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A33661 English Grammar Notes by Nguyen Tuan Linh - Studocu THANG LONG UNIVERSITY Academic Year 2022 -2023 FOREIGN LANGUAGE DEPARTMENT ENGLISH LANGUAGE AND CULTURE ENGLISH GRAMMAR FULL NAME: NGUYỄN TUẤN LINH STUDENT’S CODE: A33661 HA NOI 23:08, 09/01/2026
A33661 English Grammar Notes by Nguyen Tuan Linh - Studocu Table of content
A. THEORY.....................................................................................................................1 I.
Meanings of verbs.......................................................................................................1 II.
Forms and functions of verbs....................................................................................2 1.
Verb classification.................................................................................................2 2.
The morphology of lexical verbs............................................................................3 3.
Regular lexical verbs:............................................................................................3 4.
Irregular lexical verbs...........................................................................................3 5.
The future...............................................................................................................4 6.
The auxiliaries.......................................................................................................5
7. Tense......................................................................................................................5
8. Aspect.....................................................................................................................6
9. Mood......................................................................................................................6
10. Voice......................................................................................................................8 11.
Verb phrase............................................................................................................8
B. PRACTICE...............................................................................................................10 I.
Exercise 1...................................................................................................................10 II.
Exercise 2...................................................................................................................10
III. Exercise 3...................................................................................................................12 23:08, 09/01/2026
A33661 English Grammar Notes by Nguyen Tuan Linh - Studocu A. THEORY I. Meanings of verbs
To my knowledge, verbs are the essential parts of sentences and clauses because
they express what the subject is thinking or feeling, even if they are only existing.
Additionally, verbs are the only word type that is absolutely required to form a sentence is
a verb. Even nouns, which denote things, are not required to appear in every sentence.
Because verbs are so important, they have more rules than other types of words.
To put it simply, Verbs are words that describe actions, whether physical or mental.
Verbs also describe a “state of being,” like the verbs be, become, or exist.
- Example: I cross the street, enter the building, and buy some ice cream.
There must be atleast a verb in every sentence. A sentence is incomplete or a
sentence fragment if there is no verb. A sentence, with the exception of imperative words
(commands), also requires a subject, the thing conducting the action. For example, there
are a total of 7 different types of sentence structures in English, all of which cannot be form or work without a verb. SVO I eat fried chicken SVC I am too fat SV I walk SVA I live in Hanoi SVOO I make a cake for my mother SVOC I made my mother proud 1 23:08, 09/01/2026
A33661 English Grammar Notes by Nguyen Tuan Linh - Studocu SVOA I bring my laptop onto my room II. Forms and functions of verbs 1. Verb classification
Base on the function of the items in the verb phrase we have lexical and auxilary verb. In
auxilary verb is divided into primary and modal verb. Lexical verb: Walk, run, sleep…
Auxilary verb is separated into: Primary auxiliary do, have, be Modal auxiliary can, dare…
When verb (either habitually or in certain uses) will not admit the progressive, they are
called stative. When they will admit the progressive, they are called dynamic. −
Dynamic verbs include activity verbs such as abandon, ask, beg, etc; process verbs:
change, grow, slow down, etc; transitional event verbs: arrive, fly, fall, etc; and
momentary verbs: take, jump, breath, etc.
It was raining heavily all day.
He felt from the stairs yesterday. −
Stative verbs include verbs of inert perception and cognition such as adore, hate,
hear, imagine, etc; and relational verbs: apply to, be, belong to, consist of, etc. I knew the answer.
I guess the students will not arrive on time. 2 23:08, 09/01/2026
A33661 English Grammar Notes by Nguyen Tuan Linh - Studocu
2. The morphology of lexical verbs
We will consider lexical verbs under two heads: regular, irregular. 3. Regular lexical verbs: − V (Base): love, yell
− V-ing (Ing participle): loving, yelling − V-s: loves, yells
− V-ed (Past participle); loved, yelled
While the -ing form is straight forward addition to the base, the -s form has three spoken realizations:
− Pronounced /iz/ after bases ending in voiced or voiceless sibilants: passes, watches.
