lOMoARcPSD|50734573
Banking Academy of Vietnam International School of Business REPORT ON THE TOPIC
TECHNOLOGY AND INNOVATION
Lecture : Do Tien Minh
Team 1: Thai Lam Giang – CA10-047
Vu Thi Ngoc Anh – CA10-089
Ha Kim Anh – CA10-084
Le The Viet – CA10-174
Vuong Thiet Tung – CA10-171 Class : CITYU 10E
Subject : Technology and Operations Management Ha Noi, 20/9/2024 lOMoARcPSD|50734573 Table of Contents
Abstract..............................................................................................................................................1 I. Technology and operation
management........................................................................................2 1.1.
Basic concepts of technology............................................................................................................2
1.1.1. Definition.......................................................................................................................................2
1.1.2. Technology components.................................................................................................................2 1.2.
Role of technology............................................................................................................................2
1.2.1. Society...........................................................................................................................................2
1.2.2. Business.........................................................................................................................................3
1.2.3. Economy........................................................................................................................................4 1.3.
Production technology......................................................................................................................5
1.3.1. Machine technology.......................................................................................................................5
1.3.2. Automatic identification systems (AISs)........................................................................................6
1.3.3. Process control...............................................................................................................................7
1.3.4. Vision systems...............................................................................................................................8
1.3.5. Robots............................................................................................................................................8
1.3.6. Automated storage and retrieval systems (ASRSs),.......................................................................9
1.3.7. Automated guided vehicles (AGVs)..............................................................................................9
1.3.8. Flexible manufacturing systems (FMSs)......................................................................................10
1.3.9. Computer-integrated manufacturing (C.IM)................................................................................11 1.4.
Services Technology refers to the use of services for software development..............................12
1.4.1. Advantages of service technology................................................................................................12
1.4.2. Applications of technology in service..........................................................................................13 1.5.
Issues in Technology application...................................................................................................13
1.5.1. Economics....................................................................................................................................13
1.5.2. Society.........................................................................................................................................14
1.5.3. Enviroment..................................................................................................................................15
1.5.4. Safety and Security......................................................................................................................16 II.
Innovation and operation.......................................................................................................17 2.1.
Basic concepts.................................................................................................................................17
2.1.1. Innovation....................................................................................................................................17
2.1.2. Operation.....................................................................................................................................17 lOMoARcPSD|50734573 2.2.
Sources of innovation.....................................................................................................................18
2.2.1. Novel Approaches........................................................................................................................18
2.2.2. Technological Advancements.......................................................................................................19
2.2.3. Business model innovations.........................................................................................................19
2.2.4. Where do innovation come from?................................................................................................19
2.2.5. Background, basic concept of innovation.....................................................................................21 2.3.
Types of innovation........................................................................................................................24 2.4.
Innovation Management................................................................................................................27
2.4.1. Definition of Innovation Management.........................................................................................27
2.4.2. Importance of Innovation Management for Organizations...........................................................27 2.5.
The Innovation Management Process...........................................................................................30
2.5.1. Identify Challenges and Opportunities.........................................................................................30
2.5.2. Idea Generation............................................................................................................................31
2.5.3. Idea Screening and Evaluation.....................................................................................................31
2.5.4. Concept Development..................................................................................................................31
2.5.5. Business Case Development........................................................................................................32
2.2.6. Development and Testing.................................................................................................................32
2.2.7. Implementation and Commercialization..........................................................................................32
2.5.8. Launch and Post-launch Evaluation.................................................................................................33 2.6.
The innovation process...................................................................................................................33
2.6.1. Evolutionary Innovations.............................................................................................................33
2.6.2. Revolutionary Innovations...........................................................................................................34 2.7.
Levels of innovation.......................................................................................................................34
2.7.1. Incremental Innovation................................................................................................................34
2.7.2. Radical Innovation.......................................................................................................................35
2.7.3. Disruptive Innovation..................................................................................................................35
2.7.4. Architectural Innovation..............................................................................................................35 3.1.
The need for technology and innovation.......................................................................................35 3.2.
