts,
which is used in computers and
other machines tʃɪp
conspicuous = visible, clear, noticeable,
obvious, #inconspicuous (spic= look i.e a t, spec
prospect, respect) kənˈspɪkjʊəs
sturdy= robust, durable, strong, well-made,
heavy-duty #weak ˈ \ːdist
rack= frame, framework, holder ræk
distribute= deliver, spread, spread out.
d strɪˈ ɪbjuːt
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E.
Theo Molenaar, who was a system designer for the project,
worked alongside Schimmelpennink. 'I remember when we
were testing the bike racks, he announced that he had
already designed better ones. But of course, we had to go
through with the ones we had.' The system, however, was
prone to vandalism theft and . 'After every weekend there
would always be a couple of bikes missing,' Molenaar says. 'I
really have no idea what people did with them, because they
could instantly be recognised as white bikes.' But the biggest
blow came when Postbank decided to the chip card, abolish
because it wasn't . 'That chip card was profitable pivotal to
the system,' Molenaar says. 'To continue the project we would
have needed to set up another system, but the business
partner had lost interest.'
F.
Schimmelpennink was disappointed, but- characteristically-
not for long. In 2002 he got a call from the French advertising
corporation JC Decaux, who wanted to set up his bike-
sharing scheme in Vienna. 'That went really well. After Vienna,
they set up a system in Lyon. Then in 2007, Paris followed.
That was a decisive moment in the history of bike-sharing.'
The huge and unexpected success of the Parisian bike-
sharing programme, which now more than 20,000 boasts
bicycles, inspired cities all over the world to set up their own
schemes, all modelled on Schimmelpennink's. 'It's wonderful
that this happened,' he says. 'But financially I didn't really
benefit from it, because I never filed for a patent.'
G.
In Amsterdam today, 38% of all trips are made by bike and,
along with Copenhagen, it is regarded as one of the two
most cycle-friendly capitals in the world - but the city never got
another Witte Fietsenplan. Molenaar believes this may be
because everybody in Amsterdam already has a bike.
Schimmelpennink, however, cannot see that this changes
Amsterdam's need for a bike-sharing scheme. 'People who
travel on the underground don't carry their bikes around. But
often they need additional transport to reach their final
destination.' Although he thinks it is strange that a city like
Amsterdam does not have a successful bike-sharing scheme,
he is about the future. 'In the '60s we didn't optimistic stand a
chance because people were prepared to give their lives to
keep cars in the city. But that mentality has totally changed.
Today everybody longs for cities that are not. Maybe it’s time
we changed our outlook.
announce= publicize, inform, tell, publish,
#keep secret əˈ ʊna ns
prone to= suffer from, vulnerable to,
susceptible, liable to, at risk prəʊn tuː
vandalism=the crime of destroying or
damaging something, especially public
property (van= empty i.e vain, vanish) ˈvænd l zə ɪ əm
theft= robbery, stealing θeft
blow= negative impact, set-back, shock,
misfortune bləʊ
abolish= eliminate, stop, end, put an end to,
#establish əˈ Tb lɪʃ
profitable= money-making, lucrative,
commercial #unprofitable ˈ T ə lpr fɪt b
pivotal= key, paramount, crucial, extremely
important, #unimportant, #irrelevant ˈ ə əpɪv t l
characteristically= typically, usually,
normally #unusually. kærə əˈ ɪkt rɪst kli
corporation= firm, business, company,
enterprise (corpor= body i.e corpus, corporative)
kɔ əˈːp reɪʃn
decisive= strong-minded, determined,
resolute, #uncertain d sa vɪˈ ɪsɪ
boast= possess, have, pride yourself on, lay
claim to b stəʊ
file for= put in place, put in order, to make an
official request for something ˈ ɔːfaɪl f
patent= copyright, official document right,
ˈpeɪtnt
along with= together with, accompanied by,
in company with, as well as əˈlTŋ wɪð
regarded as=thought of, view as, seen as,
considered as r dɪˈɡSː ɪd æz
optimistic= hopeful, positive, cheerful, bright,
#pessimistic (optim= best i.e al, optim optimum)
T ɪˈ ɪpt m st kɪ
stand a chance (idiom)= have a chance of
success stænd tə ʃSːns
mentality= attitude, approach, outlook,
mindset (ment= mind i.e reminisce, al, ment
memento) menˈtælɪti
long for= desire, wish, crave, yearn, want,
wish for lTŋ fɔː
outlook = viewpoint, point of view, attitude,
position ˈ ʊ ʊa tl k
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READING PASSAGE 3
A critical ingredient in the success of hotels is developing
and maintaining superior performance from their employees.
How is that accomplished? What Human Resource
Management (HRM) practices should organizations invest in
to and acquire retain judicious great employees?
Some hotels to provide superior working conditions for aim
their employees. The idea originated from workplaces - usually
in the non-service - that sector emphasized fun and
enjoyment as part of work-life balance. By contrast, the
service sector, and more specifically hotels, has traditionally
not extended these practices to address basic employee
needs, such as good working conditions.
Pfeffer (1994) emphasizes that in order to succeed in a global
business environment, organizations must make investment in
Human Resource Management (HRM) to allow them to
acquire employees who better skills andpossess capabilities
than their competitors. This investment will be to their
hospitality= welcome, friendly, kindness, warmth,
#unfriendliness. (hospit= host i.e hospi hospitce, al)
h sp tæl tiT ɪˈ ɪ
critical= crucial, significant, vital, important (crit= judge
i.e erion, apo e) crit crin ˈ ɪ ɪ lkr t k
superior= excellent, high-class, top-quality, first-class
(super= above i.e b, nova) super super suːˈpɪərɪə
performance= presentation, show, enactment
p nsəˈfɔːmə
accomplish= achieve, done, finish. əˈ ʌk mplɪʃ
acquire= obtain, gain, attain, achieve, get hold of
(quir= seek i.e con , in y) quer quir əˈkwaɪə
retain= keep, hold, maintain r te nɪˈ ɪ
judicious= wise, sensible #stupid #foolish d sʒuːˈdɪʃə
aim= goal, purpose, intention target, e mɪ
sector= segment, part, area, zone, field ˈ əsekt
emphasize= highlight, underline, stress, #understate
ˈ əemf saɪz
work-life balance = the ability to give a sensible
amount of time and effort to your work and to your life
outside work w ns\ːklaɪf ˈbæl. ə
address= solve, tackle, deal with, handle, cope with
əˈdres
possess= own, have, retain, #lack (sess=sit i.e
obsession, reside) pəˈzes
capability= ability, competence, potential, #inability
(cap= hold i.e caption, acious) cap ke p b l tiɪ əˈ ɪ ɪ
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competitive advantage. Despite this of the recognition
importance of employee development, the hospitality
industry has historically been dominated by
underdeveloped practices HR (Lucas, 2002).
Lucas also points out that 'the substance of HRM practices
does not appear to be designed to foster constructive
relations with employees or to a represent managerial
approach that developing and enables drawing out the full
potential of people, even though employees may be broadly
satisfied with many of their work' (Lucas, 2002). In aspects
addition, or maybe as a result, high employee turnover has
been a recurring problem throughout the hospitality industry.
Among the many reasons are low cited compensation,
inadequate benefits, poor working conditions and
compromised employee morale and attitudes (Maroudas et
al., 2008).
Ng and Sorensen (2008) demonstrated that when managers
provide recognition to employees, motivate employees to
work together, and remove preventing effective obstacles
performance, employees feel more obligated to stay with the
company. This was succinctly summarized by Michel et al.
(2013): '[P]roviding support to employees gives them the
confidence to perform their jobs better and the motivation to
competitive advantage = an advantage that makes a
company more able to succeed in competing with
others (pet= strive toward i.e ap ite, pet petition) kəmˈpetətɪv
ə Sːntɪdʒdˈv
recognition= identification, know, awareness (gnit=
know i.e co ion, i rant) gnit gno rek nəɡˈ ɪʃn
hospitality industry= businesses such as hotels,
bars, and restaurants that offer people food, drink, or
a place to sleep h sp tæl ndT ɪˈ ɪti ˈɪ əstri
dominated by = the most prevalent, the most
common (domin= master i.e , pre ate) domain domin
ˈ T ɪd mɪne tɪd baɪ
underdeveloped= immature, weak, infantile
ˌʌ ə ɪˈ ənd d vel pt
practices= does, performs, exercises ˈ ɪprækt sɪz
substance= core, essence, central part ˈ əsʌbst ns
foster= nurture, raise ˈ T əf st
constructive= beneficial, positive, fruitful,
#destructive (struct= build i.e ure, in ) struct struct
kənˈstrʌktɪv
represent= stand for, speak for, symbolize,
#misrepresent riːprɪˈzent
managerial= decision-making, administrative,
organizational mæn d r lɪˈ ʒɪə ɪə
enable= allow, permit, aid, assist. make possible,
#prevent ɪˈ lneɪb
draw out= to mention, explain, elaborate dr tɔːr ˈaʊ
potential= capacity, ability, aptitude (pot= power i.e
despot, potentate) p tenəˈ ʃl
broadly = largely, roughly, mostly ˈ ɔːdlibr
aspect= feature, trait, quality (spect= look i.e pro , spect
speculate) ˈæspekt
employee turnover= the rate at which employees
leave a company and are replaced by new employees
emplo vɪˈiː ˈt\ːnəʊ ə
recurring= regular, frequent, repeated rɪˈk\ːrɪŋ
cite = mentioned, refer to, quoted (cit= call i.e solicit,
excite) sa tɪ
compensation= reward, benefit, payment
kTmpenˈse nɪʃ
inadequate= deficient, unsatisfactory, too little, not
enough, #sufficient (equ= equal i.e equity, ivalence) equ
ɪnˈædɪ əkw t
compromised= worsen, make worse, poor, low
ˈ T ək mpr ma zdɪ
morale= spirit, enthusiasm məˈ Sːlr
demonstrate= show, exhibit, reveal, explain
ˈ ə ɪdem nstre t
recognition= gratitude, appreciation,
acknowledgement, respect, #blame (gnit= know i.e
cognition, ignorant) rek nəɡˈ ɪʃn
motivate= inspire, provoke, encourage (mot= move i.e
mo motbile, pro e) ˈməʊtɪveɪt
obstacle= difficulty, problem, barrier ˈT ə lbst k
obligated= grateful, thankful appreciative, ˈTblɪɡeɪtɪd
succinctly= briefly, in short, concisely səkˈsɪŋktli
summarize= review, sum up, recap (sum= sum i.e
consummate, summation) ˈ ʌ əs m ra zɪ
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stay with the organization.' Hospitality organizations can
therefore enhance employee motivation and retention
through the development and improvement of their working
conditions. These conditions are inherently linked to the
working environment.
While it seems likely that employees' to their jobreactions
characteristics could be affected by a predisposition to view
their work environment negatively, no evidence exists to
support this (Spector et al., 2000). However, given hypothesis
the opportunity, many people will find something to complain
about in relation to their workplace (Poulston, 2009). There is
a strong link between the perceptions of employees and
particular factors of their work environment that are separate
from the work itself, including company policies, salary and
vacations.
Such conditions are particularly troubling for the luxury hotel
market, where high-quality service, requiring a sophisticated
approach to HRM, is recognized as a critical source of
competitive advantage (Maroudas et al., 2008). In a real
sense, the services of hotel employees represent their
industry (Schneider and Bowen, 1993). This representation
has commonly been limited to guest experiences. This
suggests that there has been a dichotomy between the guest
environment provided in luxury hotels and the wsorking
conditions of their employees.
It is therefore essential for hotel management to develop HRM
practices that them to inspire and enable retain competent
employees. This requires an understanding of what motivates
employees at different levels of management and different
stages of their careers (Enz and Siguaw, 2000). This implies
that it is beneficial for hotel managers to understand what
practices are most favorable to increase employee
satisfaction and retention.
Herzberg (1966) proposes that people have two major types of
needs, the first being extrinsic motivation factors relating to
the in which work is performed, rather than the work context
itself. These include working conditions and job security.
When these factors are unfavorable, job dissatisfaction may
result. Significantly, though, just fulfilling these needs does not
result in satisfaction, but only in the reduction of dissatisfaction
(Maroudas et al., 2008).
Employees also have intrinsic motivation needs or
motivators, which include such factors as achievement and
enhance= improve, increase, develop ɪnˈhSːns
retention= keeping, holding, retaining, preservation
(tent= hold i.e con , abs , content tain tain) r tenɪˈ ʃn
inherently= integrally, fundamentally, essentially,
naturally, intrinsically, #superficially (here= stick i.e
inhere, adhesive) ɪnˈhɪərəntli
reaction= response, reply, feedback (act= do i.e action,
act ageor, nt) rɪˈækʃn
characteristic= trait, quality, personality kær kt r st kə əˈ ɪ ɪ
predisposition= tendency, predilection, disposition,
bias (posit= put i.e ion, ap e) posit posit priːdɪsp zəˈ ɪʃn
hypothesis= theory, suggestion, assumption
(the= put i.e syn sis, ana matic) the the ha p sɪˈ Tθəsɪ
opportunity= chance, occasion prospect, T əˈtjuːnɪp ti
in relation to = related to, concerning, with regard to
ɪn rɪˈleɪʃn
tuː
perception= insight, awareness, view, opinion,
recognition (per=thoroughly i.e fection, per persistence)
p sepəˈ ʃn
separate= split, divide, disconnect ˈseprət
troubling = worrying, concerning, disturbing,
#soothing ˈ ltrʌbɪŋ
sophisticated= complex, complicated, advanced
(soph= wise i.e philosoph sophy, ism) səˈ ɪf stɪkeɪ ɪt d
in a real sense = sth is partly true, or true in one way,
in one aspect (sens= feel i.e sensory, consent) ɪn ə r l ɪə
sens
dichotomy= contrast, opposition, contradiction (tom=
cut i.e ana y, poly y) tom tom daɪˈkTtəmi
enable= allow, make possible, permit ɪˈ lneɪb
retain = keep, hold, maintain r teɪˈ ɪn
competent= experienced, knowledgeable, skilled
ˈ T ɪ ək mp t nt
imply= indicate, mean, suggest ɪmˈplaɪ
employee retention= the ability of a company to keep
its employees and stop them from going to work
somewhere else emplo tenɪˈiː rɪˈ ʃn
extrinsic= external, outside, outer ekˈstrɪ ɪns k
context = situation, environment, circumstance (text=
weave i.e ile, pretext text) ˈ Tk ntekst
job security = a job with a high level of security is
such that a person with the job would have a small
chance of losing it. d kj rʒTb sɪˈ ʊə ɪti
intrinsic= inside, inherent, innate, inner, #extrinsic
ɪnˈtrɪ ɪns k
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recognition. Unlike extrinsic factors, motivator factors may
ideally result in job satisfaction (Maroudas et al., 2008).
Herzberg's (1966) theory discusses the need for a 'balance' of
these two types of needs.
The impact of fun as a motivating factor at work has also been
explored. For example, Tews, Michel and Stafford (2013)
conducted a study focusing on staff from a of chain themed
restaurants in the United States. It was found that fun
activities had a favorable impact on performance and manager
support for fun had a favorable impact in reducing turnover.
Their findings support the view that fun may indeed have a
beneficial effect, but the framing of that fun must be carefully
aligned with both organizational goals and employee
characteristics. 'Managers must learn how to achieve the
delicate balance of allowing employees the freedom to enjoy
themselves at work while simultaneously maintaining high
levels of performance' (Tews et al., 2013).
Deery (2008) has recommended several actions that can be
adopted at the organizational level to retain good staff as well
as in balancing work and family life. Those particularly assist
appropriate to the hospitality industry include allowing
adequate breaks during the working day, staff functions that
involve families, and providing health and well-being
opportunities.
conduct= do, perform, accomplish, carry out kə ʌnˈd kt
a chain of = a set of connected or related things ə
ˈ Ttʃeɪn v
themed restaurant = A themed restaurant is a type of
restaurant that uses theming to attract diners by
creating a memorable experience. ð ntəmd ˈrestrT
turnover= the rate at which people leave
an organization and are replaced by others ˈ \ ət ːnəʊv
framing = bordering, set up, # enclosing, surrounding,
insetting ˈ ɪ ɪŋfre m
aligned = associated, side with, line up with support,
əˈlaɪnd
delicate= fragile, elegant weak, slight, ˈ ɪ ədel k t
simultaneously= at the same time, concurrently,
instantaneously, at once (simul= imitating i.e ar, simil
as ate)simil sɪmlˈteɪnɪəsli
adopt= accept, embrace implement, (opt=choose i.e
option, optative) əˈ Td pt
assist= support, help, aid (sist= cause to stand i.e
consist, exist, insist) əˈsɪst
appropriate= suitable, fitting, apt, proper (propri=
property i.e , ety) proper propri əˈprəʊpriət
adequate = enough, sufficient, #inadequate,
#insufficient (equ= equal i.e equity, ivalence) equ ˈæd kwɪ ət
well-being = happiness, comfort, welfare, safety wel
ˈbiːɪŋ
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N¿u h c m ng t v ng l n thì các b n ßc đ°ợ ột l°ợ ừ ự ớ ¿
sẽ không phÁi quan tâm đ¿n tip này hay trick kia
khi làm bài thi IELTS Reading. Mình tin là có nh ng ữ
b¿n 1 tu c liên t c 2 cuần đß ục đ°ợ ốn Boost your
vocabulary, th n dài m¿m chí là h¡n. Truyệ ấy trăm
trang mà nhi u b n có th c xong Á ¿ Ã đß trong 1 đêm,
còn 1 cu n Boost your vocabulary là khá mố ỏng, và
l¿i toàn t c tra s n. V y nên hãy c g ng ừ đã đ°ợ ẵ ¿ ố ắ
đßc th¿t nhanh nhé các b¿n
Đinh Thắng
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TEST 2
READING PASSAGE 1
emigrate = migrate, relocate, move, abroad, leave
your country, # return #immigrate. ˈemɪɡreɪt
well-known = famous, celebrated, renowned,
legendary. ˈwel nəʊn
merchant = seller, trader, wholesaler, dealer.
ˈm\ːtʃənt
found = create, start, establish, set up, #close
fa ndʊ
chairman = chairperson, chair, chairwoman
(someone who is in charge of a large company or
organization) ˈ ə ətʃe m n
extensive = big, large, huge, massive, wide
ɪkˈstensɪv
landholding = the land that is own by someone
ˈ ɪŋlændhəʊld
residence = house, home, dwelling (especially a
large or one) official ˈ ərezɪd ns
acres= a unit for measuring area, equal to 4,840
square yards or 4,047 square metres ˈ ɪ əe k z
mansion = hall, tower, castle ˈ ʃnmæn
edge= rim, border, boundary edʒ
property = land, building, estate belongings. ,
ˈ T əpr p ti
stream= watercourse, small river, torrent striːm
outskirts = outer edge, border, suburb (that is
furthest from its centre ) ˈ ʊ \ːtsa tsk
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apprenticeship= traineeship, internship, training
əˈprentɪʃɪp
accountant = bookeeper, auditor (someone
whose job is to keep and check financial accounts,
calculate taxes etc) əˈ ʊ əka nt nt
the prospect of = possibility, vision, potential. ði:
pr vəˈspekt T
please = satisfy, give pleasure to, make happy,
pliːz
settled in= to begin to feel happy and relaxed in a
new situation, home, job, or school ˈ lset d ɪn
take it up= to start a new job or have a
new responsibility ˈteɪk ˈɪt ʌp
amateur = layperson, beginner, apprentice,
#professional #expert ˈ ə əæm t
personal friend= someone who you know well,
especially a famous or important person ˈ ə lp\ːs n
ˈfrend
excursion= trip, tour, expedition, journey. ɪkˈsk\ːʃn
cooperate = work together, work as a team,
collaborate kəʊˈT əp reɪt
experiments= trial, test, research. ɪkˈsperɪ əm nts
magnesium=a chemical element (symbol: Mg)
mæɡˈniːzɪəm
flare= flash, blaze, sparkle fleə
artificial= man-made, non-natural, synthetic,
#natural, #real Sːtɪˈfɪʃl
association= organisation, union, alliance
əˌ əʊʃiˈe ns ɪʃ
in spite of = despite, although, regardless of,
even though ɪ ɪn spa t Tv
bold= noticeable, showy, confident b ldəʊ
realism = practicality, #impracticality
#idealism #romanticism ˈ ərɪəlɪz m
influence= effect, impact, repercussions ˈɪnflʊəns
artistic= creative, arty imaginative, inventive,
Sːˈtɪstɪk
publication = journal, newspaper, magazine
p bl keʌ ɪˈ ɪʃn
circulation = distribution, readership, sales
s\ːkjʊˈ nleɪʃ
vary= differ, change, diverge, be different ˈ əve ri
prove= show, demonstrate, evidence #disprove
pruːv
evaluate= assess, estimate, value, calculate
ɪˈ ʊ ɪvælj e t
advertise= publicize, market, announce, promote
ˈ əædv taɪz
drop = stop, give up, abandon, #maintain dr pT
portrait = a drawing, painting, or photograph of a
person ˈ ɔ ɪp ːtr t
specialize = specify, concentrate, focus ˈspeʃəlaɪz
numerous = many, plentiful, abundant ˈnjuːmə ər s
reveal= expose, uncover, bring to light rɪˈviːl
compose = produce, create, make, compile
kəmˈpəʊz
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pursuit= pastime, interest, leisure activity pəˈsjuːt
sufficient = enough, adequate, plenty,
appropriate. səˈfɪʃnt
depict = show, illustrate, describe, represent
d p ktɪˈ ɪ
lumber = wood, logs, timber, planks ˈ ʌ əl mb
enable = allow, permit, support, assist, aid,
facilitate, #prevent ɪˈ lneɪb
time-consuming = laborious, slow, timewasting,
#timesaving ˈ ɪ ənˈsjuːmɪŋta mk
souvenir = keepsake, memento, reminder, gift.
suːvəˈnɪə
cater= provide, accommodate supply, ˈ əkeɪt
stock= , keep, have carry, sell, supply st kT
mounting = encasing, exhibiting, installing,
framing. ˈ ɪŋmaʊnt
inclusion = insertion, attachment, addition,
#absence, #exclusion ɪnˈkluːʒn
exhibit= show, display, reveal, present ɪɡˈ ɪzɪb t
throughout = in or into every part of something
θruːˈaʊt
document= record, keep a record, write down,
provide evidence ˈ T ʊd kj ment
be fond of = be keen on, be in love with, enjoy,
find irresistible bi f nd T Tv
wilderness= wild, wasteland, desert. ˈ ə əwɪld n s
canoe = kayak, outrigger, coracle, dugout,
pirogue, piragua kəˈnuː
sail= cruise, travelling in a ship, go in a boat, set
sail se lɪ
yacht = ship, vessel, cruiser, ferry jTt
shore = bank, the waterfront, riverside. ʃɔː
Intercolonial Railway = was a
historic railway that operated from 1872 Canadian
to 1918 ɪntəkəˈləʊnjəl ˈreɪlweɪ
undertaking =mission, duty, task ʌnd teəˈ ɪkɪŋ
commission= committee, agency, board kəˈmɪʃn
record = document, chronicle, keep information
rɪˈkɔːd
principal= main, major, prime, key ˈ ə lprɪns p
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administer = manage, run, control, govern
ə ədˈmɪnɪst
duty= task, responsibility, undertaking ˈdjuːti
extensively= greatly, much, highly, considerably,
significantly ɪkˈstensɪvli
post = position, placement, job, workplace pəʊst
retired = stop working, give up work, be
pensioned off, step down, r ta dɪˈ ɪə
glass negatives = The term most commonly
refers to two formats, collodion wet plate
negatives and gelatin dry plate negatives. Both
formats consist of a light sensitive emulsion fixed
to a glass plate base with a binder glS:s ˈneɡətɪvz
basement= a part of a building that is below the
level of the first floor ˈ ɪ əbe sm nt
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READING PASSAGE 2
Answers to the problem of electricity use by excessive
skyscrapers and large public buildings can be found in
ingenious but forgotten architectural designs of the 19th and
early-20th centuries.
A
The Recovery of Natural Environments in Architecture by
Professor Alan Short is the culmination of 30 years of
research and award-winning green building design by Short
and colleagues in Architecture, Engineering, Applied Maths and
Earth Sciences at the University of Cambridge.
'The in building design is already here,' said Short. crisis
'Policy makers think you can solve energy and building
problems with gadgets. You can't. As global temperatures
continue to rise, we are going to continue to squander more
and more energy keeping our buildings on mechanically cool
until we have run out of capacity.'
B
Short is calling for a sweeping reinvention of how skyscrapers
and major public buildings are designed - to end the reliance
on sealed buildings which exist solely via the 'life support'
excessive= extreme, too much, unnecessary ɪkˈsesɪv
skyscraper = tower, multistory building, high-rise
building. ˈ ɪ əska skreɪp
ingenious= skillful, creative, effective, clever ɪnˈdʒiːnɪəs
recovery= improvement, revival, retrieval, healing,
r v riɪˈkʌ ə
the culmination of sth= something, especially
something important, that happens at the end of a long
period of effort or development ð lm neə ˌkʌ ɪˈ ɪʃn
əv
Earth sciences = the branch of science dealing with
the physical constitution of the earth and its
atmosphere. ˈ\:θ ˈsaɪənsɪz
crisis= disaster, catastrophe, difficulty ˈkraɪsɪs
gadget= tool, gizmo, machine, device, appliance
ˈɡædʒɪt
squander (on)= waste, consume, spend ˈ T əskw nd r Tn
mechanically= automatically, instinctively,
unconsciously, without thinking #consciously mɪˈ ɪkæn kli
run out (of)= be used up, end, expire, finish, come to
an end ˈ ʊ Trʌn a t v
capacity= power, ability, volume, #inability kəˈ ɪpæs ti
sweeping= far-reaching, comprehensive, wide-ranging,
widespread, #restricted ˈswiːpɪŋ
reinvent = , reform to make changes in order
to improve it or make it more modern ˌriːɪnˈvent
reliance = dependence, support, # independence
r la nsɪˈ ɪə
sealed = closed, stuck #opened siːld
solely=exclusively, only, lone, merely, just ˈsəʊli
via = through, thru, by, by means of, using ˈvaɪə
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system of air conditioning units. Instead, he shows it is vast
entirely possible to accommodate natural ventilation and
cooling in large buildings by looking into the past, before the
widespread introduction of air conditioning systems, which
were 'relentlessly and aggressively marketed' by their
inventors.
C
Short points out that to make most contemporary buildings
habitable, they have to be sealed and air conditioned. The
energy use and carbon emissions this generates is
spectacular and largely unnecessary. Buildings in the West
account for 40-50% of electricity usage, generating substantial
carbon emissions, and the rest of the world is catching up at a
frightening rate. Short regards glass, steel and air-conditioned
skyscrapers as symbols of status, rather than practical ways of
meeting our requirements.
D
Short's book a developing and highlights sophisticated art
and science of ventilating buildings through the 19th and
earlier-20th centuries, including the design of ingeniously
ventilated hospitals. Of particular interest were those built to the
designs of John Shaw Billings, including the first Johns Hopkins
Hospital in the US city of Baltimore (1873-1889).
'We spent three years digitally modelling Billings' final designs,'
says Short. 'We put pathogens in the airstreams, modelled
for someone with tuberculosis (TB) coughing in the wards
and we found the ventilation systems in the room would have
kept other patients safe from harm.
E
'We discovered that 19th-century hospital wards could
generate up to 24 air changes an hour - that's similar to the
performance of a modern-day, computer-controlled operating
theatre. We believe you could build wards based on these
principles now.
Single rooms are not appropriate for all patients. Communal
wards appropriate for certain patients - older people with
dementia, for example - would work just as well in today's
hospitals, at a of the energy cost.' fraction
vast = massive, immense, huge, considerable, #small
vSːst
accommodate= supply, provide, assist əˈ T ək m deɪt
ventilation=the movement of fresh air around
a closed space, or the system that does this vent leɪˈ ɪʃn
relentless= unstoppable, persistent, #gentle,
#moderate r lentl sɪˈ ə
aggressive=forceful, strong, insistent #mild əˈɡresɪv
market (verb)= advertise, promote, sale ˈ S:kɪtm
contemporary = current, modern, latest, up-to-date
kənˈtemprəri
habitable= livable, comfortable, inhabitable, fit to,
#uninhabitable ˈ ə lhæbɪt b
sealed= closed, wrapped, stuck down siːld
emission= a gas or other substance that is sent into
the air ɪˈ nmɪʃ
spectacular= remarkable, outstanding, stunning,
impressive, #unimpressive spekˈtækjʊ əl
substantial= significant, plentiful, abundant səbˈstænʃl
catching up = to come from behind and reach
someone in front of you by going faster ˈkætʃɪŋ ʌp
frightening = scary, making you feel afraid or nervous
ˈ nfraɪt
ɪŋ
highlight= underline, emphasize, stress, draw attention
to, bring to light ˈhaɪlaɪt
sophisticated= complex, advance, complicated
səˈfɪ ɪstɪke tɪd
pathogen= virus, bacterium, germ ˈpæθədʒən
airstream= a current of air ˈ əstriːme
model = show, demonstrate, display #show off ˈ T lm d
tuberculosis = a serious infectious disease that
can attack many parts of a person's body,
especially their lungs. tju:b s\ːkjʊˈləʊsɪ
coughing= to suddenly push air out of your throat with
a short sound, often repeatedly ˈ T ɪŋk f
ward= a large room in a hospital which is used for
treating people with similar illnesses or conditions wɔːd
generate= produce, make, form, create ˈ ədʒen reɪt
air change = a measure of how many times the air
within a defined space (normally a room or house) is
replaced ˈ ə ʒe tʃeɪnd
appropriate= fitting, suitable, applicable, #inappropriate
əˈ əprəʊpri t
communal= shared, public, #private ˈ T ʊ lk mj n
dementia = a medical condition that affects especially
old people, causing the memory and other mental
abilities to gradually become worse, and leading to
confused behaviour d menɪˈ ʃə
fraction = a small part, segment, section part, ˈ ʃnfræk
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Professor Short contends mindset skill-sets the and behind
these designs have been completely lost, lamenting the
disappearance of expertly designed theatres, opera houses,
and other buildings where up to half the of the building volume
was given over to ensuring everyone got fresh air.
F
Much of the ingenuity present in 19th-century hospital and
building design was driven by a panicked clamouring public
for buildings that could protect against what was thought to be
the lethal threat of miasmas toxic - air that spread disease.
Miasmas were feared as the principal agents of disease and
epidemics for centuries, and were used to explain the spread
of from the Middle Ages right through to the infection cholera
outbreaks in London and Paris during the 1850s. Foul air,
rather than germs, was believed to be the main of driver
'hospital fever', leading to disease and frequent death. The
prosperous steered clear of hospitals. While miasma theory
has been long since disproved, Short has for the last 30 years
advocated a return to some of the building design principles
produced in its wake.
G
Today, huge amounts of a building's space and construction
cost are given over to air conditioning. 'But I have designed
and built a series of buildings over the past three decades
which have tried to reinvent some of these ideas and then
measure what happens.
'To go forward into our new low-energy, low-carbon future, we
would be well advised to look back at design before our high-
energy, high-carbon present appeared. What is surprising is
what a rich legacy we have abandoned.'
H
Successful examples of Short's approach include the Queen's
Building at De Montfort University in Leicester. Containing as
many as 2,000 staff and students, the entire building is
naturally ventilated, passively cooled and naturally , lit
including the two largest auditoria, each more than seating
150 people. The award-winning building uses a fraction of the
electricity of comparable buildings in the UK.
contend = argue, claim, declare insist, kənˈtend
mindset = attitude, outlook, approach, belief, frame of
mind, way of thinking ˈmaɪndset
skill-set = the range of things that someone is good at,
especially things that are useful in a particular job ˈskɪl
set
lament= to express sadness and feeling sorry about
something ləˈment
volume= amount, quantity, degree, number ˈ Tljuːmv
ingenuity= creativity, inventiveness, resourcefulness,
imagination, initiative ɪndʒɪˈnjuːɪti
panicked= nervous, worried, frightened, ˈ ɪpæn kt
clamour= demanding, call out, insisting, #whispering
ˈ əklæm
lethal= deadly, fatal, mortal, toxic poisonous, ˈliːθl
miasma = mist, fog, haze mɪˈæzmə
toxic = harmful, detrimental, damaging ˈ Tt ks kɪ
principal= main, major, key, primary ˈ ə lprɪns p
agent = cause, vehicle, driving force ˈeɪdʒənt
epidemic= the appearance of a particular disease in a
large number of people at the same time ep dem kɪˈ ɪ
infection= disease, illness, virus ɪnˈfekʃn
cholera = a serious disease that
causes sickness and sometimes death. It is caused
by eating infected food or drinking infected water. ˈ T ə ək l r
outbreak= suddenly starts to happen ˈ ʊ ɪa tbre k
foul= unpleasant, stinking, disgusting, #clean fa lʊ
germ= bacteria, virus, bug dʒ\ːm
driver = cause, source reason, ˈ ədraɪv
the prosperous= rich people, the rich, wealthy people,
the wealthy ð sp r sə ˈprT ə ə
steer clear = to avoid sb or sth implesant or difficult.
stɪə klɪə
theory = hypothesis, speculation, assumption ˈθɪəri
disprove = invalidate, show to be false, negate, refute,
#prove dɪsˈpruːv
advocate= support, back, suggest, promote ˈ ə ɪædv ke t
in wake= somebody’s/something’s behind or after
someone or something ɪn ˈsəmˌbSːdi ˈsʌmθɪŋz weɪk
give over= to stop doing or saying something that
is annoying other people ɡɪv ˈəʊvə
reinvent = remake, revive, reform. riːɪnˈvent
legacy= heritage, inherence, inheritance ˈ ɡəsile
abandon = discard, give up, stop. əˈ əbænd n
ventilate = to let fresh air into a room, building etc
ˈventɪleɪt
lit = past form of lɪt
light = to provide light for a place la tɪ
auditorium- auditoria (plural) = hall, theatre ɔ ɪˈ ɔːriəːd t m
- ˌɔ ɪˈːd tɔːriə
seat = accommodate, take contain, hold, siːt
fraction = portion, part, #whole segment, ˈ ʃnfræk
comparable = similar, equivalent, equal, as good as,
#dissimilar ˈ T ə ə lk mp r b
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Short contends that glass skyscrapers in London and around
the world will become a liability over the next 20 or 30 years if
climate modelling predictions and energy price rises come to
pass as expected.
He is convinced that sufficiently cooled skyscrapers using
the natural environment can be produced in almost any climate.
