Lesson 4. Revision & Practice test Lesson preparation Exercise 1. 1 recipe 7 secretary 2 cliff 8 aromatic 3 cultivate 9 woodshed 4 waterproof 10 versatile 5 biodiversity 11 litter 6 ban 12 exotic Exercise 2.
1. Transplantation of organs from living donors raises ethical issues.
2. They are suffering a serious increase in inflation and an unsustainable boom in house prices.
3. The company had planned for every possible scenario.
4. The unit is comparatively easy to install and cheap to operate./ The unit is easy to
install and comparatively cheap to operate.
5. Winston Churchill and Richard Nixon were both controversial figures./ Both Winston
Churchill and Richard Nixon were controversial figures.
6. Olives have been cultivated successfully in southern Australia.
Exercise 3. Suggested answers
1. Just by coincidence, I met my old schoolmate again 50 years later.
2. There is a proven correlation between educational level and income.
3. You can lower the price by cutting out the middleman and buying directly from the factory.
4. You can get a 10% commission on everything you sell to foreign tourists.
5. These plants need heat and humidity to grow well.
6. Effective action is needed to eradicate terrorism, and drug-trafficking. Exam skil s Exercise 1. Word form Number
(1), (3), (4), (5), (8), (9), (11) (2), (6), (7), (10) Exercise 2. 1 collecting 5 art 2 records 6 hospital 3 West 7 garden 4 transport Audio script:
JANE: Hello, Jane Fairbanks speaking.
FRANK: Oh, good morning. My name's Frank Pritchard.
FRANK: I've just retired and moved to Southoe.
FRANK: I'd like to become a volunteer, and I gather you co-ordinate voluntary work in the village. JANE: That's right.
FRANK: What sort of thing could I do?
JANE: Well, we need help with the village library. We borrow books from the town library, and
individuals also donate them. So, one thing you could do is get involved in collecting them - if you've got a car, that is.
FRANK: Yes, that's no problem.
JANE: The times are pretty flexible so we can arrange it to suit you. Another thing is the
records that we keep of the books we're given, and those we borrow and need to return to
the town library. It would be very useful to have another person to help keep them up to date.
FRANK: Right. I'm used to working on a computer - presume they're computerised? JANE: Oh yes.
FRANK: Is the library purpose-built?
FRANK: I haven't noticed it when I've walked round the village.
JANE: No, we simply have the use of a room in the village hall, the West Room. It's on the left as you go in.
FRANK: I must go and have a look inside the hall.
JANE: Yes, it's a nice building.
FRANK: Do you run a lunch club in the village for elderly people? I know a lot of places do.
JANE: Yes, we have a very successful club.
FRANK: I could help with transport, if that's of any use.
JANE: Ohh definitely. People come to the club from neighbouring villages, and we're always in need of more drivers.
FRANK: And does the club have groups that focus on a particular hobby, too? I could get
involved in one or two, particularly if there are any art groups.
JANE: Excellent. I'll find out where we need help and get back to you.
FRANK: Fine. What about help for individual residents. Do you arrange that at all?
JANE: Yes, we do it as a one-off. In fact, there's Mrs Carroll. She needs a lift to the hospital
next week, and we're struggling to find someone.
FRANK: When's her appointment?
JANE: On Tuesday. It would take the whole morning. FRANK: I could do that.
JANE: Oh, that would be great. Thank you. And also, next week, we're arranging to have
some work done to Mr Selsbury's house before he moves, as he isn't healthy enough to do it
himself. We've got some people to decorate his kitchen, but if you could do some weeding in
his garden, that would be wonderful.
FRANK: OK. I'd enjoy that. And presumably the day and time are flexible.
JANE: Oh yes. Just say when would suit you best, and we'll let Mr Selsbury know. FRANK: Good. Exercise 3. 1 Answer: July 18th 2 Answer: Wednesday Distractors: Distractors:
• 21/7 his sister’s wedding • Tuesday: wonderful market • 19/7 a special dinner • Thursday: relax • Friday: leave Audio script: 1
A: Right, so, you need to book some flights, is that right?
B: Yes, for me and my family. We are going to Scotland for my sister’s wedding.
A: Oh, lovely! When’s the wedding? B: It’s on 21st July
A: That should be wonderful, but I assume you want to fly in earlier? What about the 20th or even the 19th?
