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Part 3. For questions 96-108, read the following passage and do the tasks that follow. The Mystery of Sleep
Sleep takes up precious time and leaves us vulnerable, so why do we do it?
A. The question of why we sleep has been on people’s minds at least since the time of Aristotle, who believed
that the warming and cooling of the body as a result of digestion caused sleep. Though we know this is incorrect
today, other early theories have held up better. The possibility of a ‘sleep toxin’ – a substance that built up
during the day, causing drowsiness, and was subsequently relieved by sleep – was put forward by Henri Pieron
in the early 1900s, and this concept is not unlike some contemporary ideas about sleep that researchers are
pursuing today. It was not until 1953 that Nathaniel Kleitman and his colleagues identified two different kinds
of sleep; REM and non-REM sleep. Many say that this breakthrough paved the way for modern sleep research.
But since then, despite the great deal of effort that has been made to better understand sleep, it is still largely a mysterious phenomenon.
B. Among living things, sleep is practically universal. Even jellyfish, which have no brains, experience
something called sleep pressure – the need to rest longer after being kept awake. Tiny worms, with only a few
neurons, spend time in a sleep-like state and die more quickly when exposed to stress if this state is prevented.
Sharks and dolphins, which must keep moving at all times in order to breathe, have the ability to sleep with one
hemisphere of the brain at a time. Yet, when an animal sleeps, it cannot protect itself from danger, it cannot eat
or reproduce. Sleep is high-risk and costly, so why is it such a universal phenomenon? Clearly, it must be important.
C. One theory about the reason for sleep is that it arose simply as a way to save energy. If there were times
when it was difficult or hazardous for an animal to move around, then it might make sense for them to simply
enter a sleep state when all of their physical systems slow down. That way, they would require less food, and
could hide away from danger. The observation that animals with few natural predators, lions, for example, sleep
up to 15 hours a day, while small prey animals seldom sleep more than 5 hours a day, seems to contradict this,
however. In addition, the objection has been raised that sleep only lowers the metabolism by 10-15 per cent, so
not much energy is, in fact, saved. According to Serge Daan, a researcher who studied arctic ground squirrels,
something else must be taking place. He found that the ground squirrels would periodically come out of their
suspended-animation-like state of hibernation in order to sleep. For these animals, sleep was actually
energetically expensive, so it must serve some other essential purpose.
D. It is well established that the act of sleeping is important for essential brain functions such as memory and
learning. A rapidly increasing body of cognitive research suggests that sleep allows us to consolidate and
process information that has been acquired during the day. Sleep scientist Matthew Walker used MRI scans to
visualise activity in the brains of people who were learning a series of finger movements. One group was
allowed to sleep and the other was not. He found differences in the areas of the brain that were activated when
they recalled the movements; the group that had slept showed less activity in the brain, and better recollection
of the task. In other words, the way the memory was stored had become more efficient. Walker believes that
this could explain why toddlers, who are constantly learning new motor skills, require so much more sleep than
adults. Furthermore, Ted Abel, while assistant professor at the University of Pennsylvania, found that mice
deprived of sleep for the first five hours after learning did not remember their physical surroundings, while their
memory of facts and events was not affected. This result allowed him to specify that sleep regulates memory in
a specific part of the brain, the hippocampus, which is responsible for memories related to spatial and
contextual information. But despite numerous studies, there are still more questions than answers on the role of sleep in memory and learning.
E. Another theory about the role of sleep is that it is essential for cleanup and repair in the brain and body.
Support for this theory is provided by research that shows periods of REM sleep increase following periods of
sleep deprivation and strenuous physical activity. During sleep, the body also increases its rate of cell division
and protein synthesis, further suggesting that repair and restoration occurs during sleeping periods. Recently,
new evidence supporting the repair and restoration theory has been uncovered. Research has shown that the
cellular structure of the brain is altered during sleep, and more space forms between cells. This allows fluid to
move between the cells and flush out toxic waste products. It is believed that these toxins increase in the central
nervous system during waking times, and the restorative function of sleep is a consequence of their removal.
F. It may seem that all of this new evidence is not making the question of why we sleep any clearer; indeed, the
evidence seems to point to different explanations. In this context, it seems important to remember that there
may not be one correct answer, but instead it could be a combination. While the idea that sleep is a method of
energy conservation seems to be falling out of favour, it seems more and more likely that benefits for memory
and learning, the cleanup of the brain and the repair of the body can all be attributed to a good night’s sleep
Questions 96-101: There are six paragraphs marked A-F in the passage. In which paragraph is the
following mentioned? Write your answers in the corresponding numbered box provided.
96. how researchers can see what is happening inside the brain
97. how many reasons for sleep there might realistically be
98. an example of lack of sleep being deadly
99. a particular discovery that was essential for how we view sleep today
100. how sleep might have arisen from threatening conditions
101. how the brain physically changes during sleep Your answers 96. 97. 98. 99. 100. 101.
Questions 102-104: Look at the following statement and the list of researchers below. Match each statement
with the correct researcher, A-E. Write your answers in the corresponding numbered box provided. A Henri Pieron B Nathaniel Kleitman C Serge Daan D Matthew Walker E Ted Abel
102 Sleep is essential for the recollection only of certain types of memory. .
103 The fact that sleep requirements vary with age alludes to its role. .
104 A chemical that promotes sleep accumulates throughout the day. . Your answers 102. 103. 104.
Questions 105-106: Choose TWO letters, A-E. Which TWO theories does the writer question the validity of?
Write your answers in the corresponding numbered box provided.
A Sleep pressure is proof of the necessity of sleep.
B Animals’ sleeping habits are related to their place on the food chain.
C Sleep is related to changes in body temperature.
D Sleep prevents the unnecessary burning of calories.
E There are different types of sleep with different functions.
Questions 107-108: Choose TWO letters, A-E. Which TWO points does the writer mention in support of the
importance of sleep for memory? Write your answers in the corresponding numbered box provided.
A During sleep, unimportant memories are removed.
B Sleep makes recollection more effortless.
C Sleep results in more activity throughout the brain.
D The function of a specific brain region is affected by sleep.
E Sleep duration modifies learning Your answers 105. 106. 107. 108.
Part 4. For questions 109-118, read the following passage and choose the answer A, B, C or D that fits best
according to the text. Write your answers in the corresponding numbered boxes provided.
Forget global terrorism - for most of the world's population, ticking time bombs like earthquakes,
supervolcanoes and hurricanes pose a far greater threat. Natural disaster expert Bill McGuire reveals a
few of the top catastrophes waiting to happen.
With NASA's eminent climate scientist, Jim Hansen, concerned that collapsing polar ice sheets could result in
sea levels rising 1-2m this century and several more in the next, prospects for the Earth's coastal zones are
bleak. A 1m rise would threaten one-third of the world's agricultural land, while a 4m rise would maroon
Miami 60km offshore. Rising sea levels is not the only threat to coastal regions. The Cumbre Vieja volcano on
the Canary Island of La Palma is slowly creeping seawards. During a future eruption, this gigantic landslide will
plunge into the ocean, pushing up a bulge of water close to a kilometre high, spawning a mega-tsunami capable
of devastating all the coastal areas surrounding the North Atlantic.
Coastal regions also face the menace of desertification. By 2030, over half a billion people living around the
shores of the Mediterranean will be viewing the encroaching desert with increasing panic. An area bigger than
the UK, and home to 16 million people, is threatened - by the end of the century - with transformation from a
green and pleasant land to a baking wilderness of sand and rock.
However, these disasters seem pale in comparison to the mega-catastrophes waiting to happen like
supervolcanoes, for instance. Every 50 millennia or so, a colossal volcanic blast expels sufficient ash and gas to
cover a continent and block the Sun's rays for years on end, heralding a bitter volcanic winter. At Yellowstone
in Wyoming, US, two such super-eruptions have shattered the crust in the last 2.1 million years and the volcano
there remains restless. An asteroid attack is another threat which would have devastating consequences. A total
of 713 asteroids with diameters of 1km or more, and the potential to clobber the Earth at some future date, have
been identified. A 2km asteroid would load the atmosphere with dust and trigger a sustained global freeze.
Harvests would fail and billions would die. Fortunately, such collisions only happen every couple of million years.
109. Which best serves as the title for the passage? A. Disasters in Waiting
B. Threats to the Earth’s Coastal Zones
C. The Mega-catastrophes That Could End the World
D. Surprising Facts about Supervolcanoes
110. According to the passage, what poses an imminent threat to us?
A. the increase of global terrorism
B. the rise in the world's population
C. the consequences of climate change and natural disasters
D. time bombs waiting to go off
111. The word “bleak” in paragraph 2 is closest in meaning to __________ A. auspicious B. promising C. commanding D. gloomy
112. Which aspect of the Cumbre Vieja eruption will have the worst effects? A. the eruption itself B. the subsequent mega-tsunami C. the plunge into the ocean D. the resulting landslide
113. The word “maroon” in paragraph 2 is closest in meaning to __________ A. push B. leave C. surge D. pull
114. The process of desertification threatening the shores of the Mediterranean will occur __________ A. gradually B. at the end of this century
C. to an area not quite as big as the UK D. all of a sudden
115. The word “menace” in paragraph 3 is closest in meaning to __________ A. acceleration B. spread C. threat D. process
116. How often does a supervolcano take place? A. once every century
B. once every 50 thousand years
C. once every couple of million years D. once every 50 million years
117. The word “there” in paragraph 4 refers to __________ A. the continent B. Yellowstone C. The US D. the crust
118. Which of the following can be inferred from the passage?
A. Terrorism is the most challenging issue facing the world.
B. Rising sea levels wreak greater havoc on coastal regions than volcanoes do.
C. The UK is one of the countries most heavily affected by desertification.
D. Both supervolcanoes and asteroid attacks lead to extremely cold weather conditions. Your answers 109. 110. 111. 112. 113. 114. 115. 116. 117. 118.
Part 5. In the passage below, seven paragraphs have been removed. For questions 119-125, read the passage
and choose from the paragraphs A-H the one which fits each gap. There is ONE extra paragraph which you
do not need to use. Write your answers in the corresponding numbered box provided. Living in a Dream World
Daydreaming can help solve problems, trigger creativity, and inspire great works of art and science. By Josie Glazier.
Most people spend between 30 and 47 per cent of their waking hours spacing out, drifting off, lost in thought,
wool-gathering or building castles in the air. Yale University emeritus psychology professor Jerome L. Singer
defines daydreaming as shifting attention “away from some primary physical or mental task toward an
unfolding sequence of private responses” or, more simply, “watching your own mental videos.” He also divides
daydreaming styles into two main categories: “positive-constructive,” which includes upbeat and imaginative
thoughts, and “dysphoric,” which encompasses visions of failure or punishment. 119.
Such humdrum concerns figured prominently in one study that rigorously measured how much time we spend
mind wandering in daily life. In a 2009 study, Kane and his colleague Jennifer McVay asked 72 students to
carry Palm Pilots that beeped at random intervals eight times a day for a week. The subjects then recorded their
thoughts at that moment on a questionnaire. The study found that about 30 per cent of the beeps coincided with
thoughts unrelated to the task at hand and that mind wandering increased with stress, boredom or sleepiness or
in chaotic environments and decreased with enjoyable tasks. That may be because enjoyable activities tend to grab our attention. 120.
We may not even be aware that we are daydreaming. We have all had the experience of “reading” a book yet
absorbing nothing—moving our eyes over the words on a page as our attention wanders and the text turns into
gibberish. “When this happens, people lack what I call ‘meta-awareness,’ consciousness of what is currently
going on in their mind,” he says. But aimless rambling can be productive as they can allow us to stumble on
ideas and associations that we may never find if we intentionally seek them. 121.
So, why should daydreaming aid creativity? It may be in part because when the brain is floating in unfocused
mental space it serves a specific purpose. It allows us to engage in one task and at the same time trigger
reminders of other, concurrent goals so that we do not lose sight of them. There is also the belief that we can
boost the creative process by increasing the amount of daydreaming we do or replaying variants of the millions
of events we store in our brains. 122.
The mind's freedom to wander during a deliberate tuning out could also explain the flash of insight that may
coincide with taking a break from an unsolved problem. A study conducted at the University of Lancaster in
England into this possibility found that if we allow our minds to ramble during a moderately challenging task,
we can access ideas that are not easily available to our conscious minds. Our ability to do so is now known to
depend on the normal functioning of a dedicated daydreaming network deep in our brain. 123.
It was not until 2007, however, that cognitive psychologist Malia Fox Mason, discovered that the default
network — which lights up when people switch from an attention-demanding activity to drifting reveries with
no specific goals, becomes more active when mind wandering is more likely. She also discovered that people
who daydream more in everyday life show greater activity in the default network while performing monotonous tasks. 124.
The conclusion reached in this ground-breaking study was that the more complex the mind wandering episode
is, the more of the mind it is going to consume. This inevitably leads to the problem of determining the point at
which creative daydreaming crosses the boundary into the realms of compulsive fantasising. Although there is
often a fine dividing line between the two, one question that can help resolve the dilemma relates to whether the
benefits gained from daydreaming outweigh the cost to the daydreamer’s reputation and performance. 125.
On the other hand, there are psychologists who feel that the boundary is not so easily defined. They argue that
mind wandering is not inherently good or bad as it depends to a great extent on context. When, for example,
daydreaming occurs during an activity that requires little concentration, it is unlikely to be costly. If, however, it
causes someone to suffer severe injury or worse by say, walking into traffic, then the line has been crossed.
A Although these two findings were significant, mind wandering itself was not measured during the scans. As a
result, it could not be determined exactly when the participants in her study were “on task” and when they were
daydreaming. In 2009 Smallwood, Schooler and Kalina Christoff of the University of British Columbia
published the first study to directly link mind wandering with increased activity in the default network. Scans on
the participants in their study revealed activity in the default network was strongest when subjects were unaware they had lost focus.
B However, intense focus on our problems may not always lead to immediate solutions. Instead allowing the
mind to float freely can enable us to access unconscious ideas hovering underneath the surface — a process that
can lead to creative insight, according to psychologist Jonathan W. Schooler of the University of California, Santa Barbara
C Yet to enhance creativity, it is important to pay attention to daydreams. Schooler calls this “tuning out” or
deliberate “off-task thinking.”, terms that refer to the ability of an individual to have more than just the mind-
wandering process. Those who are most creative also need to have meta-awareness to realise when a creative
idea has popped into their mind.
D On the other hand, those who ruminate obsessively—rehashing past events, repetitively analyzing their
causes and consequences, or worrying about all the ways things could go wrong in the future - are well aware
that their thoughts are their own, but they have intense difficulty turning them off. The late Yale psychologist
Susan Nolen-Hoeksema does not believe that rumination is a form of daydreaming, but she has found that in
obsessive ruminators, the same default network as the one that is activated during daydreaming switches on.
E Other scientists distinguish between mundane musings and extravagant fantasies. Michael Kane, a cognitive
psychologist at the University of North Carolina at Greensboro, considers “mind wandering” to be “any
thoughts that are unrelated to one's task at hand.” In his view, mind wandering is a broad category that may
include everything from pondering ingredients for a dinner recipe to saving the planet from alien invasion. Most
of the time when people fall into mind wandering, they are thinking about everyday concerns, such as recent
encounters and items on their to-do list.
F According to Schooler, there are two steps you need to take to make the distinction. First, notice whether you
are deriving any useful insights from your fantasies. Second, it is important to take stock of the content of your
daydreams. To distinguish between beneficial and pathological imaginings, he adds, “Ask yourself if this is
something useful, helpful, valuable, pleasant, or am I just rehashing the same old perseverative thoughts over
and over again?” And if daydreaming feels out of control, then even if it is pleasant it is probably not useful or valuable.
G Artists and scientists are well acquainted with such playful fantasizing. Filmmaker Tim Burton daydreamed
his way to Hollywood success, spending his childhood holed up in his bedroom, creating posters for an
imaginary horror film series. Orhan Pamuk, the Turkish novelist who won the Nobel Prize in Literature in 2006,
imagined “another world,” to which he retreated as a child, Albert Einstein pictured himself running along a
light wave—a reverie that led to his theory of special relativity.
H Like Facebook for the brain, the default network is a bustling web of memories and streaming movies,
starring ourselves. “When we daydream, we're at the center of the universe,” says neurologist Marcus Raichle
of Washington University in St. Louis, who first described the network in 2001. It consists of three main
regions that help us imagine ourselves and the thoughts and feelings of others, draw personal memories from
the brain and access episodic memories.
Part 3. For questions 96-108, read the following passage and do the tasks that follow. READING THE SCREEN
Are the electronic media exacerbating illiteracy and making our children stupid? On the contrary, says Colin
McCabe, they have the potential to make us truly literate.
The debate surrounding literacy is one of the most charged in education. On the one hand there is an army of
people convinced that traditional skills of reading and writing are declining. On the other, a host of progressives
protest that literacy is much more complicated than a simple technical mastery of reading and writing. This
second position is supported by most of the relevant academic work over the past 20 years. These studies argue
that literacy can only be understood in its social and technical context. In Renaissance England, for example,
many more people could read than could write, and within reading there was a distinction between those who
could read print and those who could manage the more difficult task of reading manuscript. An understanding
of these earlier periods helps us understand today's `crisis in literacy' debate. There does seem to be evidence
that there has been an overall decline in some aspects of reading and writing — you only need to compare the
tabloid newspapers of today with those of 50 years ago to see a clear decrease in vocabulary and simplification
of syntax. But the picture is not uniform and doesn't readily demonstrate the simple distinction between literate
and illiterate which had been considered adequate since the middle of the 19th century.
While reading a certain amount of writing is as crucial as it has ever been in industrial societies, it is doubtful
whether a fully extended grasp of either is as necessary as it was 30 or 40 years ago. While print retains much of
its authority as a source of topical information, television has increasingly usurped this role. The ability to write
fluent letters has been undermined by the telephone and research suggests that for many people the only use for
writing, outside formal education, is the compilation of shopping lists.
The decision of some car manufacturers to issue their instructions to mechanics as a video pack rather than as a
handbook might be taken to spell the end of any automatic link between industrialization and literacy. On the
other hand, it is also the case that ever-increasing numbers of people make their living out of writing, which is
better rewarded than ever before. Schools are generally seen as institutions where the book rules — film,
television and recorded sound have almost no place; but it is not clear that this opposition is appropriate. While
you may not need to read and write to watch television, you certainly need to be able to read and write in order to make programmes.
Those who work in the new media are anything but illiterate. The traditional oppositions between old and new
media are inadequate for understanding the world which a young child now encounters. The computer has re-
established a central place for the written word on the screen, which used to be entirely devoted to the image.
There is even anecdotal evidence that children are mastering reading and writing in order to get on to the
Internet. There is no reason why the new and old media cannot be integrated in schools to provide the skills to
become economically productive and politically enfranchised.
Nevertheless, there is a crisis in literacy and it would be foolish to ignore it. To understand that literacy may be
declining because it is less central to some aspects of everyday life is not the same as acquiescing in this state of
affairs. The production of school work with the new technologies could be a significant stimulus to literacy.
How should these new technologies be introduced into the schools? It isn't enough to call for computers,
camcorders and edit suites in every classroom; unless they are properly integrated into the educational culture,
they will stand unused. Evidence suggests that this is the fate of most information technology used in the
classroom. Similarly, although media studies are now part of the national curriculum, and more and more
students are now clamouring to take these course, teachers remain uncertain about both methods and aims in this area.
This is not the fault of the teachers. The entertainment and information industries must be drawn into a debate
with the educational institutions to determine how best to blend these new technologies into the classroom.
Many people in our era are drawn to the pessimistic view that the new media are destroying old skills and
eroding critical judgment. It may be true that past generations were more literate but — taking the pre-19th
century meaning of the term — this was true of only a small section of the population. The word literacy is a
19th-century coinage to describe the divorce of reading and writing from a full knowledge of literature. The
education reforms of the 19th century produced reading and writing as skills separable from full participation in the cultural heritage.
