REVISION FOR FINAL TESTS

REVISION FOR FINAL TERM TEST

PART I

Exercise 1: Match the term in column A with its explanation in column B

1. Public international law is the body of legal rules, norms, and …
2. private international law describes the body of law surrounding which law governs when there is ….
3. supranational law is a form of international law, based on the limitation of the

rights of sovereign nations between one another.

1. Customs referred to as customary international law, is another binding source of law, and originates from …
2. Conventions a general agreement about basic principles or procedures
3. intergovernmental organizations refers to an entity created by treaty, involving two or …
4. supranational organizations An international organization, or union, whereby member states transcend national …
5. treaties are agreements between nations. They can be bilateral, between two nations, or multilateral …
6. advisory standards are meant to be interpreted and applied to all types and sizes

of organization …

1. sovereign states refers to the legal authority and responsibility of an independent state

Exercise 2: Match the term in column A with its explanation in column B

1. A dispute is a disagreement or argument about something important.
2. Disputing parties means the claimant and the defendant
3. Litigation refers to the process of resolving disputes by filing or answering
4. Arbitration is a procedure in which a dispute is submitted, by agreement of the parties…
5. pre-trial work is a hearing prior to trial, which all parties involved in the trial attempt…

6. solicitor is a type of lawyer who is trained to prepare cases and give advice on legal..

7. barrister is a lawyer entitled to practice as an advocate, particularly in

the higher courts.

8. hearing refers to any formal proceeding before a court.

9. settlement An agreement that ends a dispute and results in the voluntary

dismissal of any related..

10. pleadings is a type of lawyer who is trained to prepare cases and give advice on legal…

Exercise 3: Match the term in column A with its explanation in column B

1. Stamp duty A tax on the conveyance of real property
2. Notarise To authenticate a written document
3. Purchase agreement A contract between a buyer and a seller
4. Escrow Money kept by a third party as security until a particular condition is completed
5. Chain of title The successive ownerships or transfers of real property
6. Encumbrance A restriction on the use of real property
7. Lien A liability or charge on real property
8. Covenant A promise to do or not to do something with or on real property
9. Easement A third party interest in real property reserved for specific purposes
10. Tenancy agreement A legally binding document containing details about rental terms

Exercise 4: Match the term in column A with its explanation in column B

1. Intermediary Someone who carries messages between people who are unable to meet
2. Commission Payment to someone who sells goods which is directly related to the amount of goods sold
3. A no cure, no pay basis When payment is only made following a positive result
4. Goodwill The benefit a business gets from having a good reputation
5. Phishing pretending to be a financial institution/company and sending fake messages …
6. Skimming stealing credit/debit card numbers using a device when processing cards
7. Stealing taking wallets, mail, and other personal items without permission
8. Changing addresses sending someone’s billing statements to another location by completing a change-of-address form
9. Justice Judge in the Supreme Court
10. Dismiss The ruling by a judge that the plaintiff’s case is thrown out of court…

Exercise 5: Match the term in column A with its explanation in column B

1. A tort a wrongdoing for which an action for damages may be brought
2. Remedy is an action to make up for injury
3. Plaintiff is the injured party in a tort suit
4. Trespass is entering property without permission
5. Intentional torts are torts caused intentionally by the tortfeasor
6. Defamation written or spoken expression about a person that is false and harmful
7. Negligent torts are torts that are caused by the negligence of the tortfeasor
8. Strict liability torts are torts where the law has determined that some activities are so dangerous that an …
9. Liability the state of being legally obliged and responsible
10. Injunction is a court order to do or not to do something

Exercise 6: Match the term in column A with its explanation in column B

1. A commercial practice advises clients on commercial matters…
2. A large law firm can have 50 or more lawyers…
3. A law clinic gives students an opportunity…
4. A partnership is managed by partners who share profits…
5. A sole practitioner works on his or her own…
6. Damages refer to money which the court orders the breaching party to pay…
7. Assignment mean the act that a party may want to transfer…
8. Assignee a person to whom a right is legally transferred
9. Contract is a legally enforceable agreement…
10. Consideration the cause, price, or influence inducing a party to enter a contract

