Lý thuyết môn Tiếng anh | Trường Cao đẳng Công nghệ Tây Nguyên

B. TEMPLATE:
➷Natural + Cycle (tuần hoàn)
➷Artificial/Man-made + Linear (tuyến tính) I. Introduction:
● Human-driven [nhân tạo]: The human-driven diagram/process delineates
(=illustrates) the sequential procedures/steps [and requisite equipment] employed/used in Noun/ Ving
● Nature-driven [tự nhiên]: The nature-driven diagram/process delineates
(=illustrates) the evolution/growing process of + animal/plant II. Overview:
- (1) có bao nhiêu bước? [ghi ‘’có nhiều bước’’ nếu không thích ghi cụ thể số
bước - multiple steps/many steps]
- (2) bắt đầu là bước nào? kết thúc là bước nào?
● Sentence 1: How many steps? First step + Last step
● Sentence 2: Material change [optional] + Key phases/steps
1. Human-driven process
Overall, this human-driven process encompasses/includes a series of intricate steps,
commencing/starting with [step 1] and culminating in/ending with [final step],
(ready to grace the market/ready for final distribution to the market).
1. Overall, this linear/ cycle process includes a series of intricate steps,
commencing/starting with N-phrase 1 and culminating in/ending with N-phrase 2.
● Eg: Overall, this process encompasses a series of intricate steps, commencing with the
harvest of ripened fruits and ending with finished products for retails or shipping. 2.
Overall, this linear/ cycle encompasses a series of intricate steps, commencing with
N being Pii and culminating in N being Pii.
● eg: Overall, this process encompasses a series of intricate steps, commencing with
ripened fruits being harvested and ending with finished products being delivered for distribution.
3. Overall, this linear/ cycle encompasses a series of intricate steps, commencing
with V-ing and culminating in V-ing.
● eg: Overall, this process encompasses a series of intricate steps, commencing with
harvesting ripe fruits and culminating in delivering finished products for sales. Notably, …..
● [chế biến - processing] Thường bao gồm physical, thermal (nhiệt),
chemical, manual (bằng tay), manufacturing, mechanical processing
● Key steps: là các bước biến đổi chất, ứng với các processing bên trên
● Notably, the procedure involves both physical and thermal processing,
with heating and cooling being the key stages. 2. Nature-driven process:
Overall, this [nature-driven]/ systematic - cycle/ process encompasses a series of
intricate steps, commencing with [stage 1] and culminating in [stage cuối], which is
repeated to the next generation [con vật] / which starts a new cycle again [ hiện tượng thiên nhiên]
● which then ….(lay eggs) and start a new cycle.
● a pattern that perpetuates across generations
● "A recurring sequence that extends across generations."
● "A cycle that is carried on through successive generations."
● "A repeating pattern that endures over generations."
● "A phenomenon that recurs in every generation."
● "A continuous cycle passed down through generations."
● "A self-sustaining process that unfolds in each generation."
● "A regenerative cycle that persists across generations." III. Bodies:
a. Các giai đoạn thường gặp:
4 stages (human-driven process):
1. Material collection (thu thập nhiên liệu)
2. Manual processing (xử lí bằng tay)
3. Manufacturing (sản xuất)
4. Distribution (phân phối cho tiêu dùng) b. Cách chia đoạn:
● [Cách 1]: chia đôi số lượng bước (VD: 12 bước ⇨ 6:6)
● [Cách 2]: cắt ở bước đặc biệt, đánh dấu sự chuyển đổi nào đó
● [1] trông khác , [2] đánh dấu chuyển mình
- If there’s no special stage ⇨ divide to steps into two equal halves (12 steps ⇨ 6:6)
- If there is a key stage (marks the drastic transformation or changes in nature of
the product) - special stage ⇨ divide the paragraphs from that stage onwards. c. Các bước làm: ● chia đoạn?
● ngôn ngữ (danh từ, động từ)?
● câu phức? (ghép những bước nào với nhau?) ● time linkers (học tủ) C. GRAMMAR: ● Passive voice ● Active voice
● Relative clauses (which, where)
● Reduced clauses (Having been..., Once mixed...)
● Cause–effect conjunctions (so that, in order to, results in,..)
● Cleft sentence (It is …) ● Inversion (Only…) Examples:
● The raw materials, which are extracted from the ground, are first crushed. ●
Having been mixed with other substances, the cement is ready for distribution. ●
While the cement production involves thermal treatment, concrete formation is entirely mechanical.