B: It will have to be on the 18th, I’ve actually got to attend a special dinner on the 19th. 2
Welcome aboard, everyone. I hope you will enjoy your stay with us and get a lovely glimpse
of country life. We are going to a wonderful market on Tuesday morning. I’m sure you love
that with all the local farm produce on sale. Then on the Wednesday, you get to see were all
in that lovely produce comes from as John Smith, a local farmer, has invited us to see him at
work. On Thursday, you have a day to relax before we leave on Friday. Exercise 4. 11 A 13 B Distractors:
• 3 staff members on board and on top of that
• transport a further fifteen people 12 C 14 B Distractors: • used to be jet black • dark red seats Audio script: So, hello everyone.
My name's Lou Miller and I'm going to be your tour guide today as we take this fantastic boat
trip around the Tasmanian coast. Before we set off, I just want to tell you a few things about our journey.
Our boats aren't huge as you can see. We already have three staff members on board and on
top of that, we can transport a further fifteen people - that's you - around the coastline.
But please note if there are more than nine people on either side of the boat, we'll move
some of you over, otherwise all eighteen of us will end up in the sea! We've recently upgraded all our boats.
They used to be jet black, but our new ones now have these comfortable dark red seats and
a light-green exterior in order to stand out from others and help promote our company.
This gives our boats a rather unique appearance, don't you think? We offer you a free
lunchbox during the trip and we have three types.
Lunchbox 1 contains ham and tomato sandwiches.
Lunchbox 2 contains a cheddar cheese roll and Lunchbox 3 is salad-based and also contains eggs and tuna.
All three lunchboxes also have a packet of crisps and chocolate bar inside.
Please let staff know which lunchbox you prefer.
I'm sure I don't have to ask you not to throw anything into the sea. We don't have any bins to
put litter in, but Jess, myself or Ray, our other guide, will collect it from you after lunch and
put it all in a large plastic sack. Strategy Exercise 1. 1 WADDELL 4 visa 2 ROBYN PLACE 5 10 3 263 8666 Audio script:
Woman: Good morning. How can I help you?
Man: Hello. is this a Southern rental car? Woman: Yes, it is.
Man: I wonder if you can help me. I am ringing from Nelson, but I am coming over to
Auckland for 12 days and I’d like to hire a car.
Woman: Ok, I’ll fill in a booking for you now. First, can I take your name ?
Man: Yes, its William Waddell.
Woman: I sorry, Could you spell your surname?
Man: Ah, yeah it is W-A-D-D-E-L-L.
Woman: Thanks, now can I have an address and phone number
Man: Sure, I live at 10 Robyn place, that is R-O-B-Y-N place.
Woman: And that is Nelson, isn’t it?
Man: That’s right. Do you want my home number or my mobile
Woman: Home number will be fine. Man: Ok, it’s 07 263 8666.
Woman: Great, now can I also have a credit card number?
Man: Do I have to pay by credit card?
Woman: Well, we need a credit card number as a guarantee. It is a standard policy for car rentals.
Man: Ok, Well. I’ll pay by Visa then the card number is 4550 1392 8309 3221. Woman: And the expiry date? Man: Sorry?
Woman: Your card, When does it expiry? Man: Oh, next July.
Woman: Right, now how long did you want the car for? 12 days did you say?
Man: No, I only need a car for 10 days, from the second to the eleventh of next month. Exercise 2. 11 B 13 C 12 C 14 B Audio script:
Good morning, and welcome to Oniton Hall, one of the largest estates in the area. My name’s
Nick, and I’m one of the guides. I’ll give you a brief introduction to the estate while you’re
sitting down, and then we’ll walk round.
The estate consists of the house, gardens, parkland and farm, and it dates back to the
fourteenth century. The original house was replaced in the late seventeenth century, and of
course it has had a large number of owners. Almost all of them have left their mark,
generally by adding new rooms, like the ballroom and conservatory, or by demolishing
others. The farm looks much as it’s always done, although the current owner has done a
great deal of work to the flower beds.
In the seventeenth century, the estate was owned by a very wealthy man called Sir Edward
Downes. His intention was to escape from the world of politics, after years as an active
politician, and to build a new house worthy of his big collection of books, paintings and
sculptures. He broke off contact with his former political allies, and hosted meetings of
creative and literary people, like painters and poets. Unusually for his time, he didn’t care
whether his guests were rich or poor, as long as they had talent.