He and his team have worked on hybrid buildings in the harsh
climates of Beijing and Chicago - built with natural ventilation
assisted by air conditioning - which, surprisingly back-up
perhaps, can be switched off more than half the time on
milder days and during the spring and autumn. <My book is a
recipe book which looks at the past, how we got to where we
are now, and how we might the cities, offices and reimagine
homes of the future. There are compelling reasons to do this.
The Department of Health says new hospitals should be
naturally ventilated, but they are not. Maybe it’s time we
changed our outlook.=
contend (that) = insist, to argue or state that
something is true kənˈtend ðæt
liability= accountability, legal responsibility, obligation,
charge la b l tiɪəˈ ɪ ɪ
convince= persuade, prove, influence kənˈvɪns
sufficiently = adequately, satisfactorily, suitably,
appropriately, #inadequately s ntliəˈfɪʃ
hybrid = combination, mixture, cross ˈhaɪbr dɪ
harsh= hard, serve, tough hSːʃ
back-up = something that you can use
to replace something that does not work or is lost bæk
ʌp
switched off= to turn off a machine, light, radio etc
using a switch sw fɪtʃt T
milder= warmer, pleasanter, clement ˈ ɪ əma ld
recipe= method, formula, guidelines, instructions, steps
res piə
reimagine= reinterpret (an event, work of art, etc.)
imaginatively; rethink. riːɪˈmædʒɪn)
compelling= convincing, powerful, persuasive, forceful,
undeniable kəmˈpelɪŋ
outlook= viewpoint, attitude, view, point of view ˈ ʊaʊtl k
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READING PASSAGE 3
A
Organisation is big business. Whether it is of our lives - all
those inboxes and calendars or how companies are
structured, a multi-billion-dollar industry helps to meet this
need. We have more for time management, strategies
project management and self-organisation than at any other
time in human history. We are told that we organise ought to
our company, our home life, our week, our day and even our
sleep, all as a means to becoming more productive. Every
week, countless seminars and workshops take place
around the world to tell a paying public that they ought to
structure their lives in order to achieve this.
This has also the thinking of business rhetoric crept into
leaders and entrepreneurs, much to the of self-delight
proclaimed perfectionists with the need to get everything
right. The number of business schools and graduates has
massively increased over the past 50 years, essentially
teaching people how to organise well.
disorder = chaos, disarrange, mess-up dɪ ɔsˈ ːdə
structured= arrange, organize, build up ˈ ʌstr ktʃəd
strategy = plan, scheme, approach, line of policy,
attack ˈ ə ʒstræt d i
ought to = should, had better, have to ˈɔːt tuː
a means = way, method, measure ə miːnz
productive= energetic, generative, effective,
profitable pr d kt vəˈ ʌ ɪ
countless = uncountable, limitless, immeasurable
ˈ ʊ əka ntl s
seminar = workshop, meeting, discussion group
ˈsemɪnSː
take place= happen, occur ( especially after being
planned or ) arranged ˈteɪk ˈpleɪs
a paying public= those who buy or purchase
something (seminars/ workshops) ə ˈpeɪɪŋ ˈpʌblɪk
rhetoric= speech or writing that is intended to
influence people, but that is not completely honest or
sincere ˈ ə ɪret r k
creep = walk quietly and slowly, tiptoe kriːp
entrepreneur = businessperson, founder ˌT ə əˈ \ːntr pr n
delight= enjoyment, pleasure, joy, gladness d la tɪˈ ɪ
proclaim= announce, declare, assert, state, say
publicly pr kle məˈ ɪ
perfectionist= person who likes to do things perfectly
and is not satisfied with anything less p fek n stəˈ ʃə ɪ
massively = hugely, enormously, immensely, vastly
ˈmæsɪvli
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B
Ironically, however, the number of businesses that fail has
also steadily increased. Work-related stress has increased. A
large proportion of workers from all claim to demographics
be dissatisfied with the way their work is structured and the
way they are managed. This begs the question: what has
gone wrong? Why is it that on paper the for drive
organisation seems a sure for increasing productivity, shot
but in reality falls well short of what is expected?
C
This has been a problem for a while now. Frederick Taylor
was one of the of scientific management. Writing forefathers
in the first half of the 20th century, he designed a number of
principles to improve the efficiency of the work process,
which have since become widespread in modern companies.
So the approach for a while. has been around
D
New research suggests that this obsession with efficiency is
misguided. The problem is not necessarily the management
theories or strategies we use to organise our work; it's the
basic assumptions we hold in approaching how we work.
Here it's the assumption that is a necessary condition order
for productivity. This assumption has also fostered the idea
that disorder must be to organisational detrimental
productivity. The result is that businesses and people spend
time and money organising themselves for the sake of
organising, rather than actually looking at the end goal and
usefulness of such an effort.
E
What's more, recent studies show that order actually has
diminishing returns . Order does increase productivity to a
certain extent , but eventually the usefulness of the process
of organisation, and the benefit it yields, reduce until the point
where any further increase in order reduces productivity.
Some argue that in a business, if the cost of formally
structuring something s the benefit of doing it, then outweigh
that thing ought not to be formally structured. Instead, the
resources involved can be better used elsewhere.
F
In fact, research shows that, when the best innovating,
approach is to create an environment of structure and devoid
hierarchy and everyone involved to engage as one enable
organic group. These environments can lead to new
ironically= paradoxically, oddly, poignantly, fatefully,
unluckily a r nɪˈ T ɪkl i
demographic= data relating to the population and
groups of people in it deməˈɡræfɪk
beg the question= raise a question or point that has
not been dealt with beɡ ðə ˈkwestʃən
drive = motivation, effort, ambition dra vɪ
shot = try, attempt, chance ʃTt
fall short of sth= to be less than
the or that is needed or that you want amount standard
fɔːl ʃɔ:t əv
forefather= ancestor, forebear, precursor ˈ Sːðəfɔːf
efficiency = competence, effectiveness productivity,
ɪˈfɪʃnsi
widespread= extensive, prevalent, common, well-
known, general, #limited ˈwaɪdspred
have been around= to have had experience of many
different situations so that you can deal with new
situations confidently h raəv biːn əˈ ʊnd
obsession = an extremely unhealthy interest in smth
or worry about sth, which stops you from thinking
about anything else. əbˈseʃn
misguided= mistaken, unwise, foolish, wrong #wise
mɪ ɪsˈɡa d dɪ
theory= concept, hypothesis, philosophy ˈθɪəri
assumption= belief, idea, guess, hypothesis, theory
əˈ ʌ ʃns mp
approach= move toward, come close to, come near
to. əˈ ʃprəʊt
order = well-organized state in which everything is
controlled, well , and correctly arranged organized
ˈɔ əːd
foster= encourage, promote, raise, #discourage ˈ T əf st
detrimental= harmful, damaging, negative,
unfavorable, disadvantageous detr mentɪˈ l
for the sake of smb/smth= in order to help or bring
advantage to smb/smth fə ð se k ə ɪ əv
diminish= reduce, lessen, weaken, make smaller,
#increase d nɪˈmɪ ɪʃ
return= profit, gain, earning rɪˈt\ːn
a certain extent = partly, but not completely ə n ˈs\ːt
ɪkˈstent
eventually = finally, ultimately, sooner or later, in the
end, #immediately ɪˈ ʃʊəvent li
yield= produce, bear, generate, bring in jiːld
formally= properly, correctly, officially, legally ˈ lfɔːm i
outweigh= to be more important or than valuable
something else aʊtˈweɪ
innovate= to start to use new ideas, methods,
or inventions ˈɪ ən veɪt
be devoid of sth= without, empty, barren (to be
completely in something) #fulllacking be dɪˈ əvɔɪd v
hierarchy= grading, rank, order ˈ Sːkihaɪər
enable = allow, empower, aid, assist, facilitate, make
possible, #prevent ɪˈ lneɪb
organic = natural, unprocessed, nonchemical,
#inorganic, #artificial ɔ ɡænɪkːˈ
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solutions that, under conventionally structured environments
(filled with bottlenecks in terms of information flow, power
structures, rules, and routines) would never be reached.
G
In recent times companies have slowly started to embrace
this disorganisation. Many of them embrace it in terms of
perception (embracing the idea of disorder, as opposed to
fearing it) and in terms of process (putting mechanisms in
place to reduce structure).
For example, Oticon, a large Danish manufacturer of hearing
aids, used what it called a 'spaghetti' structure in order to
reduce the organisation's hierarchies. This involved rigid
scrapping formal job titles and giving staff huge amounts of
ownership over their own time and projects. This approach
proved to be highly successful initially, with clear
improvements in worker productivity in all of the facets
business.
In similar fashion, the former chairman of General Electric
embraced disorganisation, putting forward the idea of the
'boundary less' organisation. Again, it involves breaking
down the barriers between different parts of a company and
encouraging virtual collaboration and flexible working.
Google and a number of other tech companies have
embraced (at least in part) these kinds of flexible structures,
facilitated by technology and strong company values which
glue people together.
H
A word of warning to others thinking of jumping on this
bandwagon: the evidence so far suggests disorder, much
like order, also seems to have diminishing , and can utility
also have detrimental effects on performance if overused.
Like order, disorder should be embraced only so far as it is
useful. But we should not fear it - nor venerate one over the
other. This research also shows that we should continually
question whether or not our existing assumptions work.
conventionally= traditionally, conservatively,
normally, # unusually unconventionally, kənˈven əʃən li
bottleneck = delay, postponement, putting off,
hindrance, impediment ˈ Tb tlnek
in terms of sth = in relation to something ɪn t v \ːmz ə
embrace= accept, include, adopt, support, #exclude
ɪmˈbreɪs
disorganisation= disorder, incompetence,
inefficiency, ineffectiveness, #organization, #efficiency
dɪˌsɔ ɡə.naɪˈzeɪ.ʃəː. n
perception = insight, awareness, view, opinion
p sepəˈ ʃn
as opposed to= versus, contrasted with, as against,
compared with ə əˈz pəʊzd tuː
mechanism= procedure, process, system, operation,
vehicle ˈ ə əmek nɪz m
aid = assistance, service, support e dɪ
rigid= fixed, inflexible, strict, unbending ˈrɪdʒɪd
scrap = reject, eliminate, remove skræp
ownership= the right or state of being an owner
ˈ əʃɪəʊn p
initially= firstly, originally, in the beginning, at first.
ɪˈnɪʃəli
facet= aspect, part, sid ˈfæsɪt
in a &fashion= in a particular way ɪn ə ˈ ʃ əfæ . n
putting forward = propose, state offer, ˈ ʊp tɪŋ ˈfɔːwəd
boundary= border, limit, frontier ˈ ʊba ndri
virtual= computer-generated, simulated, cybernetic,
#actual ˈ \ ʃʊəv ːt l
collaboration = teamwork, partnership, association
kəˌ əˈ nlæb reɪʃ
facilitate = enable, assist, aid, make easy, make
possible, #impede fəˈsɪlɪteɪt
glue= connect, link, join ɡluː
jump/climb on the bandwagon= to join others in
doing or supporting something fashionable or likely to
be successful dʒʌmp ˈklaɪm ˈTn ðə ˈbændˌwæɡən
utility = usefulness, effectiveness, efficiency, value
juːˈtɪlɪti
overuse = the act of using something too much or too
often əʊvəˈjuːz
venerate= revere, respect, admire, look up ˈ əven reɪt
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NhiÁu b¿n ng¿i là đßc cuốn này xong thì làm test không đánh giá đúng nữa? Th¿t ra
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TEST 3
READING PASSAGE 1
A
Looked at in one way, everyone knows what intelligence is;
looked at in another way, no one does. In other words, people
all have - known as ' ' unconscious notions implicit theories
- of intelligence, but no one knows what it actually for certain
is. This chapter how people addresses conceptualize
intelligence, whatever it may actually be.
But why should we even care what people think intelligence is,
as opposed only to valuing whatever it actually is? There are
at least four reasons people's conceptions of intelligence
matter.
B
First, implicit theories of intelligence the way in which drive
people and their own intelligence and that perceive evaluate
of others. To better understand the people make judgments
about their own and others' abilities, it is useful to learn about
people's implicit theories. For example, parents' implicit
theories of their children's language development will
unconscious = unaware, insensible, senseless
#consious ʌnˈkTnʃəs
notion = idea, thought, concept, perception ˈ əʊʃnn
implicit = unspoken, indirect, implied, #explicit
ɪmˈplɪsɪt
theory = hypothesis, assumption, speculation ˈθɪəri
for certain = for sure, certainly, surely f ə ˈs\ːtn
address= solve, deal with, tackle əˈdres
conceptualize = to form an idea or principle in your
mind ( theorize, hypothesize) = kənˈsep.tʃ əu. .laɪz
as opposed to = used to compare two things and
show that they are different from each other, contrast
with, ə əˈz pəʊzd tuː
conception = belief, idea, view, thought, notion
kənˈsepʃn
matter = be important, have significant ˈ əmæt
drive(v) = direct, lead, guide ˈdraɪv
perceive = sense, realise, feel, understand, become
aware of pəˈsiːv
evaluate = assess, value, analyze, estimate ɪˈ ʊvælj eɪt
judgment = assessment, view, decision, conclusion,
opinion ˈ ʒ ədʒʌd m nt
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determine willing various at what ages they will be to make
corrections in their children's speech. More generally, parents'
implicit theories of intelligence will determine at what ages they
believe their children are ready to variousperform cognitive
tasks. Job interviewers will make hiring decisions on the basis
of their implicit theories of intelligence. People will decide who
to be friends with such theories. , on the basis of In sum
knowledge about implicit theories of intelligence is important
because this knowledge is so often used by people to make
judgments in the course of their everyday lives.
C
Second, the implicit theories of scientific investigators
ultimately give rise to their explicit theories. Thus, it is useful
to find out what these implicit theories are. Implicit theories
provide a that is useful in the general framework defining
scope of a - especially a not-well-understood phenomenon
phenomenon. These mplicit theories can suggest what i
aspects of the phenomenon have been more or less attended
to in previous investigations.
D
Third, implicit theories can be useful when an investigator
suspects that existing explicit theories are wrong or
misleading investigation. If an of implicit theories reveals
little correspondence between the extant implicit and explicit
theories, the implicit theories may be wrong. But the
possibility also needs to be taken into account that the
explicit theories are wrong and correction orin need of
supplementation. For example, some implicit theories of
intelligence suggest the need for of some of our expansion
explicit theories of the construct
E
Finally, understanding implicit theories of intelligence can help
elucidate developmental and differences. As cross-cultural
mentioned earlier, people have for expectations intellectual
performances that differ for children of different ages. How
determine = decide, resolve, influence d nɪˈt\ːmɪ
willing = ready, eager, keen, #reluctant, #unwilling
ˈ ɪŋwɪl
various = several, numerous, many, a number of,
#few ˈ əve rɪəs
perform = make, do, implement pəˈfɔːm
cognitive = reasoning, mental, intellectual, rationnal
ˈ əkTɡn tɪv
on the basis of = based on, by reason of, because
of, on account of ˈT ə ɪ Tn ð ˈbe sɪs v
in sum = in brief, in short, in summary ɪn sʌm
in the course of = during, throughout, in ɪn ð kə ɔːs Tv
investigator = detective, researcher ɪnˈvest əɪɡeɪt
ultimately = eventually, finally, in the end, at last, #at
first #initially ˈʌ ɪ əlt m tli
give rise to = to be the reason why something
happens, especially something bad or unpleasant ɡɪv
raɪz tuː
explicit = clear, obvious, plain #implicit #vague
ɪkˈsplɪsɪt
framework = , background outline, context ˈfreɪmw\ːk
defining= decribing, outlining, explaining d fa nɪˈ ɪ ɪŋ
scope = range, scale, extent sk pəʊ
phenomenon= occurrence, happening, event
fɪˈ Tn mɪnən
attend to = deal with, tackle əˈtend tuː
suspect= doubt, question, be suspicious, be wary,
#trust səˈspekt
investigation = analysis, research, examination.
ɪnˌvestɪˈɡeɪʃn
misleading = deceptive, misrepresenting, deceiving,
confusing, #truthful mɪsˈliːdɪŋ
reveal = . expose, uncover, bring to light, #conceal
rɪˈviːl
correspondence = connection, association,
correlation. kT ɪˈ T ər sp nd ns
extant = existent, present, existing, in existence,
#lost. ekˈstænt
possibility = probability, chance, prospect p b tiTsəˈ ɪlɪ
take into account = take into consideration, consider,
keep in mind ˈ ə əˈ ʊteɪk ˈɪnt ka nt
in need of = need, require ɪn niːd Tv
supplementation = the act of adding something to
something else in order to improve or complete it.
sʌp.lɪ.menˈteɪ ʃə. n
expansion = increase, extension, growth ɪkˈspænʃn
construct = concept, hypothesis, theory kənˈstrʌkt
elucidate = explain, clarify, reveal, make clear,
interpret, #confuse ɪˈluːsɪdeɪt
cross-cultural = multicultural, multiethnic,
cosmopolitan kr l.t r. lTsˈkʌ ʃə ə
expectation = hope, prospect, probability,
anticipation ekspekˈte nɪʃ
intellectual = knowledgeable, academic, highbrow,
intelligent. ɪnt lektəˈ ʃʊəl
performance = the way that someone does their job,
and how well they do it p f nsəˈ ɔ əːm
differ = vary, be different, diverge, be unlike ˈ ədɪf
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these expectations differ is in part a of culture. For function
example, expectations for children who participate in Western-
style schooling are almost certain to be different from those for
children who do not participate in such schooling.
F
I have suggested that there are three implicit theories of major
how intelligence relates to society as a whole (Sternberg,
1997). These might be called Hamiltonian, Jeffersonian, and
Jacksonian. These views are not based , but rather,strictly
loosely, on the of Alexander Hamilton, Thomas philosophies
Jefferson, and Andrew Jackson, three great in the statesmen
history of the United States.
G
The Hamiltonian view, which is similar to the Platonic view, is
that people are born with different levels of intelligence and that
those who are less intelligent need the good offices of the more
intelligent to , whether they are called keep them in line
government officials or, in Plato's , philosopher-kings. term
Herrnstein and Murray (1994) seem to have shared this belief
when they wrote about the emergence of a cognitive (high- ) IQ
elite, which eventually would have to take responsibility for
the largely irresponsible masses of non-elite (low-IQ) people
who cannot take care of themselves. Left to themselves, the
unintelligent would create, as they always have created, a kind
of chaos.
H
The Jeffersonian view is that people should have equal
opportunities, but they do not necessarily avail themselves
equally of these opportunities and are not necessarily equally
rewarded for their accomplishments. People are rewarded for
what they , if given equal opportunity. Low accomplish
achievers are not rewarded to the same as high extent
achievers. In the Jeffersonian view, the goal of education is not
to favor or an elite, as in the Hamiltonian tradition, but foster
rather to allow children the opportunities to make full use of
the skills they have. My own views are similar to these
(Sternberg, 1997).
The Jacksonian view is that all people are equal, not only as
human beings but in terms of their competencies - that one
person would serve as well as another in government or on a
jury or in almost any position of responsibility. In this view of
democracy, people are essentially intersubstitutable except
function(n) = purpose, role, utility ˈ ʃnfʌŋk
major = main, prime, key, #minor ˈmeɪdʒə
as a whole = all together, as a group, as one, all in all
ə əz həʊl
strictly = exactly, precisely, accurately ˈstrɪkli
loosely = freely, roughly, #firmly, #strictly ˈluːsli
philosophy = idea, viewpoint, belief fɪˈlTsəfi
statesman (plural: statesmen) = an experienced
politician, especially one who is respected for making
good judgments. ˈ əsteɪtsm n
keep somebody in line = keep under control,
govern, control kiːp ˈsʌmbədi ɪn laɪn
term = word, phrase, expression t\ːm
emergence = appearance, occurrence, development.
ɪˈm\ːdʒəns
IQ = (intelligence quotient) a total score derived from
several standardized tests designed to assess human
intelligence
elite = upper class, superior, first class (a group of
people who have a lot of power
and influence because they have money, knowledge,
or special skills) eɪˈliːt
take responsibility for the= something that
it is your job or duty to deal with ˈ ɪ ɪˌ T əˈ ɪte k r sp ns bɪl ti f ə
ði:
irresponsible = careless, imprudent # responsible
ɪr sp ns bɪˈ T ə l
mass = majority, main part, largest part mæs
chaos = disorder, confusion, mess #order ˈkeɪTs
equal = equivalent, the same, alike #unequal ˈiːkwəl
necessarily = essentially, automatically, certainly
nes ser liəˈ ə
avail one’s self of smt=to make use of smt əˈveɪl
wʌnz self əv
accomplishment = achievement, triumph, success.
əˈ ʌ ək mplɪʃm nt
accomplish = achieve, complete, finish, do,
undertake, get done, carry out, pull off əˈkʌmplɪʃ
extent = level, range, degree, scope ɪkˈstent
foster = promote, encourage, cultivate, # discourage
ˈ T əf st
to make use of = use, take advantage of, avail of,
utilize tu ˈmeɪk ˈjuːs Tv
competency = capability, ability, skill, # inability
ˈ T ɪ ək mp t nsi
jury = a group of 12 ordinary people who listen to the
details of a case in court and decide whether
someone is guilty or not ˈ ʒʊəd ri |
democracy = a situation or system in which everyone
is equal and has the right to vote, make decisions etc
d kr siɪˈmT ə
intersubstitutable= capable of being substituted for
each other. ɪnˈt\ː ɪtjuːtə-ˈsʌbst bl
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for specialised skills, all of which can be learned. In this view,
we do not need or want any that might lead to institutions
favouring one group another. over
J
Implicit theories of intelligence and of the relationship of
intelligence to society perhaps need to be more considered
carefully than they have been because they often as serve
underlying presuppositions for explicit theories and even
experimental designs that are then taken as scientific
contributions. Until scholars are able to discuss their implicit
theories and thus their assumptions, they are likely to miss
the point of what others are saying when discussing their
explicit theories and their data.
specialised = particular, specific, focused,
concentrated, #generalised. ˈ əspeʃ. l.aɪzd
Institution = organization, foundation, school.
ɪnstɪˈtjuːʃn
favour sth over sth = choose, support, prefer,
promote, benefit, #reject ˈ ə ˈ ʌfeɪv s mθɪŋ ˈ ə ˈ ʌ əʊv s mθɪŋ
consider = respect, take into account, bear in mind.
kə ənˈsɪd
serve = function, work, perform s\ːv
underlying = fundamental, basic, core, main
ʌnd laəˈ ɪɪŋ
presupposition = assumption, supposition,
hypothesis. priːsʌ əˈ np zɪʃ
experimental = trial, new, tentative ɪkˌsperɪˈ lment
scholar = professor, intellectual, researcher,
specialist ˈ T əsk l
assumption = hypothesis, theory, supposition, belief
əˈ ʌ ʃns mp
likely = probable, possible, expected, prospective,
#unlikely ˈlaɪkli
miss the point of = to not understand the main point
of what someone is saying mɪs ð po nt ə ɪ Tv
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READING PASSAGE 2
Zoologist Ross Piper looks at the potential of insects
in pharmaceutical research
A
More drugs than you might think are from, or derived
inspired by, compounds found in living things. Looking
to nature for the soothing and curing of our ailments is
nothing new - we have been doing it for tens of
thousands of years. You only have to look at other
primates - such as the capuchin monkeys who rub
themselves with toxin-oozing millipedes deter to
mosquitoes, or the chimpanzees who use noxious forest
plants to rid themselves of intestinal parasites - to
realise that our too probably had a ancient ancestors
basic of medicine. grasp
bug= insect, pest. bʌɡ
potential= prospect, possibility, capability. p tenəˈ ʃl
pharmaceutical= medicinal, medical, therapeutic, curative.
fSːməˈsjuːtɪkl
derive= . originate, come from, develop, obtain, draw from
d ra vɪˈ ɪ
compound = complex, mixture, mix, combination.
kəmˈpaʊnd
look to sb for sth = to hope that someone will provide
something for you ˈ ʊl k tu sb fə sth
soothing = reducing, alleviating, lessening, easing ˈsuːðɪŋ
curing = healing, treating, alleviating, restore to health,
#exacerbating ˈ ɪŋkjʊər
ailment= disease, illness, sickness ˈ əeɪlm nt
primate = a member of the group of animals that includes
humans and monkeys ˈ ɪ ɪpra me t
rub = apply, smear, spread rʌb
toxin = poison, venom, contaminant ˈ Tt ksɪn
ooze = if a thick liquid oozes from something or if
something oozes a thick liquid, that liquid flows from it very
slowly uːz
millipede (milledepe) = a long thin creature with a very
large number of legs ˈ ɪpiːdmɪl
deter = . prevent, discourage, put off, #encourage d tɪˈ \ː
noxious = toxic, lethal, harmful # harmless ˈ Tn kʃəs
to rid themselves of= overcome tu r d ðɪ əmˈselvz Tv
intestinal = relating to the intestines (= a long tube through
which food travels from the stomach and out of the body
while it is being digested) ɪnˈtestɪ ln
parasite= a plant or animal that lives on or in another plant
or animal and gets food from it ˈ ə ɪpær sa t
ancient= earliest, primeval, prehistoric, age-old, #modern,
#contemporary ˈeɪnʃənt
ancestor= , predecessor forefather, forebear, #descendant
ˈ əænsest
grasp = understanding, knowledge, awareness,
perception, sense ɡrSːsp
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B
Pharmaceutical science and chemistry these built on
ancient foundations and theperfected extraction,
characterisation, and testing of these modification
natural products. Then, for a while, modern
pharmaceutical science moved its focus away from
nature and into the laboratory, designing chemical
compounds from scratch. The main cause of this is shift
that although there are plenty of chemical promising
compounds in nature, finding them is far from easy.
Securing sufficient numbers of the organism in
question isolating characterising, and the compounds
of interest, and producing large quantities of these
compounds are all significant hurdles.
C
Laboratory-based drug discovery has achieved varying
levels of success, something which has now prompted
the development of new focusing once approaches
again on natural products. With the ability to mine
genomes for useful , it is now evident that compounds
we have barely scratched the surface of nature's
molecular diversity. This realisation, together with
several health , such as looming crises antibiotic
resistance, has put bioprospecting - the search for
useful compounds in nature - firmly back on the map.
build on = use your achievements as a base for further
development ˈ Tbɪld n
foundation = basis, groundwork, base, underpinning
faʊ nnˈdeɪʃ
perfect = achieve, reach the summit of, top off, improve
pəˈfekt
extraction= the process of removing or obtaining
something from something else. ɪkˈstrækʃn
characterisation= description, classification, account,
categorisation. kær. k.t .ra ze .ə ə ɪˈ ɪ ʃən
modification = alternation, adjustment, variation, change
mTdɪfɪˈkeɪʃn
laboratory = a room or building with equipment for doing
scientific tests ləˈ T əb r tr
i
from scratch = from the beginning, square one, from the
ground up, initially frəm skrætʃ
shift= change, move, modification ʃɪft
promising = hopeful, shows potential, #disappointing
ˈ T ɪ ɪŋpr m s
far from easy = difficult, challenging, tough, hard, complex,
#simple, #easy ˈfSː frəm ˈiːzi
secure = make safe, safeguard, lock. sɪˈkjʊə
sufficient = enough, adequate, # inadequate səˈfɪʃnt
organism = creature, life form, living thing ˈɔːɡənɪzəm
(smth) in question= smth is being discussed ɪn ˈkwestʃən
isolate = separate, set apart, segregate, detach, #include
ˈ əaɪs leɪt
characterise = distinguish, exemplify, indicate, set apart
ˈ ə əkær. k.t .raɪz
hurdle = obstacle, difficulty, barrier, block. ˈ lh\ːd
laboratory-based drug = drugs that are synthetized in
laboratory ləˈ T ə əb r. .t r.i-beɪs ˈdrʌɡ
varying = changing, shifting, altering, changeable, erratic,
#constant ˈ ə ŋve rɪɪ
prompt = stimulate, urge, encourage, provoke, inspire,
motivate, #prevent pr mptT
approach = method, methodology, tactic əˈ ʃprəʊt
mine= excavate, dig, extract ma nɪ
genome = all the in one cell of living thing. genes ˈ ʒiːnd əʊm
compound= combination, mixture, complex kəmˈpaʊnd
barely = hardly, just, only, just about ˈ əbe li
scratch the surface = to deal with only a very small part of
a subject or problem ˈ ə ɪskrætʃ ð ˈs\ːf s
molecular= relating to molecules, which are the simplest
units of a chemical substance məˈ ʊlekj lə
diversity= . variety, range, assortment, multiplicity da v tiɪˈ \ːsɪ
looming = threatening, alarming, frightening, scary, coming
up ˈluːmɪŋ
crisis (plural: crises) = disaster, catastrophe, trouble,
emergency, calamity. ˈ ɪ ɪkra s s
antibiotic= a drug that is used to kill bacteria and cure
infections æntiba kɪˈTtɪ
resistance = refusing, refusal to accept, refusal to go along
with, # acceptance r z st nsɪˈ ɪ ə
bioprospecting = the process of discovery
and commercialization of new products based on biological
resources. ba pr sp ktɪəʊˈ T [ ɪŋ
firmly = strongly, decisively, determinedly, #loosely ˈ \ːmlif
put smt back on the map = to make a thing, person, or
place famous ˈ ʊ ˈ ʌp t s mθɪŋ bæk ˈTn ðə mæp
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D
Insects are the undisputed masters of the terrestrial
domain, where they every possible . occupy niche
Consequently, they have a bewildering array of
interactions with other organisms, something which has
driven the evolution enormous of an range of very
interesting compounds defensive offensive for and
purposes. Their remarkable diversity exceeds that of
every other group of animals on the planet combined. Yet
even though insects are far and away the most diverse
animals in existence, their potential as sources of
therapeutic compounds is yet to be realised.
E
From the tiny of insects that have been proportion
investigated, several compounds have been promising
identified. For example, alloferon, an antimicrobial
compound produced by blow fly larvae, is used as an
antiviral and antitumor agent in South Korea and
Russia. The larvae of a few other insect are species
being investigated for the potent antimicrobial
compounds they produce. Meanwhile, a compound from
the of the venom wasp Polybia paulista has potential in
cancer treatment.
F
Why is it that insects have received little relatively
attention in bioprospecting? Firstly, there are so many
insects that, without some of targeted approach, manner
investigating this huge variety of species is a daunting
task. Secondly, insects are generally very small, and the
glands inside them that potentially useful secrete
compounds are smaller still. This can make it difficult to
obtain sufficient quantities of the compound for
subsequent testing. Thirdly, although we consider
insects to be everywhere, the reality of this ubiquity is
undisputed= unquestionable, undeniable, undoubted,
acknowledged, #questionable. ʌndɪˈspjuːtɪd
master = ruler, owner, chief ˈ Sːstəm
terrestrial = . earthly, underground, relating to the earth
tɪˈrestrɪəl
domain= . area, field, territory d me nəʊˈ ɪ
occupy= inhabit, live in, reside in, dominate, #vacate
ˈT ʊ ɪkj pa
niche = . place, position, area nɪtʃ
bewildering = confusing, baffling, puzzling perplexing,
mystifying, #clear b w ld rɪˈ ɪ ə ɪŋ
an array of = a wild range of, a number of, many, various,
quite a lot ə əˈ Tn reɪ v
interaction= communication, collaboration relations,
connection. ɪnt rækəˈ ʃn
evolution=development, growth, progress, advancement,
#regression iːvəˈluːʃn
enormous = huge, vast, giant, massive, gigantic, #tiny.
ɪˈ ənɔːm s
defensive= self-protective, defending, shielding, fortified
d fens vɪˈ ɪ
offensive= attacking, violent, aggressive əˈfensɪv
exceed = surpass, go over, go beyond, go above. ɪkˈsiːd
far and away = used to say that something is
much better, worse etc than anything else ˈfSːr ənd əˈweɪ
in existence = existing, extant, #lost ɪ ɪn ɪɡˈz st nsə
therapeutic = healing, curative, #preventive θerəˈpjuːtɪk
proportion= amount, quantity, percentage pr pəˈ ɔːʃn
investigate= look into something, explore, probe.
ɪnˈvest ɪɪɡe t
identified = recognized, known, acknowledged a dentɪˈ ɪfaɪd
antimicrobial= able to destroy harmful microbes which are
small living things that can cause disease)
æn.ti.ma kr .bi. lɪˈ əʊ ə
blow fly = a fly that lays its eggs on meat or wounds ˈbləʊ
flaɪ
larvae= young insect, worms, maggots ˈ Sːviːl
antiviral = an antiviral drug or treatment is used to cure an
infection or disease caused by a virus. æntiˈvaɪ ər l
antitumor = inhibiting the growth of a tumor or tumors
ˈ ˈtjuːməænti-
agent = a chemical or substance that is used for a
particular purpose or that has a particular effect ˈeɪdʒənt
potent= strong, powerful, effective, #weak ˈpəʊtnt
venom= poison, toxin, #antidote ˈ əven m
wasp = bee, large bee w spT
relatively = comparatively, quite, somewhat ˈ ərel tɪvli
bioprospecting = the scientific study of plants and other
living things in order to discover new drugs that can be
used as medicines ba pr sp ktɪəʊˈ T [ ɪŋ
manner = way, style, method, means ˈ əmæn
daunting= difficult, tough. ˈ ɔːntɪŋd
gland = an organ of the body or of a plant that secretes
liquid chemicals that have various purposes ɡlænd
secrete = release, produce, ooze, #absorb. sɪˈkriːt
obtain =gain, find, acquire, achieve, get hold of əbˈteɪn
subsequent = following, successive, later ˈ ɪ əsʌbs kw nt
reality = real life, actuality, the real world r æl tiɪˈ ɪ
ubiquity= popular, common, all over the place juːˈbɪkwɪti
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vast numbers of a few extremely common species. Many
insect species are infrequently and very encountered
difficult to in , which, again, can leave us rear captivity
with insufficient material to work with.
G
My colleagues and I at Aberystwyth University in the UK
have developed an in which we use our approach
knowledge of ecology as a guide to our efforts. target
The that particularly interest us are the many creatures
insects that secrete poison powerful for subduing prey
and keeping it fresh for future consumption. There are
even more insects that are masters of exploiting filthy
habitats, such as faces carcasses and , where they are
regularly challenged by thousands of . microorganisms
These insects have many antimicrobial compounds for
dealing with pathogenic bacteria and fungi, suggesting
that there is certainly potential to find many compounds
that can serve as or new antibiotics. inspire
H
Although natural history knowledge points us in the
right direction, it doesn't solve the problems associated
with obtaining useful compounds from insects.