Recommendations..........................................................................................................................36
3.2.1. Embrace Digital Transformation..................................................................................................36
3.2.2. Leverage Data Analytics..............................................................................................................36
3.2.3. Foster a Culture of Innovation.....................................................................................................36 lOMoARcPSD|50734573
3.2.4. Invest in Training and Development............................................................................................36
3.2.5. Focus on Sustainability................................................................................................................36
3.2.6. Explore Emerging Technologies..................................................................................................37
3.2.7. Enhance Cybersecurity Measures................................................................................................37
3.2.8. Collaborate and Network.............................................................................................................37 lOMoARcPSD|50734573 Abstract
This report explores the integral role of technology and innovation in modern
business and economy. It begins by defining technology as the application of
scientific knowledge to solve practical problems, highlighting its components
—hardware and software—and its profound influence on various sectors such
as education, healthcare, and communication. The report further delves into the
transformative impact of technology on productivity, operational efficiency,
and the global economy, showcasing examples like automation in
manufacturing and digital payments in financial services.
Additionally, the report classifies four types of innovation—product, process,
position, and paradigm—each contributing to business growth and competitive
advantage. The innovation process is examined through evolutionary
(incremental) and revolutionary (disruptive) changes, with examples ranging
from continuous advancements in microprocessor technology to the internet’s revolutionary impact.
The need for embracing technology and fostering innovation is emphasized
as crucial for staying competitive in evolving markets. The report concludes
by offering recommendations for businesses, including digital
transformation, data analytics, fostering innovation culture, sustainability
practices, and exploring emerging technologies like AI and blockchain. I.
Technology and operation management I.1.
Basic concepts of technology I.1.1. Definition
Technology is the application of scientific knowledge and tools to
solve practical aims of human life or problem processes in business,
industry, manufacturing, etc... It encompasses a wide range of
activities, from the simple tools used by early humans to the complex
systems that power our modern world. Technology has profoundly
influenced human society, improving quality of life, increasing
efficiency, and connecting people across the..globe.
I.1.2. Technology components 1 lOMoARcPSD|50734573 -
Hardware: Hardware refers to the computer's tangible
components or delivery systems that store and run the written
instructions provided by the software. The software is the intangible
part of the device that lets the user interact with the hardware and
command it to perform specific tasks.
Example : USB, memory card, touchpad, microphone,... -
Software: Software refers to the applications of the Internet,
computer software, and information systems that help in data
collection, analysis, storage, and sharing and facilitate the creation and
delivery of goods and services. I.2. Role of technology I.2.1. Society a. Education
- Role: Technology transforms education by providing access to online
resources, e-learning platforms, and interactive tools that enhance the learning experience.
- Example: Platforms like Coursera offer free or affordable courses,
allowing learners from diverse backgrounds to access quality
education, learning online at Covid19 b. Communication:
Role: Advances in communication technology facilitate instant
interaction and information sharing across the world, connecting people like never before.
- Example: Social media platforms such as Facebook and Twitter enable
users to communicate in real-time, share news, and engage with communities worldwide. c. Health care:
- Role: Technology improves healthcare treatment. telemedicine,
electronic health records, and advanced diagnostic tools, enhancing treatment quality.
- Example:Telehealth services allow patients to consult doctors
remotely Gen technology to produce covid vacxin d. Culture: 2 lOMoARcPSD|50734573 -
- Role: Technology fosters cultural exchange and preservation through
digital platforms that allow for the sharing of art, music, and traditions globally.
- Example: Streaming services like Spotify and Netflix provide access
to diverse cultural content, promoting global awareness and appreciation. I.2.2. Business
a. Productivity ( Efficiency, Output, Input )
- Explanation: Technology improves productivity by increasing output,
and optimizing input usage. Automation and advanced software
solutions enable businesses to perform tasks more efficiently, reducing time and labor costs.
- Example: Manufacturing companies use robotic automation to
increase production speed and consistency. For instance, automotive
manufacturers like Toyota employ robotic arms on assembly lines,
which can work faster and more accurately than human workers, thus
increasing overall output while minimizing errors.
b. Innovation (Digitalization, Transformation)
- Explanation: Technology drives innovation by enabling digitalization
and transformation of business processes, products, and services.
Companies leverage new technologies to create innovative solutions
that meet changing consumer demands. 3 lOMoARcPSD|50734573 -
Example:Fintech companies like PayPal have transformed payment
processing by enabling businesses to accept digital payments easily.
This innovation has led to faster transactions and improved cash flow for businesses.
c. Competitive Advantages (Cost Leadership, Differentiation, Responsiveness)
- Explaination: Technology provides businesses with competitive
advantages by allowing them to achieve cost leadership, differentiate
their products, and respond quickly to market changes. Efficient
technology use can lead to lower operating costs and enhanced customer experiences.