● The mixture is rotated in order to uniformly distribute the ingredients. D. IMPORTANT LANGUAGES: I. Sequencing Languages:
[chức năng] + [chủ đề] 1. Đầu 2. Giữa 3. Gần Cuối 4. Cuối The First Stage
First,/ Firstly,/ First of all, Initially, In the first stage, At/In the beginning,
The first/ initial stage is when….
The process begins/starts/commences when….
The process begins with +
Initiating the process is + V-ing/Noun
Beginning the process is + V-ing/noun
● The process begins with the cleaning step in which/when apples are washed with water Middles Stages
Cách 1: dùng trạng từ đầu câu *Adv chỉ quá trình
Next, + mệnh đề = Then, mệnh đề
● The first step is when ripen apples are harvested / is the harvesting of ripen
apples. Next, collected apples are washed with water to get rid of impurities. After this/ that, Following this/ that, Afterwards, / Subsequently, In the following stage,
In the stage after/ following this, In the stage that follows,
Over the course of/ During the next/ following/second/ third
stage, Subsequent to V-ing/noun,
● Subsequent to the cleansing procedure to get rid of impurities, the cleaned
pineapples will be categorized into 3 groups. *Adv miêu tả Meticulously/slowly/carefully
● Meticulously/slowly/carefully, the sheep are sheared for their fur ●
Subsequent to cleansing, the pineapples are then categorized into three distinct groups
______________________________________________
Cách 2: dùng danh từ hóa
● Câu gốc: The first step is when ripen apples are harvested / is with the
harvesting of ripen apples. Next, collected apples are washed with water to get rid of impurities.
NOUN-PHRASES STRUCTURES:
This is followed/ closely trailed by + np - N being II ● The first step is
when ripen apples are harvested / with the harvesting of ripen apples. This is
followed/ trailed by the cleaning stage in which/when apples are washed with
water to get rid of impurities.
● This is followed/ trailed by apples being washed with water to get rid of impurities.
Noun - people’s decision to leave school is concerning
noun phrase: S ving O: people deciding to leave school is concerning
______________________________________________
When/After/ Once ,
Once the pineapples are washed, they are then categorized into three distinct groups
The first step is when ripen apples are harvested / with the harvesting of ripen
apples. Once/After/When the collection step is over, apples are washed with water
to get rid of impurities.
Once V-ed: Once cleaned, the pineapples will be categorized into 3 groups
A>. When/Once this stage is complete/over, The first step is when ripen
apples are harvested / with the harvesting of ripen apples. Once this stage is
complete, apples are washed with water to get rid of impurities.
before
ripen apples are harvested before being washed with water to get rid of
impurities. Before ,
Before being washed with water to get rid of impurities, ripen apples are harvested
, after/ following which
Ripen apples are harvested, after which/ following which apples are washed with
water to get rid of impurities.
, which is followed by
……………., which is followed by the cleaning step (in which…..) The first step
is when ripen apples are harvested / with the harvesting of ripen apples, which is
followed/ trailed by the cleaning stage in which apples are washed with water to get rid of impurities. ***Only after …. ***It is …. that Bước gần cuối
In the penultimate step/stage, S + V + O The Last Stage
Finally, / Ultimately, / Eventually,
The last/ final stage is when + Mđề ( S + V + O)
The process ends/ finishes when…
The process ends/ finishes with +
The process concludes with … before finally
***Bắt buộc tối thiểu:
1. Initially, …. before …., (which/where, ….) ⇨ Only after this ….stage is the …
Vp2. …/This is followed by bước 3,4
2. Once …., active ⇨ In the penultimate stage, ….. ⇨ The process concludes with …. II. PURPOSE SENTENCES: 1. Chức Năng: ● in order to + Vo ● with a purpose of N/Ving ● with the aim of V-ing ● with a view to V-ing ● so that S + V + O
● The goal of this step is to [prepare/convert/transform X].
● The primary objective is to [achieve X before moving on].
● This process is essential for [ensuring the quality/completion of
Y]. ● This process is crucial for [ensuring X is ready for the next stage].
The cooled gas then underwent a purification process in order to eliminate
impurities/with the purpose of eliminating impurities/with a view to eliminating impurities.