Fortunately, it is now possible to snip out the stretches
of the insect's DNA that carry the codes for the interesting
compounds and insert cell linesthem into that allow
larger quantities to be produced. And although the road
from and isolating characterising compounds with
desirable qualities to developing a product commercial
is very long and full of , the variety of successful pitfalls
animal-derived pharmaceuticals on the market
demonstrates there is a precedent here that is worth
exploring. With every bit of wilderness that disappears,
vast = massive, considerable, limitless, #small vSːst
encounter = meet, see, come across, run into, come upon,
stumble upon, #avoided ɪnˈkaʊ ənt
rear = raise, nurture, look after, take care of, #neglect rɪə
captivity= cage, prison, custody, #freedom kæpˈtɪ ɪv ti
insufficient= not enough, inadequate, deficient, in short
supply, lacking, #sufficient ɪnsəˈfɪʃnt
approach= method, methodology, technique, procedure,
tactic əˈ ʃprəʊt
ecology= ecosystem, bionetwork, biology, environmental
science, natural science iːˈkT əl dʒi
target = direct, aim, point, focus ˈ Sːɡɪtt
creature = animal, living being, living thing ˈkriːtʃə
secrete= release, produce, ooze sɪˈkriːt
poison = toxin, venom, contagion, toxic substance ˈ npɔɪz
subdue = defeat, control səbˈdjuː
prey = quarry, victim, target #predator, #hunter. preɪ
consumption = feeding, use, eating. kə ʌ ʃnnˈs mp
exploit = use, utilize, make use of, take advantage of,
make the most of, #waste ɪkˈsplɔɪt
filthy=dirty, muddy, messy, grubby, #clean ˈ ɪlθif
habitat= living environment, surrounding. ˈ ɪhæb tæt
faces=mine=the part of a mine from which coal, stone, etc
is cut ˈfeɪ ɪs z
carcass = corpse, cadaver, dead body ˈ Sːkəsk
microorganism = germ, virus, bacteria ma krɪ əʊ ˈɔːɡəˌnɪzəm
deal with= solve, tackle, cope with, handle diːl wɪð
pathogenic= able to cause disease. ˈpæθədʒən
inspire = motivate, encourage, stimulate ɪnˈspaɪə
points someone in the right direction = to give one
advice or information that helps guide them toward a
desired outcome or course of action pɔɪnts ˈsʌmwʌn ɪn ðə
ˈ ɪˈ ʃnraɪt d rek
associate with = relate to, accompany, mix, consort with
əˈ ɪsəʊsie t wɪð
snip out = extract, cut snɪp ˈaʊt
stretch= part, section, bit stretʃ
insert = add, include, make the addition of, #extract ɪnˈs\ːt
cell line = a cell culture developed from a single cell and
therefore consisting of cells with a uniform genetic makeup.
sel laɪn
isolate = separate, detach, cut off, set apart, #include
ˈ əaɪs leɪt
characterise= distinguish, typify, exemplify, set apart
ˈ ə əkær. k.t .raɪz
desirable = wanted, needed, necessary, required,
#undesirable d za r bɪˈ ɪə ə l
commercial=profitable, trade, marketable, saleable, profit-
making, #charitable kəˈm\ːʃl
pitfall= difficulty, trap ˈ ɔpɪtf ːl
derive=originate, develope, come from d ra vɪˈ ɪ
precedent = something of the same type that has
happened or existed before ˈ əpresɪd nt
wilderness = a large area of land that has never been
developed or farmed ˈ ə əwɪld n s
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we deprive ourselves of potential medicines. As much as
I'd love to help develop a groundbreaking insect-
derived medicine, my main motivation for looking at
insects in this way is . I conservation sincerely believe
that all species, however small and seemingly
insignificant, have a right to exist for their own sake. If
we can shine a light on the darker of nature's recesses
medicine cabinet, exploring the useful chemistry of the
most animals on the planet, I believe we can diverse
make people think differently about the value of nature.
deprive of = take, remove, withdraw, take away, #provide
d pra vɪˈ ɪv T
groundbreaking= revolutionary, pioneering, innovative,
leading-edge ˈɡraʊndˌbrekɪŋ
conservation= preservation, protection, maintenance,
#destruction kT əˈ nns veɪʃ
sincerely = genuinely, truthfully, seriously, earnestly,
really, #insincerely from the bottom of one’s heart, sɪnˈsɪəli
seemingly = apparently, on the face of it, superficially
ˈsiːmɪŋli
for one’s own sake = in order to help or bring advantage
to someone (=for one’s good or benefit) fə w nz n seʌ əʊ ɪk
shine a light = make it clear, brighten, give an explanation,
investigate, clarify ʃaɪ ɪn laə t
the recesses of = a secret or hidden place ð ses və rɪˈ ɪz T
cabinet= piece of furniture with shelves, cupboards, or
drawers, used for storing or showing things ˈ əkæbɪn t
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READING PASSAGE 3
Virtually every child, the world over, plays. The to drive
play is so intense that children will do so in any
circumstances, for instance when they have no real toys, or
when parents do not actively encourage the behavior. In the
eyes of a young child, running, pretending, and building are
fun. Researchers and educators know that these playful
activities benefit the development of the whole child across
social, cognitive, physical, and emotional domains. Indeed,
play is such an instrumental component to healthy child
development that the United Nations High Commission on
Human Rights (1989) recognised play as a fundamental right
of every child.
Yet, while experts continue to expound a powerful argument
for the importance of play in children's lives, the actual time
children spend playing continues to decrease. Today, children
play eight hours less each week than their counterparts did
two decades ago (Elkind 2008). Under pressure of rising
academic standards, play is being replaced by test
preparation in kindergartens and grade schools, and
virtually = almost, nearly, practically ˈ ʃʊəv\ːt li
the world over = everywhere in the world ð və ˈw\:ld ˈəʊ ə
drive = urge, desire, need, instinct, passion dra vɪ
intense =strong, powerful, forceful, deep, passionate.
ɪnˈtens
circumstance = situation, context, incident, case, event
ˈ ə əs\ːk mst ns
encourage = inspire, boost, urge, assist, promote,
#discourage ɪnˈkʌrɪdʒ
in the eyes of = in the opinion of, in the view of ɪ ɪn ði a z
Tv
pretend = imagine, fantasize, not real pr tendɪˈ
cognitive= perceptive, rational, thinking, thought, mental,
intellectual, reasoning. ˈ ə ɪkTɡn t v
domain = . area, field d me nəʊˈ ɪ
indeed = actually, in reality, in fact, as a matter of fact, in
actual fact, in truth ɪnˈdiːd
instrumental = influential, contributory, helpful
ɪnstr mentʊˈ l
component = part, element, piece, factor, section,
#whole kəmˈp əəʊn nt
fundamental = basic, essential, primary, necessary, vital,
#secondary f ndʌ əˈmentl
expound = explain, develop, expand, give further details
about ɪkˈspaʊnd
counterpart = colleague, corresponding person
ˈ ʊ ə Sːtka nt p
kindergarten = = a school for very young children
nursery school, playschool, pre-school playgroup
ˈ nkɪndəɡSːt
grade school = elementary school primary school , ɡreɪd
skuːl
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parents who aim give preschoolers to their a leg up are led
to believe that flashcards and educational 'toys' are the path
to success. Our society has created a false dichotomy
between play and learning.
Through play, children learn to their behavior, regulate lay
the foundations for later learning in science and
mathematics, the complex of social figure out negotiations
relationships, build a repertoire of creative problem-solving
skills, and so much more. There is also an important role for
adults in guiding children through playful learning
opportunities.
Full consensus on a formal definition of play continues to
elude the researchers and who study it. Definitions theorists
range from discrete descriptions of various types of play
such as physical, construction, language, or symbolic play
(Miller & Almon 2009), to lists of broad criteria, based on
observations and attitudes, that are meant to capture the
essence of all play behaviors (e.g. Rubin et al. 1983).
A majority of the contemporary definitions of play focus on
several key . The founder of the National Institute for criteria
Play, Stuart Brown, has described play as 'anything that
spontaneously is done for its own sake'. More specifically,
he says it 'appears purposeless, produces pleasure and joy,
[and] leads one to the next stage of mastery' quoted (as in
Tippett 2008). Similarly, Miller and Almon (2009) say that play
includes 'activities that are freely chosen and directed by
children and arise from intrinsic motivation'. Often, play is
defined along a continuum as more or less playful using the
following set of behavioral and dispositional criteria (e.g.
aim = plan, intend, try, want, endeavor, aspire, strive for
eɪm
give sb a leg up = to help someone to improve their
situation, especially at work ɡɪv ˈsʌmbɔdi ə ˈleg ʌp
preschooler = under-five, youngster, child ˈpriːˌskuːlə
path = way, route, direction pSːθ
dichotomy = contrast, opposition #harmony da miɪˈkTtə
regulate = control, adjust, set, standardize ˈ ɡjʊleɪtre
lay = place, put, set, pick up leɪ
foundation = basis, base, footing, underpinning faʊ nnˈdeɪʃ
figure out = work out, understand, discover, solve,
realise ˈ ɪɡə ʊf ˈa t
negotiation = cooperation, compromise, intervention,
discussion, finding the middle ground, #confrontation
nɪˌɡəʊʃɪˈeɪʃn
repertoire = range, list, group, series ˈ ərep twSː
consensus = agreement, harmony, accord kənˈsensəs
elude = . escape, avoid ɪˈluːd
theorist = philosopher, theoretician, thinker, truth-seeker,
#realist ˈθ ɪɪər st
range from = vary from, differ from, diverge from re ndɪ ʒ
frTm
discrete = separate, distinct, detached, isolated,
unconnected. dɪˈskriːt
symbolic = representative, figurative, emblematic,
representational sɪmˈbTlɪk
broad = wide-ranging, wide, general, large, #restricted,
#narrow brɔːd
criterion criteria (plural) = – principle, norm, standard,
measure, condition. kra rɪˈtɪə ɪən kra– ɪˈtɪərɪə
capture = catch, seize, get, acquire, obtain. ˈkæptʃə
essence = spirit, core, principle, fundamental nature
ˈesns
contemporary = modern, current, present-day, modern-
day, up-to-date, existing, #old kənˈtemprəri
criteria = , standards, principles measures kra rɪˈtɪə ɪə
spontaneously = naturally, freely, unexpectedly,
unprompted, all of a sudden, #deliberately sp n sliTnˈteɪ ɪə
for one’s own sake = in order to help or bring advantage
to someone fə w nz n seʌ əʊ ɪk
specifically= particularly, specially, purposely, precisely,
spəˈsɪfɪkli
purposeless = senseless, meaningless ˈ \ ə əp ːp sl s
pleasure = amusement, recreation, leisure, relaxation,
happiness, enjoyment, satisfaction #displeasure ˈpleʒə
mastery = proficiency, knowledge, ability, capability
ˈ Sːstərim
quoted = repeated, refer to, recited, mentioned ˈkwəʊtɪd
arise from = result from, be the result of, be caused by,
stem from, come from əˈ Traɪz fr m
intrinsic = natural, innate, genuine, fundamental, basic,
inherent ɪnˈtrɪ ɪns k
continuum = range, band, field kə ənˈtɪnju m
the set of smt = a group of things that belong together or
are used together ðə set əv smt
dispositional = related to personality, character, instinct
ˌ əˈdɪsp zɪʃən(ə)l
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Rubin et al. 1983): Play is pleasurable: Children must enjoy
the activity or it is not play. It is intrinsically motivated:
Children engage in play simply for the the satisfaction
behavior itself brings. It has no extrinsically motivated
function or goal. Play is process oriented: When children
play, the means are more important than the ends. It is freely
chosen, spontaneous and voluntary. If a child is pressured,
they will likely not think of the activity as play. Play is actively
engaged: Players must be physically and/or mentally involved
in the activity. Play is non-literal. It involves make-believe.
According to this view, children's playful behaviors can range
in degree from 0% to 100% playful. Rubin and colleagues did
not greater weight to any one in assign dimension
determining playfulness; however, other researchers have
suggested that process orientation and a of lack obvious
functional purpose may be the most important aspects of
play (e.g. Pellegrini 2009).
From the perspective of a continuum, play can thus blend
with other motives and attitudes that are less playful, such as
work. Unlike play, work is typically not viewed as enjoyable
and it is extrinsically motivated (i.e. it is goal oriented).
Researcher Joan Goodman (1994) suggested that hybrid
forms of work and play are not a detriment to learning;
rather, they can provide contexts for learning. For optimal
example, a child may be a difficult, goal-directed engaged in
activity set up by their teacher, but they may still be actively
engaged and intrinsically motivated. At this mid-point
between play and work, the child's motivation, coupled with
guidance from an adult, can create robust opportunities for
playful learning. Critically, recent research supports the idea
that adults can facilitate children's learning while
maintaining a playful in approach interactions known as
pleasurable = satisfying, enjoyable, good fun, pleasing,
pleasant ˈ ə lpleʒər b
engage in = participate in, take part in, do, involve in
ɪnˈɡeɪdʒ ɪn
satisfaction=fulfilment, enjoyment, pleasure,
contentment, enjoyment, #dissatisfaction. sætɪsˈfækʃn
extrinsically = coming from outside or not directly
relating to something [ksˈtrɪ ɪ əns k li
oriented = directed towards or interested in something
ˈɔːrɪəntɪd
literal = factual, truthful, honest, exact #fictional ˈ ɪ ə əl t r l
make-believe = fantasy, pretense, role-playing, #reality
ˈ ɪ ɪliːvme k b
range = vary, alternate, fluctuate, extend re ndɪ ʒ
assign = allocate, select and give a responsibility əˈsaɪn
dimension = aspect, element, facet, feature, factor,
component d menɪˈ ʃn
determine = identify, find out, specify d t nɪˈ \ːmɪ
process orientation = emphasize or focus on process,
system or procedure ˈ ɪenˈteprəʊsɪs ˌɔːr ɪʃn
lack = dearth, shortage, deficiency, absence,
insufficiency, #abundance #surplus læk
obvious = clear, noticeable, apparent, recognizable,
#obscure. ˈTbvɪəs
aspect = . feature, facet, part ˈæspekt
perspective = view, viewpoint, thought, point of view
p spekt vəˈ ɪ
blend = mix, combine, merge. blend
motive = reason, purpose, motivation, intention, drive,
#deterrent ˈməʊtɪv
hybrid = cross, mixture, mix, fusion. ˈhaɪbrɪd
detriment = disadvantage, harm, damage, #advantage,
#benefit ˈ ɪ ədetr m nt
optimal = finest, prime, most favorable, best possible,
most advantageous, #worst. ˈT ɪ lpt m
engage in= involve, take part ˈT ɪ lpt m
mid-point = a point half the distance along something
such as a line ˈmɪd.pɔɪnt
couple with = together with, in addition to, as well as
ˈ lkʌp w ð ɪ
robust = healthy, vigorous, strong, forceful, #weak
r b stəʊˈ ʌ
critically = significantly, vitally, importantly, essentially,
crucially, seriously, #insignificantly ˈ lkrɪtɪk i
facilitate = aid, assist, accelerate, make easy, make
possible, smooth the progress of, #impede. fəˈsɪlɪte tɪ
maintain = keep, sustain, conserve, preserve, #destroy
me nɪnˈteɪ
approach = method, methodology, tactic. əˈ ʃprəʊt
interaction =communication, contact, collaboration
ɪnt rækəˈ ʃn
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'guided play' (Fisher et al. 2011). The adult's in play role
varies as a function of their educational goals and the child's
developmental level (Hirsch-Pasek et al. 2009).
Guided play takes two forms. At a very basic level, adults can
enrich the child's environment by providing objects or
experiences that promote aspects of a . In the curriculum
more direct form of guided play, parents or other adults can
support children's play by joining in the fun as a co-player,
raising thoughtful questions, commenting on children's
discoveries, or encouraging further exploration or new
facets to the child's activity. Although playful learning can be
somewhat structured, it must also be child-centered
(Nicolopolou et al. 2006). Play should the child's stem from
own . desire
Both free and guided play are essential elements in a child-
centered approach to playful learning. Intrinsically motivated
free play provides the child with true autonomy, while guided
play is an avenue through which parents and educators can
provide more targeted learning experiences. In either case,
play should be actively engaged, it should be predominantly
child-directed, and it must be fun.
role = function, responsibility, task, part character r ləʊ
vary = differ, diverge, be different, alter, fluctuate ˈ əve ri
enrich = enhance, augment, improve. ɪnˈrɪ ʃt
promote = support, foster, encourage, help, #suppress
pr təˈməʊ
curriculum = set of courses, program of study, syllabus
kəˈ ʊrɪkj ləm
co-player = teammate, ally, partner fellow player ˈkəʊ-
ˈ əpleɪ. r
thoughtful thorough, deep, considerate = ˈθɔːtfəl
comment = remark, mention, state, point out ˈ Tk ment
discovery = exploration, breakthrough, invention, finding
d sk vɪˈ ʌ əri
exploration = . discovery, adventure, searching
ekspl reəˈ ɪʃn
facet = aspect, feature, component, factor, side, surface
ˈfæsɪt
somewhat = partly, slightly, to some extent, to a certain
degree ˈ ʌ Ts mw t
centered = focused, concentrated, highlighted,
examined, targeted ˈ əsent rd
stem from sth = arise from, originate from, come from,
derive from, develop from, be a result of, be caused by
stem fr m ə ˈsʌmθɪŋ
desire = wish, want, longing, craving d zaɪˈ ɪə
essential = vital, fundamental basic elemental crucial
important unnecessary ɪˈ ʃlsen
element = component, factor, part ˈ ɪ əel m nt
autonomy = independence, self-rule, self-government,
#dependence ɔːˈtT ən mi
avenue = opportunity, possibility, chance ˈ ənjuːæv
educator teacher, instructor, coach, mentor, =
educationalist ˈ əedʒʊkeɪt
predominantly = mainly, mostly, largely, principally, for
the most part partially pr d nɪˈ Tmɪ əntli
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TEST 4
READING PASSAGE 1
Pheidole dentata, a of the south-eastern U.S., native ant
isn't . But scientists have found that it doesn't seem immortal
to show any signs of . Old worker ants can do aging
everything just as well as the youngsters, and their brains
appear just as . 'We get a picture that these ants really sharp
don't ,' says Ysabel Giraldo, who studied the ants for decline
her doctoral thesis at Boston University. Such age- defying
feats rare are in the animal kingdom. rats can Naked mole
live for almost 30 years and stay fit for nearly their entire
lives. They can still even when old, and they reproduce
never get . But the cancer vast majority of animals
deteriorate with age just like people do. Like the naked mole
rat, ants are social that usually live in highly creatures
organised colonies. 'It's this social complexity that makes
native = resident, local, aboriginal #foreign ˈneɪtɪv
ant= a small insect that lives in large groups ænt
immortal = eternal, undying, endless. ɪˈ lmɔːt
aging= the process of growing old ˈ ŋeɪdʒɪ
youngster = younger ants ˈ ʌŋstəj
sharp = intelligent #dull #stupid ʃSːp
decline = fall, decrease, weaken # increase d klaɪˈ ɪn
thesis = long piece of writing that you do as part of
an advanced university degree such as an MA or
a PhD ˈθiːsɪs
defying = disobey, break a law, flout f#obey d faɪˈ ɪɪŋ
feat = achievement, accomplishment fiːt
rare= uncommon, unusual, occasional #common
reə
naked = nude, unclothed, stripped, undressed
#covered ˈneɪkɪd
mole = a small dark furry animal which is almost
blind. moles usually live under the ground. məʊl
stay fit = keep fit, keep in shape ste tɪ fɪ
reproduce = breed, give birth to, procreate
riːprəˈdjuːs
cancer = a very serious disease in which cells in
one part of the body start to grow in a way that is
not normal ˈ əkæns
vast = huge, enormous, immense, massive #small
vSːst
majority = popular, common #minority məˈdʒTrɪti
deteriorate = decline, worsen, weaken d t r re tɪˈ ɪə ɪə ɪ
creature = animal, insect, living thing ˈkriːtʃə
colonies = group, association, society ˈ T ək l nɪz
complexity = intricacy, complication #simplicity
kəmˈpleksɪti
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P. dentata useful for studying aging in people,' says Giraldo,
now at the California Institute of Technology. Humans are
also highly social, a that has been connected to trait
healthier aging. , most animal studies of aging By contrast
use mice, worms or , which all lead much more fruit flies
isolated lives. In the , lab P. dentata worker ants typically
live for around 140 days. Giraldo focused on ants at four age
ranges: 20 to 22 days, 45 to 47 days, 95 to 97 days and 120
to 122 days. Unlike all studies, which only previous
estimated how old the ants were, her work the ants tracked
from the time the became adults, so she knew their pupae
exact ages. Then she put them through a range of
tests.
Giraldo watched how well the ants took care of the young of
the colony, recording how often each ant attended to,
carried and fed them. She compared how well 20-day-old
and 95-day-old ants followed the that the telltale scent
insects usually leave to mark a trail to food. She tested how
ants responded to light and also measured how active they
were by counting how often ants in a small dish walked
across a line. And she experimented with how ants react to
live : a prey tethered fruit fly. Giraldo expected the older ants
to perform poorly in all these tasks. But the elderly insects
were all good caretakers and trail-followers-the 95-day-old
ants could track the scent even longer than their younger
counterparts. They all responded to light well, and the older
ants were more active. And when it came to reacting to prey,
the older ants attacked the poor fruit fly just as aggressively
as the young ones did, their or pulling at flaring mandibles
the fly's legs.
Then Giraldo compared the brains of 20-day-old and 95-day-
old ants, identifying any cells that were close to death. She
saw no major differences with age, nor was there any
difference in the location of the dying cells, showing that age
didn't seem to affect brain specific functions.
trait= attribute, character, feature, personality tre tɪ
by contrast = alternatively, on the other hand, as
opposed to, different ˈ ɪ ənˈtrSːstba k
fruit fly= a small fly that eats fruit or decaying plants
ˈ ɪfru:t fla
isolated= separated, lonely, solitary, friendless
ˈ əaɪs leɪtɪd
lab= laboratary, workroom, test center læb
typically= commonly, usually, normally. ˈ ltɪpɪki
range = variety, serries, collection re ndɪ ʒ
estimate = assess, value, appraise ˈ ɪ ɪest me t
track= follow, chase, pursue træk
pupa= an insect at the stage before it becomes
adult, when it is protected by a special cover ˈpjuːpə
watch = observe, survey, examine wTtʃ
colony= a group of animals or plants of the
same type that are living together ˈ T ək l ni
attend to sb/sth= to deal with business
or personal matters əˈ ˈ ʌtend tu s mbɔdi/ˈsʌ ɪŋmθ
carry = to be pregnant with a child ˈkæri
telltale = revealing, divulging, indicative #hidden
ˈtelteɪl
scent= the smell of a particular animal or person
that some other animals can follow sent
trail = path, line, way treɪl
react to= respond, alter, retort #ignore rɪˈækt tuː
prey = an animal that is hunted and eaten by
another animal # predator preɪ
tether = tie, fasten, secure, rope #untie ˈ əteð
poorly = disappointingly, badly #well ˈpʊəli
caretaker= someone who looks after other people,
especially a teacher, parent, nurse etc ˈ ə ɪke te kə
counterpart = equivalent, colleague, equal
ˈ ʊ əka nt pSːt
aggressively= violently, hostilely, forcefully #mildly
əˈɡresɪvli
flare = if a person or animal flares their nostrils
(=the openings at the end of the nose), their nostrils
become wider because they are angry fleə
mandible= jaw, jawbone, mouth, mouthpiece
ˈ lmændɪb
identify= find, recognize, classify a dent faɪˈ ɪ ɪ
specific = particular, certain, exclusive #general
sp kəˈsɪfɪ
function= purpose, role, job ˈ ʃnfʌŋk
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Ants and other insects have in their brains called structures
mushroom bodies, which are important for processing
information, learning and memory. She also wanted to see if
aging affects the of density synaptic complexes within
these structures-regions neurons where come together.
Again, the answer was no. What was more, the old ants
didn't experience any in the levels of either drop serotonin
or -brain chemicals whose often dopamine decline
coincides with aging. In humans, for example, a decrease
in serotonin has been Alzheimer's disease. linked to
'This is the first time anyone has looked at both behavioral
and neural changes in these ants so thoroughly,' says
Giraldo, who recently the published findings in the
Proceedings of the Royal Society B. Scientists have looked
at some similar aspects in bees, but the results of recent bee
studies were -some studies showed age-related mixed
declines, which call biologists senescence, and others
didn't. 'For now, the study raises more questions than it
answers,' Giraldo says, 'including how P. dentata stays in
such good shape.'
Also, if the ants don't with age, why do they die deteriorate
at all? Out in the wild, the ants probably don't live for a full
140 days thanks to , disease and just being in an predators
environment that's much than the comforts of the harsher
lab. 'The lucky ants that do live into old age may a suffer
steep decline just before dying,' Giraldo says, but she can't
say because her study wasn't designed to follow an for sure
ant's final moments.
'It will be important to these findings to other species extend
of social insects,' says Gene E. Robinson, an entomologist
at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. This ant
structure = constitute, construct, form ˈstrʌktʃə
process = handle, deal with, manage ˈprəʊses
density= intensity, concentration, extent, degree
ˈdensɪti
synaptic (adj) = related to the place where nerve
cells meet, especially in the brain ˈsaɪnæps
complex = an emotional problem in which someone
is unnecessarily anxious about something or thinks
too much about something works, systems
ˈ Tk mpleks
region= area, zone, place ˈriːdʒən
neuron = a type of cell that makes up the nervous
system and sends messages to other parts of the
body or the brain ˈ Tnjʊər n
drop = reduction, decrease, decline dr pT
serotonin = a chemical in the body that helps carry
messages from the brain and is believed to make
you feel happy ser n nəˈtəʊ ɪ
dopamine = a hormone (= chemical substance) that
is made naturally in the body and may also be given
as a drug ˈ əmiːndəʊp
coincide with = to happen at the same time as
something else, especially by chance kəʊɪnˈsaɪd wɪð
link to = connect, relate, combine #seperate ˈlɪŋk tuː
look at = search, study, investigate, explore ˈ ʊl k æt
thoroughly= comprehensively, completely,
carefully, meticulously ˈθʌ ər li
publish = issue, print, distribute ˈpʌblɪʃ
finding = discovery, conclusion, result ˈfaɪndɪŋ
proceeding = an event or a series of things that
happen prəˈsiːdɪŋ
mixed = varied, diverse, assorted mɪkst
biologist= a scientist who studies or works in
biology ba d stɪˈTlə ʒɪ
senescene = becoming old and showing the effects
of getting older sɪˈ ənes. ns
raise = produce, create, cause re zɪ
stay in good shape = keep fit, get fit, keep in shape
ˈ ɪ ʊste ɪn g d ʃeɪp
deteriorate = get worse, go down, degenerate,
decline d r reɪˈtɪə ɪə ɪt
predator= an animal that kills and eats other
animals #prey ˈ ə əpred t
harsh=severe = harsh conditions are difficult to live
in and very uncomfortable hSːʃ
suffer = experience, undergo, bear, endure ˈ əsʌf
steep= dramatic, sharp, extreme stiːp
for sure = certainly, definitely fə ʃʊə
extend= spread, broaden, expand ɪkˈstend
insect = bug, pest, creature ˈɪnsekt
entomologist= a scientist who studies insects
entəˈmTləd stʒɪ
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might be , or it might a unique represent broader pattern
among other social bugs with possible to the science clues
of aging in larger animals. Either way, it seems that for these
ants, age really doesn't matter.
unique= sole, exclusive, distinctive #common juːˈniːk
represent = signify, characterize, denote, symbolize
riːprɪˈzent
broad = wide, large, big brɔːd
pattern= example, modal, prototype ˈ npæt
clue= sign, hint, cue, evidence kluː
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READING PASSAGE 2
Scientist David Hone makes the case for zoos
A
In my view, it is perfectly possible for many of species
animals living in zoos or parks to have a quality wildlife
of life as high as, or higher than, in the wild. Animals in
good zoos get a varied and high-quality with all the diet
supplements required , and any they might illnesses
have will be . Their movement might be treated
somewhat restricted , but they have a safe environment
in which to live, and they are spared bullying and social
ostracism by others of their kind. They do not suffer
from threat the or stress of , or the predators irritation
and pain of parasites or injuries. The average captive
animal will have a greater life expectancy compared
make a case for sth = to argue that something is the
best thing to do, giving your reasons ˈ ɪ ə ɪ əme k ke s f sth
species= type, kind, sort, class, group ˈspiːʃiːz
wildlife= nature, natural world, environment ˈwaɪldlaɪf
varied = diverse, various, mixed #limited ˈ əve rɪd
diet= food and drink, eating habits, pattern of eating.
ˈdaɪət
supplement= addition, complement, enhancement
#deduction ˈ ɪsʌpl ment
require = need, want, involve r kwaɪˈ ɪə
treat= cure, care for, heal, remedy triːt
somewhat = to some extent, to a certain degree, rather
ˈ ʌ Ts mw t
restrict= limit, prohibit, inhibit r strɪˈ ɪkt
spare= to prevent someone from having
to experience something unpleasant speə
bully = frighten, intimidate, harass ˈ ʊb li
ostracism = isolation, exclusion, keeping out #inclusion
ˈT ə əstr sɪz m
suffer from = undergo, bear, endure, experience, put up
with ˈ ə Tsʌf fr m
threat = danger, risk, menace, hazard θret
predator = an animal that kills and eats other animals
ˈ ə əpred t
irritation= nuisance, , annoyance (the feeling of
being annoyed) ɪr teɪˈ ɪʃn
parasite = a small animal or plant that lives on or inside
another animal or plant and gets its food from it ˈ əpær saɪt
captive= caged, imprisoned, in prison #free ˈkæptɪv
life expectancy= lifespan, lifetime ˈ ɪ ɪkˈspektəla f nsi
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with its wild and will not die of drought, of counterpart,
starvation or in the of a predator. A lot of very jaws
nasty things happen to truly 'wild' animals that simply
don't happen in good zoos, and to view a life that is 'free'
as one that is automatically 'good' is, I think, an error.
Furthermore, zoos several key purposes. serve
B
Firstly, zoos aid conservation Colossal. numbers of
species are becoming across the world, and extinct
many more are increasingly and therefore threatened
risk extinction . Moreover, some of these collapses
have been sudden, and unexpected, or were dramatic
simply discovered very late in the day. A species
protected in captivity bred up can be to provide a
reservoir population against a population crash or
extinction in the wild. A good number of species only
exist in captivity, with many of these living in zoos. Still
more only exist in the wild because they have been
reintroduced from zoos, or have wild populations that
have been by captive bred animals. Without boosted
these efforts there would be fewer species alive today.
Although reintroduction successes are few and far
between, the numbers are increasing, and the very fact
that species have been saved or reintroduced as a result
of captive breeding s the value of such . prove initiatives
C
Zoos also provide education. Many children and adults,
especially those in cities, will never see a wild animal
beyond a fox or pigeon. While it is true that television
documentaries are becoming ever more and detailed
impressive, and many natural history are specimens on
display in museums, there really is nothing to compare
with seeing a living creature in the flesh, hearing it,
smelling it, watching what it does and having the time to
absorb details. That alone will bring a greater
understanding and to many, and hopefully perspective
counterpart = colleague, equal, equivalent ˈ ʊ ə Sːtka nt p
starvation = hunger, famine, food shortage, lack of food
stSːˈveɪʃn
jaws= the mouth of a person or animal, especially
a dangerous animal dʒɔːz
nasty= dangerous, painful, horrible #slight ˈ Sːstin
serve = perform, do, achieve, fulfill s\ːv
aid = support, help, encourage eɪd
conservation= preservation, protection, maintenance
kT əˈ nns veɪʃ
colossal= huge, massive, gigantic, enormous #tiny
k səˈlT l
extinct = inexistent, vanished, defunct, dead ɪkˈstɪŋt
threaten = frighten, intimidate, warn ˈθ nret
risk = suffer from, endanger, jeopardize. r skɪ
extinction = disappearance, loss, extermination, death
ɪkˈstɪ ʃnŋk
collapse = illness, injury, breakdown kəˈlæps
sudden = unexpected, rapid, quick #gradually ˈ nsʌd
dramatic = remarkable, impressive, extraordinary
dr mæt kəˈ ɪ
captivity = when a person or animal is kept in
a prison, cage #freedom kæpˈtɪvɪti
breed = have babies, reproduce, procreate, propagate
briːd
reservoir= a large amount of something that is available
and has not yet been used ˈ ərez vwSː
population crash = a sudden decline in the numbers of
individual members in a population p pj leT ʊˈ ɪʃn
kræʃ
reintroduce = restore, reinstate, bring back riːɪ əˈdjuːsntr
boost = increase, improve, enhance #reduce buːst
be few and far between = to be rare bi fjuː ənd ˈfSː bɪˈtwiːn
prove= show, demonstrate, confirm pruːv
initiative= plan, program, project, scheme, idea tɪˈnɪʃə ɪv
beyond= other than, beside b ndɪˈjT
documentary = film, movie, biography d kj ment riT ʊˈ ə
detailed = thorough, comprehensive, complete diːteɪld
impressive = remarkable, extraordinary, exciting
#unimpressive ɪmˈpresɪv
specimen= sample, example, case ˈ ɪspes mɪn
on display = something that is on display is in a public
place where people can look at it (= on show) ˈT ɪˈ ɪn d sple
creature= animal, living thing, being ˈkriːtʃə
in the flesh = in person, in real life, in actual life ɪn ð fleə ʃ
absorb = learn, understand, get əbˈzɔːb
perspective= aspect, viewpoint, perception p spekt vəˈ ɪ
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give them a greater for wildlife, appreciation
conservation efforts and how they can . contribute
D
In addition to this, there is also the education that can
take place in zoos through signs, talks and presentations
which directly information to visitors about communicate
the animals they are seeing and their place in the world.
This was an area where zoos used to be , but lacking
they are now increasingly in their sophisticated
communication and work. Many zoos also outreach
work directly to educate conservation workers in other
countries, or send their animal abroad to keepers
contribute their knowledge and skills to those working in
zoos and reserves thereby, helping to improve
conditions and reintroductions all over the world.
E
Zoos also play a key role in research. If we are to save
wild species and restore ecosystems and repair we
need to know about how key species live, act and react.
Being able to undertake research on animals in zoos
where there is less risk and fewer means real variables
changes can be effected on wild populations. Finding out
about, for example, the oestrus cycle of an animal or its
breeding rate helps us manage wild populations.