− Pronounced /z/ after bases ending in other voiced: robs, flows
− Pronounced /s/ after bases ending in other voiceless sound: cuts, locks
The past and the -ed participle of regular verbs also have three spoken realizations:
− Pronounced /id/ after bases ending in /d/ or /t/: added, cheated
− Pronounced /d/ after bases ending in voiced sounds other than /d/: traveled, meowed.
− Pronounced /t/ after bases ending in voiceless sounds other than /t/: packed, walked. 4. Irregular lexical verbs
Irregular lexical verbs do not have the past and the -ed participle spoken rules (burn,
drive). These verbs typically have variation in their base vowel (find, bite) and varying
number of distinct forms (cut, go). 3 23:08, 09/01/2026
A33661 English Grammar Notes by Nguyen Tuan Linh - Studocu 5. The future Will and shall: I will arrive in 2 hours. I shall graduate in 2 months.
“Be going to” denotes future fulfilment of the present: It’s going to rain.
When are you going to go to HCMC?
Present progressive means fixed arrangements, plans, or programme: The train is leaving at 6:30. I am watching TV now.
Simple present has the same meaning as present progressive: When is high tide?
The plane takes off tomorrow from Hanoi.
Will/shall + progressive denotes a future as a matter of course: When will you come? What will you buy?
Be to + infinitive expresses arrangement, command, or contingent future:
If he is to success, he must work harder.
My mother is to be back by an hour. 4 23:08, 09/01/2026
A33661 English Grammar Notes by Nguyen Tuan Linh - Studocu
Be about to + infinitive expresses near future:
The taxi is here, and we are about to leave. I am about to watch it.
Future time in the past: some of the constructions above such as “be going to”,
“progressive”, “will”, “be to + infinitive”, “be about to” can be used in the past tense:
I was meeting him in Paris the next day. She was about to leave me. 6. The auxiliaries
An auxiliary verb is a verb that adds functional or grammatical meaning to the clause in
which it occurs, to express tense, aspect, modality, voice, emphasis, etc.
There are three main classes of the auxiliary: The auxiliaries do, have, be; The modal
auxiliaries (can, could, may, might, etc); Marginal modal auxiliaries (dare, need, use). You needs to go now. Can you give me a lift? 7. Tense
Tense helps us understand the correspondence between the form of the verb and our
concept of time. There are two tense forms: present and past.
The package arrived last week. I play video games every day 5 23:08, 09/01/2026
A33661 English Grammar Notes by Nguyen Tuan Linh - Studocu
There are three persons: first person (I/We), second person (You), third person
(He/She/It/They); and two numbers: singular and plural.
For all verbs except be, there are two forms for the present tense: the -s form and the base
form. The -s form is used for the third person singular, that is with he, she, it, and singular noun phrases as subject. 8. Aspect
The aspect of a verb is determined by whether the verb expresses a fact, an ongoing
action, a completed action, or the end of an ongoing action. Verbs have two aspects: the
perfect aspect and the progressive aspect.
The perfect of a verb combines a form of the auxiliary have with the -ed participle of that
verb. The auxiliary has two present tense forms (has, have) and one past form (had)
You have slept three 12 hours today.
I have closed the shop for the day.
The progressive combines a form of the auxiliary “be” with the -ing form.
My mom is speaking with her friends.
My dad was washing his car this morning. 9. Mood
Mood relates the verbal action to such conditions as certainty, obligation, necessity,
possibility. Finite verb phrases have three moods:
The Indicative is the usual mood in declarative, interrogative, and exclamative sentences: 6 23:08, 09/01/2026
A33661 English Grammar Notes by Nguyen Tuan Linh - Studocu Where are they? How well are you at Math?
The Imperative has the base form and is used chieflfly as a directive to request action Keep quiet! Stop him!
The Subjuntive includes the mandative subjunctive, fomulaic subjunctive and the were subjunctive.
− The mandative subjunctive expression of command, demand, or recommendation.
We used in that-clause after the expression of such notions as demand or request. For example:
My boss suggests that I should be there at six.