Big houses like Oniton had dozens of servants until the 1920s or 30s, and we’ve tried to
show what their working lives were like. Photographs of course don’t give much of an idea,
so instead, as you go round the house, you’ll see volunteers dressed up as nineteenth-
century servants, going about their work. They’ll explain what they’re doing, and tell you their
recipes, or what tools they’re using. We’ve just introduced this feature to replace the audio
guide we used to have available.
I see there are a number of children here with you today. Well, we have several activities
specially for children, like dressing up in the sorts of clothes that children wore in the past,
and as it’s a fine day, some of you will probably want to play in the adventure playground.
Our latest addition is child-sized tractors, that you can drive around the grounds. Exercise 3. 1 Left their mark by 3 Volunteers dressed up 2 Painters and poets 4 Latest addition Practice Part 1. 1 litter 6 island 2 dogs 7 boots 3 insects 8 beginners 4 butterflies 9 spoons 5 walls 10 35 Audio script: PETER: Hello?
JAN: Oh hello. My name’s Jan. Are you the right person to talk to about the Buckworth Conservation Group?
PETER: Yes, I’m Peter. I’m the secretary.
JAN: Good. I’ve just moved to this area, and I’m interested in getting involved. I was in a
similar group where I used to live. Could you tell me something about your activities, please?
PETER: Of course. Well, we have a mixture of regular activities and special events. One of the
regular ones is trying to keep the beach free of litter. A few of us spend a couple of hours a
month on it, and it’s awful how much there is to clear. I wish people would be more
responsible and take it home with them.
JAN: I totally agree. I’d be happy to help with that. Is it OK to take dogs?
PETER: I’m afraid not, as they’re banned from the beach itself. You can take them along the
cliffs, though. And children are welcome. JAN: Right.
PETER: We also manage a nature reserve, and there’s a lot to do there all year round. For
example, because it’s a popular place to visit, we spend a lot of time looking after the paths
and making sure they’re in good condition for walking.
JAN: I could certainly help with that.
PETER: Good. And we have a programme of creating new habitats there. We’ve just finished
making and installing nesting boxes for birds to use, and next we’re going to work on
encouraging insects–they’re important for the biodiversity of the reserve. JAN: They certainly are.
PETER: Oh, and we’re also running a project to identify the different species of butterflies
that visit the reserve. You might be interested in taking part in that.
JAN: Sure. I was involved in something similar where I used to live, counting all the species of moths. I’d enjoy that.
PETER: Another job we’re doing at the reserve is replacing the wall on the southern side,
between the parking area and our woodshed. It was badly damaged in a storm last month. JAN: OK.
PETER: Then as I said, we have a programme of events as well, both at the weekend, and during the week.
JAN: Right. I presume you have guided walks? I’d like to get to know the local countryside, as I’m new to the area.
PETER: Yes, we do. The next walk is to Ruston Island, a week on Saturday. We’ll be meeting
in the car park at Dunsmore Beach at low tide – that’s when the sands are dry enough for us
to walk to the island without getting wet. JAN: Sounds good.
PETER: The island’s a great place to explore. It’s quite small, and it’s got a range of habitats.
It’s also an ideal location for seeing seals just off the coast, or even on the beach.
JAN: OK. And is there anything we should bring, like a picnic, for instance?
PETER: Yes, do bring one, as it’s a full-day walk. And of course it’ll be wet walking across and
back, so make sure your boots are waterproof.
JAN: I must buy a new pair – there’s a hole in one of my current ones! Well, I’d definitely like to come on the walk.
PETER: Great. Then later this month we’re having a one-day woodwork session in Hopton Wood.
JAN: I’ve never tried that before. Is it OK for beginners to take part?
PETER: Definitely. There’ll be a couple of experts leading the session, and we keep the
number of participants down, so you’ll get as much help as you need.
JAN: Excellent! I’d love to be able to make chairs.
PETER: That’s probably too ambitious for one day! You’ll be starting with wooden spoons,
and of course learning how to use the tools. And anything you make is yours to take home with you.
JAN: That sounds like fun. When is it?
PETER: It’s on the 17th, from 10 a.m. until 3. There’s a charge of £35, including lunch, or £40
if you want to camp in the wood.
