CÁC CẤU TRÚC CHUYỂN ĐỔI THÌ 1. Cấu trúc 1: Khoảng thời gian + AGO
( 2 years ago, 6 months ago, ... )
S + started/ began + to_V/ V_ing + WHEN + S + VQKĐ .....
( When she was 6, when I was in grade 9,... ) IN + mốc thời gian
( in 2001, in 1999, .... ) For + khoảng thời gian
( for 2 years, for 6 months, ...) S + have/ has + V Since + S + VQKĐ .... P.P +
(since she was 6, since I was in grade 9, ...) Since + mốc thời gian
(since 2001, since 1999, ...)
1. I began to study English nine years ago.
 I have studied English for nine years.
2. She started living far away home when she was in grade 10.
 She has _______________________________________________________________________.
3. They started to work in that company in 2005.
 They have _____________________________________________________________________. 2. Cấu trúc 2: Khoảng thời gian + AGO
( 2 years ago, 6 months ago, ... ) S + last + V WHEN + S + VQKĐ ..... QKĐ +
( When she was 6, when I was in grade 9,... ) IN + mốc thời gian
( in 2001, in 1999, .... ) Khoảng thời gian + AGO
( 2 years ago, 6 months ago, ... ) The last time + S + V WHEN + S + VQKĐ .....
QKĐ + WAS + ( When she was 6, when I was in grade 9,... ) IN + mốc thời gian
( in 2001, in 1999, .... ) For + khoảng thời gian
( for 2 years, for 6 months, ...) S + have/ has + NOT + V Since + S + VQKĐ .... P.P +
(since she was 6, since I was in grade 9, ...) Since + mốc thời gian
(since 2001, since 1999, ...)
It is/ has been + khoảng thời gian+ since + S + (last) + VQKĐ 1 | P a g e
N g u y e n T r a n M i n h T i e n
1. We haven’t been to a concert for over a year.
 The last time we went to the concert was over a year ago
 We last went to a concert over a year ago
 It’s over a year since we last went to a concert
2. The last time I went swimming was when I was in France.
 I haven’t ______________________________________________________________.
 I last _________________________________________________________________.
3. You haven’t tidied up your room for weeks.
 It’s __________________________________________________________________.
 You last ______________________________________________________________.
 The last time ___________________________________________________________.
4. Mr John hasn’t visited France since 1990.
 Mr John _______________________________________________________________.
 The last time ___________________________________________________________.
5. It last rained three weeks ago.
 It’s ____________________________________________________________.
 It hasn’t ________________________________________________________.
 The last time ____________________________________________________.
6. I haven't been to the dentist's for two years.
 It's _________________________________________________________________.
 The last time _________________________________________________________.
 I last _______________________________________________________________. 3. Cấu trúc 3:
 This is the + adj-EST/ MOST + adj + N + (that) + S + have/ has + (ever) + VP.P.
(the biggest, the greatest, the most interesting, ...)
 This is the first time + S + VP.P + such (a/ an) + adj + N.
 S + have/ has + never + VP.P + such (a/ an) + adj + N.
 S + have/ has + never + VP.P + (a) more + adj + N + than + this (one).
 This is the first time + S + have/ has + VP.P .
 S + have/ has + NEVER + VP.P + BEFORE.
 S + have/ has + NOT + VP.P + BEFORE.
1. This is the most delicious cake I have ever tasted. 2 | P a g e
N g u y e n T r a n M i n h T i e n
 I have never tasted a more delicious cake than this one.
 I have never tasted such a delicious cake.
 This is the first time I have tasted such a delicious cake.
2. This kind of food is a new experience to me.
 I ________________________________________________________.
 This is ___________________________________________________.
3. I have never been to Liverpool in my life.
 This is ____________________________________________________.
4. I’ve never met such a famous person before.
 This is ____________________________________________________.
5. I have never seen such beautiful pictures before.
 This is the most _____________________________________________.
 This is the first ______________________________________________.
6. I’ve never read such an interesting poem.
 This is the most ______________________________________________.
 This is the first _______________________________________________.
7. I've never tasted pheasant before.
 This is the first _________________________________________________.
8. This is the first time I have met him.
 ______________________________________________________________. (never)
 ______________________________________________________________. (not) 4. Cấu trúc 4:
 WHEN + did + S + V0 ... ?
 WHEN + did + S + start/ begin + to_V/ V_ing ... ?
 HOW LONG + have/ has + S + VP.P ... ?
 WHEN + did + S + last + V0 ... ?
 HOW LONG + is it + SINCE + S + (last) + VQKĐ ... ?
1. When did you last ride a bike?
 How long is it since you last rode a bike ?
2. When did you start to do the project?
 How long ___________________________________________________ ?
3. How long have you known him? 3 | P a g e
N g u y e n T r a n M i n h T i e n
 When _______________________________________________________ ?
