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A great achievement

Stephen Hawkingwas born in Cambridge in 1942. Hawking (1) known to millions of people

all over the world (2) his best-seliing science book 'A Brief History Of Time', (3)

~ __ ----:_-:---:-_ has helped to bring about a revival of popular interest (4) science.

Diagnosed as having motor neuron disease (5) he was only twenty-one, Hawking has had

to overcome many obstacles. Motor neuron disease causes gradual paralysis and by 1970 Hawkingcould (6)

_______ walk norwrite. Fortunately,the disease does (7) affect the parts of the

brain which control thought and memory, so he has been (8) to continue with his research

into the origins of the universe. Now in (9) fifties, Hawkingweighs less (10)

_--,- -:-- +

40 kilos and is almost completely paralyzed. But, (11) he can only

speak by means of a computer and voice-synthesizer, his attitude to life remains the same - cheerful (12)

___ -:-:--_:---:- positive. Hawking,who is considered (13) many to be the world's

greatest living scientist, (14) achievedfar (15) than most able-bodied

people could ever accomplish. Or, for that matter,would ever dream of accomplishing.

Friday the 13

Fear of Friday 13

,and the number 13 generally, is \ common than you might expect. A

recent survey carried out

Britain revealedthat 41% of British people feel uncomfortable

about Friday 13

while 4% live in dread of it. The unwillingness o'superstitlops sailors to sail on Friday 13

was

once considered to

reached such a levef that in 1791., govemment

attempted to prove that the superstition was both ridiculous and false. Construction

started

on a new ship on Friday 13

;she was named HMS Friday; she was lC!}lnchedon a Friday...;.' _

she began her first voyage from London on a Friday. Neitherthe ship the crew was ever

heard of again. Richard Hall, from Sheffield, has' . involved in four crashes on Friday 13

.He

has also broken several bones, fallen , ariver, been knocked down

\0 .

motorbike and walked through a glass door. Now he never gets our \\ bed on that day. Friday

\\13

interfereswith hospital schedules'

many patients refuse to have operations on that date

....,..- -:---=--:-

it does not seem to be the case that ,., accidents happen on Friday 13th

than on any other Friday. However, experts claim that the number 13 is not really as unlucky as people say. What

\ej

really brings is surprises,which can\, good as well as bad.

-f'

The history of the Chunnel

The Channel tunnel, which joins Britain to mainland Europe' the first time, was officially

opened in 1994, but the history of the 'Chunnel', back nearly two hundred years, At the

beginning of the 19

c~ntury, a British politician went to Franceto discuss closer trade links

'3_-=-=-_:--_:--_

the two countries. The of a tunnel wfs mentioned in talks with Napoleon. A French engineer

prepared plans for a tunnel in two sections, meeting at an island build in the middle of the

English Channel. Another plan involved the laying of air-filled wooden ~bes at the ~ ,of the

sea. These

schemes were abandoned when war out between Britain

and France. In 1875a Tunnel Committeewas formed, and a Conventionwas

3 .

The British

Channel Company bought

I. ,

near Denver and started digging. There were still arguments

about whether there should be a tunnel. The British were against the idea, saying that once the tunnel was

\1 ,

Britain would no longer be an island. Publicll. was increasingly hostile

and in 1884 all work stopped. In the early

zo"

century the idea was\~ again but was soon

lorgotten when the First World War began. Thr~ughout the twenties and thirties the idea was always

" because of security and

worries. After that, it was not

the 1960s that the two governments started talking seriously again about the tunnel.

Mini Televisions

Scott Newman wouldn't be without his pocket-size TV,

he mainly watches

in bed.

1'I

only watch programmes which last about

hour, as any longer

::::.."Ji

strains my

eyes,"

I use the TV for general entertainment, though it is also really good for

, . .' ..," , keeping

with current affairs. The main problem with the set is that il's not

. " loud

4 ,

even when you use headphones. The reception is all right

IORg

nothing moves in front of the aerial.d Scott admits that he is a bit'

of a gadget man, bu}.·doesn't regret buying the set since he uses

6 .

nearly

every day.