- Example: Amazon employs advanced logistics technology and data
analytics to optimize its supply chain, allowing it to offer fast delivery
services. This responsiveness, combined with a vast selection of
products and competitive pricing, gives Amazon a significant edge over traditional retailers.
d. New Economic Models ( E-commerce )
- Explanation: Technology has enabled the emergence
of new economic models, particularly in e-
commerce, which allows businesses to reach global
markets connect consumers with variety of products
- Example: Shoppe, Lazada I.2.3. Economy
a. Growth ( GDP, GDP Per Capita )
- Explanation: Technology contributes to economic growth by
increasing efficiency and innovation in production processes, which
in turn increase Gross Domestic Product (GDP) and GDP per capita.
As industries adopt new technologies, they can produce more goods and services at lower costs.
- Example: The rise of the information technology sector has
significantly contributed to GDP growth in many countries. For
instance, in the United States, companies like Apple and Microsoft
have not only created jobs but also generated high GDP
b. Reform ( Structure, model, etc…) 4 lOMoARcPSD|50734573 -
Explanation: Technological advancements lead to structural reforms
in the economy by shifting traditional business models to more innovative and flexible ones.
- Example: Banking payment methods make the money transaction more
easily, in the past… these days…
c. Sustainability (Pollution Reduction, Natural Resource Saving)
- Explanation: Technology plays a vital role in reduce pollution and
optimizing the use of natural resources. Innovations such as renewable
energy sources contribute to a more sustainable economy.
- Example: The adoption of solar and wind energy technologies helps
reduce reliance on fossil fuels, thereby lowering greenhouse gas
emissions. Countries like Germany have invested heavily in
renewable energy, significantly reducing their carbon footprint while
promoting job growth in the green technology sector.
d. Productivity (National and Provincial Levels)
- Explanation: Technology enhances productivity at both national
and provincial levels by automating processes, improving
efficiency, and optimizing resource management. This leads to
increased output with the same or fewer inputs, driving overall economic performance.
- Example: For example, in VN a province that adopts precision
agriculture can see significant increases in productivity, leading
to higher agricultural output and economic growth. Conclusion:
The role of technology in the economy is multifaceted, influencing
growth, structural reforms, sustainability, and productivity. By
fostering innovation and efficiency, technology not only drives
economic progress but also addresses contemporary challenges related
to resource management and environmental sustainability. I.3. Production technology.
I.3.1. Machine technology
- Increased Precision and Flexibility: Additive manufacturing
enables the creation of complex geometries and intricate designs 5 lOMoARcPSD|50734573
that would be difficult or impossible to achieve through
conventional manufacturing methods. This design flexibility
supports innovative product development.
- Reduced Material Waste: Since additive manufacturing only
uses the necessary amount of material to build a product, it
generates significantly less waste compared to subtractive
manufacturing techniques that remove excess material. This
leads to a reduced environmental impact.
- Minimal Custom Tooling: Additive manufacturing does not
require extensive custom tooling, molds, or fixtures, which are
often necessary for traditional manufacturing processes . This
reduces the time and cost associated with setting up production.
- Reduced Assembly Time: Many products created through
additive manufacturing can be printed as a single, integrated
unit, minimizing the need for assembly. This streamlines the
manufacturing process and reduces labor costs.
- Low Inventory: Additive manufacturing enables on-demand
production, allowing companies to manufacture products as
needed rather than maintaining large inventories. This reduces
storage and inventory-carrying costs.
- Faster Time to Market: The design flexibility, reduced tooling
requirements, and on-demand production capabilities of additive
manufacturing can significantly shorten the time it takes to bring new products to market.
- Computer Numerical Control (CNC): CNC machines use
computer-controlled systems to automate the manufacturing
process, enabling precise and consistent production of parts and
components. This automation enhances productivity and
efficiency, while also reducing the potential for human error.
I.3.2. Automatic identification systems (AISs)
Automatic Identification Systems (AISs) and Radio Frequency
Identification (RFID) technologies have brought significant
improvements to data acquisition, reduced data entry errors,
increased speed, and expanded the scope of process automation. 6 lOMoARcPSD|50734573 - Here are some key benefits: 7 lOMoARcPSD|50734573
- Improved Data Acquisition: AISs and RFID enable automatic
identification and data capture, eliminating the need for manual data
entry. This improves the accuracy and reliability of data, as it
reduces the potential for human error during the data entry process.