Procedures such as and moving at-risk or capturing
dangerous individuals are by knowledge bolstered
gained in zoos about for doses anaesthetics, and by
experience in and handling transporting animals. This
can make a real difference to efforts and conservation
to the of human-animal reduction conflicts, and can
provide a knowledge for helping with the increasing base
threats of habitat destruction and other problems
F
In conclusion, considering the many ongoing global
threats to the environment, it is hard for me to see zoos
as anything other than to the essential long-term
survival numerous of species. They are not just vital in
terms of protecting animals, but as a means of learning
appreciation = thankfulness, gratitude, recognition,
gratefulness əˌpriːʃiˈe nɪʃ
contribute= support, aid, impact, participate kənˈtrɪbjuːt
take place = happen, occur ˈteɪk ˈpleɪs
communicate= reveal, transmit, convey kəˈmjuːnɪkeɪt
lacking = absent, missing #present ˈ ɪŋlæk
sophisticated= complicated, advanced, complex,
detailed səˈ ɪfɪst keɪtɪd
outreach = when help, advice, or other services are
provided for people who would not otherwise get these
services easily ˈ ʊtriːtʃa
keeper = guard, caretaker, ranger ˈkiːpə
reverse = an area of land where wild animals and plants
are protected r vɪˈ \ːs
thereby= as a result, consequently, by that ðe baəˈ ɪ
restore= bring back, recover, reestablish r stɪˈ ɔː
ecosystem= environment, bionetwork, ecology
ˈiːk ɪ əəʊs st m
react = respond, answer, reply rɪˈækt
undertake= accept, embark on, carry on, take on
ʌnd te kəˈ ɪ
variable= change (n) ˈ ə lve rɪəb
oestrus cycle = the period in the sexual cycle of female
mammals, except the higher primates, during which they
are in heat i.e., ready to accept a male and to mate 4
iːstrəs ˈsaɪkl
breeding rate = birth rate ˈbriːdɪŋ reɪt
procedure= method, process, course of action prəˈsiːdʒə
capture= arrest, detain, imprison ˈkæptʃə
bolster= boost, strengthen, improve, enhance, fortify
ˈ əbəʊlst
dose = the amount of a medicine or a drug that you
should take d səʊ
anaesthetic = a substance that makes you unable to feel
pain: æn kəsˈθetɪ
experience = knowledge, skill, practice, understanding
ɪkˈspɪərɪəns
handle = control, treat, manage, deal with ˈ lhænd
transport = move, bring, carry, transfer trænsˈpɔːt
reduction = decrease, drop, fall, decline r dɪˈ ʌkʃn
conflict= disagreement, dispute, oppose kənˈflɪkt
base = foundation, root, source, origin be sɪ
habitat= home, territory, locale, environment ˈhæbɪtæt
destruction = ruin, damage, devastation #construction
d strɪˈ ʌkʃn
ongoing = continuing, constant, incomplete #finished Tn
ˈɡəʊiŋ
global = worldwide, international #local ˈɡləʊbl
essential = fundamental, basic, main, principal ɪˈ ʃlsen
long-term = long-standing, lasting, durable #short-term
ˈlTŋ t\ːm
survival= existence, persistence #death səˈ lvaɪv
numerous = many, various, several #few ˈnjuːmə ər s
vital= essential, crucial, critical ˈvaɪtl
in terms of = with regard to, as to, in connection with. ɪn
t\ːmz Tv
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about them to aid those still in the wild, as well as
educating and informing the general population about
these animals and their world so that they can assist or
at least the need to be more environmentally accept
conscious. Without them, the world would be, and would
increasingly become, a much poorer place.
inform = tell, notify, update, apprise ɪnˈfɔːm
assist = help, support, aid əˈ ɪs st
accept = consent, acknowledge #reject # deny əkˈsept
conscious= aware, understanding, mindful ˈ Tk nʃəs
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READING PASSAGE 3
Chelsea Rochman, an ecologist at the University of
California, Davis, has been trying to answer a dismal question: Is
everything , or are things just very, very bad? terrible
Rochman is a member of the National Center for Ecological
Analysis Synthesis and 's marine debris working group, a
collection of scientists who study, among other things, the
growing problem of marine , also known as ocean trash. debris
Plenty of studies have sounded alarm bells about the of state
marine debris; in a recent published in the Ecologypaper journal ,
Rochman and her colleagues to set out determine how many of
those perceived risks are real.
Often, Rochman says, scientists will end a paper by speculating
about the broader impacts of what they've found. For example, a
study could show that certain seabirds eat plastic bags, and go
on to warn that whole bird populations are at risk dying out of .
'But the truth was that nobody had yet tested those perceived
ecologist = a scientist who studies ecology,
environment iːˈkT əl dʒɪst
dismal= miserable, gloomy, depressing ˈ ədɪzm l
terrible= awful, dreadful, appalling #wonderful
ˈ ə lter b
analysis = examination, study, investigation
əˈ ə ɪnæl s s
synthesis = mixture, combination, blend
#separation ˈ əsɪnθ sɪs
marine= nautical, maritime, sea, ocean məˈriːn
debris= wreckage, rubbish, trash, waste, fragment
ˈ ɪbriːde
collection = group, assembly, gathering kəˈ ʃnlek
sound alarm bells = if something rings/sounds
alarm bells, it makes you start to worry because it
is a sign that there may be a problem ˈ ʊ əsa nd lS:m
belz
state = condition, situation, circumstance ste tɪ
paper = newspaper, article, document ˈ əpeɪp
journal = newsletter, magazine, periodical ˈ ldʒ\ːn
set out = start, begin, embark set ˈaʊt
determine= verify, establish, uncover, reveal
d nɪˈt\ːmɪ
perceive= understand, comprehend, realize,
become aware of pəˈsiːv
speculate= guess, consider, think, contemplate
ˈ ʊspekj leɪt
broad = wide, large, big, comprehensive brɔːd
certain = particular, specific, precise ˈ ns\ːt
go on to do= to do something after completing
something else ˈɡəʊ ˈTn tu du:
warn = caution, inform, alert, tell, notify wɔːn
at risk = in a dangerous situation ət rɪsk
die out = vanish, perish, become extinct ˈ ɪ ʊda ˈa t
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threats,' Rochman says. 'There wasn't a lot of information.'
Rochman and her colleagues examined more than a hundred
papers on the impacts of marine debris that were published
through 2013. Within each paper, they asked what threats
scientists had studied-366 perceived threats in all - and what
they'd actually found.
In 83 percent of cases, the perceived dangers of ocean trash
were true. In the proven remaining cases, the working group
found the studies had weaknesses in design and content which
affected the validity of their conclusions - they lacked a control
group, for example, or used faulty . statistics
Strikingly, Rochman says, only one well designed study failed to -
find the effect it was looking for, an investigation of mussels
ingesting microscopic plastic bits. The plastic moved from the
mussels' stomachs to their bloodstreams, scientists found, and
stayed there for weeks - but didn't seem to stress out the
shellfish.
While mussels may be fine eating trash, though, the analysis also
gave a clearer picture of the many ways that ocean debris is
bothersome.
Within the studies they looked at, most of the proven threats
came from plastic debris, rather than other materials like metal or
wood. Most of the dangers also involved large pieces of debris
animals getting entangled in trash, for example, or eating it and
severely injuring themselves.
But a lot of ocean debris is 'microplastic', or pieces smaller than
five millimeters. These may be used in ingredients cosmetics
and toiletries fibers shed synthetic, by clothing in the wash, or
threat = risk, danger, peril, menace θret
examine = investigate, check, research, explore
ɪɡˈzæmɪn
actually = really, truly, in fact, in reality ˈ əæktʃu li
trash = garbage, waste, rubbish, junk træʃ
prove = show, demonstrate, verify pruːv
remaining= the remaining people or things are
those that are left when the others have gone,
been used, or been dealt with r me nɪˈ ɪ ɪŋ
weakness = limitation, drawback, flaw, fault
ˈwiːknəs
validity= a conclusion, reason…that is based on
what is reasonable or sensible v d tiəˈlɪ ɪ
faulty= incorrect, defective, flawed. ˈ ɔːltif
statistic= number, figure, measurement, fact
st t st kəˈ ɪ ɪ
strikingly = noticeably, outstandingly, unusually
ˈ ɪ ɪŋlistra k
investigation= study, search, examination,
analysis ɪnˌvestɪˈɡeɪʃn
mussel = a small sea animal, with a soft body that
can be eaten and a black shell that is divided into
two parts ˈ lmʌs
ingest= swallow, consume, absorb, eat ɪnˈdʒest
microscopic = tiny, minute, atomic, mini #gigantic
ma kr sk p kɪ əˈ T ɪ
bloodstream = the blood flowing in your body
ˈ ʌdstriːmbl
stress out = worry, bother, hassle #relax ˈstres
ˈ ʊa t
shellfish = an animal that lives in water, has a
shell, and can be eaten as food, for example,
crabs, lobsters, and oysters ˈʃelfɪʃ
bothersome= annoying, troublesome,
inconvenient ˈ T ə əb ð s m
look at = study, investigate, examine ˈ ʊl k æt
involve= contain, include, consist of ɪnˈvTlv
entangle= (to cause something
to become caught in something such as
a net or ropes) twist, tangle, trap ɪnˈtæŋɡl
severely= harshly, strictly, brutally, #gently sɪˈvɪəli
injure = hurt, harm, wound, damage ˈɪndʒə
microplastic = extremely small pieces of plastic
that are harmful to the environment
ˈ ɪ ˌ ɪma .krəʊ plæs.t k
ingredient= component, element, thing, part
ɪnˈɡriːdɪənt
cosmetic= creams, powders, etc that you use on
your face and body in order to look more attractive
kTzˈmetɪk
toiletries= things such as soap and toothpaste
that are used for cleaning yourself ˈ ətɔɪl triz
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eroded remnants of larger debris. Compared to the number of
studies investigating large-scale debris, Rochman's group found
little research on the effects of these tiny bits. 'There are a lot of
open questions still for microplastic,' Rochman says, though she
notes that more papers on the subject have been published since
2013, the cutoff point for the group's analysis.
There are also, she adds, a lot of open questions about the ways
that ocean debris can lead to sea-creature death. Many studies
have looked at how plastic affects an individual animal, or that
animal's tissue cells or s, rather than whole populations. And in
the , scientists often use higher lab concentrations of plastic than
what's really in the ocean. None of that tells us how many birds or
fish or sea turtles could die from plastic pollution - or how deaths
in one species could affect that animal's predators, or the rest of
the ecosystem.
'We need to be asking more ecologically questions,' relevant
Rochman says. Usually, scientists don't know exactly how
disasters such as a tanker accidentally its whole spilling cargo
of oil and polluting huge areas of the ocean will affect the
environment until after they've happened. 'We don't ask the right
questions early enough,' she says. But if ecologists can
understand how the slow-moving effect of ocean trash is
damaging ecosystems, they might be able to prevent things from
getting worse.
Asking the right questions can help policy makers, and the public,
figure out where to focus their . The problems that look attention
or sound most dramatic may not be the best places to start. For
example, the name of the 'Great Pacific Garbage ' - a Patch
collection of marine debris in the northern Pacific Ocean - might
conjure up a vast floating trash island. In reality though, much
of the debris is tiny or below the ; a person could surface sail
through the area without seeing any trash at all. A Dutch group
called 'The Ocean Cleanup' is currently working on plans to put
mechanical devices in the Pacific Garbage Patch and similar
areas to suck up plastic. But a recent paper used simulations to
fiber = a mass of threads used to make rope,
cloth, etc ˈ əfaɪb
shed= drop, cast, discard ʃed
synthetic = artificial, fake, manmade #natural
sɪnˈθetɪk
erode = corrode, destroy, wear down ɪˈrəʊd
remnant = remainder, leftover, residue ˈremn ntə
investigate = look into something, explore, probe
ɪnˈvest ɪɪɡe t
cutoff = limit, end. ˈ əˌ Tk t f
creature = animal, living thing, being ˈkriːtʃə
individual= singular, personal, characteristic
ɪ ɪnd vɪˈ dʒʊəl
tissue = the material forming animal or plant cells
ˈtɪʃuː
cell = group, unit, section sel
lab = laboratory, workshop, test center læb
concentration= the amount of a substance in a
liquid or in another substance kT ənˈtre nns ɪʃ
turtle = a large reptile with a hard round shell, that
lives in the sea ˈ lt\ːt
the rest of = what is left after everything or
everyone else has gone, been used, dealt with, or
mentioned ðə ˈrest Tv
relevant= related, pertinent #unrelated ˈ ərel vənt
disaster = tragedy, catastrophe, calamity d zɪˈ Sːstə
tanker = a vehicle or ship specially built to carry
large quantities of gas or liquid, especially oil
ˈtæŋkə
spill = leak, drop, fall, drip #absorb sp lɪ
cargo= the goods carried in a ship or plane
ˈ Sːɡəʊk
prevent= stop, avoid, block, inhibit #permit pr ventɪˈ
figure out = understand, discover, work out, solve
ˈ ɪɡə ʊf ˈa t
attention = mind, concentration, awareness,
consideration əˈ ʃnten
dramatic = impressive, extraordinary, remarkable
dr mæt kəˈ ɪ
patch = area, space, plot of land pætʃ
conjure st up= to make something appear as a
picture in your mind = evoke. ˈkʌndʒə snt ʌp
vast = huge, massive, enormous #small vSːst
float = to stay or move on the surface of a liquid
without sinking fl təʊ
in reality = really, actually, in fact ɪ ɪn rɪˈæl ti
surface = outside, shell, façade ˈ \s ːfɪs
sail = to travel on or across an area of water in a
boat or ship se lɪ
mechanical = affecting or involving a machine
mɪˈ ɪkæn kl
simulation= model, imitation, virtual reality
sɪ ʊˈ nmj leɪʃ
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show that strategically positioning the cleanup devices closer to
shore would more effectively reduce pollution over the long term.
'I think clearing up some of these misperceptions is really
important,' Rochman says. Among scientists as well as in the
media, she says, 'A lot of the images about strandings and
entanglement and all of that cause the perception that plastic
debris is killing everything in the ocean.' Interrogating the
existing scientific literature can help ecologists figure out which
problems really need addressing, and which ones they'd be
better off - like the mussels - absorbing and ignoring.
strategically= deliberately, intentionally,
purposefully strəˈtiːdʒɪkli
shore = coast, seashore, coastline ʃɔː
clear up = explain, elaborate, solve. ˈklɪər ʌp
misperception= misunderstanding, confusion
mɪsp nərˈsepʃə
perception = view, opinion, assessment p sepəˈ ʃn
interrogate = question, interview, probe= to ask
someone a lot of questions for a long time in order
to get information, sometimes using threats
ɪnˈterəɡeɪt
literature= all the books, articles, etc on a
particular subject ˈ ɪ əl tr tʃə
address = tackle, focus, deal with #ignore əˈdres
be better off = to be in a better situation, if or after
something happens bi ˈbetər Tf
absorb = if something absorbs light, heat, energy,
or noise, it takes it in. əbˈzɔːb
BOOST YOUR VOCABULARY CAMBRIDGE IELTS 14–
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Tài li u g c Cambridge IELTS cệ ố ủa NXB Đ¿i học Cambridge-Mua sách g c t i ố ¿ link
Biên t p cuậ ốn sách Boost your vocabulary này được thực hi n b i ệ ở Đinh Thắng & IELTS Family-Các nhóm t h c IELTSự ọ
PHĀ LĀC
IELTS READING ANSWER SHEET | Phiên bÁn chỉnh săa
Phù hợp việc tự luyện IELTS Reading tại nhà
Đß làm tốt bài thi IELTS Reading, một điều quan trọng là có chiến lược làm bài nhanh
và hiệu quả. Trong đó, kỹ năng sử dụng answer sheet đóng vai trò rất quan trọng. Một
số bạn thậm chí không sử dụng answer sheet trong lúc luyện tập. Điều này là không
nên vì rất nhiều trưßng hợp transfer câu trả lßi từ sách sang answer sheet sẽ bị nhầm.
Ngoài ra, khác với listening có 10 phút đß transfer câu trả lßi từ booklet sang answer
sheet, trong bài thi reading, các bạn nên điền câu trả lßi trực tiếp vào answer sheet lúc
làm bài đß tiết kiệm tối đa thßi gian.
Dưới đây là link answer sheet dùng cho bài thi Reading sử dụng trong các kỳ thi IELTS
chính thức
https://drive.google.com/open?id=0B2TIoHBJlsvnXzRhR29MN25FSFFiWDVGcDc4SVhrYmc3c
U4w
Tuy nhiên, đß phục vụ việc ghi chép các lỗi thưßng gặp trong quá trình làm bài và tạo
điều kiện cho việc <rút kinh nghiệm= trong các lần làm bài kế tiếp, mình khuyên các bạn
sử dụng answer sheet sau
Link download
https://drive.google.com/open?id=1C_bY208s2_zK8FKzJzqCvPpSoCx4TLd8
BOOST YOUR VOCABULARY CAMBRIDGE IELTS 14–
54
Tài li u g c Cambridge IELTS cệ ố ủa NXB Đ¿i học Cambridge-Mua sách g c t i ố ¿ link
Biên t p cuậ ốn sách Boost your vocabulary này được thực hi n b i ệ ở Đinh Thắng & IELTS Family-Các nhóm t h c IELTSự ọ
¯u điểm của answer sheet này
Các phần thông tin chỉ dùng cho kỳ thi thật đã được cắt bỏ, thay vào đó là cột
thông tin problem và solution đß các bạn có thß ghi chú các thông tin cần thiết
sau mỗi lần làm bài
Bảng đißm tham khảo đß các bạn tiện đối chiếu sau khi làm bài xong
H°áng d¿n cách ghi answer sheet mái
Sau đó ghim các tß answer sheet của bạn lại thành 1 quyßn và đọc đi đọc lại
thưßng xuyên, và đặc biệt là đọc thật kỹ trước khi làm một test mới
BOOST YOUR VOCABULARY CAMBRIDGE IELTS 14–
55
Tài li u g c Cambridge IELTS cệ ố ủa NXB Đ¿i học Cambridge-Mua sách g c t i ố ¿ link
Biên t p cuậ ốn sách Boost your vocabulary này được thực hi n b i ệ ở Đinh Thắng & IELTS Family-Các nhóm t h c IELTSự ọ
Ành chụp answer sheet của học sinh mình áp dụng theo cách phía trên. Nhờ việc rút kinh
nghiệm từ những lỗi sai và áp dụng các giÁi pháp do b¿n ấy tự đưa ra thì từ lúc bắt đầu
học làm được khoÁng 18 20/40 câu đúng (tương đương 5.5), b¿n ấy đã tiến bộ rất nhiều -
và trong 2 lần thi thật thì đ¿t lần lượt 6.5 và 7.0 Reading)
BOOST YOUR VOCABULARY CAMBRIDGE IELTS 14–
56
Tài li u g c Cambridge IELTS cệ ố ủa NXB Đ¿i học Cambridge-Mua sách g c t i ố ¿ link
Biên t p cuậ ốn sách Boost your vocabulary này được thực hi n b i ệ ở Đinh Thắng & IELTS Family-Các nhóm t h c IELTSự ọ
RÂT CÁM ƠN CÁC B¾N ĐÃ SĂ DĀNG CUÞN SÁCH. MÌNH R T Â
MONG NHÀN Đ¯þC THÊM NH NG Ý KIĄ ÀN ĐÓNG GÓP CŨNG NH¯
NHĄNG CHIA S VẺ Â VIÞC B¾N ĐÃ DÙNG SÁCH HIÞU QUÀ TRONG
VIÞC LÀM BÀI IELTS READING RA SAO. TEAM SO N SÁCH S C¾ ¾ ÀM
THÂY CÓ THÊM ĐÞNG L C L N NĆ à ÀU B N SHARE NH¾ ĄNG ĐÁNH GIÁ
VÂ CUÞN SÁCH TRÊN CÁC GROUP CŨNG NH¯ FACEBOOK CÁ NHÂN.
BOOST YOUR VOCABULARY CAMBRIDGE IELTS 14–
57
Tài li u g c Cambridge IELTS cệ ố ủa NXB Đ¿i học Cambridge-Mua sách g c t i ố ¿ link
Biên t p cuậ ốn sách Boost your vocabulary này được thực hi n b i ệ ở Đinh Thắng & IELTS Family-Các nhóm t h c IELTSự ọ
https://www.facebook.com/groups/IELTSfamily/permalink/1789370387775377
BOOST YOUR VOCABULARY CAMBRIDGE IELTS 14–
58
Tài li u g c Cambridge IELTS cệ ố ủa NXB Đ¿i học Cambridge-Mua sách g c t i ố ¿ link
Biên t p cuậ ốn sách Boost your vocabulary này được thực hi n b i ệ ở Đinh Thắng & IELTS Family-Các nhóm t h c IELTSự ọ
BOOST YOUR VOCABULARY CAMBRIDGE IELTS 14–
59
Tài li u g c Cambridge IELTS cệ ố ủa NXB Đ¿i học Cambridge-Mua sách g c t i ố ¿ link
Biên t p cuậ ốn sách Boost your vocabulary này được thực hi n b i ệ ở Đinh Thắng & IELTS Family-Các nhóm t h c IELTSự ọ
https://www.facebook.com/groups/IELTSfamily/permalink/1791366800909069
https://www.facebook.com/dinhthangielts/posts/2037751856500217
https://www.facebook.com/groups/IELTSfamily/permalink/1495634343815651/
BOOST YOUR VOCABULARY CAMBRIDGE IELTS 14–
60
Tài li u g c Cambridge IELTS cệ ố ủa NXB Đ¿i học Cambridge-Mua sách g c t i ố ¿ link
Biên t p cuậ ốn sách Boost your vocabulary này được thực hi n b i ệ ở Đinh Thắng & IELTS Family-Các nhóm t h c IELTSự ọ
Phía trên là m t vài trong s r t nhi u review tích cß ß Ã Ã ćc mà team đã
nhÁn đ°ÿ đã giúp bác và thćc sć n mình r t nhi u trong th i gian à à ã
qua. Hy v ng team s n thêm nhiá ¿ đón nhÁ Ãu review nh° vÁy n a. ą
Trân tr ng, á
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Tài liệu gốc Cambridge IELTS của NXB Đ¿i học Cambridge-Mua sách gốc t¿i link
Biên tập cuốn sách Boost your vocabulary này được thực hiện bởi IELTS Family-Các nhóm tự học IELTS
Cußn sách này là của
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
Đißm mục tiêu cho phần thi IELTS Reading là: …………
Đß làm được điều này, mình sẽ đọc cuốn sách này ít nhất …. lần/tuần.
Tài liệu gốc Cambridge IELTS của NXB Đ¿i học Cambridge-Mua sách gốc t¿i link
Biên tập cuốn sách Boost your vocabulary này được thực hiện bởi IELTS Family-Các nhóm tự học IELTS
LâI GIàI THIÞU Chào các bạn,
Các bạn đang cầm trên tay cuốn nhóm IELTS Family. Cuốn sách được viết nhằm mục đích giúp các bạn đang muốn cải thiện vốn từ
vựng cho phần thi Reading trong IELTS. Sách được viết dựa trên nền tảng bộ Cambridge IELTS của
Nhà xuất bản Đại học Cambridge 3 Anh Quốc.
Trong quá trình thực hiện, mình và các bạn trong nhóm đã dành nhiều thßi gian đß nghiên cứu cách
thức đưa nội dung sao cho khoa học và dá dùng nhất với các bạn. Tuy vậy, cuốn sách không khỏi có
những hạn chế nhất định. Mọi góp ý đß cải thiện nội dung cuốn sách mọi ngưßi xin gửi về email Trân trọng cảm ơn,
Tài liệu gốc Cambridge IELTS của NXB Đ¿i học Cambridge-Mua sách gốc t¿i link
Biên tập cuốn sách Boost your vocabulary này được thực hiện bởi IELTS Family-Các nhóm tự học IELTS TÁC GI À & NHÓM TH C Ć HI N Þ Đinh Thắng
Hiện tại là giáo viên dạy IELTS tại Hà Nội từ cuối năm 2012. Chứng chỉ
ngành ngôn ngữ Anh, đại học Brighton, Anh Quốc, 2016.Từng làm việc
tại tổ chức giáo dục quốc tế Language Link Việt Nam (2011-2012) Facebook.com/dinhthangielts
… cùng các bạn Đÿc Duy, Xuân Anh, Bùi Minh Châu, Thu Hằng, Thu Anh, H¿nh Ngô Tài tr ÿ
Team làm sách xin trân trọng cảm ơn HP Academy - trung tâm đã tài trợ một phần kinh phí đß làm nên bộ sách này.
HP Academy là NHÀ dành cho việc dạy và học IELTS tại 2 cơ sá Tân Bình và Gò Vấp, TP.HCM.
à HP, các bạn sẽ KHÔNG được cam kết đầu ra. Kết quả của các cựu học viên chính là câu trả lßi chính xác nhất cho chất lượng dạy và học. www.hpacademy.vn
Tài liệu gốc Cambridge IELTS của NXB Đ¿i học Cambridge-Mua sách gốc t¿i link
Biên tập cuốn sách Boost your vocabulary này được thực hiện bởi IELTS Family-Các nhóm tự học IELTS
BOOST YOUR VOCABULARY – CAMBRIDGE IELTS 14 03 LÝ DO T I
¾ SAO NÊN HàC T Ā V N Ć G
THEO CUÞN SÁCH NÀY
1. Không còn mÃt nhiÃu thãi gian cho vißc tra tā
Các từ học thuật (academic words) trong sách đều có kèm giải thích hoặc từ đồng nghĩa. Bạn
tiết kiệm được đáng kß thßi gian gõ từng từ vào từ đißn và tra. Chắc chắn những bạn thuộc
dạng 2. TÁp trung bß nhá vào các tā quan tráng
Mặc dù cuốn sách không tra hết các từ giúp bạn nhưng sách đã chọn ra các từ quan trọng và
phổ biến nhất giúp bạn. Như vậy, bạn có thß tập trung bộ nhớ vào các từ này, thay vì phải mất
công nhớ các từ không quan trọng. Bạn nào đạt Reading từ 7.0 trá lên đều sẽ thấy rất nhiều
trong số các từ này thuộc loại hết sức quen thuộc
3. Hác mßt tā nhá nhiÃu tā
Rất nhiều từ được trình bày theo synonym (từ đồng nghĩa), giúp các bạn có thß xem lại và học
thêm các từ có nghĩa tương đương hoặc giống như từ gốc. Có thß nói, đây là phương pháp học
hết sức hiệu quả vì khi học một từ như impact, bạn có thß nhớ lại hoặc học thêm một loạt các từ
nghĩa tương đương như significant, vital, imperative, chief, key. Nói theo cách khác thì nếu khả
năng ghi nhớ của bạn tốt thì cuốn sách này giúp bạn đấy số lượng từ vựng lên một cách đáng kß. 1
Tài liệu gốc Cambridge IELTS của NXB Đ¿i học Cambridge-Mua sách gốc t¿i link
Biên tập cuốn sách Boost your vocabulary này được thực hiện bởi Đinh Thắng & IELTS Family-Các nhóm tự học IELTS
BOOST YOUR VOCABULARY – CAMBRIDGE IELTS 14 H¯àNG D N ¾ S Ă DĀNG SÁCH ĐÞI T¯þNG S Ă DĀNG SÁCH
Nhìn chung các bạn cần có mức độ từ vựng tương đương 5.5 trá lên (theo thang đißm 9 của
IELTS), nếu không có thß sẽ gặp nhiều khó khăn trong việc sử dụng sách này.
CÁC B¯àC SĂ DĀNG
CÁCH 1: LÀM TEST TR¯àC, HàC TĀ VĆNG SAU
B°ác 1: B¿n in cußn sách này ra. Nên in bìa màu đß có thêm động lực học. Cuốn sách
được thiết kế cho việc đọc trực tiếp, không phải cho việc đọc online nên bạn nào đọc online sẽ
có thß thấy khá bất tiện khi tra cứu, đối chiếu từ vựng
B°ác 2: Tìm mua cußn Cambridge IELTS (8 cuốn mới nhất từ 6-14) của Nhà xuất bản
Cambridge đß làm. Hãy cẩn thận đừng mua nhầm sách lậu. Sách của nhà xuất bản Cambridge
được tái bản tại Việt Nam thưßng có bìa và giấy dày, chữ rất rõ nét.
B°ác 3: Làm mßt bài test hoặc passage bÃt kỳ trong bß sách trên. Ví dụ passage 1,
test 1 của Cambridge IELTS 13.
B°ác 4: Đßi chiÁu vái cußn sách này, bạn sẽ lọc ra các từ vựng quan trọng cần học.
Ví dụ passage 1, test 1 của Cambridge IELTS 13, bài về Tourism New Zealand Website: Bạn sẽ thấy
4.1 Cột bên trái là bản text gốc, trong đó bôi đậm các từ học thuật - academic word
4.2 Cßt bên phÁi chÿa các tā vćng này theo kèm đßnh nghĩa (definition) hoặc tā đồng nghĩa (synonym) 2
Tài liệu gốc Cambridge IELTS của NXB Đ¿i học Cambridge-Mua sách gốc t¿i link
Biên tập cuốn sách Boost your vocabulary này được thực hiện bởi Đinh Thắng & IELTS Family-Các nhóm tự học IELTS
BOOST YOUR VOCABULARY – CAMBRIDGE IELTS 14
CÁCH 2: HàC TĀ VĆNG TR¯àC, ĐàC TEST SAU
B°ác 1: B¿n in cußn sách này ra. Nên in bìa màu đß có thêm động lực học. Cuốn sách
được thiết kế cho việc đọc trực tiếp, không phải cho việc đọc online nên bạn nào đọc online sẽ
có thß thấy khá bất tiện khi tra cứu, đối chiếu từ vựng
B°ác 2: Đác cßt bên trái nh° đác báo. Duy trì hàng ngày. Khi nào không hißu từ nào
thì xem nghĩa hoặc synonym của từ đó á cột bên phải. Giai đoạn này giúp bạn phát trißn
việc đọc tự nhiên, thay vì đọc theo kißu làm test. Bạn càng hißu nhiều càng tốt. Cố gắng
nhớ từ theo ngữ cảnh.
B°ác 3: Làm mßt bài test hoặc passage bÃt kỳ trong bß sách Cambridge IELTS. Ví
dụ bạn đọc xong cuốn Boost your vocabulary 13 này thì có thß quay lại làm các test
trong cuốn 10 chẳng hạn. Làm test xong thì cß gắng phát hißn các tā đã hác trong
cuốn 13. Bạn nào có khả năng ghi nhớ tốt chắc chắn sẽ gặp lại rất nhiều từ đã học. Bạn
nào có khả năng ghi nhớ vừa phải cũng sẽ gặp lại không ít từ.
B°ác 4: Đọc cuốn Boost your vocabulary tương ứng với test bạn vừa làm. Ví dụ trong cuốn Boost your vocabulary 10.
Tóm lại, mình ví dụ 1 chu trình đầy đủ theo cách này
B1. Đọc hiểu và học từ cuốn Boost your vocabulary 13
B2. Làm test 1 trong cuốn Boost your vocabulary 10
B3. Đọc hiểu và học từ cuốn Boost your vocabulary 10 & tìm các từ lặp lại mà bạn đã đọc trong cuốn Boost your vocabulary 13 3
Tài liệu gốc Cambridge IELTS của NXB Đ¿i học Cambridge-Mua sách gốc t¿i link
Biên tập cuốn sách Boost your vocabulary này được thực hiện bởi Đinh Thắng & IELTS Family-Các nhóm tự học IELTS
BOOST YOUR VOCABULARY – CAMBRIDGE IELTS 14 TEST 1 READING PASSAGE 1 B
brick by brick= steadily in a step-by step manner,
the creation or destruction of smt. ˈbrɪk ˈbaɪ brɪk
rick by brick, six-year-old Alice is building a a magical
fairy-tale= enchanted, magical, fabulous feərɪteɪl
turret= a smal tower on a large building, especial y
a castle. ˈtʌrɪt
kingdom. Imagining fairy-tale turrets and fire-breathing
fire-breathing = able to produce a stream of fire
dragons, wicked witches and gallant heroes, she's creating an from the mouth fajZˌbriːðɪŋ
wicked= evil, unkind, sadistic, cruel, #good ˈwɪkɪd
enchanting world. Although she isn't aware of it, this fantasy is gallant= kind, polite, respectful, gracious, #rude,
helping her take her first steps towards her capacity for #cowardly ɡəˈlænt
enchanting= attractive, pleasant delightful,
creativity and so it wil have important repercussions in her
interesting, compel ing ɪnˈtʃSːntɪŋ adult life.
take the first step= begin, start new things ˈteɪk ðə ˈf\:st step
repercussion= consequence, effect, impact,
outcome (cuss= shake i.e discussion, concussion)
Minutes later, Alice has abandoned the kingdom in favour of riːpəˈkʌ n ʃ 
playing schools with her younger brother. When she bosses
abandon =, leave behind, give up, walk out on #stay
him around as his 'teacher', she's practising how to regulate with. əˈbændən
her emotions through pretence. Later on, when they tire of this in favour of= preferring to choose someone or
and settle down with a board game, she's learning about the
something that you believe is better ɪn ˈfeɪvər Tv
need to fol ow rules and take turns with a partner.
boss someone around= give orders, order around,
command, bul y #obey ˈbTs ˈsʌmwʌn əˈraʊnd
pretence= pretense, make-believe, imagination,
'Play in al its rich variety is one of the highest achievements of #reality prɪˈtens
the human species,' says Dr David Whitebread from the
settle down= to relax, doing a quiet activitiy ˈsetl daʊn
Faculty of Education at the University of Cambridge, UK. 'It
take turn (take it in turns) = alternate ˈteɪk ˈt\:n 4
Tài liệu gốc Cambridge IELTS của NXB Đ¿i học Cambridge-Mua sách gốc t¿i link
Biên tập cuốn sách Boost your vocabulary này được thực hiện bởi Đinh Thắng & IELTS Family-Các nhóm tự học IELTS
BOOST YOUR VOCABULARY – CAMBRIDGE IELTS 14
underpins how we develop as intellectual, problem-solving
underpin= support, reinforce, strengthen, #weaken
adults and is crucial to our success as a highly adaptable ʌndəˈpɪn
intellectual= philosopher, thinker, scholar (lect= read species.'
i.e prelect, lecture) ɪntəˈlektʃʊəl
Recognising the importance of play is not new: over two
adaptable= adjustable, easygoing, flexible, #inflexible əˈdæptəbl
millennia ago, the Greek philosopher Plato extolled its
millennia (plural) - millennium (singular)= 1000
virtues as a means of developing skil s for adult life, and ideas years (millen= thousand each i.e millionaire, millenary)
about play-based learning have been developing since the
mɪˈlenɪə - mɪˈlenɪəm 19th century.
extol= praise, admire, exalt, #deprecate ɪkˈstəʊl
virtue= goodness, integrity, morality, #wickedness
(vir= man i.e virtual, virtuality) ˈv\ːtʃu ː
But we live in changing times, and Whitebread is mindful of a
worldwide decline in play, pointing out that over half the
mindful of= aware, attentive #unaware #inattentive
people in the world now live in cities. 'The opportunities for free ˈmaɪndfəl Tv
point out= indicate, poɪnt ˈaʊt
play, which I experienced almost every day of my childhood, show, reveal, #hide
scarce= rare, uncommon, limited, in short supply,
are becoming increasingly scarce,' he says. Outdoor play is #plentiful, #abundant skeəs
curtailed by perceptions of risk to do with traffic, as wel as
curtail= restrain, limit, restrict, reduce k\ːˈteɪl
parents' increased wish to protect their children from being the
perception= insight, view, opinion
victims of crime, and by the emphasis on 'earlier is better'
(per=thoroughly i.e perfection, persistence) pəˈsepʃn
emphasis= stress, importance, highlighting ˈemfəsɪs
which is leading to greater competition in academic learning and schools.