Retired engineer Paul Hardcastle

owned a pocket TV for a number

years.

l'tI

use it mostly in the bathroom.

wanted to use it outdoors,

the trouble is that in bright light you

see the picture. I

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----- .._-- could be improved

the screen was slightly bigger and it didn't use up

batteries

quickly: he can only get hali an hour' s viewing

______ the batteries run out.

FIT FOR SPORTS

It's not always easy to decide which sport to

(O)

take

up. When choosing, it is

important to remember that excellence in sports resuits

(1)

a number of

factors. For some sports, the body shape and structure with (2) you are born

are important. Top runners are typical examples of individuals (3) have

selected a sport because of their natural body type. Many other sports are more dependent

(4) training and technique, and anyone following a well-structured and

appropriate training programme should do well.

The aim of all sports training (5) .to improve fitness and skills, and to

develop training programmes that are both safe (6) effective. To do

(7) properly, an understanding of (8) physical demands of

sport is needed. All sports require a combination of strength, speed, endurance, agility

and flexibility to varying degrees. (9) is important is how these elements are

combined to build up the skills of the sport (10) question. Other factors to be

(11)'

into account in a training programme are diet, the importance of

avoiding injuries, your general state of health, and the nature and role (12) _

other team players,

Bearing (13) considerations in mind, anyone prepared to work

(14) it can expect to progress to a very reasonable competitive level, even

(15) only a few people will go on to break world records.

Thefirst known mention (O)

J!L

the Italian tomato in

Italy

dates back to the year

1544.It was then (1) the herbalist Matioli called it 'Pomodoro', (2) _

means 'Golden Apple', (3) possibly to the golden colour of the original

yellow vegetable known at that time. Tomatoes were then cultivated into bright red

varieties and

(4)

to Matioliwere first eaten fried in oilwith salt and

pepper.

In 1811,the Italian cook FilipoRe discovered that if tomatoes (5) crushed,

cooked and (6) dried in the sun they turned (7) a dark red paste.

Thiswas an ideal (8) ofpreserving the tomato throughout the year,

allowing (9) preparation of many dishes such as sauces and stews. Around

the 1840s(10) product started to be commercialisedand sold in markets,

(11) it was cut into slicesand served on fresh fig leaves.

(12) was recognised that the tomato w-aspacked (13) of many

precious qualities such as vitamins (14) other substances contained in the

seeds, (15) with a low caloriecount and a vast number of culinary uses.

Theinitiai technology for preservation (16) the various forms that we now

know was created, (17) tomatoes to be used throughout the year. In the

(18) one hundred years the tomato became second (19) to the

potato (20) the most popular vegetable in the world.

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Finish eachof thejolloJlJingsentencesin stich a

lVQY

that

means

EXACILY

THE

SAi.\1E

as the sentence

printed

before

ito

1. They gave me a place to stay and they elidn't want any money in return.

Not only _

2. 'I elidn't try to kill my wife,' the defendant said.

Thedekndantderued~--------------------------

3. They are throwing away the opportunity to improve the situation.

Theopporrrmity _

4. Crossing the border nowadays is very easy.

Nowadays it _

5. He climbed the tree, feli down and now he won't be able to join the team.

If _

6. It seems that Bill spent most of his time enjoying the sociallife of Paris.

Billseans _

7. It is not certain that they can repay the Ioan.

Theymay _

8. Although he has lost a lot of money, he is still rich.

l)espite _

9. I borrowed most of the money from the bank.

Thebank _

10. It was impossible for John not to notice that Joan had a new dress.

Jolill _

11. Peter and Amanda met last year, feli in love and gat married.

If _

12. 'Let's go together!' she said to us.

She suggested _

13. W

ehired a decorator to rearrange our living room.

\Ve _

14. Having read through the recipe, he felt confident that he could cook it.

W~en _

15. I told her my darkest secret but she betrayed my trust and told it to everyone.

Ifon~---------------------------------------------------

16. There are several ways of controlling malaria.

Malaria _

17. The measures must be sustained ar they do more harm than good.

If _

/I.