The new media now point not only to a futuristic cyber-economy, they also make our cultural past available to
the whole nation. Most children's access to these treasures is initially through television. It is doubtful whether
our literary heritage has ever been available to or sought out by more than about 5 per cent of the population; it
has certainly not been available to more than 10 per cent. But the new media joined to the old, through the
public service tradition of British broadcasting, now makes our literary tradition available to all.
Questions 96 – 99: Choose the appropriate letters A-D. Write your answers in the corresponding numbered box provided.
96. When discussing the debate on literacy in education, the writer notes that
A. children cannot read and write as well as they used to.
B. academic work has improved over the last 20 years.
C. there is evidence that literacy is related to external factors.
D. there are opposing arguments that are equally convincing.
97. In the 4th paragraph, the writer's main point is that
A. the printed word is both gaining and losing power.
B. all inventions bring disadvantages as well as benefits.
C. those who work in manual jobs no longer need to read.
D. the media offers the best careers for those who like writing.
98. According to the writer, the main problem that schools face today is
A. how best to teach the skills of reading and writing.
B. how best to incorporate technology into classroom teaching.
C. finding the means to purchase technological equipment.
D. managing the widely differing levels of literacy amongst pupils.
99. At the end of the article, the writer is suggesting that
A. literature and culture cannot be divorced.
B. the term 'literacy' has not been very useful.
C. 10 per cent of the population never read literature.
D. our exposure to cultural information is likely to increase. Your answers 96. 97. 98. 99.
Questions 100 – 105: Do the following statements agree with the views of the writer in the passage? Write
your answers in the corresponding numbered box provided.
YES if the statement agrees with the writer
NO if the statement contradicts the writer
NOT GIVEN if it is impossible to say what the writer thinks about this
100. It is not as easy to analyse literacy levels as it used to be.
101. Our literacy skills need to be as highly developed as they were in the past.
102. Illiteracy is on the increase.
103. Professional writers earn relatively more than they used to.
104. A good literacy level is important for those who work in television.
105. Computers are having a negative impact on literacy in schools. Your answers 100. 101. 102. 103. 104. 105.
Questions 106 – 108: Complete the sentences below with words taken, from the passage. Use NO MORE
THAN THREE WORDS for each answer. Write your answers in the corresponding numbered box provided.
In Renaissance England, the best readers were those able to read 106_________________.
The writer uses the example of 107________________to illustrate the general fall in certain areas of literacy.
It has been shown that after leaving school, the only things that a lot of people write are 108_____________________. Your answers 106. 107. 108.
Part 4. For questions 109-118, read the following passage and choose the answer A, B, C or D that fits best
according to the text. Write your answers in the corresponding numbered boxes provided.
In an effort to rekindle the dying embers of a once strong communal spirit, selected high schools are piloting a
community service scheme. This service directive requires students to complete a predetermined number of
field hours, sometimes as many as 60, to graduate. Those advocating it perceive it as a unique opportunity to
help young adults look beyond their personal needs, and concern themselves with the needs of other less
fortunate members of their community. Active involvement, albeit compulsory, in community affairs is
considered by them to be a good way to create awareness of social issues and promote communal values and
ideals. Rather than existing as isolated individuals, we need to form a dynamic group and pool our valuable
resources to create a community that is proactive and highly responsive to its needs. To do this we need to,
once again, foster an interest in the general well-being of our communities.
Our children need to be taught the significance of civic responsibility within a real-world context. It is not
enough to teach children about social issues prevalent in our societies today. This information is as good as lost
when taught in a static classroom. A practical, hands-on approach, on the other hand, where children come into
contact with real events and circumstances, will go a long way in broadening their understanding of how
people, regardless of background, are affected by them. This insight has the
potential to spawn feelings of altruism and empathy, which are the foundations of a strong social fabric and
important indicators of a collective conscience.
This incentive has been piloted by different districts with varying degrees of success. While nobody doubts the
value of community service, there are those who question the legitimacy of making it compulsory. They are of
the opinion that where it has failed it has done so because people, notwithstanding age, cannot be forced to
contribute. The crucial factor is interest which needs to be generated so that involvement is voluntary, not forced.
109. Which best serves as the title for the passage?
A. The Value of Community Service B. A Community Affair C. A More Proactive Community
D. Interest: The Crucial Factor
110. What do we find out about the service directive in paragraph 1?
A. It involves only students who want to participate.
B. It requires no less than 60 field hours. C. It is experimental.
D. Participants must be graduates.
111. What do schools hope to achieve by making community service compulsory?
A. to get all members of society interested in community affairs
B. to sensitise young individuals to the needs of other community members
C. to get students to resolve long-standing social problems
D. to help young individuals utilise social resources for their own benefit
112. The word “pool” in paragraph 1 is closest in meaning to __________ A. boost B. share C. manage D. reduce
113. What does the writer mean by 'responsive'?
A. capable of reacting quickly and favourably to problems that arise
B. capable of thinking carefully about issues
C. capable of foreseeing problems before they occur
D. capable of planning a particular course of action
114. Why is a real-world context essential in the teaching of civic responsibility?
A. It helps children comprehend the dynamics behind social occurrences and their impact.
B. It inevitably leads to altruistic sentiments.
C. It encourages interaction between like-minded individuals.
D. It is static by nature and therefore conducive to learning.
115. The word “them” in paragraph 2 refers to __________ A. communities B. social issues C. children D. feelings
116. What do we learn in paragraph 3 about the service directive?
A. It has met with unanimous approval.
B. It is widely regarded as the best way to bring about active involvement.
C. Its success depends on a crucial factor.
D. It is only feasible when young people are involved.
117. What does the writer mean by 'legitimacy' in paragraph 3?
A. the quality of being reasonable
B. the quality of being revolutionary
C. the quality of being authentic
D. the quality of being possible
118. Which of the following can be inferred from the passage?
A. The scheme no longer makes community service a compulsory part.
B. The scheme is characterised by partly extended teaching outside of the classroom.
C. All participants in the scheme are altruistic and empathetic.
D. The majority of districts which implement the scheme enjoy great success. Your answers 109. 110. 111. 112. 113. 114. 115. 116. 117. 118.
Part 5. In the passage below, seven paragraphs have been removed. For questions 119-125, read the passage
and choose from the paragraphs A-H the one which fits each gap. There is ONE extra paragraph which you
do not need to use. Write your answers in the corresponding numbered box provided.
HELP GUIDE US THROUGH THE UNIVERSE
Sir Martin Rees, Astronomer Royal, launches this year's Young Science Writer competition
If you ask scientists what they're doing, the answer won't be 'Finding the origin of the universe', 'Seeking the
cure for cancer' or suchlike. It will involve something very specialised, a small piece of the jigsaw that builds up the big picture. 119.
So, unless they are cranks or geniuses, scientists don't shoot directly for a grand goal - they focus on bite-sized
problems that seem timely and tractable. But this strategy (though prudent) carries an occupational risk: they
may forget they're wearing blinkers and fail to see their own work in its proper perspective. 120.
I would personally derive far less satisfaction from my research if it interested only a few other academics. But
presenting one's work to non-specialists isn't easy. We scientists often do it badly, although the experience helps
us to see our work in a broader context. Journalists can do it better, and their efforts can put a key discovery in
perspective, converting an arcane paper published in an obscure journal into a tale that can inspire others. 121.
On such occasions, people often raise general concerns about the way science is going and the impact it may
have; they wonder whether taxpayers get value for money from the research they support. More intellectual
audiences wonder about the basic nature of science: how objective can we be? And how creative? Is science
genuinely a progressive enterprise? What are its limits and are we anywhere near them? It is hard to explain, in
simple language, even a scientific concept that you understand well. My own (not always effective) attempts
have deepened my respect for science reporters, who have to assimilate quickly, with a looming deadline, a
topic they may be quite unfamiliar with. 122.
It's unusual for science to earn newspaper headlines. Coverage that has to be restricted to crisp newsworthy
breakthroughs in any case distorts the way science develops. Scientific advances are usually gradual and
cumulative, and better suited to feature articles, or documentaries - or even books, • for which the latent demand
is surprisingly strong. For example, millions bought A Brief History of Time, which caught the public imagination. 123.
Nevertheless, serious hooks do find a ready market. That's the good news for anyone who wants to enter this
competition. But books on pyramidology, visitations by aliens, and suchlike do even better: a symptom of a
fascination with the paranormal and 'New Age' concepts. It is depressing that these are often featured
uncritically in the media, distracting attention from more genuine advances. 124.
Most scientists are quite ordinary, and their lives unremarkable. But occasionally they exemplify the link
between genius and madness; these 'eccentrics' are more enticing biographees. 125.
There seems, gratifyingly, to be no single 'formula' for science writing - many themes are still under-exploited.
Turning out even 700 words seems a daunting task if you're faced with a clean sheet of paper or a blank screen,
but less so if you have done enough reading and interviewing on a subject to become inspired. For research
students who enter the competition, science (and how you do it) is probably more interesting than personal
autobiography. But if, in later life, you become both brilliant and crazy, you can hope that someone else writes a best-seller about you.
A. However, over-sensational claims are a hazard for them. Some researchers themselves 'hype up' new
discoveries to attract press interest. Maybe it matters little what people believe about Darwinism or cosmology.
But we should be more concerned that misleading or over-confident claims on any topic of practical import
don't gain wide currency. Hopes of miracle cures can be raised; risks can be either exaggerated, or else glossed
over for commercial pressures. Science popularisers perhaps even those who enter this competition - have to be
as sceptical of some scientific claims as journalists routinely are of politicians.
B. Despite this there's a tendency in recent science waiting to be chatty, laced with gossip and biographical
detail. But are scientists as interesting as their science? The lives of Albert Einstein and Richard Feyman are of
interest, but is that true of the routine practitioner?
C. Two mathematicians have been treated as such in recent books: Paul Erdos, the obsessive itinerant
Hungarian (who described himself as 'a machine for turning coffee into theorems') and John Nash, a pioneer of
game theory, who resurfaced in his sixties, after 30 years of insanity, to receive a Nobel prize.
D. For example, the American physicist Robert Wilson spent months carrying out meticulous measurements
with a microwave antenna which eventually revealed the 'afterglow of creation' - the 'echo' of the Big Bang with
which our universe began. Wilson was one of the rare scientists with the luck and talent to make a really great
discovery, but afterwards he acknowledged that its importance didn't sink in until he read a 'popular' description of it in the New York Times.
E. More surprising was the commercial success of Sir Roger Penrose's The Emperor's New Mind. This is a
fascinating romp through Penrose's eclectic enthusiasms - enjoyable and enlightening. But it was a surprising
best seller, as much of it is heavy going. The sates pitch 'great scientist says mind is more than a mere machine'
was plainly alluring. Many who bought it must have got a nasty surprise when they opened it.
F. But if they have judged right, it won't be a trivial problem - indeed it will be the most difficult that they are
likely to make progress on. The great zoologist Sir Peter Medawar famously described scientific work as 'the art
of the soluble'. 'Scientists,' he wrote, 'get no credit for failing to solve a problem beyond their capacities. They
earn at best the kindly contempt reserved for utopian politicians.'
G. This may be because, for non-specialists, it is tricky to demarcate well-based ideas from flaky speculation.
But its crucially important not to blur this distinction when writing articles for a general readership. Otherwise
credulous readers may take too much on trust, whereas hard-nosed skeptics may reject all scientific claims,
without appreciating that some have firm empirical support.
H. Such a possibility is one reason why this competition to encourage young people to take up science writing
is so important and why I am helping to launch it today. Another is that popular science writing can address
wider issues. When I give talks about astronomy and cosmology, the questions that interest people most are the
truly `fundamental' ones that I can't answer: 'Is there life in space?', Is the universe infinite?' or 'Why didn't the Big Bang happen sooner?'
Part 3. For questions 96-108, read the following passage and do the tasks that follow. Wheel of Fortune
Emma Duncan discusses the potential effects on the entertainment industry of the digital revolution
A Since moving pictures were invented a century ago, a new way of distributing entertainment to consumers
has emerged about once every generation. Each such innovation has changed the industry irreversibly; each has
been accompanied by a period of fear mixed with exhilaration. The arrival of digital technology, which
translates music, pictures and text into the zeros and ones of computer language, marks one of those periods.
B This may sound familiar, because the digital revolution, and the explosion of choice that would go with it, has
been heralded for some time. In 1992, John Malone, chief executive of TO, an American cable giant, welcomed
the '500-channel universe'. Digital television was about to deliver everything except pizzas to people's living
rooms. When the entertainment companies tried out the technology, it worked fine — but not at a price that people were prepared to pay.
C Those 500 channels eventually arrived but via the Internet and the PC rather than through television. The
digital revolution was starting to affect the entertainment business in unexpected ways. Eventually it will
change every aspect of it, from the way cartoons are made to the way films are screened to the way people buy
music. That much is clear. What nobody is sure of is how it will affect the economics of the business.
D New technologies always contain within them both threats and opportunities. They have the potential both to
make the companies in the business a great deal richer, and to sweep them away. Old companies always fear
new technology. Hollywood was hostile to television, television terrified by the VCR. Go back far enough,
points out Hal Varian, an economist at the University of California at Berkeley, and you find publishers
complaining that 'circulating libraries' would cannibalise their sales. Yet whenever a new technology has come
in, it has made more money for existing entertainment companies. The proliferation of the means of distribution
results, gratifyingly, in the proliferation of dollars, pounds, pesetas and the rest to pay for it.
E All the same, there is something in the old companies' fears. New technologies may not threaten their lives,
but they usually change their role. Once television became widespread, film and radio stopped being the staple
form of entertainment. Cable television has undermined the power of the broadcasters. And as power has shifted
the movie studios, the radio companies and the television broadcasters have been swallowed up. These days, the
grand old names of entertainment have more resonance than power. Paramount is part of Viacom, a cable
company; Universal, part of Seagram, a drinks-and-entertainment company; MGM, once the roaring lion of
Hollywood, has been reduced to a whisper because it is not part of one of the giants. And RCA, once the most
important broadcasting company in the world, is now a recording label belonging to Bertelsmann, a large German entertainment company.
F Part of the reason why incumbents got pushed aside was that they did not see what was coming. But they also
faced a tighter regulatory environment than the present one. In America, laws preventing television broadcasters
from owning programme companies were repealed earlier this decade, allowing the creation of vertically
integrated businesses. Greater freedom, combined with a sense of history, prompted the smarter companies in
the entertainment business to re-invent themselves. They saw what happened to those of their predecessors who
were stuck with one form of distribution. So, these days, the powers in the entertainment business are no longer
movie studios, or television broadcasters, or publishers; all those businesses have become part of bigger
businesses still, companies that can both create content and distribute it in a range of different ways.
G Out of all this, seven huge entertainment companies have emerged —Time Warner, Walt Disney,
Bertelsmann, Viacom, News Corp, Seagram and Sony. They cover pretty well every bit of the entertainment
business except pornography. Three are American, one is Australian, one Canadian, one German and one
Japanese. 'What you are seeing', says Christopher Dixon, managing director of media research at PaineWebber,
a stockbroker, 'is the creation of a global oligopoly. It happened to the oil and automotive businesses earlier this
century; now it is happening to the entertainment business.' It remains to be seen whether the latest technology
will weaken those great companies, or make them stronger than ever.
Questions 96-103: Which paragraph mentions the following? Write your answers in the corresponding numbered box provided.
96. the contrasting effects that new technology can have on existing business
97. the fact that a total transformation is going to take place in the future in the delivery of all forms of entertainment
98. the confused feelings that people are known to have experienced in response to technological innovation
99. the fact that some companies have learnt from the mistakes of others
100. the high cost to the consumer of new ways of distributing entertainment
101. uncertainty regarding the financial impact of wider media access
102. the fact that some companies were the victims of strict government policy
103. the fact that the digital revolution could undermine the giant entertainment companies Your answers 96. 97. 98. 99. 100. 101. 102. 103.
Questions 104-107:
The writer refers to various individuals and companies in the reading passage. Match the people or
companies (A-E) with the points made in Questions 104-107 about the introduction of new technology. Write
your answer in the corresponding box. A. John Malone B. Hal Valarian C. MGM D. Walt Disney E. Christopher Dixon
104. Historically, new forms of distributing entertainment have alarmed those well-established in the business.
105. The merger of entertainment companies follows a pattern evident in other industries.
106. Major entertainment bodies that have remained independent have lost their influence.
107. News of the most recent technological development was published some years ago.
Questions 108: Choose the appropriate letters A—D and write them in the corresponding numbered box provided.
108. Which of the following best summarises the writer's views in the passage?
A. The public should cease resisting the introduction of new technology.
B. Digital technology will increase profits in the entertainment business.
C. Entertainment companies should adapt to technological innovation.
D. Technological change only benefits big entertainment companies. Your answers 104. 105. 106. 107. 108.
Part 4. For questions 109-118, read the following passage and choose the answer A, B, C or D that fits best
according to the text. Write your answers in the corresponding numbered boxes provided.
The garden city was largely the invention of the British social visionary Ebenezer Howard (1850-1928). After
emigrating to the USA, and an unsuccessful attempt to make a living as a farmer, he moved to Chicago, where
he saw the reconstruction of the city after the disastrous fire of 1871. In those pre-skyscraper days, it was
nicknamed 'the Garden City', almost certainly the source of Howard's name for his proposed towns. Returning
to London, Howard developed his concept in the 1880s and 1890s, drawing on notions that were circulating at
the time, but creating a unique combination of proposals.
The nineteenth-century slum city was in many ways an horrific place; but it offered economic and social
opportunities, lights and crowds. At the same time, the British countryside - now too often seen in a sentimental
glow - was in fact equally unprepossessing: though it promised fresh air and nature, it suffered from
agricultural depression and it offered neither sufficient work and wages, nor adequate social life. Howard's idea
was to combine the best of town and country in a new kind of settlement, the garden city.
Howard's idea was that a group of people should establish a company, borrowing money to establish a garden
city in the countryside, far enough from existing cities to ensure that the land was bought at rock-bottom,
depressed-agricultural, land values. They should get agreement from leading industrialists to move their
factories there from the congested cities; their workers would move too, and would build their own houses.
Garden cities would follow the same basic blueprint, with a high proportion of green spaces, together with a
central public open space, radial avenues, and peripheral industries. They would be surrounded by a much
larger area of permanent green belt, also owned by the company, containing not merely farms, but institutions
like reformatories and convalescent homes, that could benefit from a rural location.
As more and more people moved out, the garden city would reach its planned limit - Howard suggested 32,000
people; then, another would be started a short distance away. Thus, over time, there would develop a vast
planned agglomeration, extending almost without limit; within it, each garden city would offer a wide range of
jobs and services, but each would also be connected to the others by a rapid transit system, thus giving all the
economic and social opportunities of a giant city.
109. Which best serves as the title for the passage?
A. The Invention of the Garden City B. Garden Cities – Why Not?
C. The Garden City Land Structure D. Garden City Movement
110. Howard's concept of garden cities was influenced by __________
A. the style in which Chicago was rebuilt. B. other people's ideas.
C. his observations of rural life. D. the life he had led.
111. The word “unprepossessing” in paragraph 2 is closest in meaning to __________. A. unattractive B. disappointing C. demanding D. promising
112. What does the writer claim about nineteenth century life?
A. Agriculture offered more work than cities did.
B. Or balance, urban life was easier than rural life.
C. Our view of rural life is more positive than the reality.
D. Too many people moved from the countryside to cities.
113. Howard proposed that garden cities should be located __________
A. where employment opportunities already existed.
B. in areas where people wished to live.
C. as far as possible from existing cities.
D. where cheap land was available.
114. Garden cities were planned __________
A. to integrate institutions within the city area.
B. to keep industrial activity to a minimum.
C. to be similar to each other in layout.
D. to provide buildings for public gatherings.
115. The word “They” in paragraph 4 refers to __________ A. garden cities B. green spaces C. avenues D. industries
116. What is said about garden cities in the last paragraph?
A. Each one would contain a certain type of business.
B. The number would continue to rise.
C. Residents would live and work in the same place.
D. Each one would continue to expand.
117. The word “agglomeration” in the last paragraph is closest in meaning to __________. A. unit B. centre C. cluster D. castle
118. Which of the following can be inferred from the passage?
A. The movement initiated by Howard influenced the development of several model suburbs in other countries.
B. Howard aimed to reduce the alienation of humans and society from nature.
C. Howard arrived to Chicago just before the great fire of 1871, which heavily destroyed the city.
D. Howard decided to emigrate to the USA after farming efforts in his homeland failed. Your answers 109. 110. 111. 112. 113. 114. 115. 116. 117. 118.