4. How long is it since you saw Mary ?
 When ________________________________________________________ ? Các cấu trúc với
ENOUGH, SO ... THAT, SUCH ... THAT, TOO ... TO
1. Cấu trúc với ENOUGH. (đủ ... để làm gì)
 S + be/ V + adj/ adv + ENOUGH (+ for + O) + to_V
Ex: The test is easy enough for me to do.
 S + V + ENOUGH + N (+ for + O) + to_V
Ex: I have enough money to buy this house.
2. Cấu trúc với SO ... THAT, SUCH ... THAT. (quá ... đến nỗi)
 S + be/ V + SO + adj/ adv + THAT + clause [S (+ can/ can’t) + V ...]
 S(It) + be/ V + SUCH (+ a/ an) + adj + N + THAT + clause [S (+ can/ can’t) + V ...]
 S(It) + be/ V + SO + adj (+ a/ an) + N + THAT + clause [S (+ can/ can’t) + V ...]
Ex: The test is easy enough for me to do.
 The test is SO easy THAT I can do it.
 It is SUCH an easy test THAT I can do it.
 It is SO easy a test THAT I can do it.
3. Cấu trúc với TOO ... TO. (quá ... đến nỗi không thể)
S + be/ V + TOO + adj/ adv (+ for + O) + TO + V
Ex: He taught TOO quickly for me TO understand the lesson. EXERCISE:
1. The test was very difficult. We couldn’t have good marks.
 _________________________________________________________________________________________.
 _________________________________________________________________________________________.
 _________________________________________________________________________________________.
 _________________________________________________________________________________________.
 _________________________________________________________________________________________.
2. The box is very heavy. Minh can’t carry it.
 _________________________________________________________________________________________. 4 | P a g e
N g u y e n T r a n M i n h T i e n
 _________________________________________________________________________________________.
 _________________________________________________________________________________________.
 _________________________________________________________________________________________.
 _________________________________________________________________________________________.
3. Hoa is very young. She can’t live alone.
 _________________________________________________________________________________________.
 _________________________________________________________________________________________.
 _________________________________________________________________________________________.
 _________________________________________________________________________________________.
 _________________________________________________________________________________________.
4. Her mother was very sick. She couldn’t go to work yesterday.
 _________________________________________________________________________________________.
 _________________________________________________________________________________________.
5. He ran very quickly. I didn’t catch him.
 _________________________________________________________________________________________.
 _________________________________________________________________________________________.
6. The problem is very hard. They can’t solve it.
 _________________________________________________________________________________________.
 _________________________________________________________________________________________.
 _________________________________________________________________________________________.
 _________________________________________________________________________________________.
 _________________________________________________________________________________________.
7. The cars are very expensive. The farmers can’t buy them.
 _________________________________________________________________________________________.
 _________________________________________________________________________________________.
 _________________________________________________________________________________________.
 _________________________________________________________________________________________.
 _________________________________________________________________________________________.
8. Mary is very short. She can’t reach the top of the shelf.
 _________________________________________________________________________________________.
 _________________________________________________________________________________________.
 _________________________________________________________________________________________.
9. The fruit is very high. I can’t get it.
 _________________________________________________________________________________________.
 _________________________________________________________________________________________.
10. The room is very small. We can’t live in the house. 5 | P a g e
N g u y e n T r a n M i n h T i e n
 _________________________________________________________________________________________.
 _________________________________________________________________________________________.
 _________________________________________________________________________________________.
 _________________________________________________________________________________________.
 _________________________________________________________________________________________. 6 | P a g e
N g u y e n T r a n M i n h T i e n CÂU TƯỜNG THUẬT I.
Câu tường thuật (Reported Speech = Indirect Speech):
Khi tường thuật một câu từ trực tiếp sang gián tiếp ta cần chú ý đến động từ tường thuật. Có 2 trường hợp:
+ Nếu động từ tường thuật ở các thì hiện tại và tương lai [say(s), tell(s), will ask, ...] thì khi tường
thuật ta chỉ cần thay đôi ngôi ( thay đổi ngôi thứ nhất (I, we) và ngôi thứ 2 (you) còn ngôi thứ 3 (he, she, it, they) không đổi).
Ex 1: “I wil visit you tomorrow”, he says to me.
 He tel s me (that) he wil visit me tomorrow.
+ Nếu động từ tường thuật ở thì quá khứ (said, told, asked, ...) thì khi tường thuật, ta cần phải thay
đổi thì, thay đổi trạng từ chỉ thời gian - nơi chốn - từ chỉ định (nếu có).
Ex 2: She said to him “I met your parents yesterday”.
 She told me (that) she had met his parents the day before.