JAN: I should think I’ll come home the same day. Well, I’d certainly like to join the group. Part 2. 11 medicine 16 cost of production 12 China, (and) India 17 Second World War 13 price 18 25 14 (early) 20th 19 14 tons 15 Perfect 20 Australia Audio script: Presenter:
Hello and welcome to Cooking Corners. And this week we’re looking at that most versatile
and aromatic of plants: a fairly recent addition to the list of Australian agricultural produce,
but nevertheless, a great favourite today – ginger. And in the studio to tell us all about it is Jennifer Johnson. Jennifer:
Ginger is one of my personal favourite spices and I’ve got a number of wonderful recipes to
share with you later on in the programme. So what is ginger? Well, actually it’s a spicy tasting
root with an aromatic flavour; it's related to the bamboo family and has a hundred different
uses in the kitchen. The Chinese have cultivated it for years, particularly to use in medicine,
though you are probably more familiar with its culinary uses. But first, let's take a brief look
at its history before we look at how it can be used, because it has a very interesting history.
Ginger originated in the southern provinces of China and in India, where it had been used in
medicine and food for over 5,000 years. The early traders who came upon the plant took it to
many parts of the world such as Nigeria, the West Indies, Central America, East Africa and even Indonesia.
Ginger became extremely popular because of its exotic, aromatic properties and was highly
valued by spice traders in the 17th and 18th centuries because they were able to sell it back
in Europe for a very good price. Although Australia is now the largest producer of ginger in
the world, it wasn’t grown in Australia until the early 20th century.
Apparently, some pieces of raw ginger found their way to an area about 100 kilometres north
of Brisbane in Queensland earlier this century. The comparatively high rainfall and humidity
in this area produce conditions which are perfect for growing ginger. So it became well
established, but in the early days, the relatively high cost of production placed it at a
disadvantage in the market by comparison with the much cheaper ginger produced by other
countries with lower production costs.
Then in 1941, the supply of ginger to Australia started to run out. Remember … this was in
the middle of the Second World War when everything was in short supply. This provided a
perfect opportunity for the Queensland growers to expand their production and sales. Five
local farmers got together and formed a cooperative association in a place called Buderim.
They started with only 25 pounds between them. (That was in the days when Australian
currency was pounds, not dollars.)
So they set up the company with two wooden vats and 14 tons of raw ginger, but they went
on to become the most successful ginger farmers in the world.
In fact, nearly all the world’s ginger now comes from the Buderim ginger factory in
Queensland. 40% of the production is used in Australia, and the remaining 60% is exported
overseas to places like Europe, North America, South Africa, and even to Asia, where it
originated in the first place.
So now let’s move on to look at ways of using ginger in the kitchen… Part 3. 21 B 26 paper 22 A 27 humans 23 C 28 stress 24 C 29 graph 25 history 30 Evaluate Paraphrasing. 1
Get mixed up about what actually 3 A short sleep happened and what we dreamed 2 Be a coincidence 4
Results didn't seem to show any obvious patterns. Audio script:
SUSIE: So Luke, for our next psychology assignment we have to do something on sleep and dreams.
LUKE: Right. I've just read an article suggesting why we tend to forget most of our dreams
soon after we wake up. I mean, most of my dreams aren't that interesting anyway, but what
it said was that if we remembered everything, we might get mixed up about what actual y
happened and what we dreamed. So it's a sort of protection. I hadn't heard that idea before.
I'd always assumed that it was just that we didn't have room in our memories for al that stuff.
SUSIE: Me too. What do you think about the idea that our dreams may predict the future?
LUKE: It's a belief that you get al over the world.
SUSIE: Yeah, lots of people have a story of it happening to them, but the explanation I've
read is that for each dream that comes true, we have thousands that don't, but we don't
notice those, we don't even remember them. We just remember the ones where something
in the real world, like a view or an action, happens to trigger a dream memory.
LUKE: Right. So it's just a coincidence real y. Something else I read about is what they cal
segmented sleeping. That's a theory that hundreds of years ago, people used to get up in
the middle of the night and have a chat or something to eat, then go back to bed. So I tried it myself. SUSIE: Why?
LUKE: Wel it's meant to make you more creative. I don't know why. But I gave it up after a
week. It just didn't fit in with my lifestyle.