International bodies like the United Nations and the European
implication= effect, inference, association, knock-
Union have begun to develop policies concerned with
on effect (plic= fold i.e complicate, application)
children's right to play, and to consider implications for ˌɪmplɪˈkeɪʃn
leisure= free time, entertainment, relaxation ˈleʒə
leisure facilities and educational programmes. But what they
facilities= buildings, services, equipment, etc. that
often lack is the evidence to base policies on.
are provided for a particular purpose (fac=do, make i.e
'The type of play we are interested in is child-initiated,
factory, facilitate) fəˈsɪlɪtɪz
child-initiated play= play in which children choose
spontaneous and unpredictable- but, as soon as you ask a
what and how to play and who to play with ʧaɪld-
five-year-old "to play", then you as the researcher have ɪˈnɪʃɪeɪtɪd pleɪ
intervened,' explains Dr Sara Baker. 'And we want to know
spontaneous= unplanned, natural, impulsive,
what the long-term impact of play is. It's a real chal enge.' #planned spTnˈteɪnɪəs intervene=, , interrupt
, get involved become involved
in a situation in order to improve or help it (ven=
Dr Jenny Gibson agrees, pointing out that although some of
come i.e invent, advent) ɪntəˈviːn
the steps in the puzzle of how and why play is important have
been looked at, there is very little data on the impact it has on
puzzle= mystery, enigma, riddle, #explanation ˈpʌzl the child's later life.
Now, thanks to the university's new Centre for Research on
Play in Education, Development and Learning (PEDAL),
Whitebread, Baker, Gibson and a team of researchers hope to
provide evidence on the role played by play in how a child
possibility= option, probability, likelihood, prospect develops. pTsəˈbɪlɪti
'A strong possibility is that play
self-control= self-discipline, wil power, ability to supports the early
remain calm and not show your emotions even
development of children's self-control,' explains Baker. 'This is though you are feeling angry, excited, etc. self
our ability to develop awareness of our own thinking processes kənˈtrəʊl
- it influences how effectively we go about undertaking
undertake= carry out, embark on, take on, chal enging activities.' #relinquish ʌndəˈteɪk
In a study carried out by Baker with toddlers and young pre-
toddler= baby, a child who has only recently learnt
schoolers, she found that children with greater self-control to walk ˈtTdlə
pre-schooler= a child who does not yet go to
solved problems more quickly when exploring an unfamiliar
school, or who goes to preschool priˌskuːlZ 5
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set-up requiring scientific reasoning. 'This sort of evidence
set-up= arrangement, system, situation, circumstance ˈset ʌp
makes us think that giving children the chance to play wil
problem-solver= those who are good at finding
ways of dealing with problems ˈprTbləm sTlvə(r)
make them more successful problem-solvers in the long run.' (solv=loosen, set free i.e dissolve, solution)
playful= lively, frisky, ful of fun, ful of life, #subdued ˈpleɪfəl
facilitate= enable, aid, help, assist, smooth the
If playful experiences do facilitate this aspect of development, progress of, #impede (fac=do, make i.e factory, facility) fəˈsɪlɪteɪt
say the researchers, it could be extremely significant for
self-regulate= self-control, self-discipline, self-wil
(regul=rule i.e regular, regulation) self ˈreɡ.jə.leɪt
educational practices, because the ability to self-regulate has
predictor= something that can show what will
happen in the future (dic/dict= proclaim, say i.e
been shown to be a key predictor of academic performance.
dictation, verdict) prɪˈdɪktə
indicator= pointer, display, sign (dic/dict= proclaim,
Gibson adds: 'Playful behaviour is also an important indicator
say i.e dictation, verdict) ˈɪndɪkeɪtə
investigate= examine, explore, inspect, check.
of healthy social and emotional development. In my previous
(vestig= track i.e vestigial) ɪnˈvestɪɡeɪt
observe= watch, view, monitor, study, #ignore
(serv= save, protect i.e conserve, reserve) əbˈz\ːv
research, I investigated how observing children at play can
well-being= comfort, happiness, welfare wel ˈbiːɪŋ
diagnosis= analysis, discover or identify the exact
give us important clues about their well-being and can even
cause of an il ness or a problem (gno= know i.e
telegnosis, agnosia) daɪəɡˈnəʊsɪs
neurodevelopmental disorders = a group of
be useful in the diagnosis of neurodevelopmental disorders disorders in which the development of the central
nervous system is disturbed (neur= nerve i.e like autism.'
neurologic, neural) ˌnjʊərəʊdɪˌv[ləpˈm[nt(ə)l dɪsˈɔːdəz
autism= a mental condition in which a person finds
it very difficult to communicate or form relationships
with others (aut=self i.e automatic, authentic) ˈɔːtˌɪzəm
Whitebread's recent research has involved developing a play-
approach= method, tactic, methodology əˈprəʊtʃ
based approach to supporting children's writing. 'Many primary
school children find writing difficult, but we showed in a
previous study that a playful stimulus was far more effective
stimulus= incentive, motivation, incitement, than an instructional one.'
encouragement (stimul= rouse i.e stimulate) ˈstɪmjʊləs
Children wrote longer and better-structured stories when they
first played with dol s representing
characters in the story. In the latest study, children first created
their story with Lego*, with similar results. 'Many teachers
commented that they had always previously had children
saying they didn't know what to write about. With the Lego
building, however, not a single child said this through the whole year of the project.'
Whitebread, who directs PEDAL, trained as a primary school
backwater= remote place, the middle of nowhere,
backwoods, sticks ˈbækˌwɔːtə
teacher in the early 1970s, when, as he describes, 'the
untroubled= peaceful, calm, tranquil, undisturbed #
teaching of young children was largely a quiet backwater,
bothered #troubled ʌnˈtrʌbld
untroubled by any serious intel ectual debate or
debate= argument, discuss, dispute dɪˈbeɪt 6
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controversy.' Now, the landscape is very different, with hotly controversy= disagreement, discussion, debate,
#agreement (vers=turn i.e convert, adverse) ˈkTntrəv\ːsi
debated topics such as school starting age.
landscape= environment, situation, background ˈlændskeɪp
hotly= fiercely, angrily, strongly, passionately, #dispassionately ˈhTtli
'Somehow the importance of play has been lost in recent
decades. It's regarded as something trivial, or even as
trivial=minor, unimportant, insignificant, #crucial
something negative that contrasts with "work". Let's not lose ˈtrɪvɪəl
contrast= differ, conflict, be different from
sight of its benefits, and the fundamental contributions it
something (contra= against i.e contraception,
makes to human achievements in the arts, sciences and
contradict) kənˈtrSːst
technology. Let's make sure children have a rich diet of play
fundamental= basic, essential, central, important experiences.'
(fund = bottom i.e foundation, profound) fʌndəˈmentl
*Lego: coloured plastic building blocks and other pieces that can be joined together 7
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ow Dutch engineer Luud Schimmelpennink helped to
devise= invent, create, plan, conceive dɪˈvaɪz
devise urban bike-sharing schemes
scheme= program, plan, system, strategy
(schem = plan i.e schema, schematic) skiːm A.
The original idea for an urban bike-sharing scheme dates back come up with= think of, create, produce ˈkʌm
to a summer's day in Amsterdam in 1965. Provo, the ˈʌp wɪð
organisation that came up with the idea, was a group of Dutch activist= protester, advocate, campaigner ɪ ɪ
activists who wanted to change society. They believed the
(act= do i.e action, actor, agent) ˈækt v st
perceive= understand, notice, recognize,
scheme, which was known as the Witte Fietsenplan, was an
distinguish, become aware of, #ignore
answer to the perceived threats of air pol ution and
(per=thoroughly i.e perfection, persistence) pəˈsiːv
consumerism. In the centre of Amsterdam, they painted a
threat = risk, danger, trouble θret
smal number of used bikes white. They also distributed
consumerism = the belief that it is good to
leaflets describing the dangers of cars and inviting people to
buy and use a lot of goods and services 3
use the white bikes. The bikes were then left unlocked at
often used to show disapproval (sum=take i.e
assume, subsume) kənˈsjuːmərɪzəm
various locations around the city, to be used by anyone in
leaflet = flyer, pamphlet, brochure, booklet, need of transport.
handout (piece of paper advertising) ˈliːflɪt B.
Luud Schimmelpennink, a Dutch industrial engineer who stil
recall= remember, remind, elicit, bring to
lives and cycles in Amsterdam, was heavily involved in the mind, #forget rɪˈkɔːl
original scheme. He recalls how the scheme succeeded in 8
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attracting a great deal of attention - particularly when it came
a great deal= enormous, a large amount,
to publicising Provo's aims - but struggled to get off the
significant, #a little, #a few ə ˌgreɪt diːl
struggle= to try very hard to do something
ground. The police were opposed to Provo's initiatives and
when it is difficult ˈstrʌɡl
almost as soon as the white bikes were distributed around
get off the ground (phrase)= start to be
the city, they removed them. However, for Schimmelpennink
successful get Tf ðə graʊnd
and for bike-sharing schemes in general, this was just the
be opposed to= disagree with, against, object to bi
beginning. 'The first Witte Fietsenplan was just a symbolic
(op/ob=against i.e offend, oblique) əˈpəʊzd tuː
thing,' he says. 'We painted a few bikes white, that was al .
initiative= proposal, scheme, idea, project
Things got more serious when I became a member of the ɪˈnɪʃətɪv
distribute= give out, al ocate, spread
Amsterdam city council two years later.' dɪˈstrɪbjuːt
symbolic= figurative, representative, C.
emblematic sɪmˈbTlɪk
Schimmelpennink seized this opportunity to present a more
elaborate Witte Fietsen plan to the city council. 'My idea was
seize= grab, get hold of, capture, take, #lose siːz
that the municipality of Amsterdam would distribute 10,000
elaborate= complicated, complex, detailed,
white bikes over the city, for everyone to use,' he explains. 'I
careful y prepared and organized ɪˈlæbəreɪt
made serious calculations. It turned out that a white bicycle -
municipality= city, borough, town, metropolis mju: nɪsɪˈpælɪti
per person, per kilometre - would cost the municipality only
turn out= come out, result, become, end up
10% of what it contributed to public transport per person per ˈt\:n aʊt
unanimously= al together, consistently,
kilometre.' Nevertheless, the council unanimously rejected
total y, #partly juːˈnænɪməsli
the plan. 'They said that the bicycle belongs to the past. They
glorious= magnificent, wonderful, superb,
saw a glorious future for the car,' says Schimmelpennink. But #inglorious (glori=glory i.e glorify, vainglory) ˈɡlɔːrɪəs
he was not in the least discouraged.
discourage= demoralized, deter, less
confident #encourage dɪsˈkʌrɪdʒ D.
Schimmelpennink never stopped believing in bike-sharing, and deposit= a sum of money that is paid by
in the mid-90s, two Danes asked for his help to set up a
somebody when they rent something and that
is returned to them if they do not lose or
system in Copenhagen. The result was the world's first large-
damage the thing they are renting. (posit= put
scale bike-share programme. It worked on a deposit: 'You
i.e position, apposite) dɪˈpTzɪt
dropped a coin in the bike and when you returned it, you got
arouse= stimulate, provoke, awaken, stir up, encourage, inspire əˈraʊz
your money back.' After setting up the Danish system,
conscious= aware, mindful, deliberate,
Schimmelpennink decided to try his luck again in the
#unaware, #unconscious ˈkTnʃəs
Netherlands - and this time he succeeded in arousing the
prove= show, demonstrate, verify #disprove pruːv
interest of the Dutch Ministry of Transport. 'Times had
guilder= the standard unit of money used in
changed,' he recal s. 'People had become more
the Netherlands before the Euro ˈɡɪldə
environmental y conscious, and the Danish experiment had
chip = microchip = a very smal piece
proved that bike-sharing was a real possibility.' A new Witte
of silicon containing a set of electronic parts,
which is used in computers and
Fietsenplan was launched in 1999 in Amsterdam. However, other machines tʃɪp
riding a white bike was no longer free; it cost one guilder per
conspicuous = visible, clear, noticeable,
trip and payment was made with a chip card developed by the obvious, #inconspicuous (spic= look i.e aspect,
prospect, respect) kənˈspɪkjʊəs
Dutch bank Postbank. Schimmelpennink designed
sturdy= robust, durable, strong, wel -made,
conspicuous, sturdy white bikes locked in special racks heavy-duty #weak ˈst\ːdi
which could be opened with the chip card - the plan started
rack= frame, framework, holder ræk
distribute= deliver, spread, spread out.
with 250 bikes, distributed over five stations. dɪˈstrɪbjuːt 9
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Theo Molenaar, who was a system designer for the project,
announce= publicize, inform, tel , publish,
worked alongside Schimmelpennink. 'I remember when we #keep secret əˈnaʊns
were testing the bike racks, he announced that he had
prone to= suffer from, vulnerable to,
susceptible, liable to, at risk prəʊn tuː
already designed better ones. But of course, we had to go
vandalism=the crime of destroying or
through with the ones we had.' The system, however, was
damaging something, especial y public
prone to vandalism and theft. 'After every weekend there
property (van= empty i.e vain, vanish) ˈvændəlɪzəm
would always be a couple of bikes missing,' Molenaar says. 'I
theft= robbery, stealing θeft
real y have no idea what people did with them, because they
blow= negative impact, set-back, shock,
could instantly be recognised as white bikes.' But the biggest misfortune bləʊ
blow came when Postbank decided to abolish the chip card,
abolish= eliminate, stop, end, put an end to,
because it wasn't profitable. 'That chip card was pivotal to #establish əˈbTlɪʃ
the system,' Molenaar says. 'To continue the project we would
profitable= money-making, lucrative, commercial #unprofitable
have needed to set up another system, but the business ˈprTfɪtəbl
pivotal= key, paramount, crucial, extremely partner had lost interest.'
important, #unimportant, #irrelevant ˈpɪvətəl F.
Schimmelpennink was disappointed, but- characteristically-
characteristically= typical y, usually,
not for long. In 2002 he got a cal from the French advertising
normal y #unusual y. kærəktəˈrɪstɪkli
corporation JC Decaux, who wanted to set up his bike-
corporation= firm, business, company,
sharing scheme in Vienna. 'That went real y wel . After Vienna,
they set up a system in Lyon. Then in 2007, Paris fol owed.
enterprise (corpor= body i.e corpus, corporative)
That was a decisive moment in the history of bike-sharing.' kɔːpəˈreɪʃn
decisive= strong-minded, determined,
The huge and unexpected success of the Parisian bike-
sharing programme, which now boasts more than 20,000
resolute, #uncertain dɪˈsaɪsɪv
bicycles, inspired cities al over the world to set up their own
boast= possess, have, pride yourself on, lay
schemes, al model ed on Schimmelpennink's. 'It's wonderful claim to bə s ʊ t
that this happened,' he says. 'But financial y I didn't real y
file for= put in place, put in order, to make an
benefit from it, because I never filed for a patent.'
official request for something ˈfaɪl fɔː
patent= copyright, right, official document G. ˈpeɪtnt
In Amsterdam today, 38% of al trips are made by bike and,
along with Copenhagen, it is regarded as one of the two
along with= together with, accompanied by,
most cycle-friendly capitals in the world - but the city never got in company with, as wel as əˈlTŋ wɪð
regarded as=thought of, view as, seen as,
another Witte Fietsenplan. Molenaar believes this may be
because everybody in Amsterdam already has a bike.
considered as rɪˈɡSːdɪd æz
Schimmelpennink, however, cannot see that this changes
optimistic= hopeful, positive, bright, cheerful,
Amsterdam's need for a bike-sharing scheme. 'People who
#pessimistic (optim= best i.e optimal, optimum) Tptɪˈmɪstɪk
travel on the underground don't carry their bikes around. But
stand a chance (idiom)= have a chance of
often they need additional transport to reach their final success stænd ə tʃSːns
destination.' Although he thinks it is strange that a city like
mentality= attitude, approach, outlook,
Amsterdam does not have a successful bike-sharing scheme,
mindset (ment= mind i.e reminisce, mental,
he is optimistic about the future. 'In the '60s we didn't stand a memento) menˈtælɪti
chance because people were prepared to give their lives to
long for= desire, wish, crave, yearn, want,
keep cars in the city. But that mentality has total y changed. wish for lTŋ fɔː
Today everybody longs for cities that are not. Maybe it’s time
outlook = viewpoint, point of view, attitude,
we changed our outlook. position ˈaʊtlʊk 10
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hospitality= welcome, friendly, kindness, warmth,
critical ingredient in the success of hotels is developing
#unfriendliness. (hospit= host i.e hospice, hospital) hTspɪˈtælɪti
critical= crucial, significant, vital, important (crit= judge
i.e criterion, apocrine) ˈkrɪtɪkl
and maintaining superior performance from their employees. superior= excel ent, high-class, top-quality, first-class
How is that accomplished? What Human Resource
(super= above i.e superb, supernova) suːˈpɪərɪə
performance= presentation, show, enactment
Management (HRM) practices should organizations invest in pəˈfɔːməns
accomplish= achieve, done, finish. əˈkʌmplɪʃ
to acquire and retain judicious great employees?
acquire= obtain, gain, attain, achieve, get hold of
(quir= seek i.e conquer, inquiry) əˈkwaɪə
retain= keep, hold, maintain rɪˈteɪn
Some hotels aim to provide superior working conditions for
judicious= wise, sensible #stupid #foolish dʒuːˈdɪʃəs
their employees. The idea originated from workplaces - usual y aim= goal, purpose, target, intention eɪm
in the non-service sector - that emphasized fun and
sector= segment, part, area, zone, field ˈsektə
emphasize= highlight, underline, stress, #understate
enjoyment as part of work-life balance. By contrast, the ˈemfəsaɪz
service sector, and more specifical y hotels, has traditional y
work-life balance = the ability to give a sensible
amount of time and effort to your work and to your life
not extended these practices to address basic employee
outside work w\ːklaɪf ˈbæl. əns
needs, such as good working conditions.
address= solve, tackle, deal with, handle, cope with əˈdres
Pfeffer (1994) emphasizes that in order to succeed in a global
business environment, organizations must make investment in
Human Resource Management (HRM) to al ow them to
possess= own, have, retain, #lack (sess=sit i.e
obsession, reside) pəˈzes
acquire employees who possess better skil s and capabilities capability= ability, competence, potential, #inability
than their competitors. This investment wil be to their
(cap= hold i.e caption, capacious) keɪpəˈbɪlɪti 11
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competitive advantage. Despite this recognition of the
competitive advantage = an advantage that makes a
company more able to succeed in competing with
others (pet= strive toward i.e appetite, petition) kəmˈpetətɪv
importance of employee development, the hospitality ədˈ S v ːntɪdʒ
recognition= identification, know, awareness (gnit=
know i.e cognition, ignorant) rekəɡˈnɪʃn
industry has historical y been dominated by
hospitality industry= businesses such as hotels,
bars, and restaurants that offer people food, drink, or
a place to sleep hTspɪˈtælɪti ˈɪndəstri
underdeveloped HR practices (Lucas, 2002).
dominated by = the most prevalent, the most
common (domin= master i.e domain, predominate) ˈdTmɪneɪtɪd baɪ
underdeveloped= immature, weak, infantile ˌʌndədɪˈveləpt
Lucas also points out that 'the substance of HRM practices
practices= does, performs, exercises ˈpræktɪsɪz
substance= core, essence, central part ˈsʌbstəns
does not appear to be designed to foster constructive
foster= nurture, raise ˈfTstə
constructive= beneficial, positive, fruitful,
#destructive (struct= build i.e structure, instruct)
relations with employees or to represent a managerial kənˈstrʌktɪv
represent= stand for, speak for, symbolize, #misrepresent riːprɪˈzent
approach that enables developing and drawing out the ful
managerial= decision-making, administrative,
organizational mænɪˈdʒɪərɪəl
enable= al ow, permit, aid, assist. make possible,
potential of people, even though employees may be broadly #prevent ɪˈneɪbl
draw out= to mention, explain, elaborate drɔːr ˈaʊt
potential= capacity, ability, aptitude (pot= power i.e
satisfied with many aspects of their work' (Lucas, 2002). In
despot, potentate) pəˈtenʃl
broadly = largely, roughly, mostly ˈbrɔːdli
aspect= feature, trait, quality (spect= look i.e prospect,
addition, or maybe as a result, high employee turnover has
speculate) ˈæspekt
employee turnover= the rate at which employees
leave a company and are replaced by new employees
been a recurring problem throughout the hospitality industry. emploɪˈiː ˈt\ːnə v ʊ ə
recurring= regular, frequent, repeated rɪˈk\ːrɪŋ
cite = mentioned, refer to, quoted (cit= call i.e solicit,
Among the many cited reasons are low compensation,
excite) saɪt
compensation= reward, benefit, payment kTmpenˈseɪ n ʃ 
inadequate benefits, poor working conditions and
inadequate= deficient, unsatisfactory, too little, not
enough, #sufficient (equ= equal i.e equity, equivalence) ɪnˈædɪkwət
compromised employee morale and attitudes (Maroudas et
compromised= worsen, make worse, poor, low ˈkTmprəmaɪzd
morale= spirit, enthusiasm məˈrSːl al., 2008).
Ng and Sorensen (2008) demonstrated that when managers
demonstrate= show, exhibit, reveal, explain ˈdemənstreɪt
provide recognition to employees, motivate employees to
recognition= gratitude, appreciation,
work together, and remove obstacles preventing effective
acknowledgement, respect, #blame (gnit= know i.e
cognition, ignorant) rekəɡˈnɪʃn
performance, employees feel more obligated to stay with the
motivate= inspire, provoke, encourage (mot= move i.e
mobile, promote) ˈməʊtɪveɪt
company. This was succinctly summarized by Michel et al.
obstacle= difficulty, problem, barrier ˈTbstəkl
obligated= grateful, appreciative, thankful ˈTblɪɡeɪtɪd
(2013): '[P]roviding support to employees gives them the
succinctly= briefly, in short, concisely səkˈsɪŋktli
confidence to perform their jobs better and the motivation to
summarize= review, sum up, recap (sum= sum i.e
consummate, summation) ˈsʌməraɪz 12
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stay with the organization.' Hospitality organizations can
enhance= improve, increase, develop ɪnˈhSːns
retention= keeping, holding, retaining, preservation
therefore enhance employee motivation and retention
(tent= hold i.e content, abstain, contain) rɪˈtenʃn inherently=
through the development and improvement of their working
integral y, fundamental y, essential y,
natural y, intrinsical y, #superficial y (here= stick i.e
conditions. These conditions are inherently linked to the
inhere, adhesive) ɪnˈhɪərəntli working environment.
While it seems likely that employees' reactions to their job
reaction= response, reply, feedback (act= do i.e action,
characteristics could be affected by a predisposition to view actor, agent) rɪˈækʃn
their work environment negatively, no evidence exists to
characteristic= trait, quality, personality kærəktəˈrɪstɪk
predisposition= tendency, predilection, disposition,
support this hypothesis (Spector et al., 2000). However, given bias (posit= put i.e position, apposite) priːdɪspəˈzɪʃn
the opportunity, many people wil find something to complain
hypothesis= theory, suggestion, assumption
(the= put i.e synthesis, anathematic) haɪˈpTθəsɪs
about in relation to their workplace (Poulston, 2009). There is opportunity= chance, prospect, occasion Tpəˈtjuːnɪti
a strong link between the perceptions of employees and
in relation to = related to, concerning, with regard to ɪn rɪˈleɪʃn tuː
particular factors of their work environment that are separate
perception= insight, awareness, view, opinion,
recognition (per=thoroughly i.e perfection, persistence)
from the work itself, including company policies, salary and pəˈsepʃn vacations.
separate= split, divide, disconnect ˈseprət
Such conditions are particularly troubling for the luxury hotel
market, where high-quality service, requiring a sophisticated
troubling = worrying, concerning, disturbing,
approach to HRM, is recognized as a critical source of #soothing ˈtrʌblɪŋ
competitive advantage (Maroudas et al., 2008). In a real
sophisticated= complex, complicated, advanced
sense, the services of hotel employees represent their
(soph= wise i.e philosophy, sophism) səˈfɪstɪkeɪtɪd
in a real sense = sth is partly true, or true in one way,
industry (Schneider and Bowen, 1993). This representation
in one aspect (sens= feel i.e sensory, consent) ɪn ə rɪəl
has commonly been limited to guest experiences. This sens
suggests that there has been a dichotomy between the guest dichotomy= contrast, opposition, contradiction (tom=
environment provided in luxury hotels and the wsorking
cut i.e anatomy, polytomy) daɪˈkTtəmi
conditions of their employees.
It is therefore essential for hotel management to develop HRM enable= al ow, make possible, permit ɪˈneɪbl
practices that enable them to inspire and retain competent
retain = keep, hold, maintain rɪˈteɪn
employees. This requires an understanding of what motivates
competent= experienced, knowledgeable, skil ed
employees at different levels of management and different ˈkTmpɪtənt
stages of their careers (Enz and Siguaw, 2000). This implies
imply= indicate, mean, suggest ɪmˈplaɪ
that it is beneficial for hotel managers to understand what
employee retention= the ability of a company to keep
practices are most favorable to increase employee
its employees and stop them from going to work
satisfaction and retention.
somewhere else emploɪˈiː rɪˈtenʃn
Herzberg (1966) proposes that people have two major types of
needs, the first being extrinsic motivation factors relating to
extrinsic= external, outside, outer ekˈstrɪnsɪk
the context in which work is performed, rather than the work
context = situation, environment, circumstance (text=
itself. These include working conditions and job security.
weave i.e textile, pretext) ˈkTntekst
job security = a job with a high level of security is
When these factors are unfavorable, job dissatisfaction may
such that a person with the job would have a smal
result. Significantly, though, just fulfil ing these needs does not chance of losing it.
result in satisfaction, but only in the reduction of dissatisfaction dʒTb sɪˈkjʊ r ə ɪti (Maroudas et al., 2008).
Employees also have intrinsic motivation needs or
intrinsic= inside, inherent, innate, inner, #extrinsic
motivators, which include such factors as achievement and ɪnˈtrɪnsɪk 13
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recognition. Unlike extrinsic factors, motivator factors may
ideal y result in job satisfaction (Maroudas et al., 2008).
Herzberg's (1966) theory discusses the need for a 'balance' of these two types of needs.
The impact of fun as a motivating factor at work has also been
explored. For example, Tews, Michel and Stafford (2013)
conduct= do, perform, accomplish, carry out kənˈ ʌ d kt
conducted a study focusing on staff from a chain of themed
a chain of = a set of connected or related things ə
restaurants in the United States. It was found that fun ˈtʃeɪn Tv
themed restaurant = A themed restaurant is a type of
activities had a favorable impact on performance and manager restaurant that uses theming to attract diners by
support for fun had a favorable impact in reducing turnover.
creating a memorable experience. ðəmd ˈrestrTnt
turnover= the rate at which people leave
Their findings support the view that fun may indeed have a
an organization and are replaced by others ˈt\ːnəʊvə
framing = bordering, enclosing, surrounding, set up, #
beneficial effect, but the framing of that fun must be careful y insetting ˈfreɪmɪŋ
aligned with both organizational goals and employee
aligned = associated, support, side with, line up with əˈlaɪnd
characteristics. 'Managers must learn how to achieve the
delicate= fragile, weak, slight, elegant ˈdelɪkət
delicate balance of al owing employees the freedom to enjoy
simultaneously= at the same time, concurrently,
instantaneously, at once (simul= imitating i.e similar,
themselves at work while simultaneously maintaining high
assimilate) sɪmlˈteɪnɪəsli
levels of performance' (Tews et al., 2013).
adopt= accept, implement, embrace (opt=choose i.e
option, optative) əˈdTpt
Deery (2008) has recommended several actions that can be
assist= support, help, aid (sist= cause to stand i.e
adopted at the organizational level to retain good staff as wel
consist, exist, insist) əˈsɪst
appropriate= suitable, fitting, apt, proper (propri=
as assist in balancing work and family life. Those particularly
property i.e proper, propriety) əˈprəʊpriət
appropriate to the hospitality industry include al owing
adequate = enough, sufficient, #inadequate, #insufficient
adequate breaks during the working day, staff functions that
(equ= equal i.e equity, equivalence) ˈædɪkwət
well-being = happiness, comfort, welfare, safety wel
involve families, and providing health and well-being ˈbiːɪŋ opportunities. 14
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N¿u hßc đ°ợc một l°ợng từ vựng lớn thì các b¿n
sẽ không phÁi quan tâm đ¿n tip này hay trick kia
khi làm bài thi IELTS Reading. Mình tin là có những
b¿n 1 tuần đßc liên tục đ°ợc 2 cuốn Boost your
vocabulary, th¿m chí là h¡n. Truyện dài mấy trăm
trang mà nhiÁu b¿n có thà đßc xong trong 1 đêm,
còn 1 cuốn Boost your vocabulary là khá mỏng, và
l¿i toàn từ đã đ°ợc tra sẵn. V¿y nên hãy cố gắng
đßc th¿t nhanh nhé các b¿n Đinh Thắng 15
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emigrate = migrate, relocate, move, abroad, leave
orn in Scotland, Henderson emigrated to Canada in 1855
your country, # return #immigrate. ˈemɪɡreɪt
well-known = famous, celebrated, renowned, legendary. ˈwel nəʊn
merchant = sel er, trader, wholesaler, dealer.
and became a well-known landscape photographer Alexander ˈm\ːtʃənt
found = create, start, establish, set up, #close
Henderson was born in Scotland in 1831 and was the son of a faʊnd
chairman = chairperson, chair, chairwoman
successful merchant. His grandfather, also cal ed Alexander, had
(someone who is in charge of a large company or
founded the family business, and later became the first chairman organization) ˈtʃeəmən
extensive = big, large, huge, massive, wide
of the National Bank of Scotland. The family had extensive ɪkˈstensɪv
landholding = the land that is own by someone
landholdings in Scotland. Besides its residence in Edinburgh, it ˈlændhəʊldɪŋ
residence = house, home, dwel ing (especial y a
owned Press Estate, 650 acres of farmland about 35 miles
large or official one) ˈrezɪdəns
acres= a unit for measuring area, equal to 4,840
southeast of the city. The family often stayed at Press Castle, the
square yards or 4,047 square metres ˈeɪkəz
large mansion on the northern edge of the property, and
mansion = hal , tower, castle ˈmænʃn
edge= rim, border, boundary edʒ
Alexander spent much of his childhood in the area, playing on the
property = land, building, estate, belongings. ˈprTpəti
beach near Eyemouth or fishing in the streams nearby.
stream= watercourse, smal river, torrent striːm
Even after he went to school at Murcheston Academy on the
outskirts = outer edge, border, suburb (that is
outskirts of Edinburgh, Henderson returned to Press at weekends. furthest from its centre) ˈaʊtsk\ːts 16
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In 1849 he began a three-year apprenticeship to become an
apprenticeship= traineeship, internship, training əˈprentɪʃɪp
accountant. Although he never liked the prospect of a business
accountant = bookeeper, auditor (someone
whose job is to keep and check financial accounts,
career, he stayed with it to please his family. In October 1855,
calculate taxes etc) əˈkaʊntənt
however, he emigrated to Canada with his wife Agnes Elder
the prospect of = possibility, vision, potential. ði: prəˈspekt Tv
Robertson and they settled in Montreal.
please = satisfy, give pleasure to, make happy, pliːz
settled in= to begin to feel happy and relaxed in a
new situation, home, job, or school ˈsetld ɪn
Henderson learned photography in Montreal around the year 1857
take it up= to start a new job or have a
and quickly took it up as a serious amateur. He became a
new responsibility ˈteɪk ˈɪt ʌp
amateur = layperson, beginner, apprentice,
personal friend and col eague of the Scottish-Canadian
#professional #expert ˈæmətə
personal friend= someone who you know wel ,
photographer Wil iam Notman. The two men made a photographic
especial y a famous or important person ˈp\ː ə s nl ˈfrend
excursion to Niagara Fal s in 1860 and they cooperated on
excursion= trip, tour, expedition, journey. ɪkˈsk\ːʃn
experiments with magnesium flares as a source of artificial light
cooperate = work together, work as a team, col aborate kəʊˈTpəreɪt
in 1865. They belonged to the same societies and were among the
experiments= trial, test, research. ɪkˈsperɪmənts
magnesium=a chemical element (symbol: Mg)
founding members of the Art Association of Montreal. Henderson mæɡˈniːzɪəm
flare= flash, blaze, sparkle fleə
acted as chairman of the association's first meeting, which was held artificial= man-made, non-natural, synthetic, #natural, #real
in Notman's studio on 11 January 1860. Sːtɪˈfɪʃl
association= organisation, union, al iance əˌsəʊʃiˈeɪʃn
In spite of their friendship, their styles of photography were quite
in spite of = despite, although, regardless of, even though
different. While Notman's landscapes were noted for their bold ɪn spaɪt Tv
bold= noticeable, showy, confident bə l ʊ d
realism, Henderson for the first 20 years of his career produced
realism = practicality, #impracticality
#idealism #romanticism ˈrɪəlɪzəm
romantic images, showing the strong influence of the British
influence= effect, impact, repercussions ˈɪnflʊəns
landscape tradition. His artistic and technical progress was rapid
artistic= creative, imaginative, inventive, arty Sːˈtɪstɪk
and in 1865 he published his first major col ection of landscape
publication = journal, newspaper, magazine pʌblɪˈkeɪʃn
photographs. The publication had limited circulation (only seven
circulation = distribution, readership, sales
copies have ever been found), and was cal ed Canadian Views and s\ːkjʊˈleɪʃn
vary= differ, change, diverge, be different ˈveəri
Studies. The contents of each copy vary significantly and have
prove= show, demonstrate, evidence #disprove
proved a useful source for evaluating Henderson's early work. pruːv
evaluate= assess, estimate, value, calculate ɪˈvæljʊeɪt
In 1866, he gave up his business to open a photographic studio,
advertise= publicize, market, announce, promote
advertising himself as a portrait and landscape photographer. ˈædvətaɪz
drop = stop, give up, abandon, #maintain drTp
From about 1870 he dropped portraiture to specialize in
portrait = a drawing, painting, or photograph of a
landscape photography and other views. His numerous person ˈpɔːtrɪt
specialize = specify, concentrate, focus ˈspeʃəlaɪz
photographs of city life revealed in street scenes, houses, and
numerous = many, plentiful, abundant ˈnjuːmərəs
reveal= expose, uncover, bring to light rɪˈviːl
markets are alive with human activity, and although his favourite
compose = produce, create, make, compile
subject was landscape he usual y composed his scenes around kəmˈpəʊz 17
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such human pursuits as farming the land, cutting ice on a river, or
pursuit= pastime, interest, leisure activity pəˈsjuːt
sufficient = enough, adequate, plenty,
sailing down a woodland stream. There was sufficient demand for
appropriate. səˈfɪʃnt
depict = show, il ustrate, describe, represent
these types of scenes and others he took depicting the lumber dɪˈpɪkt
trade, steamboats and waterfal s to enable him to make a living.
lumber = wood, logs, timber, planks ˈlʌmbə
enable = al ow, permit, support, assist, aid,
There was little competing hobby or amateur photography before
facilitate, #prevent ɪˈneɪbl
time-consuming = laborious, slow, timewasting,
the late 1880s because of the time-consuming techniques
#timesaving ˈtaɪmkənˈsjuːmɪŋ
involved and the weight of the equipment.