Part 5. In the passage below, seven paragraphs have been removed. For questions 119-125, read the passage
and choose from the paragraphs A-H the one which fits each gap. There is ONE extra paragraph which you
do not need to use. Write your answers in the corresponding numbered box provided. WELCOME TO ECO-CITY
The world has quietly undergone a major shift in balance. According to UN estimates, 2008 marked the first
year in history when more than half of the world's population lived in cities. There are now around 3.4bn human
beings stuffed into every available corner of urban space, and more are set to follow. At a time when humanity
has woken up to its responsibility to the environment, the continuing urban swell presents an immense
challenge. In response, cities all over the world are setting themselves high targets to reduce carbon emissions
and produce clean energy. But if they don't succeed, there is another option: building new eco-cities entirely from scratch. 119.
`Rather than just design a city in the same way we'd done it before, we can focus on how to minimise the use of
resources to show that there is a different way of doing it', says Roger Wood, associate director at Arup. Wood
is one of hundreds of people at Arup, the engineering and architecture giant, hired by Shanghai Industrial
Investment Corporation to set out a master plan for the Dongtan eco-city. 120.
When the first demonstrator phase is complete, Dongtan will be a modest community of 5000. By 2020, that
will balloon to 80,000 and in 2050, the 30km2 site will be home to 500,000. Arup says that every one of those
people will be no more than seven minutes' walk from public transport. Only electric vehicles will be allowed in
the city and residents will be discouraged from using even those because each village is planned so that the need
for motorised transport is minimal. 121.
That's a big cornerstone of Arup's design for Dongtan. The aim is that the city will require 66 percent less
energy than a conventional development, with wind turbines and solar panels complementing some 40 percent
that comes from biological sources. These include human sewage and municipal waste, both of which will be
controlled for energy recovery and composting. Meanwhile, a combined heat and power plant will burn waste rice husks. 122.
Work on Dongtan had been scheduled to begin in late 2008 with the first demonstration phase completed by
2010. Unfortunately, problems resulting from the complicated planning procedures in China have led to
setbacks. Dongtan's rival project in Abu Dhabi has suffered no such hold-ups. Engineers broke ground on the
Masdar eco-city in March 2008. Although it will take a different approach in terms of design, like Dongtan, the
city is planned to be a zero-carbon, uber-efficient showcase for sustainable living. 123.
In the blistering desert of the Gulf state, where it's almost too hot to venture outdoors for three or four months of
the year, the big question for Masdar is how to keep cool without turning on the air-conditioning. In this
equation, insulation and ventilation suddenly become more important than the performance of solar panels. To
maximise shade, I the city's streets are packed closely together, with limits of four or five storeys set on the height of most buildings. 124.
The other major design feature for Masdar is that the whole city is raised on a deck. The pedestrian level will be
free of vehicles and much of the noisy maintenance that you see in modern cities. Cars are banned from Masdar
entirely, while an underground network of `podcars' ferries people around the city. 125.
Given that this concern is legitimate, developers of both cities would do well to incorporate both a range of
housing and jobs to make them inclusive to everyone. This will be difficult, obviously, but then just about
everything is difficult when you're completely reinventing the way we build and live in a metropolis. And
supposing these sustainable and super-efficient cities are successful, could they even usher in a new world order?
A. The city will be built on a corner of Chongming Island in the mouth of the Yangtze River. It will be made
up of three interlinked, mixed-use villages, built one after the other. Each will combine homes, businesses and
recreation, and a bridge and tunnel link will connect the population with Shanghai on the mainland.
B. The skin of each building will be crucial. Thick concrete would only soak up heat and release it slowly, so
instead engineers will use thin walls that react quickly to the sun. A thin metal layer on the outside will help to
reflect heat and stop it from penetrating the building. Density is also critical for Masdar. The city is arranged in
a definite square with a walled border. Beyond this perimeter, fields of solar panels, a wind farm and a
desalination plant will provide clean energy and water, and act as a barrier to prevent further sprawl.
C. 'If you plan your development so people can live, work and shop very locally, you can quite significantly
reduce the amount of energy that's being used', Wood says. `Then, not only have you made the situation easier
because you've reduced the energy demand, but it also means that producing it from renewable sources becomes
easier because you don't have to produce quite as much'.
D. Arup's integrated, holistic approach to city planning goes further still. Leftover heat from the power plant
will be channelled to homes and businesses. Buildings can be made of thinner materials because the electric
cars on the road will be quiet, so there's less noise to drown out. Dongtan will initially see an 83 per cent
reduction in waste sent to landfill compared to other cities, with the aim to reduce that to nothing over time.
And more than 60 per cent of the whole site will be parks and farmland, where food is grown to feed the population.
E. Developers at Masdar and Dongtan are adamant that each city will be somewhere that people want to live.
Critics do not question this but they do, nevertheless, wonder if these cities will be realistic places for people on
a low income. They say that it would be easy for places like these to become a St Tropez or a Hamptons, where only rich people live.
F. Funded by a 12bn (euro) investment from the government in Abu Dhabi, it has not passed the attention of
many observers that Masdar is being built by one of the world's largest and most profitable producers of oil.
Even so, under the guidance of architects as Foster and Partners, the city is just as ambitious as its Chinese
counterpart and also hinges on being able to run on low power.
G. Since cars and other petrol-based vehicles are banned from the city, occupants will share a network of
‘podcars' to get around. The 'personal rapid transit system' will comprise 2500 driverless, electric vehicles that
make 150,000 trips a day by following sensors along a track beneath the pedestrian deck. Up to six passengers
will ride in each pod: they just hop in at one of 83 stations around the city and tap in their destination.
H. Incredibly, this is already happening. Two rival developments, one in China and one in the United Arab
Emirates, are progressing in tandem. Work on Masdar, 17km from Abu Dhabi, began in 2008, while Dongtan,
near Shanghai, will eventually be home to half a million people. The aim for both is to build sustainable, zero-
carbon communities that showcase green technology and demonstrate what smart urban planning can achieve in the 21st century.
Part 3. For questions 96-108, read the following passage and do the tasks that follow.
What do we mean by being 'talented' or `gifted'? The most obvious way is to look at the work someone does and
if they are capable of significant success, label them as talented. The purely quantitative route —`percentage
definition' — looks not at individuals, but at simple percentages, such as the top five per cent of the population,
and labels them — by definition — as gifted. This definition has fallen from favor, eclipsed by the advent of IQ
tests, favored by luminaries such as Professor Hans Eysenck, where a series of written or verbal tests of general
intelligence leads to a score of intelligence.
The IQ test has been eclipsed in turn. Most people studying intelligence and creativity in the new millennium
now prefer a broader definition, using a multifaceted approach where talents in many areas are recognised
rather than purely concentrating on academic achievement. If we are therefore assuming that talented, creative
or gifted individuals may need to be assessed across a range of abilities, does this mean intelligence can run in
families as a genetic or inherited tendency? Mental dysfunction — such as schizophrenia — can, so is an
efficient mental capacity passed on from parent to child?
Animal experiments throw some light on this question, and on the whole area of whether it is genetics, the
environment or a combination of the two that allows for intelligence and creative ability. Different strains of
rats show great differences in intelligence or 'rat reasoning'. If these are brought up in normal conditions and
then run through a maze to reach a food goal, the 'bright' strain make far fewer wrong turns that the 'dull' ones.
But if the environment is made dull and boring the number of errors becomes equal. Return the rats to an
exciting maze and the discrepancy returns as before — but is much smaller. In other words, a dull rat in 'a
stimulating environment will almost do as well as a bright rat who is bored in a normal one. This principle
applies to humans too — someone may be born with innate intelligence, but their environment probably has the
final say over whether they become creative or even a genius.
Evidence now exists that most young children, if given enough opportunities and encouragement, are able to
achieve significant and sustainable levels of academic or sporting prowess. Bright or creative children are often
physically very active at the same time, and so may receive more parental attention as a result — almost by
default — in order to ensure their safety. They may also talk earlier, and this, in turn, breeds parental interest.
This can sometimes cause problems with other siblings who may feel jealous even though they themselves may
be bright. Their creative talents may be undervalued and so never come to fruition. Two themes seem to run
through famously creative families as a result. The first is that the parents were able to identify the talents of
each child, and nurture and encourage these accordingly but in an even-handed manner. Individual differences
were encouraged, and friendly sibling rivalry was not seen as a particular problem. If the father is, say, a famous
actor, there is no undue pressure for his children to follow him onto the boards, but instead their chosen interests
are encouraged. There need not even by any obvious talent in such a family since there always needs to be
someone who sets the family career in motion, as in the case of the Sheen acting dynasty.
Martin Sheen was the seventh of ten children born to a Spanish immigrant father and an Irish mother. Despite
intense parental disapproval he turned his back on entrance exams to university and borrowed cash from a local
priest to start a fledgling acting career. His acting successes in films such as Badlands and Apocalypse Now
made him one of the most highly-regarded actors of the 1970s. Three sons — Emilio Estevez, Ramon Estevez
and Charlie Sheen — have followed him into the profession as a consequence of being inspired by his motivation and enthusiasm.
A stream seems to run through creative families. Such children are not necessarily smothered with love by their
parents. They feel loved and wanted, and are secure in their home, but are often more surrounded by an
atmosphere of work and where following a calling appears to be important. They may see from their parents
that it takes time and dedication to be master of a craft, and so are in less of a hurry to achieve for themselves once they start to work.
The generation of creativity is complex: it is a mixture of genetics, the environment, parental teaching and luck
that determines how successful or talented family members are. This last point —luck — is often not mentioned
where talent is concerned but plays an undoubted part. Mozart, considered by many to be the finest composer of
all time, was lucky to be living in an age that encouraged the writing of music. He was brought up surrounded
by it, his father was a musician who encouraged him to the point of giving up his job to promote his child
genius, and he learnt musical composition with frightening speed — the speed of a genius. Mozart himself
simply wanted to create the finest music ever written but did not necessarily view himself as a genius — he
could write sublime music at will, and so often preferred to lead a hedonistic lifestyle that he found more
exciting than writing music to order.
Albert Einstein and Bill Gates are two more examples of people whose talents have blossomed by virtue of the
times they were living in. Einstein was a solitary, somewhat slow child who had affection at home but whose
phenomenal intelligence emerged without any obvious parental input. This may have been partly due to the fact
that at the start of the 20th Century a lot of the Newtonian laws of physics were being questioned, leaving a
fertile ground for ideas such as his to be developed. Bill Gates may have had the creative vision to develop
Microsoft, but without the new computer age dawning at the same time he may never have achieved the
position on the world stage he now occupies.
Questions 96-97: Complete the notes, which show how the approaches to defining 'talent' have changed.
Choose ONE or TWO WORDS from the passage for each answer. Write your answers in the corresponding numbered box provided. ‘percentage definition’ 96_________________ 97__________________ Your answers 96. 97.
Questions 98-100: Which THREE of the following does the writer regard as a feature of creative families?
Write your answers in the corresponding numbered box provided.
A. a higher than average level of parental affection
B. competition between brothers and sisters
C. parents who demonstrate vocational commitment
D. strong motivation to take exams and attend university
E. a patient approach to achieving success
F. the identification of the most talented child in the family Your answers 98. 99. 100.
Questions 101-102: Choose the appropriate letters A—D and write your answers in the corresponding numbered box provided.
101. The rat experiment was conducted to show that
A. certain species of rat are more intelligent than others.
B. intelligent rats are more motivated than 'dull' rats.
C. a rat's surroundings can influence its behavior.
D. a boring environment has little impact on a 'bright' rat.
102. The writer cites the story of Martin Sheen to show that
A. he was the first in a creative line.
B. his parents did not have his creative flair.
C. he became an actor without proper training.
D. his sons were able to benefit from his talents. Your answers 101. 102.
Questions 103-107: Do the following statements agree with the claims of the writer in the passage? Write
your answers in the corresponding numbered box provided.
YES if the statement agrees with the writer's claims
NO if the statement contradicts the writer's claims
NOT GIVEN if it is impossible to say what the writer thinks about this
103. Intelligence tests have now been proved to be unreliable.
104. The brother or sister of a gifted older child may fail to fulfil their own potential.
105. The importance of luck in the genius equation tends to be ignored.
106. Mozart was acutely aware of his own remarkable talent.
107. Einstein and Gates would have achieved success in any era.
Question 108: From the list below choose the most suitable title for the whole of the passage. Write your
answers in the corresponding numbered box provided. A. Geniuses in their time B. Education for the gifted
C. Revising the definition of intelligence
D. Nurturing talent within the family Your answers 103. 104. 105. 106. 107. 108.
Part 4. For questions 109-118, read the following passage and choose the answer A, B, C or D that fits best
according to the text. Write your answers in the corresponding numbered boxes provided. THE RECYCLED ORCHESTRA
There is a village called Cateura in poverty-stricken Latin America that has to be seen to be believed: it is a
slum built on a landfill. People here live on garbage and from garbage. Tons of rotting debris are dumped
here daily, and the villagers swarm around the garbage trucks, picking over the pieces that provide them with
their livelihood. They are definitely the poorest of the region, yet they are a passionate people with strong
family bonds and friendships. Cateura is the setting of one of the most amazing examples of how love and
creativity can triumph over poverty.
It all started a few years ago, when one of the garbage pickers, known as “Cola”, joined forces with a local
musician, Favio, to start making instruments for the children of the slum. Cola grew up close to Cateura and
started working as a builder at the age of 7, when his father died. [A] After 3 decades of hard labour in
construction, he considered himself fortunate to become a trash collector, due to the steady daily income it
provides. As he puts it, “There will always be garbage, which means I will always have a job.” Cola proved to
be an untutored genius, creating violins and cellos from oil cans, flutes from water pipes, and guitars from
packing crates. The children and their parents were thrilled and eventually one of the most unusual orchestras
was formed. [B] Called the “Recycled Orchestra”, the musicians use instruments that are made entirely out of trash.
Favio’s initial aim was simply to offer music lessons in order to keep the children out of the landfill and away
from drugs or illegal activities. Never in his wildest dreams could he have imagined the dedication and support
his endeavours would receive. Parents were thrilled that their children were being kept out of trouble and soon
there were more and more children wanting to take his music lessons. The problem was the lack of instruments;
in Cateura, a violin can cost more than a house. This is where Cola came into the picture. Having experimented
for months with instrument building, he ultimately fashioned instruments that sounded superior to the “real
instruments” that the state had donated to his cause.
For many years, the Recycled Orchestra was unheard of, until producer Alejandra Nash reached out to
filmmaker Juliana Penaranda-Loftus to work on a documentary about the underserved children of Paraguay.
Together they started an extensive research process during which they travelled to Paraguay to interview
different leads, among them the Minister of Education of Paraguay, community leaders, school principals, and
children from low-income families. Through their research, Alejandra and Juliana discovered the Recycled
Orchestra. A year later, the two of them returned to Paraguay to begin filming a documentary about the
musicians. With this preliminary footage, they launched a successful social media campaign that, in just over
seven months, brought over 160,000 Facebook friends to the project, and had over 3 million views when their
promotional video was released. This campaign also brought the attention of media and sponsors from all over
the world. Without the latter, Alejandra and Juliana’s project would never have been completed. [C]
For the founders and members of this amazing troupe, this publicity is a golden opportunity to bring attention to
the issues of poverty, pollution and the hopeless predicament of so many children. [D] As Favio says, “People
realize we shouldn’t throw away trash so carelessly. Well, we shouldn’t throw away people either.”
109: What is the author trying to express with the sentence 'People here live on garbage and from garbage' in paragraph 1?
A. that the amount of garbage in the landfill is steadily increasing
B. that it is impossible for the villagers to leave the landfill
C. that garbage is an indispensable part of the villagers’ lives
D. that the villagers are becoming fed up with the garbage
110: How does the first paragraph describe Cateura?
A. as a village with the potential to become wealthy
B. as a village with many contradictions
C. as a village whose residents have lost hope
D. as a typical Latin American village
111: What does Cola appreciate about his job as a trash collector?
A. collaborating with others while collecting trash
B. the potential of attaining a higher position
C. the flexibility it offers him D. the stability it provides
112: What does the author mean by the phrase 'untutored genius' in paragraph 2?
A. that Cola’s skills are underestimated
B. that Cola is being taken advantage of
C. that Cola’s musical abilities are unique
D. that Cola’s talent is innate
113: Why did Favio start giving music lessons to the children from the village?
A. He wanted to find better uses for garbage.
B. He hoped to draw the media's attention to their situation.
C. He was concerned about their welfare.
D. He thought this could improve his skills in music.
114: What is said about Cola 's instruments?
A. The children’s parents helped construct them.
B. They are the result of trial and error. C. They were unaffordable.
D. The government is giving them out to children in other areas.
115: What was the original purpose of the filmmakers who came to Paraguay?
A. to try to convince politicians to take action
B. to highlight the difficulties that local children face
C. to draw publicity to the Recycled Orchestra
D. to occupy the country 's youth in a creative way
116: What has the most important accomplishment of the filmmakers been so far?
A. getting social media sites to promote their cause
B. finding financial resources to fund their project
C. making an award-winning documentary
D. encouraging young people to play an instrument
117: Where would the following sentence best fit into the passage?
“Since then, they have formed strong bonds with the orchestra and continue to follow their progress.” A. [A] B. [B] C. [C] D. [D]
“They” refer to Alejandra and Juliana.
118: What feeling is the author trying to evoke in this article?
A. a desire to visit poverty-stricken villages in Latin America
B. awe of the hidden musical talent that many people have
C. admiration for the undefeatable spirit of some children
D. pity for the plight of children living in slums Your answers 109. 110. 111. 112. 113. 114. 115. 116. 117. 118.
Part 5. In the passage below, seven paragraphs have been removed. For questions 119-125, read the passage
and choose from the paragraphs A-H the one which fits each gap. There is ONE extra paragraph which you
do not need to use. Write your answers in the corresponding numbered box provided.
The Rise of Silicon Valley
On January 11, 1971, an article was published in the trade newspaper Electronic News about the companies
involved in the semiconductor and computer industries in Santa Clara Valley at the southern end of San
Francisco Bay Area in California, USA. The article was entitled 'Silicon Valley USA', a reference to the fact
that silicon is the most important substance used in commercial semiconductors and their applications. The
name stuck, and in light of the commercial success of the companies there, 'Silicon Valley' is now used as a
metonym for the high-tech sector. 119.
One such new business was the one founded by two graduates of the nearby Stanford University called Bill
Hewlett and David Packard. In 1938 the pair had $538, and along with Dave's wife Lucile, decided to rent a
property at 367 Addison Avenue, Palo Alto. For $45 a month they got a ground floor apartment for Dave and
Lucile, a garden shed where Bill slept, and a garage from which to run the business, a garage which has more
recently been dubbed 'The birthplace of Silicon Valley'. 120.
As time passed, the 200A was improved and developed, resulting in the 200B. Eight of these improved
oscillators were bought by The Walt Disney Company, for use in testing and certifying the Fantasound
surround-sound systems installed in cinemas for the 1940 movie Fantasia. Success was beginning to come. 121.
Although they are often considered to be the symbolic founders of Silicon Valley, they did not deal in
semiconductor devices until the 1960s. From then onwards, the semiconductor devices they made were mostly
intended for internal use, for such products as measuring instruments and calculators. Today, however, Hewlett-
Packard is the largest manufacturer of personal computers in the world. 122.
Terman also had a more direct influence through his role at Stanford University. The University had been
established in 1891 in the north-western part of the Santa Clara Valley, and from the start, its leaders aimed to
support the local region. The result was that the University played an important part in establishing and
developing local businesses, and indeed its alumni went on to found some major companies, not just Hewlett-
Packard, but such household names as Yahoo! and Google. 123.