PART II

Exercise 7: Choose the best answer to complete the following sentences

11. are views and preferences expressed by EU institutions, but they are not binding on the member states.

a) Communications b) Decisions c) Directives d) Recommendations and opinions

12 are detailed instructions which are applicable throughout the EU and which are directly binding on the members state.

a) Regulations b) Decisions c) Directives d) Recommendations and opinions

1. are EU decisions which are binding on the EU institutions and the member states, but they are only general instructions on the goal to be achieved; the way the goal is reached is left to the discretion of cach member state.

a) Communications b) Decisions c) Directives d) Instructions

1. are fully binding on those to whom are addressed ( a member state, a company or an individual). They are based on a specific Treaty Ảrticle and do not require national implementing legislation.
   1. Communications b) Decisions c) Directives d) Legislations
2. are published by the Commission and set out the background to a policy area . they usually indicate the Commission’s intended course of action jn this area.
   1. Communications b) Decisions c) Directives d) Agreements
3. Finland and Sweden have concluded a agreement on economic co-operation in international emergency situations.
   1. bilateral b) inter-state c) non-governmental d) supranational
4. A organisation is a legally constituted organisation created by private persons or organisations with no participation or representation of any government.
   1. multinational b) inter-state c) non-governmental d) supranational
5. The EU is a organisation that creates, implements and enforces substantive policies for its members.
   1. bilateral b) inter-state c) non-governmental d) supranational
6. The International Court of Justice has been criticised for its failure to resolve disputes.
   1. bilateral b) inter-state c) non-governmental d) supranational
7. …………… is defined as within a state. An example of something intrastate is trade between northern and southern California.
   1. intrastate b) inter-state c) non-governmental d) supranational

Exercise 8: Choose the best answer to complete the following sentences

1. In litigation, the claimant file a lawsuit against…………..

a) the defendant b) the arbitrator c) the solicitor d) the third party

1. When the case has been heard, the delivers judgment.
   1. the defendant b) the claimant c) the court d) the third party
2. In arbitration, a(n) decides on the outcome of the case.
   1. arbitrator b) claimant c) defendant d) solicitor
3. In mediation, an independent, helps the disputing parties reach a settlement.
   1. a defendant b) a claimant c) a mediator d) a third party
4. In the phase, one party will usually have their lawyer send a letter to the other party in

an attempt to reach a settlement.

• 1. pre-trial b) discovery c) trial d) enforcement

1. In the…………..phase, one of both parties gathers evidence about the dispute by taking the testimony of witnesses, examining documents or physical evidence, or requesting evidence from the other side
   1. pre-trial b) discovery c) trial d) enforcement
2. In the…………..phase, the facts of the case are heard by a judge, or by a judge and a Jury to discovery phase. The court delivers a judgment in the case.
   1. pre-trial b) discovery c) trial d) enforcement
3. In the… phase, the losing party may file post-trial motions to convince the judge to amend

the judgment, or may decide to appeal to a higher court. The winning party has the task of collecting the judgment

• 1. pre-trial b) discovery c) trial d) enforcement

1. means legal restriction imposed by a government administrative agency.
   1. Regulation b) Payout c) court proceedings d) litigation costs
2. means an independent third party appointed to decide a dispute.
   1. An impartial referee b) Negotiation c) An attorney d) An arbiter

Exercise 9: Choose the best answer to complete the following sentences

1. is the initial payment you make when buying a house.

