Tactics - Reading - Tiếng anh 1 | Trường Đại Học Ngoại ngữ Huế

IELTS Tactics by IELTS Tactics a READING – PASSAGE 2 LESSON 3
Matching features + Sentence endings Test Strategy Matching Features
Dạng Matching features bao gồm: một bài khoá, các
nhận định / các kết quả nghiên cứu khoa học và danh sách
tên các nhà khoa học / nhà nghiên cứu / tác giả hoặc là các
đặc điểm của một nhóm người. Nhiệm vụ của chúng ta là
phải đọc bài khoá và nối tên của các nhà khoa học / nhà
nghiên cứu / tác giả / nhóm người với đúng nhận định /
kết quả nghiên cứu của họ / đặc điểm của họ.
Để làm tốt dạng bài Matching features, chúng ta có thể tham khảo những bước làm sau đây. 
Đọc lướt qua phần nhận định / đặc điểm và có thể gạch chân các key words theo bạn cho là quan trọng (tuy
nhiên gạch chân key words không phải là bước bắt buộc, chúng ta có thể làm hoặc không) 
Đọc lướt qua phần tác giả / nhà nghiên cứu hoặc các nhóm người vì đây sẽ là những thông tin quan trọng
nhất để giúp chúng ta dễ dàng và nhanh chóng scan bài đọc và định vị vùng thông tin. 
Chúng ta “bám theo” các tên người hoặc tên nhóm người để làm “kim chỉ nam” cho việc tìm thông tin.
Chúng ta sử dụng kỹ năng scanning để tìm thông tin chứa tên người hoặc nhóm người được yêu cầu bởi đề
bài, đọc thông tin và đối chiếu với các nhận định hoặc kết quả. ! Exam tips 
Thông qua ví dụ trên và rất nhiều trường hợp khác, chúng ta sẽ bám theo các lựa chọn để tìm thông tin.
Chúng ta có thể bài bám theo các nhận định, tuy nhiên cách làm này sẽ khó hơn và gây rối hơn cách trên. 
Các nhận định thường khá ngắn, vì vậy việc gạch chân key words là không cần thiết. Task practice Exercise 1 1 IELTS Tactics by IELTS Tactics
Does Yawning Have a Function?
Theories for why we yawn date back more than 2,000 years to the time of Hippocrates, who considered yawning to
be the respiratory system's way of removing bad air from the lungs. Centuries later, scientists claimed that yawning
indicated a lack of oxygen to the brain. Today, we know that neither of these theories has strong scientific merit,
prompting contemporary researchers to carry on trying to unravel the mystery of one of our most common biological reflexes.
Robert Provine, a neuroscientist at the University of Maryland, points to the obvious, noting that people tend to
yawn most when they are bored, hungry, and fatigued. Because all of these states can easily lead to the inability to
focus on whatever task is at hand, he believes that yawning is our bodies' way of alerting us that we need to perk up.
When this theory was tested, it was found that subjects did in fact tend to engage in some sort of physical activity
directly after yawning, suggesting that the subjects' yawns led to their getting up and seeking out stimulation.
Essentially, Provine contends that yawning occurs due to an absence of stimuli and is simply how our bodies try to regain focus.
Then again, so many things seem to cause people to yawn that it is hardly satisfying to simply blame a lack of
stimulation. One situation many of us are probably familiar with is being unable to control ourselves from yawning
after seeing someone else yawn. A team of researchers from the University of Leeds headed by Cationa Morrison
believe that this has to do with our inclination to show empathy for other people. In other words, if someone yawns
in exhaustion, and others in the room follow suit, it is likely because they identify with and feel sympathy for the
original yawner. This claim is substantiated by studies demonstrating that yawning is most contagious among
members of the same family or social group and lowest among those with autism and psychopathy, conditions
associated with the inability to empathise.
Meanwhile, evolutionary psychologist Gordon Gallup of the University of Albany builds on both Provine's and
Morrison's theories with his hypothesis that yawning developed as a way to alert group members to potential threats.
Agreeing that yawning is followed by a feeling of improved attentiveness and that it is contagious, he believes that
early humans capitalised on these effects to quickly convey the message to others that it was necessary to be on
guard against attacks. Essentially, if everyone was yawning and feeling more alert because of it, the likelihood of
falling prey to a predator was far lower.
Look at the following statements (Questions 18-20) and the list of researchers below.
Match each statement with the correct researcher, A, B or C.
18 Yawning may be linked to the ability to experience the same emotions as the people around us.
19 The contagiousness of yawning helped to promote alertness among members of a group.
20 Yawning results from lack of stimuli and is an attempt by our bodies to refocus. List of Researchers A Gordon Gallup 2 IELTS Tactics by IELTS Tactics B Robert Provine C Catriona Morrison Sentence completion
Sentence Completion là một dạng bài tập yêu cầu
bạn điền vào những chỗ trống trong một số câu
chưa hoàn chỉnh bằng các từ có sẵn trong đoạn
văn. Dạng câu hỏi này không quá phức tạp, tuy
nhiên, bạn cần phải tìm thông tin một cách cẩn
thận và chú ý đến ngữ pháp.
Chiến lược dạng bài Sentence completion 
Xác định số lượng từ nhất định đã được yêu cầu ở đề bài. (E.g.: Write NO MORE THAN TWO
WORDS / THREE WORDS; Write ONLY ONE WORD.) 
Đọc kỹ câu để hiểu phần nội dung cần điền. Gạch chân từ khóa của câu cần điền. 
Xác định từ loại cần điền cho mỗi chỗ trống. 