We demand that he accept the rehab.
− The formulaic subjunctive: May the force be with you! God save the queen!
− The were subjunctive is so-called because in all instances it uses the verb were. It
is used chieflfly to convey a hypothetical or unreal situation. For example:
If I were you, I would kick him in the ass.
If I were you, I would resign immediately 7 23:08, 09/01/2026
A33661 English Grammar Notes by Nguyen Tuan Linh - Studocu 10. Voice
Verbs have two voices: active or passive. The active is the voice that is used more
commonly. The active and passive have different verb phrases in that the passive has an
additional auxiliary: a form of the auxiliary “be” followed by an -ed participle. For example:
− Active: buy, is making, will make, etc.
− Passive: is brought, is being made, will be made, etc. Active:
Facebook (S) bans a lot of users (iO).
The manager (S) has offered me (iO) a better salary. Passive:
A lot of users (S) have been banned from Facebook.
I (S) was offered a better salary by the manager. 11. Verb phrase
The typical structure of verb phrase consists of a main verb preceded optionally by a
maximum of four auxiliary verbs. However, it is very unusual for all four auxiliaries to appear in one verb phrase.
For example: may have been being shocked, could have been destroyed. 8 23:08, 09/01/2026
A33661 English Grammar Notes by Nguyen Tuan Linh - Studocu
There are finite and non-finite verb phrases. While finite verb phrases have tense, mood
and finite verb occur as the verb element of a clause; non-finite verb phrases consist of
one or more such items: the infinitive, the -ing participle, -ed participle. Finite verb phrases: I drink heavily. My wife calls me an alcoholic. Non-finite verb phrases:
To drink like that must be dangerous. My wife found me drinking. 9 23:08, 09/01/2026
A33661 English Grammar Notes by Nguyen Tuan Linh - Studocu B. PRACTICE I. Exercise 1 1) Adv.P – Adv 2) NP – O 3) VP – Adv 4) Adj.P – Adj 5) Adv.P – Adv 6) Adv.P – Adv 7) Adv.P – Adv 8) NP – O 9) Adj.P – Adj 10) VP – V II. Exercise 2 1) Complex sentence
- Main clause: the hungry jaguar was waiting for its poor quarry
- Subordinate clause: Hiding itself in the bush => Adverbial of reason 2) Complex sentence
- Main clause: What would happen to the yound girl
- Subordinate clause: If she went out alone at midnight => Adverbial of reason 3) Compound sentence 10 23:08, 09/01/2026
A33661 English Grammar Notes by Nguyen Tuan Linh - Studocu - No subordinate clause 4) Complex sentence
- Main clause: you should come to visit the Eiffel Tower
- Subordinate clause: While in Paris => Adverbial of place 5) Complex sentence
- Main clause: He has travelled around the world.
- Subordinate clause: Since leaving school => Adverbial of time 6) Complex sentence
- Main clause: You should learn as much as possible
- Subordinate clause: or you won’t find a job in the future => Adverbial of reason 7) Complex sentence - Main clause: Whole sentence
- Subordinate clause: What I had read in the book => Adverbial of reason 8) Complex sentence
- Main clause: John has a large sitting room
- Subordinate clause: Where his friends came to watch football matches on TV with him. =>Adverbial of place 9) Complex sentence
- Main clause: I suddenly felt ashamed of my childishness
- Subordinate clause: What is more important => Adverbial of reason 10)Complex sentence
- Main clause: The child was even crying more wildly. 11 23:08, 09/01/2026
A33661 English Grammar Notes by Nguyen Tuan Linh - Studocu
- Subordinate clause: Comforted by his mother => Adverbial of reason III. Exercise 3 1) F 2) F 3) F 4) T 5) F 6) T 7) T 8) F 9) T 10) T 11) T 12) T 13) T 14) F 15) F 16) T 17) T 18) F 19) T 12 23:08, 09/01/2026
A33661 English Grammar Notes by Nguyen Tuan Linh - Studocu 20) F 13 23:08, 09/01/2026
A33661 English Grammar Notes by Nguyen Tuan Linh - Studocu