a) A deposit b) A lien c) A conveyance d) An easement

1. is the money received from let properties - the money paid by a tenant to a landlord.
   1. The tenancy agreement b) The property transfer tax

c) The rental income d) The tenancy agreement

1. ………………is an agreement which allows you to borrow money, especially in order to buy a house or apartment, or the amount of money itself.
   1. A mortgage b) An escrow c) An easement d) A conveyance
2. is the increase in the value of an asset.
   1. The cadastral register b) The chain of title

c) The capital appreciation d) The notarial deed

1. is the amount you must pay for an asset.
   1. The stamp duty b) The purchase price

c) The notarial deed d) The cadastral register

1. ………….is an instrument which grants temporary possession of property without conferring ownership.
   1. A lease b) A license c) A deed d) A deposit
2. is an instrument which gives the right to use property for a certain purpose without

conferring either possession or ownership

• 1. A lease b) A license c) A deed d) A deposit

1. is an instrument transfers title to a property from one owner to another.
   1. A lease b) A license c) A deed d) A deposit
2. is someone who lease or rents property from a landlord.
   1. An heir b) A tenant c) A grantor d) A grantee
3. is someone who owns property, and rents it out or leases it to others rent for money.
   1. An heir b) A tenant c) A grantor d) A landlord

Exercise 10: Choose the best answer to complete the following sentences

1. Limited liability is attractive to , as it greatly reduces their personal financial risks.
   1. investors b) inveterate c) investment d) investigator
2. If business offers its share for sale to the general public, it is known as a… company
   1. publisher b) publicly c) publicity d) publicize
3. The constitutional documents on ……. many researchers depend is sometimes considered ethically problematic.
   1. which b) when c) the d) whom
4. A will is often also known in …… terms as a last will and testament.
   1. unjust b) legacy c) legal d) illegal
5. When someone makes a will, they must be of sound mind (in other words, they must be mentally

… ), and must be of age (ie, over 18 in Britain)

• 1. health b) heart c) heal d) healthy

1. A person who has died recently is often as the deceased
   1. into b) belonged to c) related to d) referred to 17 Someone who dies without making a will is said to have died ……..
2. intestacy b) intestate c) intestine d) intestinal
3. Probate is the legal acceptance that a… , and especially a will, is valid.

a) document b) word c) speech d) doctrinal

1. If a person dies without making a will, a person known as an ……….might be appointed by a court to represent the deceased.
   1. liquidator b) administrator c) receiver d) manager
2. Many people now write special healthcare directives called living wills, which ……how they want to be treated if they become seriously ill
   1. indicate b) judge c) defend d) show

Exercise 11: Choose the best answer to complete the following sentences

1. The person who brings an action in a court of law is called……………..

a) the plaintiff b) the defendant c) the tortfeasor d) the wrongdoer

1. The person against whom an action is brought in a court of law is known as …………..
   1. the plaintiff b) the defendant c) the judge d) the wrongdoer
2. To bring a case before a higher court so that it can review the decision of a lower court is to…………..
   1. commit b) appeal c) award d) handle
3. When a court states that a judgment of a lower court is true, it that judgment.
   1. interfere b) compensate c) affirm d) reverse
4. When a court changes the judgment of a lower court to its opposite, it that judgment.
   1. harm b) fail c) affirm d) reverse
5. While a crime such as murder or shoplifting is a wrong committed against society, a tort is a civil wrong committed against…………..
   1. an individual b) the community c) the court d) a lawyer
6. Torts are handled in the civil courts, where brings an action against the wrongdoer.
   1. a client b) a beneficiary c) a person d) the injured party
7. In most cases, the injured party is entitled to remedies under the law, such as……………..
   1. pain and suffering b) monetary damages c) punitive damages d) plaintiff's injuries
8. In medical malpractice cases, the damages ………….the injured party may include lost wages and medical expenses.
   1. found for b) sued c) affirmed d) awarded to
9. The tort of occurs when one of the parties to a contract makes a false statement about

a fact and knows it is not true, and this fact is acted upon.