Terman's proposal was taken up by Stanford University, and in 1951 Stanford Industrial Park was created. The
first tenant in the Park was Varian Associates, founded by Stanford alumni in the 1930s to make components
for military radars. Hewlett-Packard moved in two years later. The Park still flourishes to this day, although it is
now known as Stanford Research Park. Current tenants include Eastman Kodak, General Electric and Lockheed Corporation. 124.
The 1950s were also a time of great development in electronics technology. Most importantly, the development
of the transistor continued. Research scientist William Shockley moved to the Santa Clara Valley region in
1956, when he formed Shockley Semiconductor Laboratory. There his research team started constructing
semiconductors from silicon, rather than germanium, as did most other researchers. The silicon transistors
proved to perform much better, and started to be used in radios and the early computers. 125.
Since the 1970s, however, the most important developments pioneered in Silicon Valley have been in software
and Internet services rather than hardware. So even though Hewlett-Packard remains the largest producers of
computers in the world, the future of Silicon Valley might well lie elsewhere.
A. Throughout their early years, Hewlett and Packard were mentored by one of their university professors,
Frederick Terman. Terman was Stanford University's dean of engineering and provost during the 1940s and
1950s, and had a positive influence on many of the successful companies in Silicon Valley. Indeed, his
influence was such that he has been dubbed 'the father of Silicon Valley'. Terman encouraged his students to
form their own companies and personally invested in many of them, and in this way nurtured many highly
successful companies, including not just Hewlett-Packard, but others such as Varian Associates and Litton Industries.
B. Hewlett-Packard was arguably the first company to offer a mass-produced personal computer, namely the
9100A. For marketing reasons, however, the 9100A was sold as a 'desktop calculator'. It simply did not
resemble what was then considered a 'computer', namely the large machines being sold by IBM. The 9100A
fitted comfortably on a desk, and possessed a small screen and a keyboard. In fact, it was more like an oversized
and over-expensive precursor of a pocket calculator than a modern PC, since its keyboard lacked letter keys.
C. Following the end of the Second World War in 1945, universities in the United States were experiencing
enormous enrolment demands from the returning military personnel. Terman proposed launching a scheme
which would kill two birds with one stone. The idea was to lease out land owned by Stanford University to
high-technology companies for their offices. This scheme would firstly finance the University's growth
requirements and thereby facilitate a larger student intake, and secondly provide local employment
opportunities for graduating students.
D. The beginnings of Silicon Valley can be traced back to the early twentieth century. At that time, Santa Clara
Valley was known for its orchards which flourished in California's balmy climate. There were nevertheless a
number of experimenters and innovators in such fields as radio, television and military electronics, and several
people were trying to take advantage of any business opportunities that might arise.
E. It was also in Silicon Valley that other revolutionary electronic components were developed. The silicon-
based integrated circuit, the microprocessor and the microcomputer were all invented by companies there, as
well as such electronic devices as the mouse and the ink-jet printer. Indeed, Silicon Valley has been the world's
most important site of electronic innovation over the past 50 years.
F. In those early years, Hewlett-Packard was a company without a focused direction. They made a whole range
of electronic products, with diverse customers in industry and agriculture. In the 1940s, their principal products
were test equipment, including such devices as voltmeters, oscilloscopes and thermometers. They aimed to
provide better quality products than their competitors, and made a big effort to make their products more
sensitive and accurate than their rivals.
G. Another bond between the University and the local high-technology businesses was established in 1954,
with the creation of the Honors Cooperative Program. This programme allowed employees of the businesses to
pursue part-time graduate degrees at the University whilst continuing to work full-time in their jobs. In this
way, key workers in the electronics industry were able to hone their skills and knowledge, creating the
foundation for the development of Silicon Valley.
H. Of the many products Hewlett and Packard worked on, the first financially successful one was a precision
audio oscillator, a device for testing sound equipment. This product, the 200A, featured the innovative use of a
small light bulb as a temperature-dependent resistor in a critical section of the circuit, which allowed them to
sell it for $54.40, only a quarter of the price of their competitors' audio oscillators.
Part 3. For questions 96-108, read the following passage and do the tasks that follow. SAVING LANGUAGE
For the first time, linguists have put a price on language. To save a language from extinction isn't cheap — but
more and more people are arguing that the alternative is the death of communities.
There is nothing unusual about a single language dying. Communities have come and gone throughout history
and with them their language. But what is happening today is extraordinary, judged by the standards of the past.
It is language extinction on a massive scale. According to the best estimates, there are some 6,000 languages in
the world. Of these, about half are going to die out in the course of the next century: that's 3,000 languages in
1,200 months. On average, there is a language dying out somewhere in the world every two weeks or so.
How do we know? In the course of the past two or three decades, linguists all over the world have been
gathering comparative data. If they find a language with just a few speakers left, and nobody is bothering to
pass the language on to the children, they conclude that language is bound to die out soon. And we have to draw
the same conclusion if a language has less than 100 speakers. It is not likely to last very long. A 1999 survey
shows that 97 percent of the world's languages are spoken by just four percent of the people.
It is too late to do anything to help many languages, where the speakers are too few or too old, and where the
community is too busy just trying to survive to care about their language. But many languages are not in such a
serious position. Often, where languages are seriously endangered, there are things that can be done to give new
life to them. It is called revitalization. Once a community realizes that its language is in danger, it can start to
introduce measures which can genuinely revitalize. The community itself must want to save its language. The
culture of which it is a part must need to have a respect for minority languages. There needs to be funding, to
support courses, materials, and teachers. And there need to be linguists, to get on with the basic task of putting
the language down on paper. That's the bottom line: getting the language documented —recorded, analyzed,
written down. People must be able to read and write if they and their language are to have a future in an
increasingly computer-literate civilization.
But can we save a few thousand languages, just like that? Yes, if the will and funding were available. It is not
cheap, getting linguists into the field, training local analysts, supporting the community with language resources
and teachers, compiling grammars and dictionaries, writing materials for use in schools. It takes time, lots of it,
to revitalize an endangered language. Conditions vary so much that it is difficult to generalize, but a figure of
$100,000 a year per language cannot be far from the truth. If we devoted that amount of effort over three years
for each of 3,000 languages, we would be talking about some $900 million.
There are some famous cases which illustrate what can be done. Welsh, alone among the Celtic languages, is
not only stopping its steady decline towards extinction but showing signs of real growth. Two Language Acts
protect the status of Welsh now, and its presence is increasingly in evidence wherever you travel in Wales.
On the other side of the world, Maori in New Zealand has been maintained by a system of so-called 'language
nests', first introduced in 1982. These are organizations which provide children under five with a domestic
setting in which they are intensively exposed to the language. The staff are all Maori speakers from the local
community. The hope is that the children will keep their Maori skills alive after leaving the nests and that as
they grow older they will in turn become role models to a new generation of young children. There are cases
like this all over the world. And when the reviving language is associated with a degree of political autonomy,
the growth can be especially striking, as shown by Faroese, spoken in the Faroe Islands, after the islanders
received a measure of autonomy from Denmark.
In Switzerland, Romansch was facing a difficult situation, spoken in five very different dialects, with small and
diminishing numbers, as young people left their community for work in the German-speaking cities. The
solution here was the creation in the 1980s of a unified written language for all these dialects. Romansch
Grischun, as it is now called, has official status in parts of Switzerland, and is being increasingly used in spoken form on radio and television.
A language can be brought back from the very brink of extinction. The Ainu language of Japan, after many
years of neglect and repression, had reached a stage where there were only eight fluent speakers left, all elderly.
However, new government policies brought fresh attitudes and a positive interest in survival. Several 'semi-
speakers' — people who had become unwilling to speak Ainu because of the negative attitudes of Japanese
speakers — were prompted to become active speakers again. There is fresh interest now and the language is
more publicly available than it has been for years.
If good descriptions and materials are available, even extinct languages can be resurrected. Kaurna, from South
Australia, is an example. This language had been extinct for about a century but had been quite well
documented. So, when a strong movement grew for its revival, it was possible to reconstruct it. The revised
language is not the same as the original, of course. It lacks the range that the original had, and much of the old
vocabulary. But it can nonetheless act as a badge of present-day identity for its people. And as long as people
continue to value it as a true marker of their identity, and are prepared to keep using it, it will develop new
functions and new vocabulary, as any other living language would do.
It is too soon to predict the future of these revived languages, but in some parts of the world they are attracting
precisely the range of positive attitudes and grassroots support which are the preconditions for language
survival. In such unexpected but heart-warming ways might we see the grand total of languages in the world minimally increased.
Questions 96-100: Do the following statements agree with the views of the writer in the passage? Write your
answers in the corresponding numbered box provided.
YES if the statement agrees with the writer 's views
NO if the statement contradicts the writer's views
NOT GIVEN if it is impossible to say what the writer thinks about this
96. The rate at which languages are becoming extinct has increased.
97. Research on the subject of language extinction began in the 1990s.
98. In order to survive, a language needs to be spoken by more than 100 people.
99. Certain parts of the world are more vulnerable than others to language extinction.
100. Saving language should be the major concern of any small community whose language is under threat. Your answers 96. 97. 98. 99. 100.
Questions 101-103:
The list below gives some of the factors that are necessary to assist the revitalization of a language within a community.
Which THREE of the factors are mentioned by the writer of the text?
Write your answers in the corresponding numbered box provided.
A. the existence of related languages
B. support from the indigenous population
C. books tracing the historical development of the language
D. on-the-spot help from language experts
E. a range of speakers of different ages
F. formal education procedures
G. a common purpose for which the language is required Your answers 101. 102. 103.
Questions 104-108: Match the languages A—F with the statements below which describe how a language
was saved. Write your answers in the corresponding numbered box provided. Languages A Welsh B Maori C Faroese D Romansch E Ainu F Kaurna
104. The region in which the language was spoken gained increased independence.
105. People were encouraged to view the language with less prejudice.
106. Language immersion programs were set up for sectors of the population.
107. A merger of different varieties of the language took place.
108. Written samples of the language permitted its revitalization. Your answers 104. 105. 106. 107. 108.
Part 4. For questions 109-118, read the following passage and choose the answer A, B, C or D that fits best
according to the text. Write your answers in the corresponding numbered boxes provided. "Rising Sea Levels"
Perhaps the most pervasive climatic effect of global warming is rapid escalation of ice melt. Mount Kilimanjaro
in Africa, portions of the South American Andes, and the Himalayas will very likely lose most of their glacial
ice within the next two decades, affecting local water resources. Glacial ice continues its retreat in Alaska.
NASA scientists determined that Greenland's ice sheet is thinning by about 1 m per year. The additional
meltwater, especially from continental ice masses and glaciers, is adding to a rise in sea level worldwide.
Satellite remote sensing is monitoring global sea level, sea ice, and continental ice. Worldwide measurements
confirm that sea level rose during the last century.
Surrounding the margins of Antarctica, and constituting about 11% of its surface area, are numerous ice
shelves, especially where sheltering inlets or bays exist. Covering many thousands of square kilometers, these
ice shelves extend over the sea while still attached to continental ice. The loss of these ice shelves does not
significantly raise sea level, for they already displace seawater. The concern is for the possible surge of
grounded continental ice that the ice shelves hold back from the sea.
Although ice shelves constantly break up to produce icebergs, some large sections have recently broken free. In
1998 an iceberg (150 km by 35 km) broke off the Ronne Ice Shelf, southeast of the Antarctic Peninsula. In
March 2000 an iceberg tagged B-15 broke off the Ross Ice Shelf (some 900 longitude west of the Antarctic
Peninsula), measuring 300 km by 40 km. Since 1993, six ice shelves have disintegrated in Antarctica. About
8000 km of ice shelf are gone, changing maps, freeing up islands to circumnavigation, and creating thousands
of icebergs. The Larsen Ice Shelf, along the east coast of the Antarctic Peninsula, has been retreating slowly for
years. Larsen-A suddenly disintegrated in 1995. In only 35 days in early 2002, Larsen-B collapsed into
icebergs. This ice loss is likely a result of the 2.5°C temperature increase in the region in the last 50 years. In
response to the increasing warmth, the Antarctic Peninsula is sporting new vegetation growth, previously not seen there.
A loss of polar ice mass, augmented by melting of alpine and mountain glaciers (which experienced more than a
30% decrease in overall ice mass during the last century) will affect sea-level rise. The IPCC assessment states
that "between one-third to one-half of the existing mountain glacier mass could disappear over the next hundred
years." Also, "there is conclusive evidence for a worldwide recession of mountain glaciers ... This is among the
clearest and best evidence for a change in energy balance at the Earth's surface since the end of the 19th century."
[A.] Sea-level rise must be expressed as a range of values that are under constant reassessment. [B.] The 2001
IPCC forecast for global mean sea-level rise this century, given regional variations, is from 0.11-0.88 m. [C.]
The median value of 0.48 m is two to four times the rate of previous increase. These increases would continue
beyond 2100 even if greenhouse gas concentrations are stabilized. [D.]
The Scripps Institute of Oceanography in La Jolla, California, has kept ocean temperature records since 1916.
Significant temperature increases are being recorded to depths of more than 300 m as ocean temperature records
are set. Even the warming of the ocean itself will contribute about 25% of sealevel rise, simply because of
thermal expansion of the water. In addition, any change in ocean temperature has a profound effect on weather
and, indirectly, on agriculture and soil moisture. In fact the ocean system appears to have delayed some surface
global warming during the past century through absorption of excess atmospheric neat.
A quick survey of world coastlines shows that even a moderate rise could bring changes of unparalleled
proportions. At stake are the river deltas, lowland coastal farming valleys, and low-lying mainland areas, all
contending with high water, high tides, and higher storm surges. Particularly tragic social and economic
consequences will affect small island states - being able to adjust within their present country boundaries,
disruption of biological systems, loss of biodiversity, reduction in water resources, among the impacts. There
could be both internal and international migration of affected human populations, spread over decades, as
people move away from coastal flooding from the sea-level rise.
109. There is more new plant life in Antarctica recently because ______.
A. the mountain glaciers have melted
B. the land masses have split into islands
C. the icebergs have broken into smaller pieces
D. the temperature has risen by a few degrees
110. It may be inferred from this passage that icebergs are formed ______.
A. by a drop in ocean temperatures
B. when an ice shelf breaks free
C. from intensely cold islands D. if mountain glaciers melt
111. The word ‘there’ in paragraph 3 refers to ______.
A. polar ice mass in the last 50 years B. the temperature increase C. new vegetation growth D. in the Antarctic Peninsula
112. The author explains the loss of polar and glacial ice by ______.
A. stating an educated opinion
B. referring to data in a study
C. comparing sea levels worldwide D. presenting his research
113. The word ‘conclusive’ in paragraph 4 is closest in meaning to ______. A. definite B. independent C. unique D. valuable
114. Why does the author mention the Scripps Institute of Oceanography?
A. The location near the coast endangers the Scripps facility.
B. Research at Scripps indicates that the ocean is getting warmer.
C. One quarter of the rising sea levels has been recorded at Scripps.
D. Records at Scripps have been kept for nearly one hundred years.
115. Which of the sentences below best expresses the information in the highlighted statement in the passage?
The other choices change the meaning or leave out important information.
A. Global warming on the surface of the planet may have been retarded during the last
hundred years because heat in the atmosphere was absorbed by the oceans.
B. Global warming on the surface of the ocean was greater than it was on the rest of the
planet during the past century because of heat in the atmosphere.
C. Too much heat in the atmosphere has caused global warming on the surface of the
planet for the past hundred years in spite of the moderation caused by the oceans.
D. There is less heat being absorbed by the oceans now than there was a hundred years
ago before the atmosphere began to experience global warming.
116. Why will people move away from the coastlines in the future?
A. It will be too warm for them to live there.
B. The coastlines will have too much vegetation.
C. Flooding will destroy the coastal areas.
D. No agricultural crops will be grown on the coasts.
117. Which of the following statements most accurately reflects the author's opinion about rising sea levels?
A. Sea levels would rise without global warming.
B. Rising sea levels can be reversed.
C. The results of rising sea levels will be serious.
D. Sea levels are rising because of new glaciers.
118. Look at the four squares [.] that show where the following sentence could be inserted in the passage.
During the last century, sea level rose 10-20 cm; a rate 10 times higher than the average rate during the last 3000 years
Where could the sentence best be added? A. [A.] B. [B.] C. [C.] D. [D.] Your answers 109. 110. 111. 112. 113. 114. 115. 116. 117. 118.
Part 5. In the passage below, seven paragraphs have been removed. For questions 119-125, read the passage
and choose from the paragraphs A-H the one which fits each gap. There is ONE extra paragraph which you
do not need to use. Write your answers in the corresponding numbered box provided.
Rainmaker with his Head in the Clouds
Critics dismissed Craeme Mather' s attempts to make clouds rain. But now recent experiments appear to have
vindicated him. Anjana Ahuya reports.
Dr. Craeme Mather lived his life with his head in the clouds, as a documentary film to be shown this week
shows. Against the advice of almost everybody else in the meteorological community, the Canadian scientist
devoted his professional life to trying to make clouds rain. 119.
Before Dr. Mather became involved, the science of weather modification had already claimed many reputations.
The idea that clouds could be manipulated first circulated in the 1940s, and efforts gathered pace soon after the Second World War. 120.
However, the entire discipline fell into disrepute when commercial companies hijacked the idea, took it around
the world, and then failed to deliver on their promises. Cloud-seeding, as the process was known, became the
preserve of crackpots and charlatans. 121.
Scientists theorized that if they could inject the cloud with similarly shaped crystals, these imposter crystals
would also act as frames around which droplets would clump. The cloud would then be tricked into raining.
Silver iodide, whose crystals resemble those of ice, seemed the best bet. Sadly, none of the experiments,
including Dr. Mather's, which had been going for more than five years, seemed to work. Dr. Mather was about
to admit defeat when serendipity intervened. 122.
Dr. Mather was convinced that something that the place was spewing into the atmosphere was encouraging the
downpour. Subsequent experiments confirmed that hygroscopic salts pouring into the sky from them were
responsible. Hygroscopic salts attract water - once in the atmosphere, the particles act as magnets around which raindrops can form. 123.
He was wary; Dr. Mather was known to be a smooth-talking salesman. 'He was charming and charismatic, and
many scientists don't trust that; he says. 'He was also not well-published because he had been working in the
commercial sector. Overall, he was regarded as a maverick. On that occasion, he presented results that I was
convinced were impossible. Yet the statistical evidence was overwhelming, which I couldn't understand. 124.
'If those findings can be reproduced there, it will be the most exciting thing to have happened in the field for 20
years. It will be remarkable because some of the results are not scientifically explainable.’ He adds, however,
that scientists must exercise caution because cloud-seeding is still mired in controversy. He also points out that,
with water being such a precious resource, success will push the research into the political arena. 125.
Dr. Cooper says: 'With the paper mill, he saw something that other people wouldn't have seen. I am still
uncomfortable with his idea because it throws up major puzzles in cloud physics. But if Dr. Mather was right, it
will demonstrate that humans can change clouds in ways that were once thought impossible.'
A Dr. Mather refused to be daunted by this image. After all, the principle seemed perfectly plausible. Water
droplets are swept up to the top of the clouds on updrafts, where they become supercooled (i.e., although the
temperature is below freezing, the water remains liquid). When a supercooled droplet collides with an ice
crystal, it freezes on contact and sticks. Successive collisions cause each ice crystal to accumulate more water
droplets; the crystals grow until they become too heavy to remain suspended in the atmosphere. As the crystals
fall through the cloud, they become raindrops. The ice crystals, therefore, act as frames to 'grow' raindrops.
B Dr. Mather, unfortunately, will not be involved in the debate about such matters. He died aged 63, shortly
before the documentary was completed. It will ensure that this smooth-talking maverick is given the recognition he deserves.
C He and a colleague decided to collect a last batch of data when they flew into a tiny but ferocious storm. That
storm, Dr. Mather says in the film, changed his life. Huge droplets were spattering on the tiny plane's
windscreen. No such storm had been forecast. Back on the ground, they discovered the storm was located directly above a paper mill.