Complete/he

sentences

with

CORRECTFOR}.II rifjhewords in capitals:

1. There is a of hostels in London. (SHORT)

2. If they had in scoring a goal, they would've won the

championship. (SUCCES)

3. He had to come home at 2 a.m. (TO PERl'vfIT)

4. Our Foreign Minister was one of the in the conference. (PART)

5. There are no major between men and women in this respect.

(TO l)IFFER)

6. You helped me a lot in this project. I'm to you. (DEBT)

7. They claim that these chemicals are , which means we can use them.

(HARl"\1)

8. She went on working in . (SILENT)

9. This dress isn't for such a fonnal occasion. (SUIT)

10. His a father and husband. Bis wife could wish for no-one better.

(CARE)

III. MULTIPLE CHOICE. Put the correct CAPITAL letter into the table below.

It was a terrible experience to her and it put her flying forever.

A off B out C away D through

2. W'hen I got back, they had eaten the whole cake and just a few were left on the plate.

A grains B drops C crumbs D shreds

3. It to be seen whether I've made the right decision or not.

A remains B continues C stands D keeps

4. It was such a funny sight that I couldn't keep a face.

A plain B smooth C straight D level

5. \\lhen our original plan failed, we had to think of something to do _

A otherwise B instead Cor else D in place

6. Sleeplessness produces a number of effects.

A beside B part C relative D side

7. The excavation revealed the oval of the building.

outcome B oudetC outline D outlook

8. The children were to play football in the garden.

A banned B forbidden C prevented D stopped

9. She uses cream to obtain her lovely

A aspect B complexion C feature Doudine

10.

\V'e ctept doser to the wild animal, try1ngnot to it by making a noise.

A dread B shake C shiver D startle

11.

You're to for the children's bad behaviour. You spoilt them!

A accuse B blameC fault D guilt

12.

If he had go of the branch, he would have fallen.

A dropped B let C lost D made

13.

He's guite happy in the factory because he's got a good

A employment B job C task D work

14.

Wby were you so angty? Wbat made you loseyour

A feeling B moodC nerves D temper

15.

The river is so polluted that of the species of fish is safe to eat.

A anyone B no one C none D one

16. The murder weapon had been in the grass for several days.

A laid B Iain C laying D lying

17.

Are you going to pay by chegue ar

A by cash B in cash C by money D in money

18.

Competition in sport is so fierce that it is a hard life for the players at the _

A crown B top C height D roof

19.

She alittle sugar on the top of the cake to make it sweeter.

A flung B poured C spilt D sprinkled

20. Rest that we will do everything possible to help.

A assured B insured C guaranteed D reassured

5. 9.

13. 17.

2. 6.

10. 14. 18.

3. 7.

11.

15. 19.

4. 8.

12. 16. 20

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MTASK -Reading

Read the article about working mothers. Match statements

1-9

with paragraphs

A-D.

When more than one answer is

required, this is indicated next to the statement.

A So the shine has come off Supermum. According to

a Cambridge University report published this week,

enthusiasm for equality in the workplace peaked in the

905

and is now waning. More people now think that a

woman who works does so at the expense of her family.

Who is or was Supermum anyway? I am a woman who

works, and who also has a small child. Ninety per cent

of the time these two things hang together, and I am in

no way super - never have been, never will be.

B I meant to wear high heels yesterday, but never changed

out of my cycling shoes. My one-year-old daughter

went to nursery in her pyjamas, and I couldn't get her

to stand stilllong enough to brush her hair. But these

are details: looking at the big picture, it pretty much

works out. Of all the many myths about motherhood,

the one that says you can't hang on to ademanding job

is the worst. I remember worrying in the early months of

pregnancy that, some time around the six-month mark,

my mind would go to mush and all judgment desert me

- because everyone said it would. And it didn't happen.

You can be a mother and not lose your mind. You can

also be a mother and work, and still not lose your mind.