SUSIE: But most pre-school children have a short sleep in the day don't they? There was an
experiment some students did here last term to see at what age kids should stop having
naps. But they didn't real y find an answer. They spent a lot of time working out the most
appropriate methodology, but the results didn't seem to show any obvious patterns.
LUKE: Right. Anyway, let's think about our assignment. Last time I had problems with the
final stage, where we had to describe and justify how successful we thought we'd been. I
struggled a bit with the action plan too.
SUSIE: I was OK with the planning, but I got marked down for the self-assessment as wel .
And I had big problems with the statistical stuff, that's where I real y lost marks. LUKE: Right.
SUSIE: So shal we plan what we have to do for this assignment? LUKE: OK.
SUSIE: First, we have to decide on our research question. So how about 'Is there a
relationship between hours of sleep and number of dreams?'
LUKE: OK. Then we need to think about who we'l do the study on. About 12 people?
SUSIE: Right. And shal we use other psychology students?
LUKE: Let's use people from a different department. What about history?
SUSIE: Yes, they might have interesting dreams! Or literature students?
LUKE: I don't real y know any.
SUSIE: OK, forget that idea. Then we have to think about our methodology. So we could use
observation, but that doesn't seem appropriate.
LUKE: No. It needs to be self-reporting I think. And we could ask them to answer questions online.
SUSIE: But in this case, paper might be better as they'l be doing it straight after they wake
up ... in fact while they're stil half-asleep.
LUKE: Right. And we'l have to check the ethical guidelines for this sort of research.
SUSIE: Mm, because our experiment involves humans, so there are special regulations.
LUKE: Yes, I had a look at those for another assignment I did. There's a whole section on
risk assessment, and another section on making sure they aren't put under any unnecessary stress.
SUSIE: Let's hope they don't have any bad dreams! LUKE: Yeah.
SUSIE: Then when we've col ected al our data we have to analyse it and calculate the
correlation between our two variables, that's time sleeping and number of dreams and then
present our results visual y in a graph.
LUKE: Right. And the final thing is to think about our research and evaluate it. So that seems quite straightforward. SUSIE: Yeah. So now let's ... Part 4. 31 B 36 gap 32 A 37 3500 33 B 38 worthwhile 34 C 39 fee 35 middle 40 commission Audio script:
Now I'd like to move on to talk about something called geo-tourism. Geo-tourism is very
basically leveraging the benefits of tourism for local communities. I would just like to give
you a couple of statistics, which are very illustrative of the current situation with regard to
young travellers and international tourism.
Firstly, tourism has an impact on more people worldwide than any other industry. Indeed it
has an impact on one in every two people, either directly or indirectly. The second statistic is
that in global tourism there is a 97% economic leakage. This means that if you spend 100
pounds on going on holiday normally only 3 pounds of that money will actually reach the
people who are giving you the services and the accommodation etc in the destination. If you
put these two figures together you can understand why some of the regions of the world
which have very high levels of tourism still have very high levels of poverty and huge
developmental challenges. These countries have this massive industry demanding a huge
number of services but they are not seeing a fair reward for these services. Geo-tourism is
about changing this. Projects are now being developed with financial organizations such as
the World Bank. One of these involves developing a technology platform which is bringing
grassroots travel products such as hotels, locally owned hotels, not global chains, very
locally owned tour operators, to the international travel market therefore avoiding the middlemen.
These middlemen often cut them out of the market completely or just make their business unsustainable.
Another way that Geo-tourism can be promoted is through the niche travel market of
volunteering. These days a significant number of older teenagers want to spend a gap year,
either between school and university or university and employment. Often these people want
to spend some or all of their year volunteering but they either don't have the money or don't
feel inclined to pay the main "volunteering organization businesses" the fee they require,
which can be as high as thirty-five hundred pounds. What they're looking for is an
organization who can connect them with people "on the ground" who can suggest
worthwhile local projects. So, this is a real win-win scenario. The organizers charge a small
flat fee, which then goes to the local contact. Thus, the local contact gets a very good
commission just for one customer. The customer is also saving a large amount of money
and time both of which they can give to the projects they end up working on. There is still
quite a long way to go before poverty in the most popular of tourist areas is eradicated but a
focus on this type of Geo-tourism could provide an answer. HOMEWORK Exercise 1. a. 1 creativity 6 motivation 2 therapy 7 isolation 3 fitness 8 calories 4 balance 9 obesity 5 brain 10 habit Audio script:
Dancing is something that humans do when they want to have a good time.