D A trial in Mexico has been running for two years, and the signs are promising. 'We were sufficiently
encouraged in the first year to continue the seeding research. But the results are preliminary because we have
only a very small sample of clouds at the moment. We need to work over two more summers to reach a proper conclusion.
E He arranged to fly to South Africa 'with the full intention of explaining what was wrong with the
experiment'. Instead, he came back convinced that Dr. Mather was on to something. He is now running two
experiments, one in Arizona and one in northern Mexico to try to verify the South African results. The
experiments use potassium chloride, which is similar to table salt (sodium chloride) and, it is claimed, non- polluting.
F The scientific community remained sniffy in the face of this apparent proof. Foremost among the skeptics
was Dr. William Cooper, of the United States National Centre for Atmospheric Research (NCAR). Dr. Cooper,
regarded as one of the world's finest cloud scientists, saw Dr. Mather present his astonishing claims at a cloud
physics conference in Montreal.
G They involved weather experts firing rockets into clouds to stop them from producing hail, which damages
crops. The clouds, it was hoped, would dissolve into a harmless shower.
H The desire to do so led him to set up a project in South Africa, which was ultimately to convince him that it
was possible. As the program reveals, experiments around the world appear to prove his faith was justified.
Part 3. For questions 96-108, read the following passage and do the tasks that follow. Keep taking the tablets
The history of aspirin is a product of a rollercoaster ride through time, of accidental discoveries, intuitive
reasoning, and intense corporate rivalry
In the opening pages of Aspirin: The Remarkable Story of a Wonder Drug, Diarmuid Jeffreys describes this
little white pill as `one of the most amazing creations in medical drug so astonishingly versatile that it can
release headache, ease your aching limbs, lower temperature and treat some of the deadliest human diseases’.
Its properties have been known for thousands of years. Ancient Egyptian physicians used extracts from the
willow tree as an analgesic, or pain killer. Centuries later the Greek physician Hippocrates recommended the
bark of the willow tree as a remedy for the pains of childbirth and as a fever reducer. But it wasn't until the
eighteenth and nineteenth centuries that salicylates found in the willow tree - became serious scientific
investigation. The race was on to identify the active ingredient and to replicate it synthetically. At the end of the
nineteenth century a German company, Friedrich Bayer & Co, succeeded in creating a relatively safe and very
effective chemical compound, acetylsalicylic acid, which was renamed aspirin.
The late nineteenth century was a fertile period for experimentation, partly because of the hunger among
scientists to answer some of the great scientific questions, but also because those questions were within their
means to answer. One scientist in a laboratory with some chemicals and a test tube could make significant
breakthroughs - whereas today, in order to map the human genome, for instance, one needs an army of
researchers, a bank of computers and millions and millions of dollars’.
But an understanding of the nature of science and scientific inquiry is not enough on its own to explain how
society innovates. In the nineteenth century, scientific advance was closely linked to the industrial revolution.
This was a period when people frequently had the means, motive, and determination to take an idea and turn it
into reality. In the case of aspirin that happened piecemeal - a series of minor, often unrelated advances,
fertilized by the century's broader economic, medical and scientific developments, that led to one big final breakthrough.
The link between big money and pharmaceutical innovation is also a significant one. Aspirin's continued shelf
life was ensured because, for the first 70 years of its life, huge amounts of money were put into promoting it as
an ordinary everyday analgesic. In the 1970s, other analgesics, such as ibuprofen and pharmaceutical, were
entering the market, and the pharmaceutical companies then focused on publicizing these new drugs. But just at
the same time, discoveries were made regarding the beneficial role of aspirin in preventing heart attacks,
strokes, and other afflictions. Had it not been for these findings, this pharmaceutical marvel may well have disappeared.
So the relationship between big money and drugs is an odd one. Commercial markets are necessary for
developing new products and ensuring that they remain around long enough for scientists to carry out research
on them. But the commercial markets, are just as likely to kill of certain products when something more
attractive comes along. In the case of aspirin, a potential ‘wonder drug' was around for over 70 years without
anybody investigating the way in which it achieved its effects, because they were making more than enough
money out of it as it was. If ibuprofen or paracetamol had entered the market just a decade earlier, aspirin might
then not be here today. It would be just another forgotten drug that people hadn't bothered to explore.
None of the recent discoveries of aspirin's benefits were made by the big pharmaceutical companies; they were
made by scientists working in the public sector. ‘The reason for that is very simple and straightforward,'
Jeffreys says in his book. 'Drug companies will only pursue research that is going to deliver financial benefits.
There's no profit in aspirin anymore. It is incredibly inexpensive with tiny profit margins and it has no patent
any more, so anyone can produce it.’ In fact, there's almost a disincentive for drug companies to further boost
the drug, he argues, as it could possibly put them out of business by stopping them from selling their more expensive brands’.
So what is the solution to a lack of commercial interest in further exploring the therapeutic benefits of aspirin?
More public money going into clinical trials, says Jeffreys. 'If I were the Department of Health, I would say this
is a very inexpensive drug. There may be a lot of other things we could do with it." We should put a lot more
money into trying to find out.”
Jeffreys' book - which not only tells the tale of a 'wonder drug' but also explores the nature of innovation and the
role of big business, public money and regulation - reminds us why such research is so important.
Questions 96-101: Complete each sentence with the correct ending A—H from the box below. Write your
answers in the corresponding numbered box provided.
96. Ancient Egyptian and Greek doctors were aware of
97. Frederick Bayer & Co were able to reproduce
98. The development of aspirin was partly due to the effects of
99. The creation of a market for aspirin as a painkiller was achieved through
100. Aspirin might have become unavailable without
101. The way in which aspirin actually worked was not investigated by
A. the discovery of new medical applications.
B. the negative effects of publicity.
C. the large pharmaceutical companies. D. the industrial revolution.
E. the medical uses of a particular tree.
F. the limited availability of new drugs.
G. the chemical found in the willow tree.
H. commercial advertising campaigns. Your answers 96. 97. 98. 99. 100. 101.
Questions 102-106:
Do the following statements agree with the views of the writer in the passage?
Write your answers in the corresponding numbered box provided.
YES if the statement agrees with the views of the writer
NO if the statement contradicts the views of the writer
NOT GIVEN if it is impossible to say what the writer thinks about this
102. For nineteenth-century scientists, small-scale research was enough to make important discoveries.
103. The nineteenth-century industrial revolution caused a change in the focus of scientific research.
104. The development of aspirin in the nineteenth century followed a structured pattern of development.
105. In the 1970s, sales of new analgesic drugs overtook sales of aspirin.
106. Commercial companies may have both good and bad effects on the availability of pharmaceutical products.
Questions 107-108: Complete the summary below using the list of words below. Write your answers in the
corresponding numbered box provided. Research into aspirin
Jeffreys argues that the reason why 107______________ did not find out about new uses of aspirin is that
aspirin is no longer a 108_______________ drug. He, therefore, suggests that there should be state support for
further research into the possible applications of the drug. A. useful B. cheap C. state D. international E. major drug companies F. profitable G. commercial H. public sector scientists I. health officials Your answers 102. 103. 104. 105. 106. 107. 108.
Part 4. For questions 109-118, read the following passage and choose the answer A, B, C or D that fits best
according to the text. Write your answers in the corresponding numbered boxes provided. Ancient Angkor
In the regions of Southeast Asia dwell the remains of an era that far exceeded its time in developments and
industrialization. This ancient city, which was mysteriously deserted in the 15th century, is known as Angkor.
Located in Cambodia, Angkor was established in 802 CE as the seat of the Khmer Empire. Khmer was the
largest continuous empire in Southeast Asia. Its main city of Angkor grew and developed until it was
abandoned in the year 1431. Many historians theorize as to why it was abandoned, but the mystery remains.
Angkor was a city of power, industry, architecture, and cultural unity, which is why speculation surrounds its
decline. The ancient Khmer city stretched over an area of nearly 120 square miles, comparable to present-day
Los Angeles. Each successive ruler to the throne brought significant additions that diversified the territory. One
ruler is known for constructing a baray, a massive water reservoir. Another built the imposing Angkor Wat, a
temple of great proportions that survived the city’s demise and exists today as a Buddhist temple. Along with
over seventy other temples in the region, Angkor was home to an expansive waterworks of marked ingenuity
when nothing of its kind existed in the world. The civilization was structured around the Mekong River.
Intricate and sophisticated irrigation systems were fashioned to transport water to people and fields in all parts
of the city, including those removed from the central water source. For this, the city became known as the
“Hydraulic City.” The people of Angkor were led by an extensive court system, made up of religious and
secular nobles as well as artisans, fishermen, rice farmers, soldiers, and elephant keepers. The civilization was
guarded by an army transported by elephants and ruled by shrewd and powerful kings. Yet after 600 years of
existence, an abandoned shell was all that remained.
The land, buildings, and architecture were reclaimed by the surrounding forest regions until the 19th
century, when French archaeologists discovered the remains and began restoring sites in the great city of
Angkor. Since then, theories have evolved over time relating to the death of Angkor’s civilization. The first
theory states that the city fell because of war. The last two centuries of Angkor’s existence showed a decline in
the Khmer Empire’s population and power. Ongoing wars with neighboring Thailand had devastated the nation.
In 1431, attackers from Thai nations invaded and looted Angkor, leaving it desolate and vacant. Continuous war
with Thailand culminating in a final attack on the city could have weakened the empire and led to the city’s demise.
Another theory states that a change in religion led to the country’s downfall. The Khmer Empire had
predominately been a Hindu nation, and the people were unified in their religion. Jayavarman VII, acclaimed as
the greatest of Angkor’s kings, took the throne in 1181 CE. He instituted a change in religion from Hinduism to
Mahayana Buddhism. This action subsequently could have destroyed the unity of the people and the overall foundation of the empire.
A) Natural disaster is another feasible possibility for the scattering of people from the Angkor region. B)
Historians say earthquakes, floods, and drastic climate changes would have been capable of stripping Angkor of
its people. C) One researcher hypothesized that the city suffered from a lack of water due to the transition
from the medieval warm period to the little ice age. Others dismiss this idea. D)
However, a recently developed theory built on the work of French archaeologist Bernard-Philippe Groslier may
have shed the most light on Angkor’s demise. The theory suggests that the Angkorian civilization was “defined,
sustained, and ultimately overwhelmed by over-exploitation and the environmental impacts of a complex water-
management network.” Its vast waterworks proved too great for the city to manage. Also, supplying such a
massive empire with water had adverse effects on the environment. Ecological problems included deforestation,
topsoil degradation, and erosion due in part to clearing vegetation for cropland. Thus, the city inadvertently
brought about its own environmental collapse.
With the use of aerial photography and high-resolution, ground-sensing radar, researchers were able to support
Groslier’s theory with images that complete existing topographical maps. The radar detected surface structures
as well as subtle variances in surface vegetation and soil moisture. This proved that environmental erosion had
occurred. The combined images and ground-based investigations further revealed that Angkor was a victim of
its own industrial ingenuity, a city ahead of its time and vulnerable to its own power.
109. The author mentions the Khmer Empire in paragraph 1 in order to ________.
A. establish the size and importance of the civilization
B. explain the downfall of the main city in the empire
C. compare the nation’s size to a present-day location
D. demonstrate why people were not loyal to the city
110. The word speculation in the passage is closest meaning to________. A. evidence B. mystery C. question D. growth
111. According to paragraph 2, which of the following is true about the waterworks built within Angkor?
A. They transported drinking water to Angkor Wat.
B. They were a money-making venture for the city.
C. They were built to extend the water supply.
D. They irrigated fields along the sides of the river.
112. All of the following are true about the city of Angkor EXCEPT_______.
A. It was built around a water source.
B. It had an advanced road system.
C. It surpassed other cities of its time.
D. It is home to a Buddhist shrine.
113. The word its in paragraph 2 refers to_______. A. Angkor’s B. baray’s C. waterworks’ D. home’s
114. Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the bolded sentence? Incorrect
choices may change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.
A. Archaeologists built a replica of what Angkor looked like.
B. Archaeologists uncovered the overgrown city and rebuilt its sites.
C. Finding the city, workers cleared the forest and studied the architecture.
D. The city’s architecture was inspired by the forest regions nearby.
115. What can be inferred from paragraph 4 about the people who inhabited Angkor?
A. They worshipped ruler Jayavarman VII.
B. Hinduism was central to their way of life.
C. Religion led to more violence among them.
D. They were unified regardless of national religion.
116. Look at the four squares [] that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage
These natural catastrophes would have likely resulted in destroyed buildings, ruined cops, and a
decreased water supply that would have forced citizens to leave.
Where would the sentence best fit? A. first square B. second square C. third square D. fourth square.
117. The word inadvertently in the passage is closest in meaning to ________. A. purposely B. freely C. sadly D. accidentally
118. According to paragraph 7, which of the following did researchers prove about Groslier’s theory with
the use of aerial photography and advanced radar?
A. The surface soil showed evidence of dirt washing away.
B. The waterworks were filled with topsoil.
C. Vegetation was thriving where soil was deeper.
D. Soil damage was stable throughout the changes Your answers 109. 110. 111. 112. 113. 114. 115. 116. 117. 118.
Part 5. In the passage below, seven paragraphs have been removed. For questions 119-125, read the passage
and choose from the paragraphs A-H the one which fits each gap. There is ONE extra paragraph which you
do not need to use. Write your answers in the corresponding numbered box provided.
THE ORIGIN OF ADVERTISING
Advertising has become a major force in our modern world. Through our airwaves, up in the skies, on walls,
streets and along motorways, almost nowhere can we go and not be bombarded by adverts. It has become so
prevalent that scientists and researchers have analyzed its sociological effect extensively – how it influences
buying habits, desensitizes consumers and in some cases even repels them. 119.
Such rudimentary content is also believed to be present in the first printed adverts, used by ancient Egyptians to
communicate sales messages through the use of papyrus. In contrast with the ephemeral nature of today’s
advertising, they would also carve messages of commerce into stone or on steel plates, which would remain visible for a lifetime. 120.
Naturally, we cannot know for sure, but one would guess that the power of persuasion was present in the spoken
adverts of ancient times. You could suppose that the loudest, most colorful, most entertaining crier garnered the
most business. Although we do not experience this form of advertisement often today, sellers in public markets
in Europe and the Middle East still employ this method. 121.
The specific message on the printing plate was ‘We buy high-quality steel rods and make fine-quality needles to
be ready for use at home in no time', and the seller also placed a rabbit logo and the name of his shop in the
center. The plate, made of copper and dating back to the Song dynasty of the 10th-century China, was used to
print posters the dimensions of which were nearly perfect squares roughly the size of a window frame. 122.
It was not until the rise of newspapers did advertising makes its next big leap. During this time, targeted slogans
and catchphrases became popular. The first such instance of a paid newspaper advert appeared in the French
newspaper La Presse in 1836 and what was so revolutionary about it was that the seller paid for its placement,
allowing the newspaper to charge its readers less. 123.
Known as quackery, such messages boasted cures for common ailments that went above and beyond what
traditional remedies could provide. Naturally, an unsuspecting and undereducated public was particularly
susceptible to such fabrications. Much as how quackery would be dispelled today, doctors went out of their way
to publish medical journals debunking the claims made by these adverts. 124.
In the advert, a painting of a child blowing bubbles – a work of art literally entitled Bubbles, by English artist
Sir John Everett Millais – was used as the background of a poster, with the product visible in the foreground.
The visual immediately linked the product with high – class society and it is a tactic that is undeniably still very much used today. 125.
Along with the staggering investment is the use of a broad range of tactics to maximize impact, such as focus
groups, evocative imagery, storytelling, and seemingly boundless product placement. So psychological is the
effect that it has given rise to the belief that companies know everything about you. Nevertheless, with such
creativity poured into the field, one can still appreciate its art form and its place in history.
A. One need look no further than failed advertising campaigns. Some went too far in their shock value, had to
be apologized for and hurt the brand more than they helped. In one example, a game manufacturer, in order to
promote the carnal violence visible in the game, held an event which showcased an actual deceased goat.
B. For better or worse, there was no stopping the budding advertising industry. Agencies started to spring up
and with that came campaigns. The first successful campaign was for the British soap manufacturer Pears. With
the help of chairman Thomas James Barratt, the company successfully linked a catchy slogan with high culture.
C. In contrast to the adverts being produced for the literate populace of this region, text was largely absent from
adverts that proliferated in the towns and cities of medieval Europe. To circumvent this obstacle, adverts used
commonly recognizable imagery such a boot for a cobbler or a diamond for a carver to promote products and
services. And still, criers remained the go-to medium for relaying the sellers’ messages to the public.
D. Also entering the industry was the vast sums of money that companies would splash out on campaigns. A
little over one hundred American companies in 1893 spent 50,000 US dollars on advertising campaigns. That
equates to over one million US dollars today, still a fraction of what today’s companies spend at nearly 500 billion pounds globally.
E. In this era, though, the medium with the greatest prevalence was oral. Public criers would circulate messages
in urban centers to passers-by advertising various products. There is evidence of written adverts and for more
than just selling wares. In one such advert found at the ruins of Thebes dated 1,000 BC, a man was offering a
reward for a runaway slave. But oral messages were the main method of delivery until the invention of the printing press in 1450.
F. But there was a time when an advert was a rare occurrence and its effect on society amounted to no more
than its core function; that is, to connect seller and buyer. We know that the written word began around 5,000
years ago in Mesopotamia, in the Sumerian civilization that existed in modern-day southern Iraq. The make –
up of this early scrawling consisted of grain inventories, from what historians and linguists can make of it.
G. Adverts in ancient times did contain an element of sophistication which essentially lured buyers, albeit less
obviously. On the other side of the world, in ancient China, the language of adverts contained selling points and
friendly imagery, such as in an advert to coax people into using a craftsman’s services. This particular
advertising medium is considered the oldest example of printed advertising.
H. That formula was soon copied by other publishers looking to increase their profits while expanding their
circulation. British newspapers, which had been using newspaper advertising since the 18th century, used
adverts to promote books and newspapers themselves. The printing press had made their production much more
affordable and advertising content expanded to include medicines, in what would prove to be the first instances of false advertising.
Part 3. For questions 96-108, read the following passage and do the tasks that follow. Worldly Wealth
Can the future population of the world enjoy a comfortable lifestyle, with possessions, space and mobility,
without crippling the environment?
The world's population is expected to stabilize at around nine billion. Will it be possible for nine billion people
to have the lifestyle enjoyed today only by the wealthy? One school of thought says no: not only should the
majority of the world's people resign themselves to poverty forever, but rich nations must also revert to simpler
lifestyles in order to save the planet.
Admittedly, there may be political or social barriers to achieving a rich world. But in fact, there seems to be no
insuperable physical or ecological reason why nine billion people should not achieve a comfortable lifestyle,
using technology only slightly more advanced than that which we now possess. In thinking about the future of
civilization, we ought to start by asking what people want. The evidence demonstrates that as people get richer
they want a greater range of personal technology, they want lots of room (preferably near or in natural
surroundings) arid they want greater speed in travel. More possessions, more space, more mobility.
In the developed world, the personal technologies of the wealthy, including telephones, washing machines, and
ears, have become necessities within a generation or two. Increasing productivity that results in decreasing costs
for such goods has been responsible for the greatest gains in the standard of living, and there is every reason to
believe that this will continue.
As affluence grows, the amount of energy and raw materials used for the production of machinery will therefore
escalate. But this need not mean an end to the machine age. Rather than being thrown away, materials from old
machinery can be recycled by manufacturers. And long before all fossil fuels are exhausted, their rising prices
may compel industrial society not only to become more energy efficient but also to find alternative energy
sources sufficient for the demands of an advanced technological civilization - nuclear fission, nuclear fusion,
solar energy, chemical photosynthesis, geothermal, biomass or sonic yet unknown source of energy.