C I recently heard a senior executive in the City shrug off

the fact that there were only two female company chairs

in the top

100

companies. She said that some women

were sensible and stayed at home to look after their

kids; others were a bit crazier and pursued eat-you-alive

jobs and didn't have children. It was a sad opposition,

and one that was very revealing about the City's all-or-

nothing male work ethic. Nearly- alU[le women I knQ.W

who didn't go back to work after having childrenworked

In the City - as lawyers, traders, ban kers. You could say

they made their own choices; I would argue that their

hands were powerfully forced.

D What does nobody teil you about being a working

mother? That it can be a lot offun. Life feels incredibly

full, and often in a good way. So don't count yourself

out because everyone tells you it can't be done and

something will have to give, and that that something

will be vou. And most importantly, don't count yourself

out because without you in the workplace the situation

won't keep improving - which it is. As a colleague told

me after I returned from maternity leave, ves, there will

be days when you have to make big decisions after

being up all night - but you have had hangovers before,

and lived, and on those days when it does work, being

a working mother is the best thing in the world. It's what

the suffragettes chained themselves to the railings for.

Let's not quit while we're ahead.

(!)

1.:."",;

••..,' .i;.

In which paragraph does the writer say the following?

1 Some jobs aren't compatible with

having children.

2 Some people sav that employed women

neglect their families.

3 I don't always manage to do everything the

way I wish to. __ ,.~ _

4 Working mothers can have a challenging job.

5 According to some people it is not important

that there are few women in some industries.

6 Some people say the interest in being equal

to men in the workplace is decreasing.

7 Some people claim that reasonable women

stop working after they give birth.

8 Working mothers are admired less now.

9 It's worth having a job despite occasional

difficulties.

"',

Complete the text with sultable words, using one word

only in each gap.

1 ~

Some people create a wonderful picture of

life would be like ifvirtual reality

available

to everybody. You could attend a friend's wedding in the i

Caribbean,listen to the music, feel the warmth of the ~

sun on your skin, and enjoy the taste of the food ~

3 served - all this while sitting in your home ~

in Reykjavik on a chilly winter morning. ~

Supporters believe virtual reality will not

4_~ ~

enhance entertainment, but also open new educational ~

horizons and contribute to the development of science ]

and the

arts,

It will

5 -

many of our tasks ~

simpIer, and allow people to express 6 ~

creativity in many new ways. ~

;;.~

Others, however, think that the long-term effects of :~

virtual reality may be much 7 beneficial. They ~

point to problems

physical and mental that ~~

people who use the technology experience, 9 ~

eyestrain and nausea. These are just temporary effects, ~~

i;is

but scientists fear that prolonged use of virtual reality ~

may cause permanent changes, especially in children,'-

brains are developing.

-,,1.

g> ••

Read the artic\e below and for questions

1-4

choose the

answer A, B, C, or O that fits best according to the text.

How 1 travelled through different cultures

to same acquired tastes

What happens when we try foreign dishes for the first time?

~~. More often than not it is like finding ourselves in circumstances

" different from what is comfortably familiar. We balk and declare

them unacceptable. Yetthere are no universal standards for

good cuisine, there's only badly cooked food. We may not like

same foreign dishes but that has nothing to do with their being

inferior ar superior. It has everything to do with how removed

they are from what we know.

A few years back I wasn't particularly fond of Indian dishes

with their strong spices. Then an Indian family moved in

next door and I immediately became friends with the lady.

Being very hospitable people they kept asking me over.

Seeing as I had no choice, I gave in, went over and waited

in horror. They served a lot of strange-looking dishes,

whose aroma was inviting enough for me to succumb and

sample them. And boy, was I sorry I did. My tongue felt like

it was on fire! But I saw it through to the end so as not to

endanger our nelghbourly relationship. Needless to sav,

I was asked to come back for more. It took a few months,

but I have actualiy come to love same hot Indian curries

::J%

and overly honeyed desserts.

~ In contrast, American steaks and burgers now strike me as

downright dull, although I used to devour them. Then there's

Japanese cuisine, which I associated with a smelly sushi bar

next door until I went on a trip to Japan. I was served dishes

of suspicious odour day in day out and, although they didn't

seem particularly delectable, upon my return home I found

myself repeatedly wandering into that sushi bar around the

corner. The smeli I had thought disgustingly fishy before now

seemed familiar and mouth-watering. However, IstilI can't

stand the sight of tofu and have yet to muster up the courage

to try what might be considered the most exotic of their

dishes, but I will get there one day.