- Reduced Data Entry Errors: By automating the data collection
process, AISs and RFID technologies eliminate the risk of errors
that can occur when data is manually entered into a system. This
increases the overall data quality and integrity.
- Increased Speed: The automated nature of AISs and RFID systems
allows for faster data processing and information retrieval
compared to manual methods. This can lead to improved efficiency
and responsiveness in various business processes.
- Increased Scope of Process Automation: AISs and RFID
technologies enable the automation of a wider range of processes,
from inventory management and supply chain tracking to access
control and asset monitoring. This expanded scope of automation
can lead to significant productivity gains and cost savings for organizations.
I.3.3. Process control.
Process control is a crucial aspect of modern industrial and
manufacturing operations. It involves the real-time monitoring and
control of various processes to ensure efficient, reliable, and
highquality production. The key elements of process control include:
- Sensors: Sensors are devices that collect data from the process
environment. They measure various physical, chemical, or
electrical parameters such as temperature, pressure, flow rate, pH, etc.
- Data acquisition: The devices connected to the sensors read the data
on a periodic basis, typically at high sampling rates. This raw sensor
data is then translated into digital signals that can be processed by computer systems.
- Data analysis: Computer programs and algorithms analyze the
digital sensor data to extract meaningful information about the
process. This may involve techniques like signal processing, 8 lOMoARcPSD|50734573
statistical analysis, machine learning, etc. to identify patterns, detect
anomalies, and optimize process performance.
- Process control actions: Based on the analysis of the sensor data,
the computer programs can generate control signals to adjust
various process parameters in real-time. This allows for tight
control and optimization of the process, leading to improved
efficiency, product quality, and reduced waste.
- Output and visualization: The results of the data analysis and
control actions can be presented in numerous forms, such as process
monitoring dashboards, control charts, predictive maintenance
alerts, production reports, and other visualizations to support decision-making. I.3.4. Vision systems
Vision systems offer several advantages for inspection tasks:
- Particular Aid to Inspection: Vision systems are particularly
wellsuited for inspection tasks as they can capture detailed visual
information and analyze it systematically. They can detect defects,
measure dimensions, and identify issues that may be difficult for human inspectors to spot .
- Consistently Accurate: Vision systems can perform inspections with
a high degree of accuracy and consistency, without the variability
that can occur with manual human inspection. They can apply the
same inspection criteria repeatedly without fatigue or distraction .
- Never Bored: Unlike human inspectors, vision systems do not
experience boredom or loss of focus over time. They can maintain
the same level of attention and diligence throughout the inspection process.
- Modest Cost: While the initial investment in a vision system may
be higher than manual inspection, the long-term cost savings can be
significant. Vision systems can reduce labor costs, improve quality,
and increase productivity, often resulting in a favorable return on investment.
- Superior to Individuals: Vision systems can outperform human
inspectors in many ways. They can inspect parts more quickly,
detect defects that may be invisible to the human eye, and maintain 9 lOMoARcPSD|50734573
a consistent level of performance without the limitations of human fatigue or error. I.3.5. Robots
Robots play a crucial role in various fields by offering several advantages:
- Monotonous or Dangerous Tasks:
Robots can take over repetitive jobs that may lead to worker
fatigue or boredom. They are ideal for tasks in hazardous
environments, such as mining, bomb disposal, or working with toxic substances.
- Strength and Endurance:
Robots are designed to handle heavy lifting and strenuous
activities beyond human capability, making them invaluable in
construction, manufacturing, and logistics.
- Consistency and Accuracy:
Robots provide a high level of precision and reliability,
reducing the likelihood of errors in tasks such as assembly,
packaging, and quality control.
I.3.6. Automated storage and retrieval systems (ASRSs),
Automated Storage and Retrieval Systems (ASRSs) offer
significant benefits for manufacturing and inventory management:
- Automated Placement and Withdrawal:
ASRSs streamline the process of storing and retrieving parts
and products, minimizing the need for manual intervention. This
automation enhances efficiency and speed in operations.
- Reduced Errors and Labor:
By automating these tasks, ASRSs significantly decrease the
likelihood of human errors in inventory management. They also
reduce labor costs by minimizing the number of personnel needed
for storage and retrieval processes.