The growth of cities and suburbs is often seen as a threat to the environment. However, in fact, the increasing
amount of land consumed by agriculture is a far greater danger than urban sprawl. Stopping the growth of farms
is the best way to preserve many of the world's remaining wild areas. But is a dramatic downsizing of farmland
possible? Thanks to the growth of agricultural productivity, reforestation and 're-wilding' has been underway in
the industrial countries for generations. Since 1950 more land in the US has been set aside in parks than has
been occupied by urban and suburban growth. And much of what was Farmland in the nineteenth century is
now forest again. Taking the best Iowa maize growers as the norm for world food productivity, it has been
calculated that less than a tenth of present cropland could support a population of 10 billion.
In The Environment Game, a vision of a utopia that would be at once high-tech and environmentalist. Nigel
Calder suggested that 'nourishing but unpalatable primary food produced by industrial techniques - like yeast
from petroleum may be fed to animals, so that we can continue to eat our customary meat, eggs, milk, butter,
and cheese - and so that people in underdeveloped countries can have adequate supplies of animal protein for the first time.'
In the long run, tissue-cloning techniques could be used to grow desired portions of meat by themselves. Once
their DNA has been extracted to create cowless steaks and chickenless drumsticks, domesticated species of
livestock, bred for millennia to be stupid or to have grotesquely enhanced traits, should be allowed to become
extinct, except for a few specimens in zoos. However, games such as wild deer, rabbits and wild ducks will be
ever more abundant as farms revert to wilderness, so this could supplement the laboratory-grown meat in the diets of tomorrow's affluent.
With rising personal incomes come rising expectations of mobility. This is another luxury of today's rich that
could become a necessity of tomorrow's global population - particularly if its members choose to live widely
dispersed in a post-agrarian wilderness. In his recent hook Free Flight, James Fallows, a pilot as well as a
writer, describes serious attempts by both state and private entrepreneurs in the USA to promote an ‘air taxi'
system within the price range of today's middle class - and perhaps tomorrow's global population.
Two of the chief obstacles to the science fiction fantasy of the personal plane or hover Cat are price and danger.
While technological improvements are driving prices down, piloting an aircraft in three dimensions is still more
difficult than driving a car in two, and pilot error causes more facilities than driver error. But before long our
aircraft and cars will be piloted by computers which are never tired or stressed.
So perhaps there are some grounds for optimism when viewing the future of civilization. With the help of
technology, and without putting serious strains on the global environment, possessions, space and mobility can
be achieved for all the projected population or the world.
Question 96-101: Do the following statements reflect the claims of the writer in the passage? Write your
answers in the corresponding numbered boxes provided.
YES if the statement reflects the writer's claims
NO if the statement contradicts the writer's claims
NOT GIVEN if it is impossible to say what the writer thinks about this
96. Today's wealthy people ignore the fact that millions are living in poverty.
97. There are reasons why the future population of the world may not enjoy a comfortable lifestyle.
98. The first thing to consider when planning for the future is environmental protection.
99. As manufactured goods get cheaper, people will benefit more from them.
100. It may be possible to find new types of raw materials for use in the production of machinery.
101. The rising prices of fossil fuels may bring some benefits. Your answers 96. 97. 98. 99. 100. 101.
Questions 102-107: Complete the summary below. Choose ONE WORD ONLY from the passage for each
answer. Write your answers in the corresponding numbered boxes provided.
Space for an increased population
According to the writer, the use of land for 102___________is the most serious threat to the environment.
However, in the US, there has already been an increase in the amount of land used for 103_____________ and
forests. Far less land would be required to feed the world's population if the 104_________________ of the
land could be improved worldwide It has also been claimed that the industrial production of animal foods could
allow greater access to animal 105_______________by the entire world's population. Scientists could use
106_______________from domesticated animals to help produce meat by tissue cloning, and these species
could then be allowed to die out. In addition to this type of meat, 107_____________ will also be widely available.
Questions 108: Choose the correct answer, A, B, C, D.
Write your answers in the corresponding numbered boxes provided.
108. Greater mobility may be a feature of the future because of changes in A. the location of housing. B. patterns of employment. C. centres of transport.
D. the distribution of wealth. Your answers 102. 103. 104. 105. 106. 107. 108.
Part 4. For questions 109-118, read the following passage and choose the answer A, B, C or D that fits best
according to the text. Write your answers in the corresponding numbered boxes provided.
The radical change in the land's surface that results when rural areas are transformed into cities is a significant
cause of the rise in temperature in cities that is known as urban heat island.
First, the tall buildings and the concrete and asphalt of the city absorb and store greater quantities of solar
radiation than do the vegetation and soil typical of rural areas.
In addition, because the concrete and asphalt are impermeable, the runoff of water following a rain is rapid,
resulting in a severe reduction in the evaporation rate. So heat that once would have been used to convert liquid
water to a gas goes instead to increase the surface temperature further.
At night, although both city and countryside cool through radiation losses, the stone-like surface of the city
gradually releases the additional heat accumulated during the day, keeping the urban air warmer than that of the outlying areas.
Part of the urban temperature rise must also be attributed to waste heat from such sources as home heating and
air conditioning, power generation, industry, and transportation. Many studies have shown that the magnitude
of human-made energy in metropolitan areas is equal to a significant percentage of the energy received from the Sun at the surface.
Investigations in Sheffield, England, and Berlin showed that the annual heat production in these cities was equal
to approximately one-third of that received from solar radiation. Another study of the densely built-up
Manhattan section of New York City revealed that during the winter the quantity of heat produced from
combustion alone was two and one-half times greater than the amount of solar energy reaching the ground. In
summer the figure dropped to one-sixth.
It is interesting to note that during the summer there is a mutual reinforcement between the higher night-time
temperatures of the city and the human-made heat that helped create them. That is the higher temperatures result
in the increased use of air conditioners, which in, turn, use energy and further increase the amount of urban
heat. During the winter the night-time warmth of urban areas, produced in large part by heavy energy
consumption, is beneficial because less energy is needed to heat buildings.
109. What does the passage mainly discuss?
A. The loss of farmland to urban development
B. The causes of increased heat in cities
C. Waste heat generated by home heating and air conditioning
D. How seasonal change affects the temperature of cities.
110. All of the following contribute to the urban heat island effect EXCEPT
A. absorption of heat from the Sun
B. storage of heat from the Sun
C. an increased rate of evaporation after a rainfall
D. the release of heat at night from city surfaces
111. The word convert in the passage is closest in meaning to А. reverse B. transform C. reduce D. compare
112. The word that in the passage refers to A. city B. heat C. day D. air
113. In which of the following locations would the rate of evaporation probably be highest? A. A rural area B. A small town C. A medium-sized city D. A big city
114. The word magnitude in the passage is closest in meaning to A. calculation B. comprehension C. extent D. formation
115. The author mentions Manhattan in order to demonstrate that
A. heat in urban areas can be reduced
B. the conclusions of the investigation in Sheffield were wrong
C. its heat production is smaller than that of Berlin
D. human-made heat can exceed the solar energy that reaches the ground in winter
116. According to the passage, an important consequence of the use of air conditioners at night is A. greater energy costs B. higher levels of urban heat
C. serious problems with the energy supply
D. less need for air conditioning in the morning
117. The word beneficial in the passage is closest in meaning to A. predictable B. powerful C. hazardous D. advantageous
118. Which of the following is true about cities at night in the winter?
A. Solar energy has an increased impact on the urban heat island.
B. They tend to be colder than rural areas.
C. Less energy is required to heat buildings.
D. Human-made energy creates a larger area of total heat than solar energy.
Part 5. In the passage below, seven paragraphs have been removed. For questions 119-125, read the passage
and choose from the paragraphs A-H the one which fits each gap. There is ONE extra paragraph which you
do not need to use. Write your answers in the corresponding numbered box provided. Where to next? Are travelers selfish?
Travel, when you think about it, is largely a selfish pursuit. It’s all about me, me, me. Places I can go to, people
I can meet, things I can see, food I can try, my bucket list, my experiences. Are you a self-absorbed traveler?
Let’s look at some common scenarios, starting with the plight of traveler seeking to discover something unique. 119.
Your first reaction is to blame the guide book, regardless of the fact that it’s probably the way you found out
about it, too. And it’s true, that book in your hand has a bit to answer for. But that’s a simplistic notion. In an
age of mass tourism, of backpacker grapevines, of internet and travel blogs, it’s inevitable that what was once a
pristine paradise will be seething with tourists before long. 120.
You can direct a little blame at the locals, too. Without their efforts, that which seems to offend you would not
exist. They like the money and they want more – although it’s a bit hard to blame them for that. If tourist cash
spent at beach bars and souvenir shops can ease poverty and raise living standards it would be selfish to
begrudge the locals their chance at a better life. 121.
Honestly, either accept a place as it is, even if it doesn't live up to your expectations or go elsewhere if the
trappings of the progress are too offensive for your sensibilities. Don’t blame the guide books, the internet, the
Trip Advisor. Don’t blame your fellow tourists. And definitely don’t blame the locals for trying to improve their
lives – that would be the height of selfishness. 122.
They say money makes the world go round. So how do you spend your hard-earned cash on holiday? Do you
shop locally? If you stay, eat and shop in places owned by locals, your money will stay in the community and
help generate jobs. Foreign-owned resorts or hotel chains may offer a higher level of comfort and extra
facilities, but very little of what you pay actually trickles down into the local economy. If there’s a beach
nearby, do you really need a swimming pool? 123.
And last but not least where money’s concerned, bargain fairly. Saving an extra dollar on that T-shirt or
souvenir will hardly make a dent in your budget, but it can make a huge difference to the seller. Once, I was
disgusted to witness a shameful exchange in which a well-fed foreigner haggled hard to get a novelty toy for
less than half price. The saving? Fifty measly cents. Adding insults to injury, he boasted about it to his
companions. He felt great because he’d put one over on the locals. Don’t be that person! 124.
People say there’s something about lending a hand that lifts voluntourism above the average travel experience.
But I think there's still an element of selfishness even to the noble volunteers who help build homes or teach art
to children. You do these things because it downsizes to all this goodwill, however, is that voluntourism is
actually quite expensive. Most companies that organize volunteer trips will charge you plenty for the experience
– often far more than it would cost you to just visit those countries on your own. 125.
Well, that’s it. Some of you will disagree with my views, but I’m up for a good debate. Are you a selfish traveler?
A. Maybe you’re not the kind of travelers who thinks hell is other people. Maybe you’re happy to discover and
share the world with others. That’s commendable. But while you’re roaming the planet, think about your
personal impact on the people and the places around you. Are you contributing in positive ways that can be of
benefit to others, or are you exacerbating problems? Are you causing harm to satisfy selfish needs?
B. You get to an exotic destination expecting to find an untouched and unspoiled paradise, a secluded
fantasyland just for you, far from the well-worn tourist path….and the place is crawling with other travelers.
There are loud and obnoxious backpackers, huge speakers thumping out the most awful dance music, and tour
buses spewing their human cargo.
C. One last thing before I get off my soapbox: voluntourism. It’s a novel concept, and, to those whose idea of
travel is a secluded resort and a day spa, a somewhat frightening one. The idea is simple: as a traveler from the
first world, you’re usually in a far more privileged position than those who live in the countries you’re visiting.
But, rather than just comfort yourself with the knowledge that your money is helping their economy, why not do
something tangible to help out, even for just a few days?
D. There is something imperialistic about not allowing – or wanting – less developed countries to develop along
the lines of our own cultures. After a recent trip to Nepal, a member of our group was complaining about locals
in a village, and how the place was spoilt because there was an internet café. I couldn’t believe in my ears. Why
can’t these Nepalese people enjoy the web if they so choose?
E. Stay calm and don’t get angry if you think you’ve been charged a bit more for your transport, hotel or food.
Perhaps it’s just an honest mistake. Try to point out the discrepancy in a polite and respectful way, and don’t
accuse anyone of dishonesty. Yes, it’s your hard-earned cash, but don’t assume that people want to rob you of it just because they have less.
F. Be careful about what you’re buying, too. In countries with lax environmental regulations, or where
authorities turn a blind eye to illegal trade, it’s not difficult to find products made from endangered species such
as shell, coral and certain woods. It never fails to shock me when I hear of anyone buying ivory products, like
carving or jewellery. And then there’s medicine made from parts of endangered animals. Don’t even think about
it! The tiger population in Asia has been drastically reduced, and for what? Some crackpot cure that doesn’t work.
G. Isn’t this concept of an exclusive paradise selfish? Not only that, but the arrogance implicit in it is
astonishing too. Without wishing to state the obvious, the second you decide to go to a place because it is
paradise, you are part of the problem. The blaring speakers, international sport on big screen TVs, karaoke, fish
and chips – it’s all there because it’s what the tourists want.
H. Yes, that’s right – you pay the organization to go and work for free. The money is supposed to go into the
community, but often, shady operators pocket the profits. As if that wasn’t bad enough volunteers could be
taking jobs from locals. Think about it. If there’s free labor, i.e. you, why would anyone employ a local? That’s
probably what I find most disturbing about the whole concept. It’s not ethical or responsible, and in my humble opinion, best avoided.
Part 3. For questions 96-108, read the following passage and do the tasks that follow.
Inside the mind of the consumer
Could brain-scanning technology provide an accurate way to assess the appeal of new products and the
effectiveness of advertising?
A MARKETING people are no longer prepared to take your word for it that you favor one product over
another. They want to scan your brain to see which one you really prefer. Using the tools of neuroscientists,
such as electroencephalogram (EEG) mapping and functional magnetic – resonance imaging (fMRI), they are
trying to learn more about the mental processes behind purchasing decisions. The resulting fusion of
neuroscience and marketing is, inevitably, being called “neuromarketing”.
B The first person to apply brain-imaging technology in this way was Gerry Zaltman of Harvard University in
the late 1990s. The idea remained in obscurity until 2001, when Bright House, a marketing consultancy based in
Atlanta, Georgia, set up a dedicated neuromarketing arm, BrightHouse Neurostrategies Group. (BrightHouse
lists Coca-Cola, Delia Airlines and Home Depot among its clients.) But the company's name may itself simply
be an example of marketing. BrightHouse does not scan people while showing them specific products or
campaign ideas, but bases its work on the results of more general fMRI-based research into consumer
preferences and decision-making carried out at Emory University in Atlanta.
C Can brain-scanning really be applied to marketing? The basic principle is not that different from focus
groups and other traditional forms of market research. A volunteer lies in an fMRI machine and is shown
images or video clips. In place of an interview or questionnaire, the subject's response is evaluated by
monitoring brain activity. fMRI provides real-time images of the brain in which different areas 'light up'
depending on the level of blood flow. This provides clues to the subject's subconscious thought patterns.
Neuroscientists know, for example, that the sense of self is associated with an area of the brain known as the
medial prefrontal cortex. A flow of blood to that area while the subject is looking at a particular logo suggests
that he or she identifies with that brand.
D At first, it seemed that only companies in Europe were prepared to admit that they used neuromarketing.
Two carmakers, Daimler Chrysler in Germany and Ford's European arm, ran pilot studies in 2003. But more
recently, American companies have become more open about their use of neuromarketing. Lieberman Research
Worldwide, a marketing firm based in Los Angeles, is collaborating with the California Institute of Technology
(Caltech) to enable movie studios to market-test film trailers. More controversially, the New York Times
recently reported that a political consultancy. FKF Research has been studying the effectiveness of campaign
commercials using neuromarketing techniques.
E Whether all this is any more than a modern-day version of phrenology, the Victorian obsession with linking
lumps and humps in the skull to personality traits, is unclear. There have been no large-scale studies, so scans of
a handful of subjects may not be a reliable guide to consumer behavior in general. Of course, focus groups and
surveys are flawed too: strong personalities can steer the outcomes of focus groups, and some people may be
untruthful in their responses to opinion pollsters. And even honest people cannot always explain their preferences.
F That is perhaps where neuromarketing has the most potential. When asked about cola drinks, most people
claim to have a favorite brand, but cannot say why they prefer that brand's taste. An unpublished study of
attitudes towards two well-known cola drinks, Brand A and Brand B, carried out last year in a college of
medicine in the US found that most subjects preferred Brand B in a blind tasting - fMRI scanning showed that
drinking Brand B lit up a region called the ventral putamen, which is one of brain's “reward centres”, far more
brightly than Brand A. But when told which drink was which, most subjects said they preferred Brand A,
which suggests that its stronger brand outweighs the more pleasant taste of the other drink.
G ‘People form many unconscious attitudes that are obviously beyond traditional methods that utilize
introspection,' says Steven Quartz, a neuroscientist at Caltech who is collaborating with Lieberman Research.
With over $100 billion spent each year on marketing in America alone, any firm that can more accurately
analyze how customers respond to brands could make a fortune.
H Consumer advocates are wary. Gary Ruskin of Commercial Alert, a lobby group, thinks existing marketing
techniques are powerful enough. 'Already, marketing is deeply implicated in many serious pathologies,’ he says.
“That is especially true of children, who are suffering from an epidemic of marketing-related diseases, including
obesity and type-2 diabetes. Neuromarketing is a tool to amplify these trends.
I Dr Quartz counters that neuromarketing techniques could equally be used for benign purposes, 'There are
ways to utilize these technologies to create more responsible advertising.' he says, Brain-scanning could, for
example, be used to determine when people are capable of making free choices, to ensure that advertising falls within those bounds.
J Another worry is that brain-scanning is an invasion of privacy and that information on the preferences of
specific individuals will be misused. But neuromarketing studies rely on small numbers of volunteer subjects,
so that seems implausible. Critics also object to the use of medical equipment for frivolous rather than medical
purposes. But as Tim Ambler, a neuromarketing researcher at the London Business School, says: 'A tool is a
tool, and if the owner of the tool gets a decent rent for hiring it out, then that subsidizes the cost of the
equipment, and everybody wins.’ Perhaps more brain-scanning will someday explain why Borne people like the
idea of neuromarketing, but others do not.
Questions 96-101: The passage has ten paragraphs A—J. Choose the correct heading for paragraphs B—G
from the list of headings below. Write your answers in the corresponding numbered box provided.
List of headings
i A description of the procedure
ii An international research project
iii An experiment to investigate consumer responses
iv Marketing an alternative name v A misleading name?
vi A potentially profitable line of research
vii Medical dangers of the technique
viii Drawbacks to marketing tools ix Broadening applications x What is neuromarketing? 96. Paragraph B 97. Paragraph C 98. Paragraph D 99. Paragraph E 100. Paragraph F 101. Paragraph G Your answers 96. 97. 98. 99. 100. 101.
Questions 102-104: Look at the following people and the list of opinions below. Match each person with the
opinion credited to him. Write your answers in the corresponding numbered box provided. 102. Steven Quartz 103. Gary Ruskin 104. Tim Ambler List of opinions
A. Neuromarketing could be used to contribute towards the cost of medical technology.
B. Neuromarketing could use introspection as a tool in marketing research.
C. Neuromarketing could be a means of treating medical problems.
D. Neuromarketing could make an existing problem worse.
E. Neuromarketing could lead to the misuse of medical equipment.
F. Neuromarketing could be used to prevent the exploitation of consumers. Your answers 102. 103. 104.
Questions 105-108: Complete the summary below using words from the passage. Choose ONE WORD
ONLY from the passage for each answer. Write your answers in the corresponding numbered box provided.
Neuromarketing can provide valuable information on attitudes to particular 105______________. It may be
more reliable than surveys, where people can be 106_________________ or focus groups, where they may be
influenced by others. It also allows researchers to identify the subject's 107__________________ thought
patterns. However, some people are concerned that it could lead to problems such as an increase in disease among 108____________________. Your answers 105. 106. 107. 108.
Part 4. For questions 109-118, read the following passage and choose the answer A, B, C or D that fits best
according to the text. Write your answers in the corresponding numbered boxes provided. AN UNLIKELY MUSE
A new wave of music and arts projects has emerged, focusing on someone who may seem for some a dubious
source of inspiration. Imelda Marcos, former first lady of the Philippines, is currently becoming the subject of
musicals, song cycles and shows on a worldwide arena.
When the Marcos regime collapsed in 1986, and Imelda and her husband Ferdinand were exiled in Hawaii, they
carried with them allegations of embezzlement, corruption and human rights abuses. Imelda had spent the last
twenty years living off a seemingly endless supply of funds, living an exotic and glamorous lifestyle and
rubbing shoulders with powerful figures worldwide. In 1972, when the superstar couple’s popularity was
fading and they were at risk of losing their power, Ferdinand Marcos instated martial, leading to an era of chaos
and plunder, and what is described by some as the second most corrupt regime of the twentieth century.