 Thay đổi ngôi: Chủ ngữ Tân ngữ Tính từ sở hữu I he/ she me him/ her my his/ her we they us them our their you I, we you me/ us your my/ our
 Thay đổi thì: TRỰC TIẾP GIÁN TIẾP HTĐ QKĐ HTTD QKTD HTHT QKHT HTHTTD QKHTTD QKĐ QKHT QKTD QKTD/ QKHTTD QKHT QKHT TLĐ would + V0 Tương lai gần was/ were going to + V0 can could may might must must had to would have to + V0 * Note:
- Ta giữ nguyên thì HTĐ khi diễn tả những sự thật hiển nhiên, chân lí.
Ex: “Water boils at 1000C”, my teacher told us.
 My teacher told us (that) water boils at 1000C
- Khi kết hợp mệnh đề thời gian có sử dụng thì QKĐ với QKHT hoặc QKĐ với QKTD thì ta cũng giữ nguyên
dạng của động từ.
Ex: “After I had finished my homework, I went to bed last night” 7 | P a g e
N g u y e n T r a n M i n h T i e n
 He said after he had finished his homework, he went to bed the night before.
Ex: He said, “when I saw them, they were playing tennis.”
 He said when he saw them they were playing tennis.
 Thay đổi từ thời gian – nơi chốn – từ chỉ định: TRỰC TIẾP GIÁN TIẾP tomorrow
the next day/ the following day/ the day after yesterday
the day before/ the previous day next ......
the next ...... / the ...... after/ the following ...... last ......
the ...... before/ the previous ...... now then ago before today that day tonight that night here there this that these those II.
Các loại câu tường thuật:
1. Câu kể/ câu trần thuật (Statements): say(s)/ said + to + O nói S +
+ (that) + clause tell(s)/ told + O bảo
Ex: “I’m so tired”, she said.  She said (that) she was so tired.
2. Questions (Câu hỏi): ask(s)/ asked + O a) Wh – questions: (Hỏi) + TỪ HỎI want(s) to know/
(what, when, where, which, S + wanted to know who, how, why, ...) (Muốn biết) + clause wonder(s)/ wondered b) Yes/ No questions: (Tự hỏi) + IF/ WHETHER 8 | P a g e
N g u y e n T r a n M i n h T i e n
Ex 1: “What is your name?” Tom asked
 Tom asked me what my name was.
Ex 2: “Are you going on a holiday tomorrow?” she asked me
 She asked me if/ whether I was going on a holiday the next day.
* Note: Trong trường hợp câu trực tiếp có cả câu trần thuật và câu hỏi thì khi đổi sang câu gián tiếp phần
nào vẫn cứ đi phần ấy.
Ex: “I have left my watch at home. Can you tell me the time?”
 He said (that) he had left his watch at home and asked me if I could tell him the time.
3. Commands (Câu mệnh lệnh): tell(s)/ told + O bảo advise(s)/ advised + O khuyên ai
remind(s)/ reminded + O nhắc nhở
persuade(s)/ persuaded + O thuyết phục
encourage(s)/ encouraged + O khuyến khích
S + warn(s)/ warned + O cảnh báo (+ not) + to_V ... ask(s)/ asked + O yêu cầu
request(s)/ requested + O order(s)/ ordered + O ra lệnh beg(s)/ begged + O van nài urge(s)/ urged + O hối thúc
Ex: “ Don’t forget to have your hair cut”  His mother reminded him to have his hair cut. Exercise:
1. John said, “I want to attend a famous university.”
 John said ________________________________________________
2. “I’m looking for the book you gave me last week,” Mary said to Peter.
 Mary told Peter_____________________________________________
3. Janet said to John, “I did not promise to send you a telegram.”
 Janet _____________________________________________________
4. “I will get myself a drink,” she said.
 She said ___________________________________________________
5. “I cannot drive them home,” he said.
 He said _____________________________________________________ 9 | P a g e
N g u y e n T r a n M i n h T i e n
6. “Peter, do you prefer tea or coffee?” she said.
 She _______________________________________________________
7. “The film began at seven o'clock,” he said.
 He said ____________________________________________________
8. The father said, “I was on a business trip the whole day yesterday.”
 The father ___________________________________________________
9. “My brother wil get married next month,” James said.
 James ______________________________________________________
10. Henry said to his mother, “Come and spend a week with us.”
 Henry told __________________________________________________
11. He said to me, “Keep a seat for me in the lecture hall.”
 He _________________________________________________________
12. Mike said to Henry, “Give me my book back, please.”
 Mike ______________________________________________________
13. “Don't play on the grass, boys,” she said.
 She _________________________________________________________
14. “Don't make so much noise,” he said.
 He ___________________________________________________________
15. Jane said to Mary, “Wil you be free tomorrow?”
 Jane asked _____________________________________________________ 10 | P a g e
N g u y e n T r a n M i n h T i e n 11 | P a g e
N g u y e n T r a n M i n h T i e n 12 | P a g e
N g u y e n T r a n M i n h T i e n