• 1. fraudulent misrepresentation b) interference in contractual relations

c) unfair business practices d) selling defective products

Exercise 12: Choose the best answer to complete the following sentences

1. is a system of rules which regulates society

a) Right b) Law c) Legal d) Rule

1. People draft to regulate their affairs in a safe way
   1. agreements b) documents c) instruments d) contracts
2. In an ideal society, law should be based on……………
   1. rights b) justice c) courts d) lawyers
3. Criminal law prosecutes activities which are………….
   1. unjust b) not right c) bad d) illegal
4. If you want to be a lawyer, you must go to a ……………
   1. law clinic b) law school c) legal school d) legal university
5. If you the right to do something, the law will give you justice.
   1. are b) have c) get d) make
6. A person who decides a case at court is called a(n)…………..
   1. lawyer b) jury c) judge d) assignor
7. The defends his client before the court.
   1. attorney b) defendant c) criminal d) judge
8. The state prosecutes those who commit a ………….
   1. bad b) crime c) fault d) breach
9. The forum when the judge decides on a case is called……….
   1. trial b) judgment c) defense d) law

PART III

Exercise 13. Reading comprehension International law

In its widest sense, international law can include public international law, private international law and, more recently, supranational law. In its narrowest meaning, the term international law is used to refer to what is commonly known as public international law. Private international law is also referred to as conflict of laws. Conflict of laws can also refer to conflicts between states in a federal system, such as the USA.

Public international law is the body of rules, laws or legal principles that govern the rights and duties of nation states in relation to each other. It is derived from a number of sources, including custom, legislation and treaties. Article 2 of the Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties (1969) defines a treaty as ‘an international agreement concluded between States in written form and governed by international law………’. These treaties may be in the form of conventions, agreements, charters, framework conventions or outline conventions. Custom, also referred to as customary international law, is another binding source of law, and originates from a pattern of state practice motivated by a sense of legal right or obligation. Laws of war were a matter of customary law before being codified in the Geneva Conventions and other treaties……

* Read the text and decide if these statements are true (T) or false (F) (0.2pts for each correct answer)

1. In its widest sense, international law can include public international law, private international law and supranational law.

• True

1. Public international law is derived from a number of sources, including custom, legislation and treaties.

• True

1. Intergovernmental organizations whose members are states have become a principle vehicle for making, applying, implementing and enforcing public international law.

• True

1. Private international law refers to regional agreements where the laws of a nation state are not applicable if in conflict with a supranational legal framework.

• False

1. Supranational law refers to the body of rights and duties of private individuals and business entities of different sovereign states.

• False

* Read the text and answer the questions (0.2 pts. for a correct answer)

1. What is public international law?

• Public international law governs rights & duties of nation states.

1. What may treaties resemble?

• Treaties may resemble conventions, agreements, charters.

1. What is the best-known intergovernmental organization?

• The United Nations

1. What is the difference between Private international law and public international law?

• Public IL = between states; Private IL = between private individuals of different states.

1. According to the reading text, what is the union which constitutes a new legal order in international law where sovereign nations have united their authority through a system of courts and political institutions?

• The European Union.

Exercise 14. Reading comprehension

If a dispute is not settled by agreement between the disputing parties, it will eventually be heard and decided by a judge and/or jury in a court. A lawsuit before a court is commonly referred to as litigation. In fact, litigation includes all stages before, during and after a trial.

Litigation may be used to resolve a dispute between private individuals, an individual and a business, or between two businesses. Litigation sometimes involves disputes between an individual or business and a government agency, or between two governmental bodies…..

* Read the text and decide if these statements are true (T) or false (F) (0.2pts for each correct answer)

1. Litigation includes stages during and after a trial.

• False

1. In the UK, the majority of pre-trial work is carried out by a barrister before the case is passed on to a solicitor, who will represent either the claimant or the defendant during a hearing or a trial.