Ferdinand and Imelda fled in 1986 to escape the People’s Power Revolution, Imelda leaving behind some 2000 pairs of shoes.
After her husband died in Hawaii due to ill health, Imelda stood trial in the United States on behalf of her
husband. Following that, she returned to the Philippines to face seventy more counts of corruption and tax
evasion. She has now returned to congress in the Philippines, her make-up and gowns as flawless as ever.
So what makes Imelda Marcos such an appealing muse? Undoubtedly, Imelda Marcos’s resolute character
which has withstood exile, legal battles and the wrath of her enemies makes her an appealing heroine, but film-
maker Fenton Bailey attributes her iconicity to her sense of glamour and style, and her role as a cultural trend-
setter. And like so many women who let nothing come between them and their goals, she has gained a certain
iconic status, particularly among homosexuals, not unlike that of Judy Garland and Lady Gaga.
And now the story of Imelda Marcos can be seen in the format of a musical, an artistic genre which is quite
befitting for this flamboyant, entertaining figure of beauty and glamour. ‘Imelda – A new musical’ has played in
Los Angeles and New York. The artistic director of the musical, Tim Dang, realises that the musical glosses
over the darker aspects of the Marcos regime, but wanted to portray Imelda as a person with all her faults on
display, leaving the audience to come to a verdict. However, despite the glitz of the show, reviews were mixed,
stating the ‘the serio-comic spoof... had a vacuum at its centre’.
The story of Imelda Marcos has also been immortalised as a song cycle, ‘Here Lies Love’ written by David
Byrne and Norman Cook, in which Imelda comes across as both a hero and villain. Their reasoning was to try to
understand the story of how people can attain positions of such power and greed. They were also inspired by
Imelda’s love of dancing and clubbing, and how her own style of music could be incorporated into their own.
Byrne adds that their story is not black and white – the couple were very popular at first, and Imelda headed a
lot of public works in the Philippines and added much to the nation’s sense of culture and identity.
At the Cultural Centre of the Philippines, a tour named ‘La Vida Imelda’ led by Carlos Sedran describes the life
of Imelda Marcos, the cold war and martial law, while also portraying the glamour of the Imelda lifestyle. He
describes it as an eternal story, in which her extravagance can be seen as either distasteful or in some ways estimable.
There is a danger that these new art forms airbrush out the atrocity which accompanied the ostentation and
glamour. It was a time when democracy was suppressed, political enemies disappeared, and billions of dollars
which could have helped the poverty-stricken country were spent on the Marcos’s extravagant lifestyle.
However, the artists involved are keen to make clear that the regime also resulted in great leaps forward in the
country’s culture, architecture and infrastructure. The Marcos legacy remains in the form of hospitals, Heart and
Lung Centres, Folk Art theatres and homes for children and the elderly, notwithstanding that the Marcos couple
set their war-ravaged, poverty-stricken land onto the world stage.
76. Why are Imelda’s shoes mentioned in the second paragraph?
A. To illustrate how little she cared for her personal possessions
B. To illustrate her love of fashion and beauty
C. To indicate how quickly she had to flee the country
D. To illustrate the extravagance of her lifestyle
77. What aspect of Imelda’s character is emphasised in paragraph 3? A. her flamboyance B. her beauty C. her doggedness D. her forbearance
78. Why is Imelda compared with Judy Garland and Lady Gaga?
A. Due to her status as a gay icon
B. Due to her ambition and drive
C. Because she has created new fashions
D. Because she has triumphed over legal battles
79. The phrase “rubbing shoulders” in the second paragraph mostly means ______. A. hobnobbing B. abetting C. fostering D. conferring
80. Why was the musical of Imelda’s life criticised?
A. Because it did not portray Imelda’s faults
B. Because the show was too shallow
C. Because it was too glamorous and showy
D. Because it was both serious and comedic
81. What was it about Imelda’s story that interested David Byrne and Norman Cooke?
A. The ongoing themes of power, greed and music
B. The fact that the story had both a clear hero and villain
C. The reasoning why people such as Imelda become who they are
D. The fact that her musical taste was similar to theirs
82. The word “incorporated” in the sixth paragraph is closest in meaning to _____. A. inverted B. infused C. integrated D. interbred
83. According to Carlos Sedran, how do people respond to Imelda’s expensive lifestyle?
A. Most people are shocked by it.
B. It evokes both positive and negative feelings. C. People want to be like her.
D. People realise why she did it.
84. The word “atrocity” in the last paragraph is closest in meaning to _____. A. complexity B. indignity C. mendacity D. barbarity
85. Which of the following is not mentioned in the text as something Imelda Marcos did for the Philippines?
A. She made health services available to the people.
B. She gave the country a cultural identity.
C. She reduced the levels of poverty for Filipino people.
D. She drew the world’s attention to the country.
Part 5. In the passage below, seven paragraphs have been removed. For questions 119-125, read the passage
and choose from the paragraphs A-H the one which fits each gap. There is ONE extra paragraph which you
do not need to use. Write your answers in the corresponding numbered box provided. GANGS: the new tribes
‘What do you want to be when you grow up?’ a class of fresh-faced 12-year-olds were asked upon commencing
secondary school. Their new English teacher – Mrs Marcus – asked this question every year and it seemed to
fire the imagination of every child. Usually, there was a smattering of professions, vocations and trades, along
with some interesting surprises. This lot did not disappoint. 119.
It turns out they were a highly varied lot: doctor, nurse, lawyer, judge, electrician, archaeologist,
businesswoman, vet, police officer, hairdresser, actor, shop assistant. There was trouble containing their
enthusiasm, with some throwing out more than one idea. A few had non-specific ambitions, ‘I don’t know. I
want to travel’, and ‘ I just want to go to university.’ All of them had opinions, some stronger than others, but opinions nonetheless. 120.
I’m particularly interested in the differences between that generation and the current one. ‘Hopes and dreams,’
she replies immediately. ‘Whether your classmates achieved those things or not is irrelevant. The important
thing is you had ideas about your future; you had aspirations. When I have asked that question in recent years,
instead of setting their sights on becoming a scientist, a lawyer or an artist, the best some children could think of
was going on the dole, being famous, or being the boss of a gang,’ she says. 121.
It is a vicious circle that becomes increasingly difficult to break. It was crucial for my peers and me that we
knew people who worked and we could make decisions about our ambitions based on some knowledge. We had
the benefit of seeing our parents, relatives, and neighbors going to work, returning from work, talking about
their jobs, or their time at university. These experiences informed our ideas, ambitions and, let’s face it, our
expectations, too. We wouldn’t have dreamt of alternative. After all, work and study were our means to get
ahead and make our way in life. 122.
This lies at the very core of a gang’s appeal. The aimlessness of some youths’ experience is replaced by the
rigid system of rules, rituals, and codes of behavior that members follow, and which gives them a purpose and
adds much – needed structure to their lives. In many cases, the gang becomes a surrogate family, providing
security, camaraderie and a sense of belonging. These powerful inducements exert a strange power over vulnerable teenagers. 123.
I ask Margaret what it is that can drive such a change. ‘I’ve known many young boys who have turned over a
new leaf,’ she says. ‘The key is intervention at the grassroots level. Community programs that keep kids off the
streets and involve them in pro-social activities are great deterrents. Strong after-school programs that meet
children’s needs for supervision are also successful in reducing attraction to gang-related activities. These cost
money, though, and authorities are often not willing to spend,’ she explains, ‘and sadly, some kids fall through the cracks.’ 124.
What chance for rehabilitation do they have, I wonder, when they cling to their gangs even in these
circumstances? Admittedly, the need for survival plays a role since those in prison rely on their fellow gang
members for protection. After all, prison is no picnic and is possibly more dangerous in an environment than the outside world. But even in here, there is hope. 125.
‘You can’t make anyone succeed, but you can help them to see that success in life is possible outside of the
narrow confines of the gang,’ says Margaret. ‘If we give young people opportunities to bring about a change in
their circumstances, they can build a happy future.’ Let’s hope that the next time Margaret asks 'the questions',
there will be some scientists, entrepreneurs, and plumbers in the group.
A. Success, however, can be measured in a myriad of ways, and for those without traditional role models, gang
culture becomes increasingly alluring as a way to make something of themselves. ‘They’re not inherently bad
kids,’ says Marcus, ‘they just have no direction and no one to look up to. Were they to attach value to work and
education, their whole outlook on life would change and they wouldn’t need what gang membership provides.’
B. Though there is no conclusive evidence, many critics of popular media believe exposure to violent films and
song lyrics, particularly rap music, has a negative influence; glamorizing gang life and encouraging at-risk
youths to join gangs or to participate in gang-related crime as a means of gaining a sense of belonging and empowerment.
C. Those who do join a gang inevitably end up in a downward spiral, losing any moral foundation they had and
hurtling headlong into a life of violence and crime. And yet, even when they are placed in juvenile detention
centers, or worse – in adult prisons – some maintain their allegiance to the gang and look upon their
membership as a badge of honor; a mark of success, not failure.
D. Thick and fast came the replies. ‘Teacher,’ said a bespectacled girl in the front row. Mrs Marcus smiled to
herself. The prospective teachers always sat as close as possible to the board, eager and serious. ‘Football
player!’ shouted a tall lad from the back, raising his arms in victory as though he’d just scored a winning goal
against Argentina at the World Cup. Mrs Marcus knew he’d be a live wire in class. ‘Prime Minister’, said
another, garnering a round of applause as well as ridicule from his classmates.
E. How has it come to this? A recent report has found that children in some areas of the country have so little
contact with working people that the concept of employment is almost foreign. They live in the so-called
‘welfare ghettos’ where more than half of the working-age population depends on out-of-work benefits. In
many families, unemployment is intergenerational with grandparents and parents living on the dole.
F. Thankfully, in many cases the lure is temporary. It becomes nothing more than a phase that plays to their
fantasies of rebellion and desire for high drama, in part fueled by pop culture through music and films that
glamorize thug life. In time, these wannabe gangsters find other interests and reject the values of the gang.
G. Fast forward twenty years and Mrs Margaret Marcus is now teaching at an inner-city school in a large
metropolis. Hoping to get some insight from this forty-year veteran of the education system, I’m interviewing
her about the challenges faced by young people today. ‘So you became a journalist instead of a teacher,’ she
says with a twinkle in her eye. Yes, I was that child in the specs long ago. Before getting down to business, we
reminisce for a few moments about my classmates.
H. There are many organizations that are working positively with young people in gangs, both inside and
outside of detention, and helping them through some very difficult times in their lives. With this help, they can
stop their slide into crime and violence, and make the tough transition of evolving into productive, responsible
and law-abiding members of society.
Part 3. For questions 96-108, read the following passage and do the tasks that follow. READING WARS
A. In many developed countries literacy skirts are under siege. This is true even in societies where access to
primary education is universal and governments invest heavily in education. New Zealand, for example, was
leading the world in literacy rates in 1970, but tumbled to thirteenth place in 2001 and then again to twenty-
fourth just a few years later. Test scores in the USA also slumped ten percent during the 1990s despite the
country riding an economic boom for much of the decade. In some cases these statistics reverse trends that were
in motion for over a century and a half. The steady, gradual expansion of literacy across social groups and
classes was one of the greatest successes of the period of industrialization that began in the mid-1850s.
B. This reversal of fortunes has led to widespread contention over the pedagogy of teaching literacy. What
was once a dry and technical affair—the esoteric business of linguists and policy analysts—rapidly escalated
into a series of skirmishes that were played out in high-visibility forums: Newspapers ran special features,
columns and letters-to-the-editor on the literacy crisis; politicians successfully ran their national campaigns on
improving reading test scores; and parents had their say by joining Parent Teacher Associations (PTAs) and lobby groups.
C. The arguments around reading pooled into two different classroom methodologies: constructivism and
behaviorism. The constructivist methodology grew from a holistic conception of knowledge creation that
understood reading and writing to be innate, humanistic and interpretative practices that suffered when they
were spliced and formalized within rigid doctrines, strict rules and universal skill-sets. Constructivists associate
words with meanings; each word might be thought of as a Chinese ideogram. Students are encouraged to learn
individual words and skip over and guess words they do not understand, or learn to interpret those words by
situating them within the lexical infrastructure of the sentence and the story's wider narrative. These practices
materialize as learning processes centered on guided group reading and independent reading of high-quantity,
culturally diverse literature or textual composition that emphasises pupils conveying their own thoughts and
feelings for real purposes such as letters to pen pals or journal entries.
D. Behaviorism sees the pedagogical process in a less dialectical fashion—words are initially taught not
lexically, as vehicles to convey meaning, but rather sub-lexically, as a combination of features that can be
separated and learnt in a schematic process. The behaviorist approach does not focus on words at all in the early
stages of learning. Rather, it is centered on a universally applicable method of teaching students to isolate
graphemes and phonemes with the intention that students will eventually learn to synthesize these individual
parts and make sense of spoken words textually. In this way, individual components are not equated with the
strokes of a brush on a Chinese ideogram, but rather as the focal pieces of interpretation—as in, for example,
learning to read musical notations or Morse Code. Because of its emphasis on universal rules, behaviorism is
much more conducive to formal examination and the consolidation of results across regions and countries. The
ability to master language is considered to rest in the acquisition of a set of skills that exist independently of
individuals. Classroom learning is therefore based upon the transmission of knowledge from tutor to student,
rather than seen as an internalized process that erupts within the students themselves.
E. So who comes out on top? It is not easy to say. Champions of behaviorism have claimed victory because
constructivist learning took over in the late 1980s, just before test scores on literacy began sinking across the
West. Constructivists, however, can make the valid claim that the behaviorist approach has a heavy
methodological bias towards testing and examination, and that test results do not represent the ability of
individuals to use and interpret language freely and creatively. Furthermore, different socio-economic groups
respond in different ways to each method. Those from wealthier families tend to do well regardless of the
method, but thrive on the constructivist approach implemented in the 1990s. Children from poorer families,
however, are better served by behaviorism. These outcomes have ramped up levels of socio-economic based
educational disparities in educational systems that have pushed the constructivist method.
F. It is unlikely that either constructivism or behaviorism will be permanently sidelined from curricula in the
near future. Most teachers find it easier to incorporate aspects of each approach. Constructivism may ultimately
hold the trump card because of its proven success with pupils who come from families where they are
introduced to reading and writing in various forms from a young age—this process of 'living and learning' and
immersing oneself in language is a sound principle. In a world rife with social inequities, households with
illiterate parents and a scarcity of funding for education, however, the behaviorist approach may have the upper
hand in teaching children to access the basic skills of literacy quickly and efficiently, even if some linguistic
creativity is crushed in the process.
Questions 96-102: There are six paragraphs marked A-F in the passage. In which paragraph is the
following mentioned? Write your answers in the corresponding numbered box provided.
96. A reason why constructivism might increase inequalities in society
97. Ways in which people debated the merits of different ways of teaching reading
98. A comparison between forms of communication that build meaning from isolated parts
99. Reasons why a method that is theoretically superior might not always work effectively in practice
100. An explanation of why measuring the success of different reading methods is difficult
101. An example of an activity that teachers might use to develop writing skills
102. Evidence of a national decline in reading standards Your answers 96. 97. 98. 99. 100. 101. 102.
Questions 103-105: Which THREE of the following are features of constructivism? Choose THREE letters,
A-G. Write your answers in the corresponding numbered box provided.
A．Students learn best by working on their own.
B．People are naturally inclined to develop language abilities.
C．It is vital that a disciplined and regulated approach is used.
D．It is important that students understand every word they encounter.
E．Language is best learnt as a single, organic process.
F．Everyone learns to read and write in a similar manner.
G．Context can provide helpful cues to understanding words. Your answers 103. 104. 105.
Questions 106-108: Which THREE of the following are features of behaviorism? Choose THREE letters, A-
G. Write your answers in the corresponding numbered box provided.
A．The whole of a word is less important than its parts.
B．There is not a common set of conventions.
C．Students learn best by working on their own.
D．Meaning is created by connecting word fragments.
E．Linguistic capacities are built into people.
F．Students learn by receiving information from teachers.
G．It is difficult to judge how well students are doing collectively. Your answers 106. 107. 108.
Part 4. For questions 109-118, read the following passage and choose the answer A, B, C or D that fits best
according to the text. Write your answers in the corresponding numbered boxes provided.
AROUND THE WORLD IN 94 DAYS
In February 2001, at the age of 24, Ellen Mac Arthur became the youngest and fastest ever woman to sail round
the world. After 94 days alone on board her yacht Kingfisher, she finished second to Michel Desjoyaux of
France in the single-handed Vende Globe event.
In sport, like life, the winner is usually feted, and runners-up quickly forgotten. This time the roles were
reversed and it was Ellen, weighing just 50 kilos and barely 1m60 tall, that really captured people's
imaginations and emotions. One newspaper in France, where she was and is a real heroine, summed up the
national mood there with the headline 'Well done, Michel, brave Ellen'.
As with many spectacular achievers, the signs were there from an early age, even in the unpromising nautical
terrain of landlocked Derbyshire. Her great-grandparents were sailing people and a great-uncle was a merchant
seaman, but any real link with the sea is tenuous. There was, however, an Auntie Thea who lived on the east
coast of England and had a 26-foot sailing boat called Cabaret. It took just one trip on the open sea with her
aunt to spark off Ellen's lifelong passion. She was eight years old. After that she began saving her pocket money
and spent all her spare time reading sailing books in the library, absorbing information like a sponge. With her
savings and the help of her grandmother she bought an 8-£00t fibreglass dinghy, and from that moment on there
was no keeping her away from the water.
Sailing round Britain single-handed at the age of 18 was just the start; Ellen had long since set her sights on the
Vende. But finding the money to undertake round-the-world voyages is no easy feat. She wrote 2,000 letters
requesting sponsorship and received just two replies, from the Kingfisher company who were looking to expand
into France. And in terms of race preparation, if thoroughness was the key to success, Ellen could certainly be
considered one of the favourites. In the eight months leading up to the start of the race, she sailed no fewer than
60,000 miles at the helm of her 60-£001 Kingfisher, far more than the rest of the fleet put together in the same period.
During her three months at sea MacArthur negotiated deadly icebergs, gigantic waves and gale-force winds.
She endured the freezing cold of the Antarctic and suffered the blistering heat of the windless doldrums. Racing
conditions meant sleeping in 10-minute bursts, a survival suit that stayed on for weeks at a time and hands and
wrists covered in sores and cuts. Food was dried or frozen. Water came from a desalinator, which passes
seawater through a membrane. 'You don't really wash in the icy waters of the southern ocean,' she laughs.
'Anyway, there's no one to tell you that you smell.'
As Kingfisher crossed the finishing line Ellen was surrounded by hundreds of spectator boats and a cheering
crowd of 200,000 lined the shore. Stepping off her yacht she looked remarkably composed and seemed to take
the change from solitude to public adulation very much in her stride. Her thoughts, she later confessed, were on
the realization that she had fulfilled the ambition that had dominated her life for the previous four or five years.
'Throughout that time my sole focus had been crossing the finishing line, and in the fastest possible time.' Now she could savour that moment.
But despite MacArthur's belief that everyone who finishes the Vende is a winner, she still feels a sense of
disappointment that, having taken the lead from the eventual winner Michel Desjoyaux 10 days from the finish,
she did not quite have the energy or good fortune to turn her advantage into victory. 'You have to believe you
can win from the start,' she asserts. 'Deep down you're a competitor, you don't climb the mast and come back
black and blue just for a cruise. You do it because it's a race.'
The public will now be hoping to see a suitable encore, some new feat of endurance to justify her celebrity
status. For Ellen can no longer claim, as she did in her post-race press conference, to be the simple Derbyshire
girl with 'no mobile, no credit cards, no money, no nothing'; she is a heroine and an inspiration to others of her
generation. As if to reinforce this, and despite her reluctance to take on this role, she later commented: 'If there's
one thing I've learned in this past year, it's that deep down in your heart, if you have a dream, then you can and must it happen.'