People wanted to buy photographs as souvenirs of a trip or as
souvenir = keepsake, memento, reminder, gift.
gifts, and catering to this market, Henderson had stock suːvəˈnɪə
photographs on display at his studio for mounting, framing, or
cater= provide, supply, accommodate ˈkeɪtə
stock= keep, have carry, sel , supply stTk inclusion in albums ,
mounting = encasing, exhibiting, instal ing,
Henderson frequently exhibited his photographs in Montreal and framing. ˈmaʊntɪŋ
abroad, in London, Edinburgh, Dublin, Paris, New York, and
inclusion = insertion, attachment, addition,
Philadelphia. He met with greater success in 1877 and 1878 in New #absence, #exclusion ɪnˈkluːʒn
York when he won first prizes in the exhibition held by E and HT
exhibit= show, display, reveal, present ɪɡˈzɪbɪt
Anthony and Company for landscapes using the Lambertype
process. In 1878 his work won second prize at the world exhibition in Paris.
In the 1870s and 1880s Henderson travel ed widely throughout
throughout = in or into every part of something
Quebec and Ontario, in Canada, documenting the major cities of θruːˈaʊt
document= record, keep a record, write down,
the two provinces and many of the vil ages in Quebec. He was provide evidence ˈdTkjʊment
especial y fond of the wilderness and often travel ed by canoe on
be fond of = be keen on, be in love with, enjoy, find irresistible
the Blanche, du Lievre, and other noted eastern rivers. He went on bi fTnd Tv
wilderness= wild, wasteland, desert. ˈwɪldənəs
several occasions to the Maritimes and in 1872 he sailed by yacht
canoe = kayak, outrigger, coracle, dugout,
along the lower north shore of the St Lawrence River. That same pirogue, piragua kəˈnuː
year, while in the lower St Lawrence River region, he took some
sail= cruise, travel ing in a ship, go in a boat, set sail seɪl
photographs of the construction of the Intercolonial Railway. This
yacht = ship, vessel, cruiser, ferry jTt
undertaking led in 1875 to a commission from the railway to
shore = bank, the waterfront, riverside. ʃɔː
record the principal structures along the almost-completed line
Intercolonial Railway = was a
historic Canadian railway that operated from 1872
connecting Montreal to Halifax. Commissions from other railways
to 1918 ɪntəkəˈləʊnjəl ˈreɪlweɪ
fol owed. In 1876 he photographed bridges on the Quebec,
undertaking =mission, duty, task ʌndəˈteɪkɪŋ
Montreal, Ottawa and Occidental Railway between Montreal and
commission= committee, agency, board kəˈmɪʃn
Ottawa. In 1885 he went west along the Canadian Pacific Railway
record = document, chronicle, keep information rɪˈkɔːd
(CPR) as far as Rogers Pass in British Columbia, where he took
principal= main, major, prime, key ˈprɪnsəpl
photographs of the mountains and the progress of construction.
In 1892 Henderson accepted a ful -time position with the CPR as
manager of a photographic department which he was to set up and 18
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administer. His duties included spending four months in the field
administer = manage, run, control, govern
each year. That summer he made his second trip west, ədˈmɪnɪstə
duty= task, responsibility, undertaking ˈdjuːti
photographing extensively along the railway line as far as Victoria.
extensively= greatly, much, highly, considerably, significantly ɪkˈstensɪvli
He continued in this post until 1897, when he retired completely
post = position, placement, job, workplace pəʊst from photography.
retired = stop working, give up work, be
pensioned off, step down, rɪˈtaɪ d ə
When Henderson died in 1913, his huge col ection of glass
glass negatives = The term most commonly
negatives was stored in the basement of his house. Today
refers to two formats, col odion wet plate
negatives and gelatin dry plate negatives. Both
col ections of his work are held at the National Archives of Canada,
formats consist of a light sensitive emulsion fixed
Ottawa, and the McCord Museum of Canadian History, Montreal.
to a glass plate base with a binder glS:s ˈneɡətɪvz
basement= a part of a building that is below the
level of the first floor ˈbeɪsmənt 19
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excessive= extreme, too much, unnecessary ɪkˈsesɪv
nswers to the problem of excessive electricity use by
skyscraper = tower, multistory building, high-rise building. ˈskaɪskreɪpə
skyscrapers and large public buildings can be found in
ingenious= skil ful, creative, effective, clever ɪnˈdʒiːnɪəs
ingenious but forgotten architectural designs of the 19th and early-20th centuries.
recovery= improvement, revival, retrieval, healing, A rɪˈkʌvəri
the culmination of sth= something, especial y
The Recovery of Natural Environments in Architecture by
something important, that happens at the end of a long
Professor Alan Short is the culmination of 30 years of
period of effort or development ðə ˌkʌlmɪˈneɪʃn əv
Earth sciences = the branch of science dealing with
research and award-winning green building design by Short
the physical constitution of the earth and its
and col eagues in Architecture, Engineering, Applied Maths and atmosphere. ˈ\:θ ˈsaɪənsɪz
Earth Sciences at the University of Cambridge.
crisis= disaster, catastrophe, difficulty ˈkraɪsɪs
gadget= tool, gizmo, machine, device, appliance
'The crisis in building design is already here,' said Short. ˈɡædʒɪt
'Policy makers think you can solve energy and building
squander (on)= waste, consume, spend ˈskwTndər Tn
mechanically= automatical y, instinctively,
problems with gadgets. You can't. As global temperatures
unconsciously, without thinking #consciously mɪˈkænɪkli
continue to rise, we are going to continue to squander more
run out (of)= be used up, end, expire, finish, come to an end ˈrʌn aʊt Tv
and more energy on keeping our buildings mechanically cool
capacity= power, ability, volume, #inability kəˈpæsɪti
until we have run out of capacity.'
sweeping= far-reaching, comprehensive, wide-ranging, B
widespread, #restricted ˈswiːpɪŋ
Short is cal ing for a sweeping reinvention of how skyscrapers reinvent = reform, to make changes in order
to improve it or make it more modern ˌriːɪnˈvent
and major public buildings are designed - to end the reliance
reliance = dependence, support, # independence rɪˈlaɪəns
on sealed buildings which exist solely via the 'life support'
sealed = closed, stuck #opened siːld
solely=exclusively, only, lone, merely, just ˈsəʊli
via = through, thru, by, by means of, using ˈvaɪə 20
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system of vast air conditioning units. Instead, he shows it is
vast = massive, huge, immense, considerable, #smal vSːst
entirely possible to accommodate natural ventilation and
accommodate= supply, provide, assist əˈkTmədeɪt
ventilation=the movement of fresh air around
cooling in large buildings by looking into the past, before the
a closed space, or the system that does this ventɪˈleɪʃn
relentless= unstoppable, persistent, #gentle,
widespread introduction of air conditioning systems, which #moderate rɪˈlentləs
aggressive=forceful, strong, insistent #mild əˈɡresɪv
were 'relentlessly and aggressively marketed' by their
market (verb)= advertise, promote, sale ˈmS:kɪt inventors.
contemporary = current, modern, latest, up-to-date C kənˈtemprəri
Short points out that to make most contemporary buildings
habitable= livable, comfortable, inhabitable, fit to, #uninhabitable
habitable, they have to be sealed and air conditioned. The ˈhæbɪtəbl
sealed= closed, wrapped, stuck down siːld
energy use and carbon emissions this generates is
emission= a gas or other substance that is sent into the air ɪˈmɪ n ʃ 
spectacular and largely unnecessary. Buildings in the West
spectacular= remarkable, outstanding, stunning,
account for 40-50% of electricity usage, generating substantial impressive, #unimpressive spekˈtækjʊlə
substantial= significant, plentiful, abundant səbˈstænʃl
carbon emissions, and the rest of the world is catching up at a catching up = to come from behind and reach
frightening rate. Short regards glass, steel and air-conditioned someone in front of you by going faster ˈkætʃɪŋ ʌp
frightening = scary, making you feel afraid or nervous
skyscrapers as symbols of status, rather than practical ways of ˈfraɪtnɪŋ meeting our requirements.
highlight= underline, emphasize, stress, draw attention
to, bring to light ˈhaɪlaɪt D
Short's book highlights a developing and sophisticated art
sophisticated= complex, advance, complicated
and science of ventilating buildings through the 19th and səˈfɪstɪkeɪtɪd
earlier-20th centuries, including the design of ingeniously
pathogen= virus, bacterium, germ ˈpæθədʒən
airstream= a current of air ˈeəstriːm
ventilated hospitals. Of particular interest were those built to the model = show, demonstrate, display #show off ˈmTdl
designs of John Shaw Bil ings, including the first Johns Hopkins tuberculosis = a serious infectious disease that
Hospital in the US city of Baltimore (1873-1889).
can attack many parts of a person's body,
'We spent three years digital y model ing Bil ings' final designs,' especial y their lungs. tju:b\ːkjʊˈləʊsɪs
says Short. 'We put pathogens in the airstreams, modelled
coughing= to suddenly push air out of your throat with
for someone with tuberculosis (TB) coughing in the wards
a short sound, often repeatedly ˈkTfɪŋ
ward= a large room in a hospital which is used for
and we found the ventilation systems in the room would have
treating people with similar il nesses or conditions wɔːd
kept other patients safe from harm. E
'We discovered that 19th-century hospital wards could
generate up to 24 air changes an hour - that's similar to the
generate= produce, make, form, create ˈdʒenəreɪt
air change = a measure of how many times the air
performance of a modern-day, computer-control ed operating
within a defined space (normal y a room or house) is
theatre. We believe you could build wards based on these replaced ˈeə tʃeɪndʒ principles now.
Single rooms are not appropriate for al patients. Communal
appropriate= fitting, suitable, applicable, #inappropriate əˈprəʊpriət
wards appropriate for certain patients - older people with
communal= shared, public, #private ˈkTmjʊnl
dementia = a medical condition that affects especial y
dementia, for example - would work just as wel in today's
old people, causing the memory and other mental
abilities to gradual y become worse, and leading to
hospitals, at a fraction of the energy cost.'
confused behaviour dɪˈmenʃə
fraction = a smal part, segment, part, section ˈfrækʃn 21
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Professor Short contends the mindset and skill-sets behind
contend = argue, claim, insist, declare kənˈtend
mindset = attitude, outlook, approach, belief, frame of
these designs have been completely lost, lamenting the
mind, way of thinking ˈmaɪndset
skill-set = the range of things that someone is good at,
disappearance of expertly designed theatres, opera houses,
especial y things that are useful in a particular job ˈskɪl
and other buildings where up to half the volume of the building set
lament= to express sadness and feeling sorry about
was given over to ensuring everyone got fresh air. something ləˈment
volume= amount, quantity, degree, number ˈvTljuːm F
ingenuity= creativity, inventiveness, resourcefulness,
Much of the ingenuity present in 19th-century hospital and
imagination, initiative ɪndʒɪˈnjuːɪti
panicked= nervous, worried, frightened, ˈpænɪkt
building design was driven by a panicked public clamouring
clamour= demanding, cal out, insisting, #whispering ˈklæmə
for buildings that could protect against what was thought to be
lethal= deadly, fatal, mortal, poisonous, toxic ˈliːθl
miasma = mist, fog, haze mɪˈæzmə
the lethal threat of miasmas - toxic air that spread disease.
toxic = harmful, detrimental, damaging ˈtTksɪk
principal= main, major, key, primary ˈprɪnsəpl
Miasmas were feared as the principal agents of disease and
agent = cause, vehicle, driving force ˈeɪdʒənt
epidemic= the appearance of a particular disease in a
epidemics for centuries, and were used to explain the spread
large number of people at the same time epɪˈdemɪk
infection= disease, il ness, virus ɪnˈfekʃn
of infection from the Middle Ages right through to the cholera
cholera = a serious disease that
causes sickness and sometimes death. It is caused
outbreaks in London and Paris during the 1850s. Foul air,
by eating infected food or drinking infected water. ˈkTlərə
outbreak= suddenly starts to happen ˈaʊtbreɪk
rather than germs, was believed to be the main driver of
foul= unpleasant, stinking, disgusting, #clean faʊl
germ= bacteria, virus, bug dʒ\ː m
'hospital fever', leading to disease and frequent death. The
driver = cause, reason, source ˈdraɪvə
the prosperous= rich people, the rich, wealthy people,
prosperous steered clear of hospitals. While miasma theory
the wealthy ðə ˈprTspərəs
steer clear = to avoid sb or sth implesant or difficult.
has been long since disproved, Short has for the last 30 years stɪə klɪə
theory = hypothesis, speculation, assumption ˈθɪəri
advocated a return to some of the building design principles
disprove = invalidate, negate, refute, show to be false, #prove dɪsˈpruːv produced in its wake.
advocate= support, back, suggest, promote ˈædvəkeɪt
in somebody’s/something’s wake= behind or after
someone or something ɪn ˈsəmˌbSːdi ˈsʌmθɪŋz weɪk G
Today, huge amounts of a building's space and construction
give over= to stop doing or saying something that
cost are given over to air conditioning. 'But I have designed
is annoying other people ɡɪv ˈəʊvə
and built a series of buildings over the past three decades
which have tried to reinvent some of these ideas and then
reinvent = remake, revive, reform. riːɪnˈvent measure what happens.
'To go forward into our new low-energy, low-carbon future, we
would be wel advised to look back at design before our high-
legacy= heritage, inherence, inheritance ˈleɡəsi
energy, high-carbon present appeared. What is surprising is
abandon = discard, give up, stop. əˈbændən
what a rich legacy we have abandoned.' H
ventilate = to let fresh air into a room, building etc ˈventɪleɪt
Successful examples of Short's approach include the Queen's
lit = past form of lɪt
Building at De Montfort University in Leicester. Containing as
light = to provide light for a place laɪt
many as 2,000 staff and students, the entire building is
auditorium- auditoria (plural) = hal , theatre ɔːdɪˈtɔːriəm
natural y ventilated, passively cooled and natural y lit, - ˌɔːdɪˈtɔːriə
including the two largest auditoria, each seating more than
seat = accommodate, contain, hold, take siːt
fraction = portion, segment, part, #whole
150 people. The award-winning building uses a fraction of the ˈfrækʃn
comparable = similar, equivalent, equal, as good as,
electricity of comparable buildings in the UK. #dissimilar ˈkTmpərəbl 22
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Short contends that glass skyscrapers in London and around
contend (that) = insist, to argue or state that
the world wil become a liability over the next 20 or 30 years if
something is true kənˈtend ðæt
climate model ing predictions and energy price rises come to
liability= accountability, legal responsibility, obligation, charge laɪəˈbɪlɪti pass as expected.
convince= persuade, prove, influence kənˈvɪns
He is convinced that sufficiently cooled skyscrapers using
sufficiently = adequately, satisfactorily, suitably,
the natural environment can be produced in almost any climate. appropriately, #inadequately səˈfɪʃntli
hybrid = combination, mixture, cross ˈhaɪbrɪd
He and his team have worked on hybrid buildings in the harsh harsh= hard, serve, tough hSːʃ
climates of Beijing and Chicago - built with natural ventilation
back-up = something that you can use
assisted by back-up air conditioning - which, surprisingly
to replace something that does not work or is lost bæk ʌp
perhaps, can be switched off more than half the time on
switched off= to turn off a machine, light, radio etc
milder days and during the spring and autumn. using a switch swɪtʃt Tf
recipe book which looks at the past, how we got to where we
milder= warmer, pleasanter, clement ˈmaɪldə
recipe= method, formula, guidelines, instructions, steps
are now, and how we might reimagine the cities, offices and resəpi
homes of the future. There are compelling reasons to do this.
reimagine= reinterpret (an event, work of art, etc.)
The Department of Health says new hospitals should be
imaginatively; rethink. riːɪˈmædʒɪn)
compelling= convincing, powerful, persuasive, forceful,
natural y ventilated, but they are not. Maybe it’s time we undeniable kəmˈpelɪŋ changed our outlook.=
outlook= viewpoint, attitude, view, point of view ˈaʊtlʊk 23
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BOOST YOUR VOCABULARY – CAMBRIDGE IELTS 14 READING PASSAGE 3 A
disorder = chaos, disarrange, mess-up dɪsˈɔːdə
structured= arrange, organize, build up ˈstrʌktʃəd
Organisation is big business. Whether it is of our lives - al
strategy = plan, scheme, approach, policy, line of
those inboxes and calendars or how companies are attack ˈstrætədʒi
ought to = should, had better, have to ˈɔːt tuː
structured, a multi-bil ion-dol ar industry helps to meet this
a means = way, method, measure ə miːnz
need. We have more strategies for time management,
productive= energetic, generative, effective,
project management and self-organisation than at any other profitable prəˈdʌktɪv
countless = uncountable, limitless, immeasurable
time in human history. We are told that we ought to organise ˈkaʊntləs
our company, our home life, our week, our day and even our
seminar = workshop, meeting, discussion group ˈsemɪnSː
sleep, al as a means to becoming more productive. Every
take place= happen, occur ( especial y after being
week, countless seminars and workshops take place
planned or arranged) ˈteɪk ˈpleɪs
a paying public= those who buy or purchase
around the world to tel a paying public that they ought to
something (seminars/ workshops) ə ˈpeɪɪŋ ˈpʌblɪk
structure their lives in order to achieve this.
rhetoric= speech or writing that is intended to
influence people, but that is not completely honest or
This rhetoric has also crept into the thinking of business sincere ˈretərɪk
creep = walk quietly and slowly, tiptoe kriːp
leaders and entrepreneurs, much to the delight of self-
entrepreneur = businessperson, founder ˌTntrəprəˈn\ː
proclaimed perfectionists with the need to get everything
delight= enjoyment, pleasure, joy, gladness dɪˈlaɪt
proclaim= announce, declare, assert, state, say
right. The number of business schools and graduates has publicly prəˈkleɪm
massively increased over the past 50 years, essential y
perfectionist= person who likes to do things perfectly
and is not satisfied with anything less pəˈfekʃənɪst
teaching people how to organise wel .
massively = hugely, enormously, immensely, vastly ˈmæsɪvli 24
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Ironically, however, the number of businesses that fail has
ironically= paradoxical y, oddly, poignantly, fateful y,
also steadily increased. Work-related stress has increased. A unluckily aɪˈrTnɪkli
demographic= data relating to the population and
large proportion of workers from al demographics claim to
groups of people in it deməˈɡræfɪk
be dissatisfied with the way their work is structured and the
beg the question= raise a question or point that has
way they are managed. This begs the question: what has
not been dealt with beɡ ðə ˈkwestʃən
gone wrong? Why is it that on paper the drive for
drive = motivation, effort, ambition draɪv
shot = try, attempt, chance ʃTt
organisation seems a sure shot for increasing productivity,
fall short of sth= to be less than
but in reality falls well short of what is expected?
the amount or standard that is needed or that you want fɔːl ʃɔ:t əv C
forefather= ancestor, forebear, precursor ˈfɔː S f ːðə
This has been a problem for a while now. Frederick Taylor
efficiency = competence, productivity, effectiveness
was one of the forefathers of scientific management. Writing ɪˈfɪʃnsi
widespread= extensive, prevalent, common, wel -
in the first half of the 20th century, he designed a number of
known, general, #limited ˈwaɪdspred
principles to improve the efficiency of the work process,
have been around= to have had experience of many
which have since become widespread in modern companies. different situations so that you can deal with new
So the approach has been around for a while.
situations confidently həv biːn əˈraʊnd
obsession = an extremely unhealthy interest in smth D
or worry about sth, which stops you from thinking
New research suggests that this obsession with efficiency is
about anything else. əbˈseʃn
misguided= mistaken, unwise, foolish, wrong #wise
misguided. The problem is not necessarily the management mɪsˈɡaɪdɪd
theories or strategies we use to organise our work; it's the
theory= concept, hypothesis, philosophy ˈθɪəri
assumption= belief, idea, guess, hypothesis, theory
basic assumptions we hold in approaching how we work. əˈsʌmpʃn
Here it's the assumption that order is a necessary condition
approach= move toward, come close to, come near to. əˈprəʊtʃ
for productivity. This assumption has also fostered the idea
order = wel -organized state in which everything is
that disorder must be detrimental to organisational
control ed, wel organized, and correctly arranged ˈɔːdə
productivity. The result is that businesses and people spend
foster= encourage, promote, raise, #discourage ˈfTstə
time and money organising themselves for the sake of
detrimental= harmful, damaging, negative,
unfavorable, disadvantageous detrɪˈmentl
organising, rather than actual y looking at the end goal and
for the sake of smb/smth= in order to help or bring usefulness of such an effort.
advantage to smb/smth fə ðə seɪk əv E
diminish= reduce, lessen, weaken, make smal er,
What's more, recent studies show that order actual y has #increase dɪˈmɪnɪʃ
diminishing returns. Order does increase productivity to a
return= profit, gain, earning rɪˈt\ːn
certain extent, but eventually the usefulness of the process
a certain extent = partly, but not completely ə ˈs\ː n t  ɪkˈstent
of organisation, and the benefit it yields, reduce until the point eventually = final y, ultimately, sooner or later, in the
where any further increase in order reduces productivity.
end, #immediately ɪˈventʃʊəli
Some argue that in a business, if the cost of formally
yield= produce, bear, generate, bring in jiːld
formally= properly, correctly, official y, legal y ˈfɔː l m i
structuring something outweighs the benefit of doing it, then
outweigh= to be more important or valuable than
that thing ought not to be formal y structured. Instead, the something else aʊtˈweɪ
resources involved can be better used elsewhere.
innovate= to start to use new ideas, methods, or inventions ˈɪnəveɪt F
be devoid of sth= without, empty, barren (to be
In fact, research shows that, when innovating, the best
completely lacking in something) #ful be dɪˈvɔɪd əv
approach is to create an environment devoid of structure and hierarchy= grading, rank, order ˈhaɪərSːki
enable = al ow, empower, aid, assist, facilitate, make
hierarchy and enable everyone involved to engage as one
possible, #prevent ɪˈneɪbl
organic = natural, unprocessed, nonchemical,
organic group. These environments can lead to new
#inorganic, #artificial ɔːˈɡænɪk 25
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solutions that, under conventionally structured environments conventionally= traditional y, conservatively,
normal y, # unconventional y, unusual y kənˈvenʃənəli
(fil ed with bottlenecks in terms of information flow, power
bottleneck = delay, postponement, putting off,
structures, rules, and routines) would never be reached.
hindrance, impediment ˈbTtlne k
in terms of sth = in relation to something ɪn t\ːmz əv G
embrace= accept, include, adopt, support, #exclude
In recent times companies have slowly started to embrace ɪmˈbreɪs
disorganisation= disorder, incompetence,
this disorganisation. Many of them embrace it in terms of
inefficiency, ineffectiveness, #organization, #efficiency
dɪˌsɔː.ɡə.naɪˈzeɪ.ʃən
perception (embracing the idea of disorder, as opposed to
perception = insight, awareness, view, opinion pəˈsepʃn
fearing it) and in terms of process (putting mechanisms in
as opposed to= versus, contrasted with, as against, place to reduce structure).
compared with əz əˈpəʊzd tuː
mechanism= procedure, process, system, operation, vehicle ˈmekənɪzəm
For example, Oticon, a large Danish manufacturer of hearing
aid = assistance, service, support eɪd
aids, used what it cal ed a 'spaghetti' structure in order to
rigid= fixed, inflexible, strict, unbending ˈrɪdʒɪd
reduce the organisation's rigid hierarchies. This involved
scrap = reject, eliminate, remove skræp
scrapping formal job titles and giving staff huge amounts of
ownership= the right or state of being an owner
ownership over their own time and projects. This approach ˈəʊnəʃɪp
proved to be highly successful initially, with clear
initially= firstly, original y, in the beginning, at first.
improvements in worker productivity in al facets of the ɪˈnɪʃəli business.
facet= aspect, part, sid ˈfæsɪt
In similar fashion, the former chairman of General Electric
embraced disorganisation, putting forward the idea of the
in a &fashion= in a particular way ɪn ə ˈfæʃ.ən
putting forward = propose, offer, state ˈpʊtɪŋ ˈfɔːwəd
'boundary less' organisation. Again, it involves breaking
boundary= border, limit, frontier ˈbaʊndri
down the barriers between different parts of a company and
virtual= computer-generated, simulated, cybernetic,
encouraging virtual collaboration and flexible working. #actual ˈv\ːtʃʊəl
collaboration = teamwork, partnership, association
Google and a number of other tech companies have kəˌlæbəˈreɪʃn
embraced (at least in part) these kinds of flexible structures,
facilitate = enable, assist, aid, make easy, make
facilitated by technology and strong company values which
possible, #impede fəˈsɪlɪteɪt glue people together.
glue= connect, link, join ɡluː H
A word of warning to others thinking of jumping on this
jump/climb on the bandwagon= to join others in
bandwagon: the evidence so far suggests disorder, much
doing or supporting something fashionable or likely to
like order, also seems to have diminishing utility, and can
be successful dʒʌmp ˈklaɪm ˈTn ðə ˈbændˌwæɡən
utility = usefulness, effectiveness, efficiency, value
also have detrimental effects on performance if overused. juːˈtɪlɪti
Like order, disorder should be embraced only so far as it is
overuse = the act of using something too much or too
useful. But we should not fear it - nor venerate one over the often əʊvəˈjuːz
venerate= revere, respect, admire, look up ˈvenəreɪt
other. This research also shows that we should continual y
question whether or not our existing assumptions work. 26
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NhiÁu b¿n ng¿i là đßc cuốn này xong thì làm test không đánh giá đúng nữa? Th¿t ra
câu trÁ lßi là KHÔNG PHÀI NH¯ V¾Y. à đầu sách đã ghi rất rõ là b¿n cần phÁi làm test
tr°ớc và sau đó thì dùng cuốn này đà không phÁi mất công tra từ điÃn, cộng thêm với
việc hßc synonym (từ đồng nghĩa) đà hiÃu đo¿n văn nói gì.
Tuy nhiên, với các b¿n band Reading đã á tầm 7.0-8.0 thì cũng không cần phÁi làm test
quá nhiÁu nữa. T¿p trung vào đßc bài cho th¿t hiÃu, đ¿n từ nào không bi¿t thì nhìn sang
cột bên phÁi quyÃn Boost này đà xem nghĩa của từ và l¿i đßc ti¿p. ĐÞC, ĐÞC, ĐÞC.
HIÂU, HIÂU, HIÂU. Cứ th¿ đßc mấy cuốn này nh° đßc báo, KHÔNG PHÀI LÀM TEST
NHIÀU. Tự khắc điÃm sẽ lên 8.0-9.0. Vì n¿u hßc từ vựng mà không hiÃu nội dung bài
đßc th¿t sâu thì cũng vô nghĩa.
Hy vßng là sách bộ Boost your vocabulary - Cambridge IELTS này sẽ ti¿p tục giúp đ°ợc
nhiÁu b¿n ti¿t kiệm thßi gian & đ¿t k¿t quÁ th¿t cao trong Reading! Đinh Thắng 27
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BOOST YOUR VOCABULARY – CAMBRIDGE IELTS 14 TEST 3 READING PASSAGE 1 A
unconscious = unaware, insensible, senseless #consious ʌnˈkTnʃəs
Looked at in one way, everyone knows what intel igence is; notion = idea, thought, concept, perception ˈnəʊʃn
looked at in another way, no one does. In other words, people implicit = unspoken, indirect, implied, #explicit
al have unconscious notions - known as 'implicit theories' ɪmˈplɪsɪt
theory = hypothesis, assumption, speculation ˈθɪəri
- of intel igence, but no one knows for certain what it actual y for certain = for sure, certainly, surely fə ˈs\ːtn
is. This chapter addresses how people conceptualize address= solve, deal with, tackle əˈdres
conceptualize = to form an idea or principle in your
intel igence, whatever it may actual y be.
mind (=theorize, hypothesize) kənˈsep.tʃu.ə.laɪz
But why should we even care what people think intel igence is, as opposed to = used to compare two things and
as opposed only to valuing whatever it actual y is? There are show that they are different from each other, contrast with, əz əˈpəʊzd tuː
at least four reasons people's conceptions of intel igence conception = belief, idea, view, thought, notion matter. kənˈsepʃn
matter = be important, have significant ˈmætə B
First, implicit theories of intel igence drive the way in which drive(v) = direct, lead, guide ˈdraɪv
people perceive and evaluate their own intel igence and that perceive = sense, realise, feel, understand, become
of others. To better understand the judgments people make aware of pəˈsiːv
about their own and others' abilities, it is useful to learn about evaluate = assess, value, analyze, estimate ɪˈvæljʊeɪt
people's implicit theories. For example, parents' implicit judgment = assessment, view, decision, conclusion,
theories of their children's language development wil opinion ˈdʒʌdʒmənt 28
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determine at what ages they wil be willing to make various determine = decide, resolve, influence dɪˈt\ːmɪn
corrections in their children's speech. More general y, parents' willing = ready, eager, keen, #reluctant, #unwil ing
implicit theories of intel igence wil determine at what ages they ˈwɪlɪŋ
believe their children are ready to perform various cognitive various = several, numerous, many, a number of,
tasks. Job interviewers wil make hiring decisions on the basis #few ˈveərɪəs
perform = make, do, implement pəˈfɔː m
of their implicit theories of intel igence. People wil decide who cognitive = reasoning, mental, intel ectual, rationnal
to be friends with on the basis of such theories. In sum, ˈkTɡnətɪv
knowledge about implicit theories of intel igence is important on the basis of = based on, by reason of, because
because this knowledge is so often used by people to make of, on account of ˈTn ðə ˈb ɪ e sɪs Tv
judgments in the course of their everyday lives.
in sum = in brief, in short, in summary ɪn sʌm
in the course of = during, throughout, in ɪn ðə kɔːs Tv C
Second, the implicit theories of scientific investigators investigator = detective, researcher ɪnˈvestɪɡeɪtə
ultimately = eventual y, final y, in the end, at last, #at
ultimately give rise to their explicit theories. Thus, it is useful first #initial y ˈʌltɪmətli
give rise to = to be the reason why something
to find out what these implicit theories are. Implicit theories happens, especial y something bad or unpleasant ɡɪv raɪz tuː
provide a framework that is useful in defining the general explicit = clear, obvious, plain #implicit #vague ɪkˈsplɪsɪt
scope of a phenomenon - especial y a not-wel -understood framework = background, outline, context ˈfreɪmw\ːk
phenomenon. These implicit theories can suggest what defining= decribing, outlining, explaining dɪˈfaɪnɪŋ
scope = range, scale, extent skə p ʊ
aspects of the phenomenon have been more or less attended phenomenon= occurrence, happening, event fɪˈnTmɪnən
to in previous investigations.
attend to = deal with, tackle əˈtend tuː
suspect= doubt, question, be suspicious, be wary, D #trust səˈspekt
Third, implicit theories can be useful when an investigator investigation = analysis, research, examination. ɪnˌvestɪˈɡeɪʃn
suspects that existing explicit theories are wrong or misleading = deceptive, misrepresenting, deceiving,
confusing, #truthful mɪsˈliːdɪŋ
misleading. If an investigation of implicit theories reveals reveal = expose, uncover, bring to light, #conceal. rɪˈviːl
little correspondence between the extant implicit and explicit correspondence = connection, association,
correlation. kTrɪˈspTndəns
theories, the implicit theories may be wrong. But the extant = existent, present, existing, in existence, #lost. ekˈstænt
possibility also needs to be taken into account that the possibility = probability, chance, prospect pTsəˈbɪlɪti
explicit theories are wrong and in need of correction or take into account = take into consideration, consider,
keep in mind ˈteɪk ˈɪntə əˈkaʊnt
supplementation. For example, some implicit theories of in need of = need, require ɪn niːd Tv
supplementation = the act of adding something to
intel igence suggest the need for expansion of some of our something else in order to improve or complete it.