In short, I have acquired the taste for same foreign dishes

but not for all the food of any particular cuisine. In away,

the ability to acquire the taste for new foods has to do with

a person's abilitv to assimilate a culture. The 'acquired

taste' for food goes beyond ataste bud experience. It has

a lot to do with what a person associates the food with,

like friendly neighbours or a memorable journey. Similarly,

many of us find our mother's cooking incomparable. But

that isn't necessarily because of our mother's superior

kitchen skills but because we associate her cooking with

the warmth of home,

The Indian ia:,':i!y

A was very curious about the author.

B scared the author very much.

C made pleasant smeliing dishes.

D got an apology from the author.

2 Concernlng Japan and Japanese food, the author

says that

A she loved Japanese food from her first day in Japan.

B on her trip she wasn't served traditional food very often.

C she was surprised at her actions after she returned home.

D she has grown to like the taste of the most exctic

Japanese dishes.

3 According to the last paragraph, acquiring new testes

A is a sign of how open-minded a person is.

B depends on how sensitive your taste buds are,

C is like making new friends ar going on a journey.

D is easier if your mother wasn't a great cook.

4 Which of these staternents best summarises the overali

message of the artiele?

A Traveliing is the best way to acquire new tastes.

B The more exotic the food, the more difficult it :5 to like it.

C The smelis and sight offood are often misleading.

D. ~xperiences are cruciai in determining food

preferences.

CoLOZ'C

q.,

Comptete the text with suitabte words.

To be perfectly honest, browsing 1__ the shops is

something to

people occupied white stranded in

an anonymous airport.

Many items bought at airports are just gimmicks but

one seems to

found a friend among business

travellers: bright coloured buckled straps that go around

your suitcase. With so manv suitcases looking identical

days, a strap

5__

this will help you pick

your bag out at a hundred metros, saving vita I seconds

at the baggage carousel. They also help hold your case

together Q'thelocks spring open, a not uncommon

experience. .'.

A cheaper alternative, and also adevice

6 __

will

have a million and one

uses too, is a roll of duct

tape,8, known as gaffer tape. This Super sticky

plastic-backeq stuff can bind your luggage tog:ether, tape

trickybuckles out of the way and can also be used to

mend 9- sorts of artieles that 10 break. Even

mobile phones and laptops have been spotted on flights

held togetherwith this arnazing stuff.

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A Nearly 3,000 Tuvaluans already live overseas, and

government programme is now relocating 75 more every ,,~a

year. ' , b

The neighbouring state of Kiribati has dozens of uninhabited . ~"~,

islands, but it is facing its own population pressures. , d

( It seems, however, they will have to leave their ' S- 10

homeland very soon.

alwayswould

Over

The most recent figures suggest that Tuvalu's sea levels

-b

even

might

White

have risen nearly three times as fast as the world average , ,cever cQulde;

Iri,

over the 12P5,LcL~~ade,.MI.Qarenow 5cm higher_than in 199L-~__>d neverwill.J,. ,.::::O.l....f~__ "- _

---------

< "'" ',' '

c - ~~. z. ",

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'After

pulling

him

7 .

an~ ~-raYing

his

bag, the

::, Complete the

textwlth

suitablewords,

c: ",

officers confirmed

their

suspicrons: the softmaterial bag

Customs

officers

suspected there

Was something adl '~ontained a double bottom, in

8_,__

2.74 kg of herain

the twenty-year-old Bulgarian the moment they lay wrapped in two layers of black plastic.

spotted

him 2~ ~ Prague's Ruzyne:Alrport. For airport customs officers, this seizure was 9__

The man, who had fustarrived

a.dtrect cornmerclal ' secand major herain haul in as many months. In December,

fltght

fromIstanbul, was edgy and uncertain, and

3_ '

a Romanian man in his twenties had been stopped, also

awkwardbehavlour suggested that

had never really arriving on a direct commercial flight from Istanbul, with

travelled 4__ . Even 5__ theairport's security 2.5 kg of heroin concealed in the reinforced back of his

camera monitor, customs officers

sense that rucksack. With a street value of

10__

800 to 1,000Kč

his trendv clothes and carry-on bag belied his provlncial (€30-€40) per gram, officials estimate the value of

demeanour. heroin

11__

man was carrying to be in the millions of

Czech crowns.