109. The word feted in the second paragraph means
A. to make somebody pleasant. B. to praise somebody. C. to make somebody happy. D. to give somebody a reward.
110. At the time of her achievement we learn that Ellen
A. enjoyed only short-lived success.
B. was more famous in France than anywhere else.
C. attracted more attention than Michel Desjoyaux.
D. became popular because of her size.
111. The word landlocked in the third paragraph means A. having no seaport. B. having no fresh water. C. having no land. D. having no sea coast.
112. Where did Ellen's initial interest in sailing come from?
A. She came from a family of sailing enthusiasts.
B. She went to see one of her relatives.
C. She read widely on the subject. D. She lived near the sea.
113. The word single-handed in the fourth paragraph means
A. without any help from anyone else.
B. using only one of one's hands to row.
C. on a boat with only one paddle.
D. on a boat with only one sail.
114. What do we learn about Ellen at the start of the race?
A. People thought she had a very good chance of winning.
B. She was a more experienced sailor than the other racers.
C. She had been waiting for this moment since she was 18.
D. She had gone to great lengths to achieve her ambition.
115. The writer suggests that one cause of discomfort for Ellen at sea was A. the shortage of water. B. her failure to sleep. C. extremes of temperature.
D. a lack of cooking facilities.
116. According to the writer, when Ellen finished the race, she was
A. overwhelmed by her new-found fame.
B. surprised by the number of people who came to greet her.
C. able to reflect on her achievement.
D. delighted to be amongst people again.
117. According to the writer, Ellen
A. thinks she deserved to win the race.
B. has mixed feelings about the outcome of the race.
C. knew she would win the race.
D. thinks Michel Desjoyaux was lucky to beat her.
118. Which of the following views does the writer express in the last paragraph?
A. She has the power to motivate.
B. She has no right to fame yet. C. Her comments lack depth.
D. She needs to change her lifestyle.
Part 5. In the passage below, seven paragraphs have been removed. For questions 119-125, read the passage
and choose from the paragraphs A-H the one which fits each gap. There is ONE extra paragraph which you
do not need to use. Write your answers in the corresponding numbered box provided. Disposable Buildings?
Look at a building, any building. What can it tell you? Few would dispute that architecture reflects the taste and
style of the period that gave rise to it. 119.
Today’s architectural landmarks tend to be secular rather than religious. For the present purpose, however, it is
less important to acknowledge a building’s patronage than it is to carefully scrutinize its form. So, observe a
contemporary building. What stands out? Discord? A hodgepodge of odd shapes and garish colours that jar?
What about the next? The same? Seeing one modern building does little to prepare the viewer for the next one; uniformity is negligible. 120.
In the larger scheme of things, these differences are minor and it is safe to say that uniformity of appearance is a
major factor that differentiates between the buildings of the past and those of the present. Another important
distinction and one so obvious that it may seem to go without saying, is that modern buildings do not look like
old buildings, (unless they are built in imitation, like neoclassical architecture, for example). 121.
This is more than a comment on the quality of the respective building materials. The pyramids were built to last;
the Millennium Dome most assuredly was not. This is not to say that the intention for modern structures is that
they should last a certain amount of time and then fall down – as a kind of disposable building. Nevertheless,
they are undeniably designed and built with only the most immediate future in mind. 122.
The people of the past, on the other hand, looked ahead. It is clear that they intended a building to be there for
future generations. This is corroborated by the fact that, in countries where the climate allows it, they planted
trees. Consider this: planting a tree, especially one that will someday grow to be very big, is the ultimate in
altruistic behaviour. When a man plants an oak sapling, he knows very well that he will not see the tree that it will become. 123.
There is a third element particularly relevant to contemporary architecture – the aesthetic element. Aesthetics
pose a challenge because they are inherently subjective. Beauty is, indeed, in the eye of the beholder; we all
have likes and dislikes, and they are not the same. Even allowing for this, however, most would probably agree
that ‘beautiful’ is not the most apt way to describe the majority of modern buildings. 124.
With most modern buildings, we certainly are. Without interventions, these words inevitably take on a negative
connotation, yet it can be constructive to be confronted with something completely different, something a bit
shocking. A reaction is provoked. We think. All art evolves with time, and architecture, in all its varied
manifestations, is, after all, a form of art. 125.
As a result, we have been left with much material for study from past eras. What will we leave behind us, in
turn? If our culture still places a value on the past and its lessons or a belief that we carry our history with us, in
continuity, to the future, then this view has not been reflected in our architecture. The generations of the future
may not be able to benefit from us as we have benefited from the generations of the past.
A The fact remains, though, that until the present day, art forms have been made to last. Countless paintings and
sculptures, as well as buildings, bear witness to this. The artists and architects of the past strove to impart their
creations with attributes that would stand the test of time. It was part and parcel of the successful execution. It
was an expression of pride; a boast. It was the drive to send something of themselves to live on into the future,
for reasons selfless and selfish both.
B For architecture, patronage has always been important. While this method of financing a work of art is as old
as the idea of art itself, it gathered huge momentum during the Renaissance. During this period, wealthy and
powerful families vied with each other in a competition for the creation of the breathtakingly beautiful and the
surprisingly different. It was a way of buying into their own immortality, and that of the artist or the architect to boot.
C Indeed, it is rare to see a modern building that has worn well, that is free from leaks or rising damp, that is
without bits of its outer structure falling off. It is hard to call to mind an edifice built in the last fifty years which
is not like this or will not soon be. These days, we are not interested in posterity: if a building serves our
purpose and that of our children, that seems to be enough.
D However, neither of these distinctions reveal much about the builders, apart from their aesthetic and their
fondness for visual conformity. Now, take a look at some old buildings. The fact that you can see them at all,
that they are intact and relevant, is what opens up the chasm between the present and the past. We do not know
how long today’s architectural heritage will last, but the chances are that it will not stand the test of time.
E Why is this? Do we not require our buildings to be beautiful any longer? Perhaps beauty has become
architecturally superfluous, or just plain old-fashioned. It could be that the idea of beauty is too sentimental and
sugary for the contemporary taste. Maybe the modern psyche demands something more stimulating and less
easy than beauty. Perhaps we yearn to be challenged.
F Historic buildings from a common era, on the other hand, resemble each other. Take the example of the
Gothic cathedral. To the non-specialist, one Gothic cathedral looks much like the next; if you’ve seen one,
you’ve seen them all. This view, while extreme, is correct in the sense that there is a uniformity of style in every
Gothic cathedral ever built. Anyone can see it. It takes an enthusiast, however, to spot and appreciate the myriad subtleties and differences.
G In contrast, any tree-planting that takes place today is largely commercial, motivated by the quest for
immediate gain. Trees are planted that will grow quickly and can be cut down in a relatively short space of time.
The analogy between tree planting and the construction of buildings is a good one; both activities today show
thinking that is essentially short-term and goal driven; we want an instantaneous result and, on top of that, we want it to be profitable.
H Buildings, however, can reveal considerably more than that. They give us a unique insight into the collective
mind and culture of those responsible for their construction. Every building was conceived with an objective in
mind, to serve some purpose or assuage some deficiency, and someone was responsible for commissioning
them. Throughout the course of history, buildings have generally been constructed at the instigation of the rich
and powerful – products of politics, religion or both. This is what makes them so revealing.
Part 3. For questions 96-108, read the following passage and do the tasks that follow. WHAT IS PERSONALITY?
A. We are all familiar with the idea that different people have different personalities, but what does this
actually mean? It implies that different people behave in different ways, but it must be more than that. After all,
different people find themselves in different circumstances, and much of their behaviour follows from this fact.
However, our common experience reveals that different people respond in quite remarkably different ways even
when faced with roughly the same circumstances. Alan might be happy to live alone in a quiet and orderly
cottage, go out once a week, and stay in the same job for thirty years, whilst Beth likes nothing better than
exotic travel and being surrounded by vivacious friends and loud music.
B. In cases like these, we feel that it cannot be just the situation which is producing the differences in
behaviour. Something about the way the person is ‘wired up’ seems to be at work, determining how they react
to situations, and, more than that, the kind of situations they get themselves into in the first place. This is why
personality seems to become stronger as we get older; when we are young, our situation reflects external factors
such as the social and family environment we were born into. As we grow older, we are more and more affected
by the consequences of our own choices (doing jobs that we were drawn to, surrounded by people like us whom
we have sought out). Thus, personality differences that might have been very slight at birth become dramatic in later adulthood.
C. Personality, then, seems to be the set of enduring and stable dispositions that characterise a person. These
dispositions come partly from the expression of inherent features of the nervous system, and partly from
learning. Researchers sometimes distinguish between temperament, which refers exclusively to characteristics
that are inborn or directly caused by biological factors, and personality, which also includes social and cultural
learning. Nervousness, for example, might be a factor of temperament, but religious piety is an aspect of personality.
D. The discovery that temperamental differences are real is one of the major findings of contemporary
psychology. It could easily have been the case that there were no intrinsic differences between people in
temperament, so that given the same learning history, the same dilemmas, they would all respond in much the
same way. Yet we now know that this is not the case.
E. Personality measures turn out to be good predictors of your health, how happy you typically are – even
your taste in paintings. Personality is a much better predictor of these things than social class or age. The origin
of these differences is in part innate. That is to say, when people are adopted at birth and brought up by new
families, their personalities are more similar to those of their blood relatives than to the ones they grew up with.
F. Personality differences tend to manifest themselves through the quick, gut-feeling, intuitive and emotional
systems of the human mind. The slower, rational, deliberate systems show less variation in output from person
to person. Deliberate rational strategies can be used to over-ride intuitive patterns of response, and this is how
people wishing to change their personalities or feelings have to go about it. As human beings, we have the
unique ability to look in at our personality from the outside and decide what we want to do with it.
G. So what are the major ways personalities can differ? The dominant approach is to think of the space of
possible personalities as being defined by a number of dimensions. Each person can be given a location in the
space by their scores on all the different dimensions. Virtually all theories agree on two of the main dimensions,
neuroticism (or negative emotionality) and extroversion (or positive emotionality). However, they differ on how
many additional ones they recognise. Among the most influential proposals are openness, conscientiousness and
agreeableness. In the next section I shall examine these five dimensions.
Questions 56-62: There are seven paragraphs marked A-G in the passage. Choose the correct heading for
each paragraph from the list below. Write your answers in the corresponding numbered box provided. List of Headings i A degree of control ii
Where research has been carried out into the effects of family on personality iii
Categorising personality features according to their origin iv
A variety of reactions in similar situations v
A link between personality and aspects of our lives that aren’t chosen vi
A possible theory that cannot be true vii Measuring personality
viii Potentially harmful effects of emotions ix
How our lives can reinforce our personalities x
Differences between men’s and women’s personalities 96. Paragraph A 97. Paragraph B 98. Paragraph C 99. Paragraph D 100. Paragraph E 101. Paragraph F 102. Paragraph G Your answers 96. 97. 98. 99. 100. 101. 102.
Questions 63-68: Do the following statements reflect the claims of the writer? Write your answers in the
corresponding numbered box provided. Write YES
if the statement reflects the claims of the writer NO
if the statement reflects the claims of the writer
NOT GIVEN if it is impossible to say what the writer thinks about this
103. Alan and Berth illustrate contrasting behaviour in similar situations.
104. As we grow older, we become more able to analyse our personalities.
105. Nervousness is an example of a learned characteristic.
106. The discovery of differences in temperament has changed the course of psychological research.
107. Adopted children provide evidence that we inherit more of our personality than we acquire.
108. The rational behaviour of different people shows greater similarity than their emotional behaviour . Your answers 103. 104. 105. 106. 107. 108.
Part 4. For questions 109-118, read the following passage and choose the answer A, B, C or D that fits best
according to the text. Write your answers in the corresponding numbered boxes provided.
When one hears the expression “role models”, one’s mind naturally jumps to celebrities, especially as far as
young people are concerned. Therefore, it would be more than natural to assume that teenagers, heavily
influenced by the media, are dazzled by well-known Hollywood stars, famous musicians and internationally
renowned athletes. However, nothing could be further from the truth.
In reality, according to a recent survey, over 75% of teens who filled out an online questionnaire claimed that
the role model for whom they had the greatest respect was not a famous personality, but a family member. It
seems that the qualities that make a good role model are more complex than researchers first assumed. For
example, Nancy L, a teenage girl from Wisconsin, described her role model as a woman who had a clear sense
of what was important to her, making the effort to create things that would make a real difference in the world.
The woman she was referring to was her favorite aunt, who was a painter and sculptor.
Role models come into young people’s lives in various ways. They are family members, educators, peers and
ordinary people encountered in their daily lives. Students emphasized that being a role model is not confined to
those with international fame or unbelievable wealth. Instead, they said the greatest attribute of a role model is
the ability to inspire others. Teachers were often mentioned as examples in this case, ones that are dedicated to
encouraging students, helping them push their limits and strengthen their characters.
Another quality high on the list was the ability to overcome obstacles. In addition to parents, peers often made
up a large percentage of such role models. Young people are at a point in their lives when they are developing
the skills of initiative and capability, so it is only natural that they admire people who show them that success in
the face of difficulty is possible.
A final and perhaps unexpected character trait that the youth of today admire is a clear set of values. Children
admire people whose actions are consistent with their beliefs; in other words, who practice what they preach.
Role models help them to understand the significance of honesty, motivation and the desire to do general good.
For example, local politicians who clearly struggle to improve living conditions in their cities are high on their lists of role models.
Perhaps what should be understood from what young people consider important in a role model is that each and
every person around them affects them to a certain extent, perhaps much more than most parents think. This
makes it crucial for adults to be aware of their influence on the young and set the best examples possible.
Question 109: Which of the following is closest in meaning to “dazzled”? A. impressed B. disappointed C. confused D. frightened
Question 110: Which of the following is LEAST likely to be assumed as teens’ role model? A. A handsome actor B. A talented footballer C. A hot popstar D. A brilliant scientist
Question 111: What is surprising about the findings of the survey?
A. Celebrities are the most common role models to most teens.
B. The role models of the respondents are not quite influential.
C. The qualities that make up teens’ role models are not simple.
D. Most celebrities have their family members as role models.
Question 112: What does the passage tell us about Nancy L’s role model? A. She was not related to her.
B. She was famous for her talent.
C. She was a mysterious person. D. She had strong priorities.
Question 113: Which of the following is closest in meaning to “confined to”? A. assisted by B. restricted to C. similar to D. influenced by
Question 114: According to the passage, what quality makes teachers good role models? A. their ambition to succeed B. their wide knowledge
C. their ability as academic educators
D. their positive effect on students
Question 115: The ability to overcome obstacles is important to young people because ______.
A. teens must have it to teach their peers
B. it is not something that one can easily find
C. obstacles make life more difficult
D. it is relevant to the stage of life they are in
Question 116: According to paragraph 5, children really look up to those who _______. A. are as active as possible
B. do what they say they will do
C. pay attention to the needs of the young D. are religious in their life
Question 117: According to the passage, some politicians are considered admirable ______.
A. because they are familiar to young people
B. because of the strong power they have
C. because of their concern for others
D. because they believe in themselves
Question 118: The passage suggests that adults should ______.
A. try to avoid imposing their influence on younger people
B. realize that they have a strong effect on young people
C. be careful of the role models their children may have
D. encourage children to reject celebrities as role models
Part 5. In the passage below, seven paragraphs have been removed. For questions 119-125, read the passage
and choose from the paragraphs A-H the one which fits each gap. There is ONE extra paragraph which you
do not need to use. Write your answers in the corresponding numbered box provided. Playing the Game
It's a cut-throat business but there are massive rewards on offer in the software industry - and age is no barrier
to success, explains Rupert Jones.
The frequent claim that Britain has an unrivalled reputation when it comes to producing games is no idle boast;
the UK has by far the biggest development community in Europe and is also home to most of the global
publishing giants. In fact, the UK leisure software market is now said to be the fastest-growing sector of the UK entertainment media. 119.
"It's now very much a commercial exercise," says Roger Bennett, Director General of industry trade body, the
Entertainment and Leisure Software Publishers Association (ELSPA). "Whereas people can make a film with a
camcorder, you can't make a game now unless you have a huge amount of equipment and the skills to use it."
And lots of money, too. A top-flight game can cost up to £5m to develop. 120.
This is borne out by Nick Wheelwright at Codemasters. He says it looks for "outstanding academic people".
Those the company takes on will normally have a degree in a relevant discipline, so for an artist that might be
fine art or illustration and animation, while for a programmer it could be computer science or maths. 121.
When it comes to publishing, distribution and marketing, the skills required tend to be more commercial. "It's
an industry that people do want to get into. Whenever we advertise a vacancy we get lots of interest," says Rob
Murphy, finance director at south-London-based SCi Entertainment. 122.
Games testers are a crucial component of the industry, and this is an area where a university qualification may
not be necessary - five GCSEs and good PC knowledge may be enough. These are the people who play games
all day, testing them for playability and making sure there are no bugs. 123.
Rachel Wood swapped her paintbrush for a computer and the latest graphics and animation software seven
years ago. She is now a senior lead artist at Codemasters, overseeing a team of artists working on two new
games. "Everyone has input into how the game looks, especially in the early stages. My job is to direct that,
initially, and make sure everyone is working in the same direction," says Rachel. 124.
When Rachel joined Codemasters she had little understanding of how computers worked, but she had had an
interest in maths and physics before choosing to take the fine art route. Working in this field does involve "a
certain degree of technological understanding" but Rachel stresses that traditional artistic talent and creativity are very important. 125.
Getting a job as a games tester can be a good route in. Many games-mad teenagers have got in this way and
then worked their way up the ladder. Students may be able to get a foot in the door by doing gap year or
summer job work experience, perhaps working on the company website. A passion for games isn’t obligatory but, obviously, it helps.
A Perhaps inevitably, the development side in particular has become much more professional in the way it
operates, with a far greater emphasis on academic excellence when it comes to hiring staff. "The people being
employed now are highly educated and highly qualified. The biggest studios will only recruit people of high
academic excellence," says Mr Bennett.
B Now 29, she studied fine art at Plymouth University and later spent time doing oil painting commissions but
she was not content. "Working as a fine artist is fairly isolated. This offered a chance to learn new technologies
and to be working in a team." Once she arrived, she was hooked, though she had to learn some new skills.
C Based near Leamington Spa, Codemasters employs more than 400 people, and the average age of the staff is
just 23-24. It has, among others, people with physics degrees who measure things like the speed, momentum
and crash impact in racing games, computer science graduates who are responsible for testing the games to
check for bugs, people with law degrees involved with celebrity contracts and licences, and automotive
engineering graduates who design the structure of virtual racing cars.
D For wannabe graphics artists, some degree of technological understanding is clearly an advantage. If you’re
not up on the latest software, however, don't be put off. There’s still space for people with traditional artistic
talent and creativity. You can pick up the tech side as you go.
E "Quite often you will have to play the game for many months. You have to be dedicated and pretty
systematic," says Mr Murphy. Codemasters says there may be as many as 30 people testing the same game for
the final three months. “A tester might be paid around £18,000 compared with an experienced producer, who
can earn £40,000-plus”, says Mr Murphy.
F To stand a chance of serious long-term success in this cut-throat market, games consoles need great games,
and lots of them. It's on sales of games at up to £45 a throw that the real profits are made. ‘Club Football’ and
‘LMA Manager’ are two such titles. "We've been going out to the clubs and photographing the players. I've
been to a couple of the shoots," smiles Rachel.
G But the past few years have brought big changes to the way companies work. The cottage industry days,
when a teenage techie could create a game in his bedroom that went on to become a blockbuster, are long gone.
H SCi is one of the UK's longest-established games publishers, whose recent hits include ‘The Italian Job’,
based on the Michael Caine heist movie. Mr Murphy adds that it helps to have some experience under your belt.
"There are a lot of things people can do to get experience; for example, becoming a tester for a while. We have
had students on their gap year in to help on our website." Most people will have degrees but a lot comes down
to the individual and their enthusiasm for games.