• False

1. If a case goes to arbitration, the disputing parties refer it to one or more impartial referees.

• True

1. Arbitration is often used to resolve commercial disputes, and it developed historically alongside international trade.

• True

1. ODR stands for online dispute resolution.

• True

* Read the text and answer the questions (0.2 pts. for a correct answer)

1. What kinds of dispute may litigation be used to resolve?

• Disputes between individuals, businesses, individuals & government, or two government bodies.

1. What do the steps in between before, during a trial typically include?

• Settlement attempts, pleadings, discovery, trial.

1. What does ADR stand for?

• ADR = Alternative Dispute Resolution.

1. What does Mediation involve?

• Mediation involves meeting with an independent third party to help reach agreement

1. What is international arbitration referred to?

• International arbitration refers to arbitration under international commercial contracts

Exercise 15. Reading comprehension

Real property can be divided into freehold estates and leaseholds. Freehold estates are those in which an individual has ownership of land for an indefinite period of time. It is important to note that in property law, the term land refers to real estate (and everything that grows on that real estate), any improvements to the real estate (e.g. buildings) and the right to the minerals underneath the land and the airspace above it. There are generally three types of freehold estate in English-speaking jurisdictions: the fee simple, the life estate and the estate pur autre vie. A fourth type of freehold estate, the fee tail, is now largely obsolete. The transfer of title in land from one person to another is known as the conveyance.

The most complete, unlimited form of freehold estate is the fee simple, which is inheritable and lasts as long as the owner (or any subsequent heirs) wants to keep it. A life estate is one in which the individual retains possession of the land for the duration of his or her life. Although the ownership of a life estate is technically temporary because it ends when the owner dies, it is treated as complete ownership (fee simple) for the duration of the person's life.

The estate pur autre vie is similar to the life estate, but differs in that it is measured by the life of someone other than the grantee (to whom an interest in the real property is conveyed by a grantor)...

* Read the text and decide if these statements are true (T) or false (F) (0.2pts for each correct answer)

1. Real property can be divided into freehold estates and leaseholds.

• True

1. A fee simple is an estate of indefinite duration.

• True

1. A life estate can be passed on to the grantee's heirs.

• False

1. A lease grants exclusive possession of real property for a limited term, but does not confer title interest in the property.

• True

1. An oral contract for the purchase of real property is usually valid.

=> False

* Read the text and answer the questions (0.2 pts. for a correct answer)

1. What are freehold estates?

• Ownership of land for indefinite time.

1. How many freehold estate are there in English-speaking jurisdictions?

• Three: fee simple, life estate, estate pur autre vie

1. What is the difference between the estate pur autre vie and the life estate?

• Life estate = measured by owner’s life; Pur autre vie = measured by someone else’s life

1. What are the differences between a license and a lease?

• Lease = exclusive possession; License = no exclusive possession, short period.

1. Is a licensee granted any title interest in the land?

• No, a licensee has no title interest.

Exercise 16. Reading comprehension

Commercial law deals with issues of both private law and public law. It developed as a distinct body of jurisprudence with the beginning of large – scale trade, and many of its rules are derived from the practices of traders. Specific law has developed in a number of commercial fields, including agency, banking, bankruptcy, carriage of goods, commercial dispute resolution, company law, competition law, contact, debtor and creditor, sale of goods and services, intellectual property, landlord and tenant, mercantile agency, mortgages, negotiable instruments, secured transactions, real – property and tax law.

The work of a commercial lawyer may involve any aspect of the law as it relates to a firm's business clients, and the role of the lawyer is to facilitate business clients commercial transactions. It is essential for a commercial lawyer to have not only a good knowledge of a lot of substantive law, but also a thorough understanding of both contemporary business practices and the particular business needs of each client.

A commercial lawyer may be asked to advise a client on matters relating to both non - contentious and contentious work. Non contentious work largely involves advising clients on the drafting of contracts, whereas contentious work commonly involves the consequences of breach of contract…..