- Utility in Inventory and Test Areas:
ASRSs are particularly beneficial in inventory management
and testing environments. They help maintain organization, ensure 10 lOMoARcPSD|50734573
quick access to materials, and facilitate accurate tracking of inventory levels.
I.3.7. Automated guided vehicles (AGVs) Definition:
Automated Guided Vehicles (AGVs) are electronically
guided and controlled carts or vehicles that transport materials,
products, or even individuals within a facility without the need for
human intervention. They operate on predefined paths or use
sensors and navigation technologies to navigate their environment. Key Features:
- Navigation: AGVs can use various methods for navigation,
including magnetic strips, lasers, or vision systems.
- Automation: They are programmed to perform specific tasks, such
as transporting goods between different areas of a warehouse or factory.
- Efficiency: AGVs enhance workflow by reducing the need for
manual labor in transporting materials, thus saving time and minimizing human error. Example:
In a manufacturing plant, an AGV might be used to
transport raw materials from the storage area to the production line.
For instance, a car manufacturing facility may deploy AGVs to
carry engine parts from the assembly area to the testing station.
These vehicles can operate continuously, optimizing the production
process by ensuring that necessary components are always available where they are needed.
I.3.8. Flexible manufacturing systems (FMSs) Definition: - Flexible
Manufacturing Systems (FMS) are advanced
manufacturing setups that utilize computer controls to manage both
workstations and material handling equipment. This integration
allows for flexible production processes capable of adapting to
changes in product types and volumes.
- A production method that is designed to easily adapt to changes in
the type and quantity of the product being manufactured. 11 lOMoARcPSD|50734573 Key Features:
- Computer Control: The entire system is managed by computers,
coordinating machinery, tools, and material handling to optimize production.
- Enhanced Flexibility: FMS can easily switch between producing
different products, making them ideal for environments with varying demands.
- Reduced Waste: By optimizing the production process, FMS
minimizes excess material use and reduces downtime, leading to less waste.
- Low Volume, High Variety Production: FMS is well-suited for
producing smaller quantities of diverse products efficiently.
- Reduced Changeover Time: Quick adjustments are possible when
switching from one product to another, minimizing downtime.
- Stringent Communication Requirements: Effective communication
between machines, workstations, and control systems is essential for smooth operation. Example:
A company that manufactures custom furniture might
implement an FMS to handle various orders with different
specifications. For instance, when an order comes in for a specific
type of chair, the system can quickly adjust the machinery to
produce that chair without extensive retooling. The FMS can switch
between producing different styles or sizes of furniture, ensuring
that customer orders are fulfilled promptly while maintaining highquality.
I.3.9. Computer-integrated manufacturing (C.IM) Definition:
Computer-Integrated Manufacturing (CIM) is a
comprehensive approach that integrates various manufacturing
processes through computer technology. It extends beyond flexible
manufacturing systems to encompass engineering, inventory
control, warehousing, shipping, and even customer service and
financial operations. This integration aims to streamline
production and improve overall efficiency. Key Features: 12 lOMoARcPSD|50734573
- Extends Flexibility: CIM builds on the flexibility of manufacturing
systems, allowing rapid changes in production without significant downtime.
- Backward Integration: It connects the manufacturing process with
engineering and inventory control, ensuring that design
specifications and material availability are aligned.
- Forward Integration: CIM also links production with warehousing
and shipping, facilitating smooth logistics and distribution processes.
- Holistic Approach: By incorporating financial and customer service
areas, CIM enhances overall business operations.
- Reduced Distinction: CIM blurs the lines between low-
volume/high-variety and high-volume/low-variety production,
allowing companies to efficiently produce a wide range of products in varying quantities. Example:
Consider an automotive manufacturer that employs CIM.
The company uses computer systems to design vehicles, manage
inventory, schedule production, and handle shipping logistics.
When a new vehicle design is approved, the engineering team can
immediately communicate specifications to the production floor.
Inventory levels are monitored in real-time, ensuring that the right
materials are available without overstocking. Once production is
complete, the system automatically organizes shipping logistics
based on customer orders, streamlining the entire process from design to delivery. I.4.
Services Technology refers to the use of services for software development
Service technology refers to the use of services for software
development, where a service is an, platform agnostic software
component that operates within an ecosystem of services.
I.4.1. Advantages of service technology Enhances
the perception of service quality.