Read the article. Complete the text by matching sentences

(A-G) to the gaps

the text (1-6). There is one sentence

which you do not need to use.

(t,

Disappearing country

Faced with the prospect of being swamped by rising sea

levels, the Pacific island nation ofTuvalu is considering

evacuating its 9,300 residents. With a highest point just

five metres above sea level, Tuvalu is one of the world's

lowest-Iying countries.

1_ _

With global sea levels

predicted to rise by more than 80 cm over the next century,

,Tuvaluans are living on borrowed time. The government's

solution is to transport the entire population overseas.

'We don't know when the islands will be completely

covered,' says Tuvalu government secretary Panapasi

Nelesone. 'But

need to start working on this now.'

But Tofiga Falani, the president of the Tuvalu

church, says that more urgent action is needed. 'We must

know that someone will provide land for us, before a

storm washes our islands away altogether,' he said. He

!s lobbying Australia to set aside land to serve as a new

home for Tuvalu's people when they finally quit their nine

inhabited atolls. 3 Until recently, the data collected

from monitoring Pacific Ocean levels showed that there

had been no significant changes around Tuvalu for ten

years. Some

analysts

even suggested that the aftermath of

El Nino could cause sea levels in the area to

drop

by up to

30 cm in the future. That view is changing.

'Tuvaluans are used to seeing islets vanish beneath the

wave s with cyclones, but their country is likely to became

uninhabitable long before the waves finally elose over

them.

5__

But the seepage of salt water into farmIand

has destroved crops and made the people dependent on

canned imports.

luvalu's Polynesian people arrived in the Islands 2,000

years ago by way ofTonga and Samoa.

" Complete the text with the torrect words a-d.

Thirty

years

ago, at 7.30 a.m. on a Tuesday, t.stood' __

a roomful of restless pre-adolescents. Unexpectedly,

had been placed in front

70 of them with the instructions: ,

c'They can't use the playground becauseofthe Jain. Keep

thern busy untit

_,_teachers get here.'

!looked out over their faces,

3_.__

ten per cent

hopefulness that

[4__

something interesting, and

-90 per centcyn iciim that any

adult

5__ , _.

Theirbodies

werestumped.their anus were folded. They were

6__ :

to entertain

them, ,.

N6t

kndwin~whatersetodo,

began to 7__ . _.. astory;

· Within'.moments"theirpbstures changed. Their fates

·relaxed. Theireyes,rolled slightly back. Best of aH,they

rernalnedentranced throughout the fifteen rninutes

"8__

the storv.

IhC!d.DO

way

9_' _.

_',it,but those fifteen mirlute$'-ChalT~eq.·

rnylife:

10_,_'_.

the nextfewvears,

fcillowedt~e,.storY·

response' of children and adults> outof rnYfeachingjob,

·into fr~elanEeperfoJming, and.flnallv intorny rbl~'aš"; ~ .

.···~torytelling·coach.

iJ·fa~ed

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d inquirlng

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would.have said

Read the following article about the genetic modification

of food. Same parts of the text have been removed. Corn-

plete the text by matching the sentences (A-G) with the

gaps in the text

(1-6).

There is one sentence which you do

not need to use.

We were told that the genetic modification of food would

lead to the use of more chemical sprays.

1__

Geneticaiiy

modified (GM) cotton growers in India, Australia and China

are spraying less than half as much pesticide on their crops;

GM corn growers in the United States are spending less than

before on insecticide. British growers of GM sugar beet are

spraying herbicide once instead of-five times.