sʌp.lɪ.menˈteɪ.ʃən
explicit theories of the construct
expansion = increase, extension, growth ɪkˈspænʃn
construct = concept, hypothesis, theory kənˈstrʌkt E
elucidate = explain, clarify, reveal, make clear,
interpret, #confuse ɪˈluːsɪdeɪt
Final y, understanding implicit theories of intel igence can help cross-cultural = multicultural, multiethnic,
cosmopolitan krTsˈkʌl.tʃər.əl
elucidate developmental and cross-cultural differences. As expectation = hope, prospect, probability,
anticipation ekspekˈteɪʃn
mentioned earlier, people have expectations for intellectual intellectual = knowledgeable, academic, highbrow,
performances that differ for children of different ages. How intel igent. ɪntəˈlektʃʊəl
performance = the way that someone does their job,
and how wel they do it pəˈfɔː ə m ns
differ = vary, be different, diverge, be unlike ˈdɪfə 29
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these expectations differ is in part a function of culture. For function(n) = purpose, role, utility ˈfʌŋ ʃkn
example, expectations for children who participate in Western-
style schooling are almost certain to be different from those for
children who do not participate in such schooling. F
I have suggested that there are three major implicit theories of major = main, prime, key, #minor ˈmeɪdʒə
how intel igence relates to society as a whole (Sternberg, as a whole = al together, as a group, as one, al in al əz ə həʊl
1997). These might be cal ed Hamiltonian, Jeffersonian, and strictly = exactly, precisely, accurately ˈstrɪkli
Jacksonian. These views are not based strictly, but rather, loosely = freely, roughly, #firmly, #strictly ˈluːsli
loosely, on the philosophies of Alexander Hamilton, Thomas philosophy = idea, viewpoint, belief fɪˈlTsəfi
statesman (plural: statesmen) = an experienced
Jefferson, and Andrew Jackson, three great statesmen in the politician, especial y one who is respected for making history of the United States. good judgments. ˈsteɪtsmən G
keep somebody in line = keep under control,
The Hamiltonian view, which is similar to the Platonic view, is govern, control kiːp ˈsʌmbədi ɪn laɪn
term = word, phrase, expression t\ː m
that people are born with different levels of intel igence and that emergence = appearance, occurrence, development.
those who are less intel igent need the good offices of the more ɪˈm\ːdʒəns
IQ (intel igence quotient) = a total score derived from
intel igent to keep them in line, whether they are cal ed several standardized tests designed to assess human
government officials or, in Plato's term, philosopher-kings. intel igence
elite = upper class, superior, first class (a group of
Herrnstein and Murray (1994) seem to have shared this belief people who have a lot of power
when they wrote about the emergence of a cognitive (high-IQ) and influence because they have money, knowledge,
elite, which eventual y would have to take responsibility for or special skil s) eɪˈliːt
take responsibility for the= something that
the largely irresponsible masses of non-elite (low-IQ) people it is your job or duty to deal with ˈteɪk rɪˌspTnsəˈbɪlɪti fə ði:
who cannot take care of themselves. Left to themselves, the irresponsible = careless, imprudent # responsible
unintel igent would create, as they always have created, a kind ɪrɪˈspTnsəbl
mass = majority, main part, largest part mæs of chaos.
chaos = disorder, confusion, mess #order ˈkeɪTs H
equal = equivalent, the same, alike #unequal ˈiːkwəl
necessarily = essential y, automatical y, certainly
The Jeffersonian view is that people should have equal nesəˈserəli
opportunities, but they do not necessarily avail themselves avail one’s self of smt=to make use of smt əˈveɪl
equal y of these opportunities and are not necessarily equal y wʌnz self əv
accomplishment = achievement, triumph, success.
rewarded for their accomplishments. People are rewarded for əˈkʌmplɪʃmənt
what they accomplish, if given equal opportunity. Low accomplish = achieve, complete, finish, do,
achievers are not rewarded to the same extent as high undertake, get done, carry out, pul off əˈkʌmplɪʃ
achievers. In the Jeffersonian view, the goal of education is not extent = level, range, degree, scope ɪkˈstent
foster = promote, encourage, cultivate, # discourag e
to favor or foster an elite, as in the Hamiltonian tradition, but ˈfTstə
rather to al ow children the opportunities to make full use of to make use of = use, take advantage of, avail of,
the skil s they have. My own views are similar to these utilize tu ˈmeɪk ˈjuːs Tv
competency = capability, ability, skil , # inability (Sternberg, 1997). ˈkTmpɪtənsi
The Jacksonian view is that al people are equal, not only as jury = a group of 12 ordinary people who listen to the
human beings but in terms of their competencies - that one details of a case in court and decide whether
someone is guilty or not ˈdʒʊəri |
person would serve as wel as another in government or on a democracy = a situation or system in which everyone
is equal and has the right to vote, make decisions etc
jury or in almost any position of responsibility. In this view of dɪˈmTkrəsi
democracy, people are essential y intersubstitutable except intersubstitutable= capable of being substituted for
each other. ɪnˈt\ː-ˈsʌbstɪtjuːtəbl 30
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for specialised skil s, al of which can be learned. In this view, specialised = particular, specific, focused,
concentrated, #generalised. ˈspeʃ.əl.aɪzd
we do not need or want any institutions that might lead to Institution = organization, foundation, school.
favouring one group over another. ɪnstɪˈtjuːʃn
favour sth over sth = choose, support, prefer,
promote, benefit, #reject ˈfeɪvə ˈsʌmθɪŋ ˈəʊvə ˈsʌmθɪŋ J
Implicit theories of intel igence and of the relationship of consider = respect, take into account, bear in mind. kənˈsɪdə
intel igence to society perhaps need to be considered more serve = function, work, perform s\ːv
underlying = fundamental, basic, core, main
careful y than they have been because they often serve as ʌndəˈlaɪɪŋ
presupposition = assumption, supposition,
underlying presuppositions for explicit theories and even hypothesis. priːsʌpəˈzɪʃn
experimental = trial, new, tentative ɪkˌsperɪˈmentl
experimental designs that are then taken as scientific scholar = professor, intel ectual, researcher, specialist ˈskTlə
contributions. Until scholars are able to discuss their implicit assumption = hypothesis, theory, supposition, belief əˈsʌmpʃn
theories and thus their assumptions, they are likely to miss likely = probable, possible, expected, prospective,
the point of what others are saying when discussing their #unlikely ˈlaɪkli
miss the point of = to not understand the main point
explicit theories and their data.
of what someone is saying mɪs ðə poɪnt Tv 31
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bug= insect, pest. bʌɡ Z
potential= prospect, possibility, capability.
oologist Ross Piper looks at the pəˈten
potential of insects ʃl
pharmaceutical= medicinal, medical, therapeutic, curative. fSːməˈsjuːtɪkl
derive= originate, come from, develop, obtain, draw from.
in pharmaceutical research dɪˈraɪv
compound = complex, mixture, mix, combination. kəmˈpaʊnd A
look to sb for sth = to hope that someone wil provide
something for you ˈlʊk tu sb fə sth
More drugs than you might think are derived from, or
soothing = reducing, al eviating, lessening, easing ˈsuːðɪŋ
curing = healing, treating, al eviating, restore to health,
inspired by, compounds found in living things. Looking #exacerbating ˈkjʊərɪŋ
ailment= disease, il ness, sickness ˈeɪlmənt
to nature for the soothing and curing of our ailments is
primate = a member of the group of animals that includes
humans and monkeys ˈpraɪmeɪt
rub = apply, smear, spread rʌb
nothing new - we have been doing it for tens of
toxin = poison, venom, contaminant ˈtTksɪn
ooze = if a thick liquid oozes from something or if
thousands of years. You only have to look at other
something oozes a thick liquid, that liquid flows from it very slowly uːz
millipede (milledepe) = a long thin creature with a very
primates - such as the capuchin monkeys who rub
large number of legs ˈmɪlɪpiːd
deter = prevent, discourage, put off, #encourage. dɪˈt\ː
themselves with toxin-oozing millipedes to deter
noxious = toxic, lethal, harmful # harmless ˈnTkʃəs
to rid themselves of= overcome tu rɪd ðəmˈselvz Tv
intestinal = relating to the intestines (= a long tube through
mosquitoes, or the chimpanzees who use noxious forest which food travels from the stomach and out of the body
while it is being digested) ɪnˈtestɪnl
plants to rid themselves of intestinal parasites - to
parasite= a plant or animal that lives on or in another plant
or animal and gets food from it ˈpærəsaɪt
ancient= earliest, primeval, prehistoric, age-old, #modern,
realise that our ancient ancestors too probably had a #contemporary ˈeɪnʃənt
ancestor= predecessor, forefather, forebear, #descendant
basic grasp of medicine. ˈænsestə
grasp = understanding, knowledge, awareness, perception, sense ɡrSːsp 32
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Pharmaceutical science and chemistry built on these
build on = use your achievements as a base for further development ˈbɪld Tn
ancient foundations and perfected the extraction,
foundation = basis, groundwork, base, underpinning faʊnˈdeɪʃn
characterisation, modification and testing of these
perfect = achieve, reach the summit of, top off, improve pəˈfekt
extraction= the process of removing or obtaining
natural products. Then, for a while, modern
something from something else. ɪkˈstrækʃn
characterisation= description, classification, account,
pharmaceutical science moved its focus away from
categorisation. kær.ək.tə.raɪˈzeɪ.ʃən
modification = alternation, adjustment, variation, change
nature and into the laboratory, designing chemical mTdɪfɪˈkeɪʃn
laboratory = a room or building with equipment for doing
compounds from scratch. The main cause of this shift is scientific tests ləˈbTrətri
from scratch = from the beginning, square one, from the
that although there are plenty of promising chemical
ground up, initial y frəm skrætʃ
shift= change, move, modification ʃɪft
compounds in nature, finding them is far from easy.
promising = hopeful, shows potential, #disappointing ˈprTmɪsɪŋ
Securing sufficient numbers of the organism in
far from easy = difficult, chal enging, tough, hard, complex,
#simple, #easy ˈfSː frəm ˈiːzi
question, isolating and characterising the compounds
secure = make safe, safeguard, lock. sɪˈkjʊ ə
sufficient = enough, adequate, # inadequate səˈfɪʃnt
organism = creature, life form, living thing ˈɔːɡənɪzəm
of interest, and producing large quantities of these
(smth) in question= smth is being discussed ɪn ˈkwestʃən
isolate = separate, set apart, segregate, detach, #include
compounds are al significant hurdles. ˈaɪsəleɪt
characterise = distinguish, exemplify, indicate, set apart ˈkær.ək.tə.raɪz
hurdle = obstacle, difficulty, barrier, block. ˈh\ːdl C
laboratory-based drug = drugs that are synthetized in
Laboratory-based drug discovery has achieved varying laboratory ləˈbTr.ə.tər.i-beɪs ˈdrʌɡ
varying = changing, shifting, altering, changeable, erratic,
levels of success, something which has now prompted #constant ˈveərɪɪŋ
prompt = stimulate, urge, encourage, provoke, inspire, motivate, #prevent prTmpt
the development of new approaches focusing once
approach = method, methodology, tactic əˈprəʊtʃ
mine= excavate, dig, extract maɪn
again on natural products. With the ability to mine
genome = al the genes in one cel of living thing. ˈdʒiːnəʊm
compound= combination, mixture, complex kəmˈpaʊnd
genomes for useful compounds, it is now evident that
barely = hardly, just, only, just about ˈbeəli
scratch the surface = to deal with only a very smal part of
a subject or problem ˈskrætʃ ðə ˈs\ː ɪfs
we have barely scratched the surface of nature's
molecular= relating to molecules, which are the simplest
units of a chemical substance məˈlekjʊlə
molecular diversity. This realisation, together with
diversity= variety, range, assortment, multiplicity. daɪˈv\ːsɪti
looming = threatening, alarming, frightening, scary, coming up ˈluːmɪŋ
several looming health crises, such as antibiotic
crisis (plural: crises) = disaster, catastrophe, trouble,
emergency, calamity. ˈkraɪsɪs
resistance, has put bioprospecting - the search for
antibiotic= a drug that is used to kil bacteria and cure
infections æntibaɪˈTtɪk
resistance = refusing, refusal to accept, refusal to go along
useful compounds in nature - firmly back on the map.
with, # acceptance rɪˈzɪstəns
bioprospecting = the process of discovery
and commercialization of new products based on biological
resources. baɪəʊˈprTsp[ktɪŋ
firmly = strongly, decisively, determinedly, #loosely ˈf\ːmli
put smt back on the map = to make a thing, person, or
place famous ˈpʊt ˈsʌmθɪŋ bæk ˈTn ðə mæp 33
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undisputed= unquestionable, undeniable, undoubted,
Insects are the undisputed masters of the terrestrial
acknowledged, #questionable. ʌndɪˈspjuːtɪd
master = ruler, owner, chief ˈmSːstə
domain, where they occupy every possible niche.
terrestrial = earthly, underground, relating to the earth. tɪˈrestrɪəl
Consequently, they have a bewildering array of
domain= area, field, territory. dəʊˈmeɪn
occupy= inhabit, live in, reside in, dominate, #vacate ˈTkjʊpaɪ
interactions with other organisms, something which has
niche = place, position, area. nɪtʃ
bewildering = confusing, baffling, puzzling perplexing,
driven the evolution of an enormous range of very
mystifying, #clear bɪˈwɪldərɪŋ
an array of = a wild range of, a number of, many, various,
interesting compounds for defensive and offensive quite a lot ən əˈreɪ Tv
interaction= communication, col aboration relations,
purposes. Their remarkable diversity exceeds that of
connection. ɪntəˈrækʃn
evolution=development, growth, progress, advancement,
every other group of animals on the planet combined. Yet #regression iːvəˈluːʃn
enormous = huge, vast, giant, massive, gigantic, #tiny.
even though insects are far and away the most diverse ɪˈnɔː ə m s
defensive= self-protective, defending, shielding, fortified
animals in existence, their potential as sources of dɪˈfensɪv
offensive= attacking, violent, aggressive əˈfensɪv
therapeutic compounds is yet to be realised.
exceed = surpass, go over, go beyond, go above. ɪkˈsiːd
far and away = used to say that something is
much better, worse etc than anything else ˈfSːr ənd əˈweɪ
in existence = existing, extant, #lost ɪn ɪɡˈzɪstəns
therapeutic = healing, curative, #preventive θerəˈpjuːtɪk E
From the tiny proportion of insects that have been
proportion= amount, quantity, percentage prəˈpɔːʃn
investigate= look into something, explore, probe.
investigated, several promising compounds have been ɪnˈvestɪɡeɪt
identified = recognized, known, acknowledged aɪˈdentɪfaɪd
identified. For example, al oferon, an antimicrobial
antimicrobial= able to destroy harmful microbes which are
smal living things that can cause disease)
compound produced by blow fly larvae, is used as an æn.ti.maɪˈkrə . ʊ bi.əl
blow fly = a fly that lays its eggs on meat or wounds ˈbləʊ
antiviral and antitumor agent in South Korea and flaɪ
larvae= young insect, worms, maggots ˈlSːviː
Russia. The larvae of a few other insect species are
antiviral = an antiviral drug or treatment is used to cure an
being investigated for the potent antimicrobial
infection or disease caused by a virus. æntiˈvaɪrəl
antitumor = inhibiting the growth of a tumor or tumors
compounds they produce. Meanwhile, a compound from ˈænti-ˈtjuːmə
agent = a chemical or substance that is used for a
the venom of the wasp Polybia paulista has potential in
particular purpose or that has a particular effect ˈeɪdʒənt
potent= strong, powerful, effective, #weak ˈpəʊtnt cancer treatment.
venom= poison, toxin, #antidote ˈvenəm
wasp = bee, large bee wTsp F
relatively = comparatively, quite, somewhat ˈrelətɪvli
Why is it that insects have received relatively little
bioprospecting = the scientific study of plants and other
attention in bioprospecting? Firstly, there are so many
living things in order to discover new drugs that can be
insects that, without some manner of targeted approach, used as medicines baɪəʊˈprTsp[ktɪŋ
manner = way, style, method, means ˈmænə
investigating this huge variety of species is a daunting
daunting= difficult, tough. ˈdɔːntɪŋ
task. Secondly, insects are general y very smal , and the
gland = an organ of the body or of a plant that secretes
glands inside them that secrete potential y useful
liquid chemicals that have various purposes ɡlænd
compounds are smal er stil . This can make it difficult to
secrete = release, produce, ooze, #absorb. sɪˈkriːt
obtain sufficient quantities of the compound for
obtain =gain, find, acquire, achieve, get hold of əbˈteɪn
subsequent = fol owing, successive, later ˈsʌbsɪkwənt
subsequent testing. Thirdly, although we consider
reality = real life, actuality, the real world rɪˈælɪti
insects to be everywhere, the reality of this ubiquity is
ubiquity= popular, common, al over the place juːˈbɪkwɪti 34
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vast numbers of a few extremely common species. Many vast = massive, considerable, limitless, #smal vSːst
insect species are infrequently encountered and very
encounter = meet, see, come across, run into, come upon,
stumble upon, #avoided ɪnˈkaʊntə
difficult to rear in captivity, which, again, can leave us
rear = raise, nurture, look after, take care of, #neglect rɪə
with insufficient material to work with.
captivity= cage, prison, custody, #freedom kæpˈtɪvɪti
insufficient= not enough, inadequate, deficient, in short
supply, lacking, #sufficient ɪnsəˈfɪʃnt G
My col eagues and I at Aberystwyth University in the UK
approach= method, methodology, technique, procedure, tactic əˈprəʊtʃ
have developed an approach in which we use our
ecology= ecosystem, bionetwork, biology, environmental
science, natural science iːˈkTlədʒi
knowledge of ecology as a guide to target our efforts.
target = direct, aim, point, focus ˈtSːɡɪt
creature = animal, living being, living thing ˈkriːtʃə
The creatures that particularly interest us are the many
secrete= release, produce, ooze sɪˈkriːt
poison = toxin, venom, contagion, toxic substance ˈpɔɪzn
insects that secrete powerful poison for subduing prey
subdue = defeat, control səbˈdjuː
and keeping it fresh for future consumption. There are
prey = quarry, victim, target #predator, #hunter. preɪ
consumption = feeding, use, eating. kənˈ ʌ s mpʃn
even more insects that are masters of exploiting filthy
exploit = use, utilize, make use of, take advantage of,
make the most of, #waste ɪkˈsplɔɪt
habitats, such as faces and carcasses, where they are
filthy=dirty, muddy, messy, grubby, #clean ˈfɪlθi
habitat= living environment, surrounding. ˈhæbɪtæt
regularly chal enged by thousands of microorganisms.
faces=mine=the part of a mine from which coal, stone, etc is cut ˈfeɪsɪz
These insects have many antimicrobial compounds for
carcass = corpse, cadaver, dead body ˈkSːkəs
microorganism = germ, virus, bacteria maɪkrəʊ ˈɔːɡəˌnɪzəm
dealing with pathogenic bacteria and fungi, suggesting
deal with= solve, tackle, cope with, handle diːl wɪð
that there is certainly potential to find many compounds
pathogenic= able to cause disease. ˈpæθədʒən
inspire = motivate, encourage, stimulate ɪnˈspaɪə
that can serve as or inspire new antibiotics.
points someone in the right direction = to give one
advice or information that helps guide them toward a H
desired outcome or course of action pɔɪnts ˈsʌmwʌn ɪn ðə
Although natural history knowledge points us in the ˈraɪt dɪˈrekʃn
associate with = relate to, accompany, mix, consort with
right direction, it doesn't solve the problems associated əˈsəʊsieɪt wɪð
snip out = extract, cut snɪp ˈaʊt
with obtaining useful compounds from insects.
stretch= part, section, bit stretʃ
Fortunately, it is now possible to snip out the stretches
insert = add, include, make the addition of, #extract ɪnˈs\ːt
cell line = a cel culture developed from a single cel and
of the insect's DNA that carry the codes for the interesting therefore consisting of cel s with a uniform genetic makeup.
compounds and insert them into cell lines that al ow sel laɪn
isolate = separate, detach, cut off, set apart, #include
larger quantities to be produced. And although the road ˈaɪsəleɪt
characterise= distinguish, typify, exemplify, set apart
from isolating and characterising compounds with ˈkær.ək.tə.raɪz
desirable qualities to developing a commercial product
desirable = wanted, needed, necessary, required,
#undesirable dɪˈzaɪərəbl
is very long and ful of pitfalls, the variety of successful
commercial=profitable, trade, marketable, saleable, profit-
making, #charitable kəˈm\ːʃl
animal-derived pharmaceuticals on the market
pitfall= difficulty, trap ˈpɪtfɔːl
demonstrates there is a precedent here that is worth
derive=originate, develope, come from dɪˈraɪv
precedent = something of the same type that has
exploring. With every bit of wilderness that disappears,
happened or existed before ˈpresɪdənt
wilderness = a large area of land that has never been
developed or farmed ˈwɪldənəs 35
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we deprive ourselves of potential medicines. As much as deprive of = take, remove, withdraw, take away, #provide dɪˈpraɪv Tv
I'd love to help develop a groundbreaking insect-
groundbreaking= revolutionary, pioneering, innovative,
derived medicine, my main motivation for looking at
leading-edge ˈɡraʊndˌbrekɪŋ
conservation= preservation, protection, maintenance,
insects in this way is conservation. I sincerely believe
#destruction kTnsəˈveɪʃn
sincerely = genuinely, truthful y, seriously, earnestly,
that al species, however smal and seemingly
real y, from the bottom of one’s heart, #insincerely sɪnˈsɪəli
insignificant, have a right to exist for their own sake. If
seemingly = apparently, on the face of it, superficial y ˈsiːmɪŋli
we can shine a light on the darker recesses of nature's
for one’s own sake = in order to help or bring advantage
medicine cabinet, exploring the useful chemistry of the
to someone (=for one’s good or benefit) fə wʌnz ə n ʊ seɪk
shine a light = make it clear, brighten, give an explanation,
most diverse animals on the planet, I believe we can
investigate, clarify ʃaɪn ə laɪt
the recesses of = a secret or hidden place ðə rɪˈsesɪz Tv
make people think differently about the value of nature.
cabinet= piece of furniture with shelves, cupboards, or
drawers, used for storing or showing things ˈkæbɪnət 36
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virtually = almost, nearly, practical y ˈv\ː ʃtʊəli
irtually every child, the world over, plays. The drive to
the world over = everywhere in the world ðə ˈw\:ld ˈə v ʊ ə
drive = urge, desire, need, instinct, passion draɪv
intense =strong, powerful, forceful, deep, passionate.
play is so intense that children wil do so in any ɪnˈtens
circumstance = situation, context, incident, case, event
circumstances, for instance when they have no real toys, or ˈs\ː ə k mstəns
when parents do not actively encourage the behavior. In the
encourage = inspire, boost, urge, assist, promote,
#discourage ɪnˈkʌrɪdʒ
eyes of a young child, running, pretending, and building are
in the eyes of = in the opinion of, in the view of ɪn ði aɪz Tv
fun. Researchers and educators know that these playful
pretend = imagine, fantasize, not real prɪˈtend
activities benefit the development of the whole child across
cognitive= perceptive, rational, thinking, thought, mental,
intel ectual, reasoning. ˈkTɡnətɪv
social, cognitive, physical, and emotional domains. Indeed,
domain = area, field. dəʊˈmeɪn
play is such an instrumental component to healthy child
indeed = actual y, in reality, in fact, as a matter of fact, in
actual fact, in truth ɪnˈdiːd
development that the United Nations High Commission on
instrumental = influential, contributory, helpful
Human Rights (1989) recognised play as a fundamental right ɪnstrʊˈmentl
component = part, element, piece, factor, section, of every child.
#whole kəmˈpəʊnənt
fundamental = basic, essential, primary, necessary, vital, #secondary fʌndəˈmentl
Yet, while experts continue to expound a powerful argument
for the importance of play in children's lives, the actual time
expound = explain, develop, expand, give further details about ɪkˈspaʊnd
children spend playing continues to decrease. Today, children counterpart = col eague, corresponding person
play eight hours less each week than their counterparts did ˈkaʊntəpSːt
kindergarten = a school for very young children =
two decades ago (Elkind 2008). Under pressure of rising
nursery school, playschool, pre-school playgroup
academic standards, play is being replaced by test ˈkɪndəɡSːtn
preparation in kindergartens and grade schools, and
grade school = elementary school, primary school ɡreɪd skuːl 37
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parents who aim to give their preschoolers a leg up are led aim = plan, intend, try, want, endeavor, aspire, strive for eɪm
to believe that flashcards and educational 'toys' are the path
give sb a leg up = to help someone to improve their
situation, especial y at work ɡɪv ˈsʌmbɔdi ə ˈleg ʌp
to success. Our society has created a false dichotomy
preschooler = under-five, youngster, child ˈpriːˌskuːlə between play and learning.
path = way, route, direction pSːθ
dichotomy = contrast, opposition #harmony daɪˈkTtəmi
Through play, children learn to regulate their behavior, lay
regulate = control, adjust, set, standardize ˈreɡjʊleɪt
the foundations for later learning in science and
lay = place, put, set, pick up leɪ
mathematics, figure out the complex negotiations of social
foundation = basis, base, footing, underpinning faʊnˈdeɪʃn
figure out = work out, understand, discover, solve,
relationships, build a repertoire of creative problem-solving realise ˈfɪɡə ˈ ʊ a t
skil s, and so much more. There is also an important role for
negotiation = cooperation, compromise, intervention,
adults in guiding children through playful learning
discussion, finding the middle ground, #confrontation
nɪˌɡəʊʃɪˈeɪʃn opportunities.
repertoire = range, list, group, series ˈrepətwS ː
consensus = agreement, harmony, accord kənˈsensəs
Ful consensus on a formal definition of play continues to
elude = escape, avoid. ɪˈluːd
theorist = philosopher, theoretician, thinker, truth-seeker,
elude the researchers and theorists who study it. Definitions #realist ˈθɪərɪst
range from = vary from, differ from, diverge from reɪndʒ
range from discrete descriptions of various types of play frTm
discrete = separate, distinct, detached, isolated,
such as physical, construction, language, or symbolic play unconnected. dɪˈskriːt
symbolic = representative, figurative, emblematic,
(Mil er & Almon 2009), to lists of broad criteria, based on representational sɪmˈbTlɪk
broad = wide-ranging, wide, general, large, #restricted,
observations and attitudes, that are meant to capture the #narrow brɔːd
criterion – criteria (plural) = principle, norm, standard,
essence of al play behaviors (e.g. Rubin et al. 1983).
measure, condition. kraɪˈtɪərɪən – kraɪˈtɪərɪə
capture = catch, seize, get, acquire, obtain. ˈkæptʃə
essence = spirit, core, principle, fundamental nature
A majority of the contemporary definitions of play focus on ˈesns
contemporary = modern, current, present-day, modern-
several key criteria. The founder of the National Institute for
day, up-to-date, existing, #old kənˈtemprəri
criteria = standards, principles, measures kraɪˈtɪərɪə
Play, Stuart Brown, has described play as 'anything that
spontaneously = natural y, freely, unexpectedly,
unprompted, al of a sudden, #deliberately spTnˈteɪnɪəsli
spontaneously is done for its own sake'. More specifically, for one’s own sake = in order to help or bring advantage to someone fə wʌnz ə n ʊ seɪk
specifically= particularly, special y, purposely, precisely,
he says it 'appears purposeless, produces pleasure and joy, spəˈsɪfɪkli
purposeless = senseless, meaningless ˈp\ːpəsləs
[and] leads one to the next stage of mastery' (as quoted in
pleasure = amusement, recreation, leisure, relaxation,
happiness, enjoyment, satisfaction #displeasure ˈpleʒə
mastery = proficiency, knowledge, ability, capability
Tippett 2008). Similarly, Mil er and Almon (2009) say that play ˈmSːstəri
quoted = repeated, refer to, recited, mentioned ˈkwəʊtɪd
includes 'activities that are freely chosen and directed by
arise from = result from, be the result of, be caused by,
stem from, come from əˈraɪz frTm
children and arise from intrinsic motivation'. Often, play is
intrinsic = natural, innate, genuine, fundamental, basic, inherent ɪnˈtrɪnsɪk
continuum = range, band, field kənˈtɪnjuəm
defined along a continuum as more or less playful using the
the set of smt = a group of things that belong together or
are used together ðə set əv smt
fol owing set of behavioral and dispositional criteria (e.g.
dispositional = related to personality, character, instinct
ˌdɪspəˈzɪʃən(ə)l 38
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Rubin et al. 1983): Play is pleasurable: Children must enjoy
pleasurable = satisfying, enjoyable, good fun, pleasing, pleasant ˈpleʒərəbl
the activity or it is not play. It is intrinsical y motivated:
engage in = participate in, take part in, do, involve in ɪnˈɡeɪdʒ ɪn
Children engage in play simply for the satisfaction the
satisfaction=fulfilment, enjoyment, pleasure,
behavior itself brings. It has no extrinsically motivated
contentment, enjoyment, #dissatisfaction. sætɪsˈfækʃn
function or goal. Play is process oriented: When children
extrinsically = coming from outside or not directly
relating to something [ksˈtrɪnsɪkəli
oriented = directed towards or interested in something
play, the means are more important than the ends. It is freely ˈɔːrɪəntɪd
chosen, spontaneous and voluntary. If a child is pressured,
they wil likely not think of the activity as play. Play is actively
engaged: Players must be physical y and/or mental y involved literal = factual, truthful, honest, exact #fictional ˈlɪtərəl
in the activity. Play is non-literal. It involves make-believe.
make-believe = fantasy, pretense, role-playing, #reality ˈmeɪk bɪliːv
range = vary, alternate, fluctuate, extend reɪndʒ
According to this view, children's playful behaviors can range assign = al ocate, select and give a responsibility əˈsaɪn
in degree from 0% to 100% playful. Rubin and col eagues did dimension = aspect, element, facet, feature, factor,
component dɪˈmenʃn
not assign greater weight to any one dimension in
determine = identify, find out, specify dɪˈt\ːmɪn
process orientation = emphasize or focus on process,
determining playfulness; however, other researchers have
system or procedure ˈprəʊsɪs ˌɔːrɪenˈteɪʃn
lack = dearth, shortage, deficiency, absence,
suggested that process orientation and a lack of obvious
insufficiency, #abundance #surplus læk
functional purpose may be the most important aspects of
obvious = clear, noticeable, apparent, recognizable,
#obscure. ˈTbvɪəs play (e.g. Pel egrini 2009).
aspect = feature, facet, part. ˈæspekt
perspective = view, viewpoint, thought, point of view
From the perspective of a continuum, play can thus blend pəˈspektɪv
with other motives and attitudes that are less playful, such as blend = mix, combine, merge. blend
motive = reason, purpose, motivation, intention, drive,
work. Unlike play, work is typical y not viewed as enjoyable #deterrent ˈməʊtɪv
hybrid = cross, mixture, mix, fusion. ˈhaɪbrɪd
and it is extrinsical y motivated (i.e. it is goal oriented).
detriment = disadvantage, harm, damage, #advantage,
Researcher Joan Goodman (1994) suggested that hybrid #benefit ˈdetrɪmənt
optimal = finest, prime, most favorable, best possible,
forms of work and play are not a detriment to learning;
most advantageous, #worst. ˈTptɪml
engage in= involve, take part
rather, they can provide optimal contexts for learning. For ˈTptɪml
mid-point = a point half the distance along something
example, a child may be engaged in a difficult, goal-directed such as a line ˈmɪd.pɔɪnt
couple with = together with, in addition to, as wel as
activity set up by their teacher, but they may stil be actively ˈkʌpl wɪð
robust = healthy, vigorous, strong, forceful, #weak
engaged and intrinsical y motivated. At this mid-point rəʊˈbʌst
between play and work, the child's motivation, coupled with
critically = significantly, vital y, importantly, essential y,
crucial y, seriously, #insignificantly ˈkrɪtɪkli
guidance from an adult, can create robust opportunities for
facilitate = aid, assist, accelerate, make easy, make
possible, smooth the progress of, #impede. fəˈsɪlɪteɪt
playful learning. Critically, recent research supports the idea
maintain = keep, sustain, conserve, preserve, #destroy
that adults can facilitate children's learning while meɪnˈteɪn
approach = method, methodology, tactic. əˈprəʊtʃ
maintaining a playful approach in interactions known as
interaction =communication, contact, col aboration ɪntəˈrækʃn 39
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'guided play' (Fisher et al. 2011). The adult's role in play
role = function, responsibility, task, part character rə l ʊ
varies as a function of their educational goals and the child's
vary = differ, diverge, be different, alter, fluctuate ˈveəri
developmental level (Hirsch-Pasek et al. 2009).
Guided play takes two forms. At a very basic level, adults can enrich = enhance, augment, improve. ɪnˈrɪtʃ
promote = support, foster, encourage, help, #suppress
enrich the child's environment by providing objects or prəˈmə t ʊ
curriculum = set of courses, program of study, syllabus
experiences that promote aspects of a curriculum. In the kəˈrɪkjʊləm
co-player = teammate, al y, partner fel ow player ˈkəʊ- ˈpleɪ.ər
more direct form of guided play, parents or other adults can
thoughtful = thorough, deep, considerate ˈθɔːtfəl
comment = remark, mention, state, point out ˈkTment
support children's play by joining in the fun as a co-player,
discovery = exploration, breakthrough, invention, finding dɪˈskʌvəri
exploration = discovery, adventure, searching.
raising thoughtful questions, commenting on children's ekspləˈreɪʃn
facet = aspect, feature, component, factor, side, surface
discoveries, or encouraging further exploration or new ˈfæsɪt
somewhat = partly, slightly, to some extent, to a certain
facets to the child's activity. Although playful learning can be degree ˈsʌmwTt
centered = focused, concentrated, highlighted,
examined, targeted ˈsentərd
somewhat structured, it must also be child-centered
stem from sth = arise from, originate from, come from,
derive from, develop from, be a result of, be caused by
(Nicolopolou et al. 2006). Play should stem from the child's stem frəm ˈsʌmθɪŋ
desire = wish, want, longing, craving dɪˈzaɪə own desire.