- E-service: Uses the Internet and technology to provide services to
customers and support the sale of goods. 13 lOMoARcPSD|50734573
- Helps deliver time, place and information, entertainment, and
exchange value are some of the services that are provided to customers
I.4.2. Applications of technology in service.
- Financial Services: For example ATMs, Internet stock trading
- Education: Education through online newspapers and journals or smartphones.
- Utilities and government: Automated one-person garbage trucks,
optical mail scanners, flood-warning systems, meters that allow
homeowners to control energy usage and costs
- Restaurants and foods : Wireless orders from waiters to kitchen,
robot butchering, transponders on cars that track sales at drivethroughs
- Communications: Interactive TV, e-books via Kindle
- Hotels: Electronic check-in/check-out, electronic key/lock systems, mobile Web bookings
- Wholesale/retail trade: Point-of-sale (POS) terminals, ecommerce,
electronic communication between store and supplier, bar-coded data, RFID. - Transportation: Transportation Automatic toll booths,
satellitedirected navigation systems, Wi-Fi in automobiles.
- Health care: Online patient-monitoring systems, online medical
information systems, robotic surgery. Airlines. Ticketless travel,
scheduling, Internet purchases, boarding passes downloaded as
two-dimensional bar codes on smartphones.
I.5. Issues in Technology application
I.5.1. Economics Positive:
- Increased Productivity and Efficiency: Automation, AI, and
advanced computing technologies streamline business processes,
reducing the time and cost needed to produce goods and services.
This leads to higher productivity and economic growth.
- E-commerce and Global Markets: Technology has opened up
global markets through e-commerce platforms, allowing
businesses to reach international customers. This enhances
competition, increases consumer choices, and stimulates economic activity. 14 lOMoARcPSD|50734573
- Reduced Transaction Costs: Technologies like blockchain reduce
transaction costs and increase the speed of transactions in financial
markets, enhancing the efficiency of trade and reducing the need for intermediaries. Negative
- Automation and Job Displacement:
Advances in technology, especially automation and
artificial intelligence (AI), have led to concerns about job
displacement. While technology creates new industries and jobs,
it can also make certain skills and occupations obsolete, leading to
income inequality and economic restructuring. - Digital Divide:
Economic inequality is exacerbated by unequal access to
technology. In many regions, people lack access to the internet,
devices, and technical skills. This "digital divide" can prevent
individuals and businesses from benefiting from technological
advancements, further widening economic disparities.
- Impact on Inflation: Technological
Improvements in production and supply chains can lower
the costs of goods and services, affecting inflation. However, in
certain sectors, such as housing and healthcare, prices continue to
rise despite technological advancements, contributing to economic imbalances. I.5.2. Society Positive:
- Enhanced Communication: Technology, particularly social media and messaging platforms, has revolutionized
communication, making it easier and faster for people to stay
connected across vast distances, strengthening relationships and social bonds.
- Empowerment and Social Movements: Social media and other
digital tools have empowered grassroots movements, amplifying
voices of marginalized groups and enabling global advocacy for
issues like human rights, gender equality, and environmental justice. Negative: 15 lOMoARcPSD|50734573 - Education Technology is transforming education, offering
opportunities for online learning and new educational tools.
However, it also introduces challenges such as unequal access to
digital resources, the decline of traditional teaching methods, and
the over-reliance on technology, which may undermine critical
thinking and social interaction.
- Surveillance and Government Control
Technologies such as facial recognition, AI-driven
monitoring systems, and the internet of things (IoT) can enhance
public safety, but they also raise concerns about government
overreach and mass surveillance. These tools can be used to
monitor citizens, track behavior, and suppress dissent in ways that undermine civil liberties. - Social Isolation
While technology has the potential to connect people across
the globe, excessive use of digital platforms can lead to social
isolation. Over-reliance on virtual interactions can reduce face-to-
face communication, potentially weakening relationships and
fostering feelings of loneliness. I.5.3. Enviroment Positive:
- Circular Economy Initiatives: Technology supports the
development of circular economy models by enabling product
design for durability, repairability, and recyclability, reducing the
demand for raw materials and minimizing environmental degradation.
- Environmental Education and Awareness: Digital platforms,
apps, and virtual reality tools have enhanced environmental
education and awareness, encouraging individuals and
organizations to adopt more sustainable behaviors and practices. Negative
- E – Waste ( Electronic Waste )
As technology advances rapidly, electronic devices become
obsolete quickly, leading to massive amounts of electronic waste. 16