It's a universal response to music, found in all cultures.
But what's only been discovered recently is that dancing not only makes us feel good, it's
also extremely good for our health.
Dancing, like other forms of exercise, releases hormones, such as dopamine, which make us feel relaxed and happy.
And it also reduces feelings of stress or anxiety.
Dancing is also a sociable activity, which is another reason it makes us feel good.
One study compared people's enjoyment of dancing at home in front of a video with dancing in a group in a studio.
The people dancing in a group reported feeling happier, whereas those dancing alone did not.
In another experiment, university researchers at York and Sheffield took a group of students
and sent each of them into a lab where music was played for five minutes.
Each had to choose from three options: to sit and listen quietly to the music, to cycle on an
exercise bike while they listened, or to get up and dance.
All were given cognitive tasks to perform before and after.
The result showed that those who chose to dance showed much more creativity when doing problem-solving tasks.
Doctor Lovatt at the University of Hertfordshire believes dance could be a very useful way to
help people suffering from mental health problems.
He thinks dance should be prescribed as therapy to help people overcome issues such as depression.
It's well established that dance is a good way of encouraging adolescent girls to take
exercise but what about older people?
Studies have shown that there are enormous benefits for people in their sixties and beyond.
One of the great things about dance is that there are no barriers to participation.
Anyone can have a go, even those whose standard of fitness is quite low.
Dance can be especially beneficial for older adults who can't run or do more intense
workouts, or for those who don't want to.
One 2015 study found that even a gentle dance workout helps to promote a healthy heart.
And there's plenty of evidence which suggests that dancing lowers the risk of falls, which
could result in a broken hip, for example, by helping people to improve their balance.
There are some less obvious benefits of dance for older people too.
One thing I hadn't realised before researching this topic was that dance isn't just a physical challenge.
It also requires a lot of concentration because you need to remember different steps and routines.
For older people, this kind of activity is especially important because it forces their brain to
process things more quickly and to retain more information.
Current research also shows that dance promotes a general sense of well-being in older
participants, which can last up to a week after a class.
Participants report feeling less tired and having greater motivation to be more active and do
daily activities such as gardening or walking to the shops or a park.
Ballroom or country dancing, both popular with older people, have to be done in groups.
They require collaboration and often involve touching a dance partner, all of which
encourages interaction on the dance floor.
This helps to develop new relationships and can reduce older people's sense of isolation,
which is a huge problem in many countries.
I also looked at the benefits of Zumba.
Fifteen million people in 180 countries now regularly take a Zumba class, an aerobic workout
based on Latin American dance moves.
John Porcari, a professor of exercise and sport science at the University of Wisconsin,
analysed a group of women who were Zumba regulars and found that a class lasting 40
minutes burns about 370 calories.
This is similar to moderately intense exercises like step aerobics or kickboxing.
A study in the American Journal of Health Behavior showed that when women with obesity
did Zumba three times a week for 16 weeks, they lost an average of 1.2 kilos and lowered
their percentage of body fat by 1%. More importantly, the women enjoyed the class so much
that they made it a habit and continued to attend classes at least once a week - very unusual
for an aerobic exercise programme.
Dance is never going to compete with high-intensity workouts when it comes to physical
fitness gains, but its popularity is likely to keep on rising because it's such a fun way to keep fit. b. 1 much more 5 falls 2 illness 6 work faster 3 be prescribed as 7 reduce 4 level 8 the feeling of VOCABULARY
TOPIC: THE NATURAL WORLD
PHRASAL AND PREPOSITION VERBS Exercise 24. 1 C 5 B 2 A 6 A 3 D 7 D 4 C 8 D WORD BUILDING Exercise 25. 1 specifications 6 indication 2 illustration 7 intelligently 3 variations 8 volunteered 4 inadequacies 9 beneficial 5 incorrectly 10 Theoretically TOPIC: ACADEMIC LIFE
FORMAL AND INFORMAL SYNONYMS Exercise 26. 1 D 6 A 2 A 7 B 3 C 8 D 4 B 9 B 5 D 10 C