Both free and guided play are essential elements in a child-
essential = vital, fundamental basic elemental crucial important unnecessary
centered approach to playful learning. Intrinsical y motivated ɪˈsenʃl
element = component, factor, part ˈelɪmənt
free play provides the child with true autonomy, while guided autonomy = independence, self-rule, self-government, #dependence
play is an avenue through which parents and educators can ɔːˈtTnəmi
avenue = opportunity, possibility, chance ˈævənjuː
provide more targeted learning experiences. In either case,
educator = teacher, instructor, coach, mentor,
educationalist ˈedʒʊkeɪtə
play should be actively engaged, it should be predominantly predominantly = mainly, mostly, largely, principal y, for
child-directed, and it must be fun.
the most part partial y prɪˈdTmɪnəntli 40
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native = resident, local, aboriginal #foreign ˈneɪtɪv P
ant= a smal insect that lives in large groups ænt
immortal = eternal, undying, endless. ɪˈmɔː lt
heidole dentata, a native ant of the south-eastern U.S., aging= the process of growing old ˈeɪdʒɪŋ
youngster = younger ants ˈjʌŋstə
sharp = intel igent #dul #stupid ʃSːp
decline = fal , decrease, weaken # increase dɪˈklaɪn
isn't immortal. But scientists have found that it doesn't seem thesis = long piece of writing that you do as part of
an advanced university degree such as an MA or
to show any signs of aging. Old worker ants can do a PhD ˈθiːsɪs
defying = disobey, break a law, flout f#obey dɪˈfaɪɪŋ
everything just as wel as the youngsters, and their brains
feat = achievement, accomplishment fiːt
rare= uncommon, unusual, occasional #common
appear just as sharp. 'We get a picture that these ants real y reə
don't decline,' says Ysabel Giraldo, who studied the ants for
naked = nude, unclothed, stripped, undressed #covered ˈneɪkɪd
her doctoral thesis at Boston University. Such age-defying
mole = a smal dark furry animal which is almost
blind. moles usual y live under the ground. məʊl
feats are rare in the animal kingdom. Naked mole rats can
stay fit = keep fit, keep in shape steɪ fɪt
reproduce = breed, give birth to, procreate
live for almost 30 years and stay fit for nearly their entire riːprəˈdjuːs
cancer = a very serious disease in which cel s in
lives. They can stil reproduce even when old, and they
one part of the body start to grow in a way that is not normal ˈkænsə
never get cancer. But the vast majority of animals
vast = huge, enormous, immense, massive #smal vSːst
deteriorate with age just like people do. Like the naked mole majority = popular, common #minority məˈdʒTrɪti
rat, ants are social creatures that usual y live in highly
deteriorate = decline, worsen, weaken dɪˈtɪərɪəreɪt
creature = animal, insect, living thing ˈkriːtʃə
organised colonies. 'It's this social complexity that makes
colonies = group, association, society ˈkTlənɪz
complexity = intricacy, complication #simplicity kəmˈpleksɪti 41
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P. dentata useful for studying aging in people,' says Giraldo,
now at the California Institute of Technology. Humans are
trait= attribute, character, feature, personality treɪt
also highly social, a trait that has been connected to
by contrast = alternatively, on the other hand, as
healthier aging. By contrast, most animal studies of aging
opposed to, different ˈbaɪ kənˈtrSːst
fruit fly= a smal fly that eats fruit or decaying plants
use mice, worms or fruit flies, which al lead much more ˈfru:t flaɪ
isolated lives. In the lab, P. dentata worker ants typically
isolated= separated, lonely, solitary, friendless
live for around 140 days. Giraldo focused on ants at four age ˈaɪsəleɪtɪd
lab= laboratary, workroom, test center læb
ranges: 20 to 22 days, 45 to 47 days, 95 to 97 days and 120 typically= commonly, usual y, normal y. ˈtɪpɪkli
to 122 days. Unlike al previous studies, which only
range = variety, serries, col ection reɪndʒ
estimated how old the ants were, her work tracked the ants
estimate = assess, value, appraise ˈestɪmeɪt
from the time the pupae became adults, so she knew their
track= fol ow, chase, pursue træk
exact ages. Then she put them through a range of
pupa= an insect at the stage before it becomes
adult, when it is protected by a special cover ˈpjuːpə tests.
Giraldo watched how wel the ants took care of the young of
watch = observe, survey, examine wTtʃ
colony= a group of animals or plants of the
the colony, recording how often each ant attended to,
same type that are living together ˈkTləni
carried and fed them. She compared how wel 20-day-old
attend to sb/sth= to deal with business
or personal matters əˈtend tu ˈsʌmbɔdi/ˈsʌmθɪŋ
and 95-day-old ants fol owed the telltale scent that the
carry = to be pregnant with a child ˈkæri
insects usual y leave to mark a trail to food. She tested how
telltale = revealing, divulging, indicative #hidden ˈtelteɪl
ants responded to light and also measured how active they
scent= the smel of a particular animal or person
that some other animals can fol ow sent
were by counting how often ants in a smal dish walked
trail = path, line, way treɪl
across a line. And she experimented with how ants react to
react to= respond, alter, retort #ignore rɪˈækt tuː
prey = an animal that is hunted and eaten by
live prey: a tethered fruit fly. Giraldo expected the older ants another animal # predator preɪ
to perform poorly in al these tasks. But the elderly insects
tether = tie, fasten, secure, rope #untie ˈteðə
poorly = disappointingly, badly #wel ˈpʊəli
were al good caretakers and trail-fol owers-the 95-day-old
caretaker= someone who looks after other people,
especial y a teacher, parent, nurse etc ˈkeəteɪkə
ants could track the scent even longer than their younger
counterpart = equivalent, col eague, equal
counterparts. They al responded to light wel , and the older ˈkaʊntəpSːt
aggressively= violently, hostilely, forceful y #mildly
ants were more active. And when it came to reacting to prey, əˈɡresɪvli
the older ants attacked the poor fruit fly just as aggressively
flare = if a person or animal flares their nostrils
(=the openings at the end of the nose), their nostrils
as the young ones did, flaring their mandibles or pul ing at
become wider because they are angry fleə
mandible= jaw, jawbone, mouth, mouthpiece the fly's legs. ˈmændɪbl
Then Giraldo compared the brains of 20-day-old and 95-day-
identify= find, recognize, classify aɪˈdentɪfaɪ
old ants, identifying any cel s that were close to death. She
saw no major differences with age, nor was there any
specific = particular, certain, exclusive #general spəˈsɪfɪk
difference in the location of the dying cel s, showing that age
didn't seem to affect specific brain functions.
function= purpose, role, job ˈfʌŋ ʃ k n 42
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Ants and other insects have structures in their brains cal ed
structure = constitute, construct, form ˈstrʌktʃə
process = handle, deal with, manage ˈprəʊses
mushroom bodies, which are important for processing
density= intensity, concentration, extent, degree ˈdensɪti
synaptic (adj) = related to the place where nerve
information, learning and memory. She also wanted to see if
cel s meet, especial y in the brain ˈsaɪnæps
complex = an emotional problem in which someone
aging affects the density of synaptic complexes within
is unnecessarily anxious about something or thinks
too much about something works, systems
these structures-regions where neurons come together. ˈkTmpleks
region= area, zone, place ˈriːdʒən
Again, the answer was no. What was more, the old ants
neuron = a type of cel that makes up the nervous
system and sends messages to other parts of the
didn't experience any drop in the levels of either serotonin body or the brain ˈnjʊərTn
drop = reduction, decrease, decline drTp
serotonin = a chemical in the body that helps carry
or dopamine-brain chemicals whose decline often
messages from the brain and is believed to make you feel happy serəˈtə n ʊ ɪn
coincides with aging. In humans, for example, a decrease
dopamine = a hormone (= chemical substance) that
is made natural y in the body and may also be given
in serotonin has been linked to Alzheimer's disease. as a drug ˈdəʊpəmiːn
coincide with = to happen at the same time as
something else, especial y by chance kəʊɪnˈsaɪd wɪð
link to = connect, relate, combine #seperate ˈlɪŋk tuː
'This is the first time anyone has looked at both behavioral
look at = search, study, investigate, explore ˈlʊk æt
and neural changes in these ants so thoroughly,' says
thoroughly= comprehensively, completely,
Giraldo, who recently published the findings in the
careful y, meticulously ˈθʌrəli
publish = issue, print, distribute ˈpʌblɪʃ
Proceedings of the Royal Society B. Scientists have looked
finding = discovery, conclusion, result ˈfaɪndɪŋ
proceeding = an event or a series of things that
at some similar aspects in bees, but the results of recent bee happen prəˈsiːdɪŋ
mixed = varied, diverse, assorted mɪkst
studies were mixed-some studies showed age-related
biologist= a scientist who studies or works in
declines, which biologists cal senescence, and others biology baɪˈTlədʒɪst
senescene = becoming old and showing the effects
didn't. 'For now, the study raises more questions than it
of getting older sɪˈnes.əns
raise = produce, create, cause reɪz
answers,' Giraldo says, 'including how P. dentata stays in
stay in good shape = keep fit, get fit, keep in shape such good shape.' ˈsteɪ ɪn gʊd ʃeɪp
Also, if the ants don't deteriorate with age, why do they die
at al ? Out in the wild, the ants probably don't live for a ful
deteriorate = get worse, go down, degenerate, decline dɪˈtɪərɪəreɪt
140 days thanks to predators, disease and just being in an
predator= an animal that kil s and eats other
environment that's much harsher than the comforts of the animals #prey ˈpredətə
harsh=severe = harsh conditions are difficult to live
lab. 'The lucky ants that do live into old age may suffer a
in and very uncomfortable hSːʃ
steep decline just before dying,' Giraldo says, but she can't
suffer = experience, undergo, bear, endure ˈsʌfə
steep= dramatic, sharp, extreme stiːp
say for sure because her study wasn't designed to fol ow an
for sure = certainly, definitely fə ʃʊə ant's final moments.
'It wil be important to extend these findings to other species
extend= spread, broaden, expand ɪkˈstend
of social insects,' says Gene E. Robinson, an entomologist insect = bug, pest, creature ˈɪnsekt
entomologist= a scientist who studies insects
at the University of Il inois at Urbana-Champaign. This ant entəˈmTlədʒɪst 43
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might be unique, or it might represent a broader pattern
unique= sole, exclusive, distinctive #common juːˈniːk
represent = signify, characterize, denote, symbolize
among other social bugs with possible clues to the science riːprɪˈzent
broad = wide, large, big brɔːd
of aging in larger animals. Either way, it seems that for these
pattern= example, modal, prototype ˈpætn
clue= sign, hint, cue, evidence kluː
ants, age real y doesn't matter. 44
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cientist David Hone makes the case for zoos
make a case for sth = to argue that something is the
best thing to do, giving your reasons ˈmeɪk ə keɪs fə sth
species= type, kind, sort, class, group ˈspiːʃiːz A
wildlife= nature, natural world, environment ˈwaɪldlaɪf
varied = diverse, various, mixed #limited ˈveərɪd
In my view, it is perfectly possible for many species of
diet= food and drink, eating habits, pattern of eating. ˈdaɪət
animals living in zoos or wildlife parks to have a quality
supplement= addition, complement, enhancement #deduction ˈsʌplɪment
of life as high as, or higher than, in the wild. Animals in
require = need, want, involve rɪˈkwaɪə
good zoos get a varied and high-quality diet with al the
treat= cure, care for, heal, remedy triːt
somewhat = to some extent, to a certain degree, rather
supplements required, and any illnesses they might ˈsʌmwTt
restrict= limit, prohibit, inhibit rɪˈstrɪkt
have wil be treated. Their movement might be
spare= to prevent someone from having
to experience something unpleasant speə
somewhat restricted, but they have a safe environment bully = frighten, intimidate, harass ˈbʊli
ostracism = isolation, exclusion, keeping out #inclusion
in which to live, and they are spared bullying and social ˈTstrəsɪzəm
suffer from = undergo, bear, endure, experience, put up
ostracism by others of their kind. They do not suffer with ˈsʌfə frTm
threat = danger, risk, menace, hazard θre t
from the threat or stress of predators, or the irritation
predator = an animal that kil s and eats other animals ˈpredətə
and pain of parasites or injuries. The average captive
irritation= nuisance, , annoyance (the feeling of
animal wil have a greater life expectancy compared
being annoyed) ɪrɪˈteɪʃn
parasite = a smal animal or plant that lives on or inside
another animal or plant and gets its food from it ˈpærəsaɪt
captive= caged, imprisoned, in prison #free ˈkæptɪv
life expectancy= lifespan, lifetime ˈlaɪf ɪkˈspektənsi 45
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with its wild counterpart, and wil not die of drought, of
counterpart = col eague, equal, equivalent ˈkaʊntəpSːt
starvation or in the jaws of a predator. A lot of very
starvation = hunger, famine, food shortage, lack of food stSːˈveɪʃn
nasty things happen to truly 'wild' animals that simply
jaws= the mouth of a person or animal, especial y
don't happen in good zoos, and to view a life that is 'free' a dangerous animal dʒɔːz
as one that is automatical y 'good' is, I think, an error.
nasty= dangerous, painful, horrible #slight ˈnSːsti
serve = perform, do, achieve, fulfil s\ːv
Furthermore, zoos serve several key purposes. B
Firstly, zoos aid conservation. Colossal numbers of
aid = support, help, encourage eɪd
species are becoming extinct across the world, and
conservation= preservation, protection, maintenance kTnsəˈveɪʃn
many more are increasingly threatened and therefore
colossal= huge, massive, gigantic, enormous #tiny kəˈlTsl
risk extinction. Moreover, some of these collapses
extinct = inexistent, vanished, defunct, dead ɪkˈstɪŋ t
have been sudden, dramatic and unexpected, or were
threaten = frighten, intimidate, warn ˈθretn
risk = suffer from, endanger, jeopardize. rɪsk
simply discovered very late in the day. A species
extinction = disappearance, loss, extermination, death 
protected in captivity can be bred up to provide a ɪkˈstɪŋ ʃ k n
collapse = il ness, injury, breakdown kəˈlæps
reservoir population against a population crash or
sudden = unexpected, rapid, quick #gradual y ˈsʌdn
dramatic = remarkable, impressive, extraordinary
extinction in the wild. A good number of species only drəˈmætɪk
captivity = when a person or animal is kept in
exist in captivity, with many of these living in zoos. Stil
a prison, cage #freedom kæpˈtɪvɪti
more only exist in the wild because they have been
breed = have babies, reproduce, procreate, propagate briːd
reintroduced from zoos, or have wild populations that
reservoir= a large amount of something that is available
have been boosted by captive bred animals. Without
and has not yet been used ˈrezəvwS ː
population crash = a sudden decline in the numbers of
these efforts there would be fewer species alive today.
individual members in a population pTpjʊˈleɪʃn kræʃ
reintroduce = restore, reinstate, bring back riːɪntrəˈdjuːs
Although reintroduction successes are few and far
boost = increase, improve, enhance #reduce buːst
between, the numbers are increasing, and the very fact
be few and far between = to be rare bi fjuː ənd ˈfSː bɪˈtwiːn
prove= show, demonstrate, confirm pruːv
that species have been saved or reintroduced as a result initiative= plan, program, project, scheme, idea ɪˈnɪʃətɪv
of captive breeding proves the value of such initiatives. C
Zoos also provide education. Many children and adults,
beyond= other than, beside bɪˈjTnd
documentary = film, movie, biography dTkjʊˈmentəri
especial y those in cities, wil never see a wild animal
detailed = thorough, comprehensive, complete diːteɪld
beyond a fox or pigeon. While it is true that television
impressive = remarkable, extraordinary, exciting
documentaries are becoming ever more detailed and
#unimpressive ɪmˈpresɪv
impressive, and many natural history specimens are on specimen= sample, example, case ˈspe ɪ s mɪn
display in museums, there real y is nothing to compare
on display = something that is on display is in a public
with seeing a living creature in the flesh, hearing it,
place where people can look at it (= on show) ˈTn dɪˈspleɪ
smel ing it, watching what it does and having the time to
creature= animal, living thing, being ˈkriːtʃə
in the flesh = in person, in real life, in actual life ɪn ðə fleʃ
absorb details. That alone wil bring a greater
absorb = learn, understand, get əbˈzɔːb
understanding and perspective to many, and hopeful y
perspective= aspect, viewpoint, perception pəˈspektɪv 46
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give them a greater appreciation for wildlife,
appreciation = thankfulness, gratitude, recognition,
gratefulness əˌpriːʃiˈeɪʃn
conservation efforts and how they can contribute.
contribute= support, aid, impact, participate kənˈtrɪbjuːt D
In addition to this, there is also the education that can
take place = happen, occur ˈteɪk ˈpleɪs
take place in zoos through signs, talks and presentations communicate= reveal, transmit, convey kəˈmjuːnɪkeɪt
which directly communicate information to visitors about lacking = absent, missing #present ˈlækɪŋ
the animals they are seeing and their place in the world.
sophisticated= complicated, advanced, complex,
This was an area where zoos used to be lacking, but detailed səˈfɪstɪkeɪtɪd
they are now increasingly sophisticated in their
outreach = when help, advice, or other services are
communication and outreach work. Many zoos also
provided for people who would not otherwise get these
work directly to educate conservation workers in other services easily ˈaʊtriːtʃ
countries, or send their animal keepers abroad to
keeper = guard, caretaker, ranger ˈkiːpə
contribute their knowledge and skil s to those working in
reverse = an area of land where wild animals and plants
zoos and reserves, thereby helping to improve
are protected rɪˈv\ːs
conditions and reintroductions al over the world.
thereby= as a result, consequently, by that ðeəˈbaɪ E
Zoos also play a key role in research. If we are to save
restore= bring back, recover, reestablish rɪˈstɔː
ecosystem= environment, bionetwork, ecology
wild species and restore and repair ecosystems we ˈiːkəʊsɪstəm
react = respond, answer, reply rɪˈækt
need to know about how key species live, act and react.
undertake= accept, embark on, carry on, take on ʌndəˈteɪk
Being able to undertake research on animals in zoos
variable= change (n) ˈveərɪəbl
where there is less risk and fewer variables means real
oestrus cycle = the period in the sexual cycle of female
mammals, except the higher primates, during which they
changes can be effected on wild populations. Finding out are in heat i
4 .e., ready to accept a male and to mate iːstrəs ˈsaɪkl
about, for example, the oestrus cycle of an animal or its breeding rate = birth rate ˈbriːdɪŋ reɪt
procedure= method, process, course of action prəˈsiːdʒə
breeding rate helps us manage wild populations.
capture= arrest, detain, imprison ˈkæptʃə
bolster= boost, strengthen, improve, enhance, fortify
Procedures such as capturing and moving at-risk or ˈbəʊlstə
dose = the amount of a medicine or a drug that you
dangerous individuals are bolstered by knowledge should take də s ʊ
anaesthetic = a substance that makes you unable to feel
gained in zoos about doses for anaesthetics, and by pain: ænəsˈθetɪk
experience in handling and transporting animals. This
experience = knowledge, skil , practice, understanding ɪkˈspɪərɪəns
can make a real difference to conservation efforts and
handle = control, treat, manage, deal with ˈhændl
transport = move, bring, carry, transfer trænsˈpɔːt
to the reduction of human-animal conflicts, and can
reduction = decrease, drop, fal , decline rɪˈdʌkʃn
conflict= disagreement, dispute, oppose kənˈflɪkt
provide a knowledge base for helping with the increasing base = foundation, root, source, origin beɪs
habitat= home, territory, locale, environment ˈhæbɪtæt
threats of habitat destruction and other problems
destruction = ruin, damage, devastation #construction dɪˈstrʌkʃn F
ongoing = continuing, constant, incomplete #finished Tn ˈɡəʊiŋ
In conclusion, considering the many ongoing global
global = worldwide, international #local ˈɡləʊbl
threats to the environment, it is hard for me to see zoos
essential = fundamental, basic, main, principal ɪˈsenʃl
long-term = long-standing, lasting, durable #short-term
as anything other than essential to the long-term ˈlTŋ t\ːm
survival= existence, persistence #death səˈvaɪvl
survival of numerous species. They are vital not just in numerous = many, various, several #few ˈnjuːmərəs
vital= essential, crucial, critical ˈvaɪtl
terms of protecting animals, but as a means of learning
in terms of = with regard to, as to, in connection with. ɪn t\ːmz Tv 47
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about them to aid those stil in the wild, as wel as
inform = tel , notify, update, apprise ɪnˈfɔː m
educating and informing the general population about
these animals and their world so that they can assist or
assist = help, support, aid əˈsɪst
at least accept the need to be more environmental y
accept = consent, acknowledge #reject # deny əkˈsept
conscious. Without them, the world would be, and would conscious= aware, understanding, mindful ˈkTnʃəs
increasingly become, a much poorer place. 48
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ecologist = a scientist who studies ecology,
helsea Rochman, an ecologist at the University of environment iːˈkTlədʒɪst
dismal= miserable, gloomy, depressing ˈdɪzməl
terrible= awful, dreadful, appal ing #wonderful
California, Davis, has been trying to answer a dismal question: Is ˈterəbl
analysis = examination, study, investigation
everything terrible, or are things just very, very bad? əˈnæləsɪs
Rochman is a member of the National Center for Ecological
synthesis = mixture, combination, blend #separation ˈsɪn ə θ sɪs
Analysis and Synthesis's marine debris working group, a
marine= nautical, maritime, sea, ocean məˈriːn
debris= wreckage, rubbish, trash, waste, fragment
collection of scientists who study, among other things, the ˈdeɪbriː
collection = group, assembly, gathering kəˈlekʃn
growing problem of marine debris, also known as ocean trash.
sound alarm bells = if something rings/sounds
alarm bel s, it makes you start to worry because it
Plenty of studies have sounded alarm bells about the state of
is a sign that there may be a problem ˈsaʊnd əlS:m belz
marine debris; in a recent paper published in the journa lEcology
state = condition, situation, circumstance , steɪt
paper = newspaper, article, document ˈpeɪpə
Rochman and her col eagues set out to determine how many of
journal = newsletter, magazine, periodical ˈdʒ\ːnl
set out = start, begin, embark set ˈaʊt
those perceived risks are real.
determine= verify, establish, uncover, reveal dɪˈt\ːmɪn
perceive= understand, comprehend, realize, become aware of pəˈsiːv
Often, Rochman says, scientists wil end a paper by speculating
speculate= guess, consider, think, contemplate
about the broader impacts of what they've found. For example, a ˈspekjʊleɪt
study could show that certain seabirds eat plastic bags, and go
broad = wide, large, big, comprehensive brɔːd
certain = particular, specific, precise ˈs\ː n t 
on to warn that whole bird populations are at risk of dying out.
go on to do= to do something after completing
something else ˈɡəʊ ˈTn tu du:
'But the truth was that nobody had yet tested those perceived
warn = caution, inform, alert, tel , notify wɔːn
at risk = in a dangerous situation ət rɪsk
die out = vanish, perish, become extinct ˈdaɪ ˈ ʊ a t 49
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threats,' Rochman says. 'There wasn't a lot of information.'
threat = risk, danger, peril, menace θre t
Rochman and her col eagues examined more than a hundred
examine = investigate, check, research, explore
papers on the impacts of marine debris that were published ɪɡˈzæmɪn
through 2013. Within each paper, they asked what threats
scientists had studied-366 perceived threats in al - and what
actually = real y, truly, in fact, in reality ˈæktʃuəli they'd actually found.
trash = garbage, waste, rubbish, junk træʃ
In 83 percent of cases, the perceived dangers of ocean trash
prove = show, demonstrate, verify pruːv
remaining= the remaining people or things are
were proven true. In the remaining cases, the working group
those that are left when the others have gone,
been used, or been dealt with rɪˈmeɪnɪŋ
weakness = limitation, drawback, flaw, fault
found the studies had weaknesses in design and content which ˈwiːknəs
validity= a conclusion, reason…that is based on
affected the validity of their conclusions - they lacked a control
what is reasonable or sensible vəˈlɪdɪti
faulty= incorrect, defective, flawed. ˈfɔːlti
statistic= number, figure, measurement, fact
group, for example, or used faulty statistics. stəˈtɪstɪk
strikingly = noticeably, outstandingly, unusual y
Strikingly, Rochman says, only one wel -designed study failed to ˈstraɪkɪŋli
investigation= study, search, examination,
find the effect it was looking for, an investigation of mussels
analysis ɪnˌvestɪˈɡeɪʃn
mussel = a smal sea animal, with a soft body that
can be eaten and a black shel that is divided into
ingesting microscopic plastic bits. The plastic moved from the two parts ˈmʌsl
ingest= swal ow, consume, absorb, eat ɪnˈdʒest
mussels' stomachs to their bloodstreams, scientists found, and
microscopic = tiny, minute, atomic, mini #gigantic maɪkrəˈskTpɪk
stayed there for weeks - but didn't seem to stress out the
bloodstream = the blood flowing in your body ˈblʌdstriːm
stress out = worry, bother, hassle #relax ˈstres shellfish. ˈaʊt
shellfish = an animal that lives in water, has a
shel , and can be eaten as food, for example,
crabs, lobsters, and oysters ˈʃelfɪʃ
While mussels may be fine eating trash, though, the analysis also
gave a clearer picture of the many ways that ocean debris is
bothersome= annoying, troublesome, bothersome. inconvenient ˈbTðəsəm
look at = study, investigate, examine ˈlʊk æt
Within the studies they looked at, most of the proven threats
involve= contain, include, consist of ɪnˈvTlv
entangle= (to cause something
came from plastic debris, rather than other materials like metal or
to become caught in something such as
wood. Most of the dangers also involved large pieces of debris
a net or ropes) twist, tangle, trap ɪnˈtæŋɡl
severely= harshly, strictly, brutal y, #gently sɪˈvɪəli
animals getting entangled in trash, for example, or eating it and
injure = hurt, harm, wound, damage ˈɪndʒə
severely injuring themselves.
microplastic = extremely smal pieces of plastic
that are harmful to the environment
But a lot of ocean debris is 'microplastic', or pieces smal er than ˈmaɪ.krə ˌ ʊ plæs.tɪk
ingredient= component, element, thing, part ɪnˈɡriːdɪənt
five mil imeters. These may be ingredients used in cosmetics
cosmetic= creams, powders, etc that you use on
your face and body in order to look more attractive
and toiletries, fibers shed by synthetic clothing in the wash, or kTzˈmetɪk
toiletries= things such as soap and toothpaste
that are used for cleaning yourself ˈtɔɪlətriz 50
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eroded remnants of larger debris. Compared to the number of
fiber = a mass of threads used to make rope, cloth, etc ˈfaɪbə
studies investigating large-scale debris, Rochman's group found
shed= drop, cast, discard ʃed
synthetic = artificial, fake, manmade #natural sɪnˈθetɪk
little research on the effects of these tiny bits. 'There are a lot of
erode = corrode, destroy, wear down ɪˈrəʊd
remnant = remainder, leftover, residue ˈremnənt
open questions stil for microplastic,' Rochman says, though she
investigate = look into something, explore, probe ɪnˈvestɪɡeɪt
notes that more papers on the subject have been published since
2013, the cutoff point for the group's analysis.
cutoff = limit, end. ˈkəˌtTf
There are also, she adds, a lot of open questions about the ways
creature = animal, living thing, being ˈkriːtʃə
that ocean debris can lead to sea-creature death. Many studies
individual= singular, personal, characteristic ɪndɪˈvɪdʒʊəl
have looked at how plastic affects an individual animal, or that
tissue = the material forming animal or plant cel s ˈtɪʃuː
animal's tissues or cells, rather than whole populations. And in
cell = group, unit, section sel
the lab, scientists often use higher concentrations of plastic than lab = laboratory, workshop, test center læb
concentration= the amount of a substance in a
what's real y in the ocean. None of that tel s us how many birds or liquid or in another substance kTnsənˈtreɪʃn
turtle = a large reptile with a hard round shel , that
fish or sea turtles could die from plastic pol ution - or how deaths lives in the sea ˈt\ː lt
the rest of = what is left after everything or
in one species could affect that animal's predators, or the rest of
everyone else has gone, been used, dealt with, or the ecosystem. mentioned ðə ˈrest Tv
'We need to be asking more ecological y relevant questions,'
relevant= related, pertinent #unrelated ˈreləvənt
Rochman says. Usual y, scientists don't know exactly how
disaster = tragedy, catastrophe, calamity dɪˈzSːstə
disasters such as a tanker accidental y spilling its whole cargo
tanker = a vehicle or ship special y built to carry
of oil and pol uting huge areas of the ocean wil affect the
large quantities of gas or liquid, especial y oil
environment until after they've happened. 'We don't ask the right ˈtæŋkə
spill = leak, drop, fal , drip #absorb spɪl
questions early enough,' she says. But if ecologists can
cargo= the goods carried in a ship or plane
understand how the slow-moving effect of ocean trash is ˈkSːɡəʊ
damaging ecosystems, they might be able to prevent things from
prevent= stop, avoid, block, inhibit #permit prɪˈvent getting worse.
figure out = understand, discover, work out, solve
Asking the right questions can help policy makers, and the public, ˈfɪɡə ˈ ʊ a t
attention = mind, concentration, awareness,
figure out where to focus their attention. The problems that look consideration əˈtenʃn
or sound most dramatic may not be the best places to start. For
dramatic = impressive, extraordinary, remarkable drəˈmætɪk
example, the name of the 'Great Pacific Garbage Patch' - a
patch = area, space, plot of land pætʃ
col ection of marine debris in the northern Pacific Ocean - might
conjure st up= to make something appear as a
picture in your mind = evoke. ˈkʌndʒə snt ʌp
conjure up a vast floating trash island. In reality though, much
vast = huge, massive, enormous #smal vSːst
of the debris is tiny or below the surface; a person could sail
float = to stay or move on the surface of a liquid without sinking flə t ʊ
through the area without seeing any trash at al . A Dutch group
in reality = real y, actual y, in fact ɪn rɪˈælɪti
cal ed 'The Ocean Cleanup' is currently working on plans to put
surface = outside, shel , façade ˈs\ːfɪs
sail = to travel on or across an area of water in a
mechanical devices in the Pacific Garbage Patch and similar boat or ship seɪl
areas to suck up plastic. But a recent paper used simulations to
mechanical = affecting or involving a machine mɪˈkænɪkl
simulation= model, imitation, virtual reality sɪmjʊˈleɪʃn 51
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show that strategically positioning the cleanup devices closer to
strategically= deliberately, intentional y,
shore would more effectively reduce pol ution over the long term. purposeful y strəˈtiːdʒɪkli
shore = coast, seashore, coastline ʃɔː
clear up = explain, elaborate, solve. ˈklɪər ʌp
'I think clearing up some of these misperceptions is real y
misperception= misunderstanding, confusion
important,' Rochman says. Among scientists as wel as in the mɪspərˈsepʃən
perception = view, opinion, assessment pəˈsepʃn
media, she says, 'A lot of the images about strandings and
interrogate = question, interview, probe= to ask
someone a lot of questions for a long time in order
entanglement and al of that cause the perception that plastic
to get information, sometimes using threats ɪnˈterəɡeɪt
debris is kil ing everything in the ocean.' Interrogating the
literature= al the books, articles, etc on a
particular subject ˈlɪtrətʃə
existing scientific literature can help ecologists figure out which
address = tackle, focus, deal with #ignore əˈdres
problems real y need addressing, and which ones they'd be
be better off = to be in a better situation, if or after
something happens bi ˈbetər Tf
better off - like the mussels - absorbing and ignoring.
absorb = if something absorbs light, heat, energy,
or noise, it takes it in. əbˈzɔːb 52
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IELTS READING ANSWER SHEET | Phiên bÁn chỉnh săa
Phù hợp việc tự luyện IELTS Reading tại nhà
Đß làm tốt bài thi IELTS Reading, một điều quan trọng là có chiến lược làm bài nhanh
và hiệu quả. Trong đó, kỹ năng sử dụng answer sheet đóng vai trò rất quan trọng. Một
số bạn thậm chí không sử dụng answer sheet trong lúc luyện tập. Điều này là không
nên vì rất nhiều trưßng hợp transfer câu trả lßi từ sách sang answer sheet sẽ bị nhầm.
Ngoài ra, khác với listening có 10 phút đß transfer câu trả lßi từ booklet sang answer
sheet, trong bài thi reading, các bạn nên điền câu trả lßi trực tiếp vào answer sheet lúc
làm bài đß tiết kiệm tối đa thßi gian.
Dưới đây là link answer sheet dùng cho bài thi Reading sử dụng trong các kỳ thi IELTS chính thức
https://drive.google.com/open?id=0B2TIoHBJlsvnXzRhR29MN25FSFFiWDVGcDc4SVhrYmc3c U4w
Tuy nhiên, đß phục vụ việc ghi chép các lỗi thưßng gặp trong quá trình làm bài và tạo
điều kiện cho việc sử dụng answer sheet sau Link download
https://drive.google.com/open?id=1C_bY208s2_zK8FKzJzqCvPpSoCx4TLd8 53
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¯u điểm của answer sheet này
Các phần thông tin chỉ dùng cho kỳ thi thật đã được cắt bỏ, thay vào đó là cột
thông tin problem và solution đß các bạn có thß ghi chú các thông tin cần thiết sau mỗi lần làm bài
Bảng đißm tham khảo đß các bạn tiện đối chiếu sau khi làm bài xong
H°áng d¿n cách ghi answer sheet mái
Sau đó ghim các tß answer sheet của bạn lại thành 1 quyßn và đọc đi đọc lại
thưßng xuyên, và đặc biệt là đọc thật kỹ trước khi làm một test mới 54
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Ành chụp answer sheet của học sinh mình áp dụng theo cách phía trên. Nhờ việc rút kinh
nghiệm từ những lỗi sai và áp dụng các giÁi pháp do b¿n ấy tự đưa ra thì từ lúc bắt đầu
học làm được khoÁng 18-20/40 câu đúng (tương đương 5.5), b¿n ấy đã tiến bộ rất nhiều
và trong 2 lần thi thật thì đ¿t lần lượt 6.5 và 7.0 Reading) 55
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RÂT CÁM ƠN CÁC B¾N ĐÃ SĂ DĀNG CUÞN SÁCH. MÌNH RÂT
MONG NHÀN Đ¯þC THÊM NHĄNG Ý KIÀN ĐÓNG GÓP CŨNG NH¯
NHĄNG CHIA SẺ VÂ VIÞC B¾N ĐÃ DÙNG SÁCH HIÞU QUÀ TRONG
VIÞC LÀM BÀI IELTS READING RA SAO. TEAM SO¾N SÁCH S¾ CÀM
THÂY CÓ THÊM ĐÞNG LĆC LàN NÀU B¾N SHARE NHĄNG ĐÁNH GIÁ
VÂ CUÞN SÁCH TRÊN CÁC GROUP CŨNG NH¯ FACEBOOK CÁ NHÂN. 56
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https://www.facebook.com/groups/IELTSfamily/permalink/1789370387775377 57
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https://www.facebook.com/groups/IELTSfamily/permalink/1791366800909069
https://www.facebook.com/dinhthangielts/posts/2037751856500217
https://www.facebook.com/groups/IELTSfamily/permalink/1495634343815651/ 59
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Phía trên là mßt vài trong sß rÃt nhiÃu review tích cćc mà team đã
nhÁn đ°ÿc và thćc sć đã giúp bán mình rÃt nhiÃu trong thãi gian
qua. Hy váng team s¿ đón nhÁn thêm nhiÃu review nh° vÁy nąa. Trân tráng, 60
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