2__

Of course, the organic farming lobby argues that lt, too, can

bring back wild life. 3__ Because organic crops require

nitrogen grown elsewhere rather than manufactured from

the air in a factory, organic farming is land-hungry.

The economist Indur Goklany has calculated that if the world

tried to feed its current population, of six billion people using

the (mainly organic) technologies and yields of

1961,

would require 82% of the world's land area to be cultivated

instead of 38%.

4__

Speaking of food, in Europe it is

common to hear the argument that the world now produces

enough food without GM foods. Yes, but how did it achieve

this? By rapidly adopting fertiliser, pesticides and high-

yielding varieties. This 'Green Revolution' depended on

genetically new varieties created by artificial mutation using

nuclear radiation and chemical mutagens.

Pessimists might sav that despite the Green Revolution,

there is still poverty and malnutrition. But for the past

century the world has got steadily better for most people.

You do not believe that? I am not surprised. You are ted such

a strong diet of news about how bad things are that it must

be hard to believe they were once worse.

5__

Longevity

is increasing faster in the poor south than in the rich north.

Infant mortality is lower in Asia than ever before.

6__

Here at home, we are healthier, wealthier and wiser than

ever before. Pollution has declined; prosperity increased;

options open ed.

All this has been achieved primarily by that most hated of

tricks, the technical fix. By invention, not legislation.

A The birds, butterflies and flowers are coming back into

the fields where GM crops are grown.

B But choose any statistic you like and it will show that the

lot of even the poorest is better today than it was in

1903.

C The opposite proved true.

D That means ploughing up the Amazon, irrigating the

Sahara and draining the Okavango.

E Decade by decade per capita food production is rising.

F However, the green revolution did not solve all poverty

and malnutrition.

G But only at

price,

ExAM TASK -

Use

English

Complete the text with suitable words.

The Mava arernysterious. This is how this ancient culture

1 always been portrayed, and recently a long

series of documentaries has presented a picture of a

people with practices and a world view that is very

difficult for modern people

understand. Lots

of researchers have decided to study Mayan culture and

history and it seems that events of a mystical nature have

guided everyone 3 has taken up the study of

the Maya.

The most extraordinary example in

4__ __

history

of Mayanism is probably the story of Knorozov who was

guided to the translation of the Mayan script. His story is

worth recounting.

During World War IIYuri Kn'orozov was a young student in

Leningrad

5 -

he was drafted into the Red Army.

In the final assault on Berlin he saw the National Library

6 _ f1ames and so rushed in and 7 _

randorn grabbed a book to save it. The book turned out to

be a facsimile of the only three surviving Mayan Codices

_were known at the time. Back in Russia he

was encouraged to take on breaking the Mayan code

and seven years 9_ _ he published the solution

in a Russian journal of linguistlr s

tnok sorne thirty

additional years for this solution to be accepted in the

West I can only imagine that he himself

!".

have concluded that grabbing that particular book was a

mystical event as it determined his mission in life.

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Flying in Sti'le,

(O) ,.

days commercial airliners are becoming larger,"

(13)

makes flying cheaper but in many ways more

impersonal. Perhaps (14) a response to this, amore old-

fashioned way of taking to the air is gaining popularity in Britain.

(IS) , number of companies today oHer charter flights in small

aircraft. You hire the plane and pilot, just as you might hire a chauffeur-

driven car, and (16) , are yours for the day.

If you are flying on ashort trip (17) Britain to the continent, .

a light plane can get you (IS) almost as quickly as ajet:

airliner. In fact, the whole journey takes far (19) time, since

you don't need to be at the airport hours (20) advance. And

if you share the cost with friends, it can be chea per tha.n a scheduled flight.

The atmosphere

(2l)

board is relaxed and friendly, with

formalities (22) .... ..... .. passport control and customs, if not entirely

eliminated, at least kept (23) .. a minimum. Instead of walking

for (24) seems like miles through a vast airport terminal, .

\;)/,,""·"'..t\..,-,j~

(2S)

it's time to take off, you simply stroll over and ease

(26) into the plane. Even the flight itself is more fun, as

(27) .. as the weather is fine. And if you want to descend and

take a closer look at something on the ground, just ask the pilot; you're the

boss!