* Read the text and decide if these statements are true (T) or false (F) (0.2pts for each correct answer)

1. Commercial law deals with most types of law

• False

1. Many of commercial law rules are derived from the practices of traders.

• True

1. Commercial lawyer mainly advises on drafting customer payment contracts.

• False

1. Many jurisdictions have adopted criminal codes that contain comprehensive statements of their commercial law

• False

1. A large number of commercial laws are governed by international treaties and conventions

• True

* Read the text and answer the questions (0.2 pts. for a correct answer)

1. Which field deals with the legal rights associated with products of the mind, such as patents. copyrights and trademarks?

• Intellectual property law.

1. Which field involves the laws and regulations governing market behavior, particularly agreements and practices that restrict free enterprise?

• Competition law.

1. Which institution deals with the supply of credit information about business organisations to other businesses and financial institutions?

• Mercantile agency.

1. Which field is concerned with the legal relationships between the shipper (or owner) of goods, the carrier, and the receiver/consignee of goods?

• Carriage of goods..

1. What field focuses on the law regulating money paid to the government in connection with commercial transactions?

• Tax law

Exercise 17. Reading comprehension

Criminal law

Criminal law, sometimes (although rarely) called penal law, involves the prosecution by the state of a person for an act that has been classified as a crime. This contrasts with civil law, which involves private individuals and organisations seeking to resolve legal disputes. Prosecutions are initiated by the state through a prosecutor, while in a civil case the victim brings the suit. Some jurisdictions also allow private criminal prosecutions.

Depending on the offence and the jurisdiction, various punishments are available to the courts to punish an offender. A court may sentence an offender to execution, corporal punishment or loss of liberty (imprisonment or incarceration); suspend the sentence; impose a fine; put the offender under government supervision through parole or probation; or place them on a community service order.

Criminal law commonly proscribes - that is, it prohibits - several categories of offences: offences against the person (e.g. assault), offences against property (e.g. burglary), public-order crimes (e.g. prostitution) and business, or corporate, crimes (e.g. insider dealing).

* Read the text and decide if these statements are true (T) or false (F) (0.2pts for each correct answer)

1. Civil law involves the prosecution by the state of a person for an act that has been classified as a crime.

• False

1. In a criminal case, prosecutions are initiated by the state through a prosecutor.

• True

1. Regardless the offence and the jurisdiction, the courts always sentence an offender to execution.

• False

1. Most crimes are characterised by two elements: a criminal act and criminal intent.

• True

1. If the prosecutor fails to prove that the accused is guilty beyond a reasonable doubt of every element of the crime charged, a verdict of not guilty is rendered.

• True

* Read the text and answer the questions (0.2 pts. for a correct answer)

1. How do criminal law cases and civil law cases differ in the way they are initiated?

• Criminal cases → state prosecutes; civil → victim sues.

1. Name punishments to punish an offender.

• Execution, imprisonment, fines, probation, community service.

1. Name the four most common categories of criminal offence.

• Against person, against property, public-order crimes, business/corporate crimes.

1. In what way is the standard of proof different for criminal and civil cases?

• Criminal: beyond reasonable doubt; civil: balance of probabilities.

1. What is the difference between a felony and a misdemeanor? Does your jurisdiction make such a distinction?

• Felony = serious; misdemeanor = less serious

Exercise 18. Reading comprehension

The study of law is intellectually stimulating and challenging, and can lead to a variety of interesting careers. In the UK, law degree programs usually take three years to complete. In the UK, these programs typically include core subjects such as criminal law, contract law, tort law, land law, equity and trusts, administrative law and constitutional law, In addition, students are often required to take courses covering skills such as legal writing and legal research.

There is also a variety of optional (elective) courses availably. Since many law students go on to become lawyers, students often take courses that will be useful for them during their future careers. Someone wishing to run a small partnership or to work alone as a sole practitioner in a small town may decide to take subjects such as family law, employment law and housing law. Those wishing to work in a large law practice will consider subjects such as company law, commercial law and litigation and arbitration.