2. Mục Đích Cụ Thể:
● clean/wash ⇨ get rid of impurities and dirties
● be loaded into trucks/ lorries for further processing in the specialized/
designated factory/ treatment plant….. [khu vực: tuy bài]
● dry, heat, fire ⇨ subject to thermal processing ⇨ permanently/ temporarily fix
them into shape (color)/to permanently/ temporarily set the shape (color)/ for
permanent/ temporary shape/ color setting / to permanently/ temporarily set
in/affix the color pigments & ⇨ finally achieve the optimal moisture levels
(things related to clothing making) [ điều chỉnh độ ẩm phù hợp] / remove residual moisture
● generation of…. as by-product: sản phẩm phụ ⇨ + be + recycled ⇨ optimize
the productivity + minimize the waste
● put into designated/ specialized storage/ warehouse ⇨ remain + sản phẩm đề+
in the optimal conditions = for preservation / avoid spoilage [ bảo quản] ● Add
additives (chất phụ gia)/wax ⇨ to increase/optimize shelf life = to maintain
freshness … ….. to ensure durability
● Spray chemicals ⇨ to maximize the ability to resist pests/ for pest resistance/ maximize
● be painted ⇨ for decoration/for more aesthetic/appealing appearance
III. Vocabulary Paraphrases:
● crushing = pulverize (v) pulverization (n)
● drying process = dessication /ˌdes.əˈkeɪ.ʃən/
● emerge as a byproduct (sản phẩm phụ)
● finished product (n): thành phẩm
● be recycled = be reintroduced into the process
● Condense = Coagulate/Compress into a denser form
● Ví dụ: "Water vapor condenses into liquid form as it cools down." ● Trải qua
nhiệt (dry, heat, fire) = Heat up = Subject to thermal processing = be treated
under/ to be subjected to/ to be exposed to a high temperature/ be treated under a 1000-celsius degree
IV. Descriptive Languages: 1. adjective
● collective/ collected ⇨ V+ed của bước trước +N
● bước [cẩn thận]: rigorous, thorough, comprehensive, careful, meticulous ●
equipment [ chuyên dụng]: specialized/ designated/heavy-duty + danh từ chỉ equipment
● bằng tay: manually/ by hand/ manual ● collective ● meticulous/ careful ● thorough ● temporary ● permanent ● designated ● specialized
● systematic/ human-driven/ linear progression ● versatile
● freshly procured: mới được thu mua/thu thập ● rigorous ● comprehensive 2. adverbs ● manually/ by hand ● specifically ● permanently/ temporarily
● above-mentioned adjectives + “ly” 3. relative clause
- Afterwards, the fleece is carded, a process that disentangles the fibers and aligns them into a continuous web.
- ….. before embarking on the subsequent stage: spinning where the wool fibers
are twisted and elongated to form cohesive strands of yarn, which are versatile in their application
- These yarn balls, versatile in their application, cater to both personal pastime such
as knitting and large-scale industrial production of woven jackets and carpets.
- The result/ product/ output of the previous step, which is heart-shaped and
clay-like substance, is then subjected to high temperature to set the color. V. Cách
chuyển đổi danh từ cho các bước
1. V ⇨ the V+ing + step/ stage/phase
● The cleaning step/ the heating step/ the drying stage
2. The resulting + kết quả của bước trước / the resulting product ● The
resulting tufts of wool is then transported to the specialized warehouse with
a view to ensure optimal preservation conditions VI. LƯU Ý
1. Khi không nghĩ ra từ chuyên ngành
a. từ có nghĩa tương đồng ● crown ⇨ top
● peel ⇨ get rid of/ remove
● rind ⇨ the outer part of pineapples
After this, the crown of pineapple are cut. After removing their tops, pineapples’s rind are peeled
Once this/ top removing step is complete
b. mô tả đặc điểm danh từ
● N-like substance/ mixture/ combination/ N
VD: cement ⇨ the clay-like substance/ mixture/ combination
● N-shaped substance/ mixture/ combination/ N
VD: circle, rectangle, triangle, oval, leaf-shaped object
● giấu tên ⇨chỉ dùng 1 lần trong bài nếu rất bí
The product of the previous step (the mixing/combining/ cleaning step)
The first step is when ripen apples are harvested / with the harvesting of ripen
apples. Once the collection step is over, the products of previous steps are
washed with water to get rid of impurities.
2. Với bước thấy không quan trọng/ không hiểu rõ ⇨ trạng từ chỉ thời gian The
pineapples are washed with water before being classified into three groups ⇨ After
the cleaning step (in which/ when the pineapples are washed with water to get rid of
impurities), the pineapples are classified into three groups