.'s,.

dl'·'· '

'. IP'"

i.e:e' ,,'

,r.rm(l~t

, !

Arecent proposal to limit the speed cars

(O)

reach is provinq:

controversial. The idea, put

(13)

by the Institute for- Road;

Safety, involves fitting vehicles with a communications box containirig a

digital map of the road network.

(14)

a car is in motion, the.

communications box - which knows

(15)

fast the vehicle is,

legally permitted to traveion a particular section of road - automatically :

regulates the car's speed.

(16)

therefore becomes

impossible for a vehicle fitted with

(17) ..

adevice to exceed

the speed limit.

There are plans

(18)

charge motorists to drive into the centre

of major cities, and a communications box could be used to identify vehicles

that enter this zone. At present,

(19)

time a vehicle does so, :

its number plate is photographed.

(20) ..

the number is

compared

cqoinst

a list of authorised vehicles, but this system is costly and

(21)

from foolproof.

The system

(22)

be put in place quickly if the gover'nment

wished as part (23t ; the technology has already been

developed for another purpose. Electronic vehicle identification is unpopular

with some people, who regard it

(24)

an infringement of

-the'ir rj·ghts.

(25;)

would certainly object to the plan to restrict

the speed of their car's, (26) may make the government

hesitote to go through

with ito

But by forcing drivers to slow

(27) .. ,

the scheme would save lives, and this is likely to be

populor with the general public.

A new look at the

Midd1e

Ages

The Institute for Medievql Studies is holding a series of lectures to

(O)

~.(.~~terest in

a period of history which is all too often (1)... . It is hoped that these lectures will

(2) some of the misconceptions that (3) . to this day about the long and

eventful span of time between the crowning of Charlemagne and the Renaissance.

It is true that Europe was (4) by the plague in the latter part of the fourteenth

century, while the terrorsof the Inquisition east a grirn shadow over the continent.

Living (~) .... for the majority of people were appalling by modern standards, and

life

(6\ ... "

was low, The peasants suffered under a brutal feudal system and the

(7) of learning was open only to the clergy and the small minority who were

literate.

However, these (8) negative aspects of medieval life cannot be properly

evaluated unless they are viewed in the broader (9) . .The Middle Ages saw the

construction of the magnificent cathedrals thatgrace so many European cities and the

(10) . of a rniddle class. Many institutions we think of as modern were a(n)

(11), ,part of medieval-Iife, Progress was being made in science and technoloqv,

and artists were forging styles that had a powerful and (12) ,inf'luence on

'subsequent centuries.

--:ć~:--'-r-.. ~'..\~.~_.::: .._ ..__...__ -;,._~ _

Va,llilla

;:S9rp

rise .-._--..--.--------..---

w--.

<> ~

Vanilla is such a(n)

(O)

flavour that it comes as a surprise to learn that it is also,

one of the world's most expensive cro ps. The vanilla plant is a(n) (1) . of the;

Americas. Its flowers grow in (2) , and in nature they are pollinated by

hummingbirds and bees. The (3)

seed pods resemble oversized French beans,

and develop their (4) flavour and fragranee 'during the curing process. After

har:vesting, the beans are treated with heat or hot water and are plaeed in the sun

every day for many weeks. When they have (5) to a fifth oftheir original size, they

are (6) aeeording to size and quality.

Like other spiees that we (7) for granted today, vanilla has a faseinating history.

In the sixteenth eentury, the Spanish imported the spiee to Europe. However, attempts

to grow vanilla in other loeations (8) with failure: the plants would not produce

pods, and it was only when away was found to pollinate the flowers artificially that

the commerciai exploitation of this valuable erop (9) ~..... under way.

Today vanilla is used in the manufacture of perfumes andeosmeties as well as in the

culinarv arts, where it is often a(nl (10) of puddings. Recentlv; it has also been

used in more (11) ways. Lobster and vanilla is now a popular dish in certain

restaurants --:provingthat ehefs can (12) up with amazing ideas to tiekle the taste

buds.

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