Many universities also offer courses on legal practice. Courses like this give students the opportunity to experience the work of a lawyer before deciding on a career in the law. Another way of finding out more about law in practice is to get involved with a voluntary advice center or law clinic. These clinics

* Read the text and decide if these statements are true (T) or false (F) (0.2pts for each correct answer)

1. A course in family law is usually included among the core subjects at law schools in the UK.

• False

1. Law degree programs include courses in some of the important skills that lawyers need in order to do their work, such as legal writing or legal English.

• True

1. Law clinics give law students the opportunity to learn about the legal problems of the medical profession.

• False

1. The local community have to pay to get legal assistance from law clinics.

• False

1. Today, commercial law firms expect recruits to be fluent in English.

• True

* Read the text and answer the questions (0.2 pts. for a correct answer)

1. How long do law degree programs in the UK usually take to complete?

• Three years

1. Which courses do law students in the UK have to take?

• Criminal, contract, tort, land, equity & trusts, admin, constitutional law.

1. Which optional courses might a student who wants to work in a big law firm take?

• Company law, commercial law, litigation, arbitration.

1. Which optional courses might a student who wish to run a partnership or to work alone as a sole practitioner take?

• Family law, employment law, housing law.

1. What do law firms generally look at when hiring new recruits?

• Education, personality, work experience, language ability.

PART IV

Exercise 19

1. Leasehold interests in land are sometimes classified as personal property, along with tangible property such as goods and chattels.
2. A commercial lawyer may be asked to advise a client on matters relating to both non-contentious and contentious work.
3. A substantial amount of commercial law is governed by international treaties and conventions.
4. The WTO is responsible for negotiating and implementing new trade agreements.
5. The Uniform Commercial Code applies to commercial transactions in the USA.

Exercise 20

1. Arbitration is a form of dispute resolution which can be used to settle business disputes outside of court.
2. The courts encourage parties to settle disputes between themselves wherever possible.
3. If a matter does progress to litigation, the court will always expect that the parties have engaged in some form of alternative dispute resolution.
4. The arbitrator will offer advice to the parties and aim to narrow the issues between them.
5. The cost of hiring an arbitrator will always be minor in comparison to the cost of taking the matter to court.

Exercise 21

1. An heir is someone who is entitled to inherit part or all of a deceased person’s estate.
2. A grantor is someone who conveys an interest in real property to another.
3. A grantee is someone who acquires an interest in property from another by deed or other written instrument.
4. A licensee is someone who receives permission to enter another person’s property temporarily.
5. Real property law includes such things as easements, usufructs, mortgages and other financing measures.

Exercise 22

1. Maritime salvage claims can be incredibly challenging due to the complicated legal situation.
2. My work often involves litigating charter party disputes, although I occasionally handle collision cases as well.
3. The remarkably fast pace of change in the area of information technology law means that lawyers at our firm have to regularly attend seminars about the effects of new legislation.
4. Researching technical innovations carefully is a very interesting step in the process of writing a patent draft.
5. A sole proprietorship is a business that is owned by a single individual who earns all the profits and assumes all the liabilities.

Exercise 23

1. If I don’t sign the retraction, will I have to go to court?
2. How long do you think a trial would go fast? → (sửa hợp lý:) How long do you think a trial would take?
3. Would I have to pay anything for my defense?
4. What are the consequences if I lose the case?
5. Do you think there is a chance of me winning the case?

Exercise 24

1. Legal English is becoming compulsory in a growing number of law faculties all over the world.
2. After university, I was offered a good position at a large law firm.
3. When the contract is negotiated, the offer and acceptance must match each other in order for the contract to be binding.
4. If the offer and acceptance do not match each other, the second party has made a counter-offer.
5. A contract is formed when one party makes an offer that is accepted by the other party.