Sử dụng kỹ năng Scanning để khoanh vùng thông tin trong bài đọc. 
Sử dụng kỹ năng Paraphrase để phát hiện những cách diễn đạt tương đương giữa phần cần điền và thông tin trong bài khoá. 
Đọc kỹ và tìm chính xác từ hoặc cụm từ cần điền trong đoạn văn 
Đối chiếu với số lượng từ được giới hạn ở đề bài để lựa chọn từ hoặc cụm từ phù hợp điền vào chỗ trống.
Exercise 2 Read the passage below and answer the questions.
Bringing the mammoth back to life
Mammoths once lived in large numbers across Asia, Africa, North America and Europe. However, over time, their
numbers fell until the mammoth became extinct. Scientists think this happened for two reasons. Firstly, the
mammoths’ natural habitat decreased in size because of climate change. Secondly, many mammoths were killed by
people who hunted them. The last population of mammoths lived on Wrangel Island, off north-east Siberia in the
Chukchi Sea. These were woolly mammoths that could survive in very cold conditions, but they also died out around 4,000 years ago. 3 IELTS Tactics by IELTS Tactics
Prehistoric cave paintings show us that people ate the woolly mammoths they killed, but also used their bones and
tusks. They used these to make simple animal and human figures, an early kind of art, and also to create some basic
tools. We also know a lot about the woolly mammoth because the freezing conditions in Alaska and Siberia have
preserved them. Researchers have studied their skeletons, their teeth and even the grass and plants that were still
inside their stomachs. We know that their fur was an orange-brown colour, they had a thick layer of fat, and they
had long, curved tusks. Their ears were short compared to an African or Asian elephant’s we might see today, so
they would not lose so much heat or get frostbite.
In recent years, some researchers have suggested that we could bring woolly mammoths back to life. Interestingly,
not all scientists believe that bringing the mammoth back to life would be a good thing. They think it would be
unfair to create a ‘new’ mammoth and then keep it in a small space. They think the right thing to do would be to
give it a certain amount of freedom, perhaps in a wildlife park. But where would this be? And the mammoth would
also be alone, and like elephants, mammoths were probably social in the way they behaved. This does seem to be a
strong reason against bringing the mammoth back to life. Perhaps the ‘new’ mammoth might also develop an ‘old’
disease – and this might have an effect on the ecosystem that scientists cannot predict. Although the idea of bringing
the mammoth back seems like an exciting one at first, there are many issues that we need to consider Complete the sentences below. Write
from the passage for each answer. ONE WORD ONLY
1. The number of mammoths started to fall when their …………HABITAT…………….. got smaller.
2. Humans used mammoths for food, and to make art and ……TOOLS………………….. .
3. Scientists have examined the contents of mammoths’ …………FREEDOM…………...
4. Mammoths had smaller ……………EARS………….. than modern elephants.
5. Some scientists think that a ‘new’ mammoth should have some …STOMACH………………..
6. Both elephants and mammoths are ……………………SOCIAL….. animals.
7. There is a possibility that a ‘new’ mammoth could get a ………DISEASE……………….. Exam Practice Exercise 3
Out of Africa: Saharan Solar Energy A
Vivienne Wait reports on how the Sahara Desert could offer a truly green solution to Europe’s energy problems A
For years, the Sahara has been regarded by many Europeans as a terra incognita* of little economic value or
importance. But this idea may soon change completely. Politicians and scientists on both sides of the Mediterranean
are beginning to focus on the Sahara’s potential to provide power for Europe in the future. They believe the desert’s 4 IELTS Tactics by IELTS Tactics
true value comes from the fact that it is dry and empty. Some areas of the Sahara reach 45 degrees centigrade on
many afternoons. It is, in other words, a gigantic natural storehouse of solar energy. B
A few years ago, scientists began to calculate just how much energy the Sahara holds. They were astonished at the
answer. In theory, a 90,600 square kilometre chunk of the Sahara - smaller than Portugal and a little over 1% of its
total area - could yield the same amount of electricity as all the world’s power plants combined. A smaller square of
15,500 square kilometres - about the size of Connecticut - could provide electricity for Europe’s 500 million people.
'I admit I was sceptical until 1 did the calculations myself,’ says Michael Pawlyn, director of Exploration
Architecture, one of three British environmental companies comprising the Sahara Forest Project, which is testing
solar plants in Oman and the United Arab Emirates. Pawlyn calls the Sahara’s potential ’staggering’. C
At the moment, no one is proposing the creation of a solar power station the size of a small country. But a relatively
well-developed technology exists, which proponents say could turn the Sahara’s heat and sunlight into a major
source of electricity - Concentrating Solar Power [CSP], Unlike solar panels, which convert sunlight directly into
electricity, CSP utilises mirrors which focus light on water pipes or boilers to produce very hot steam to operate the
turbines of generators. Small CSP plants have produced power in California’s Mojave Desert since the 1980s. The
Sahara Forest Project proposes building CSP plants in areas below sea level (the Sahara has several such
depressions) so that sea water can flow into them. This water would then be purified and used for powering turbines
and washing dust off the mirrors. Waste water would then supply irrigation to areas around the stations, creating
lush oases - hence the ’forest’ in the group’s name. D
But producing significant quantities of electricity means building huge arrays of mirrors and pipes across hundreds
of miles of remote desert, which is expensive. Gerry Wolff, an engineer who heads DESERTEC, an international
consortium of solar-power scientists, says they have estimated it will cost about $59 billion to begin transmitting power from the Sahara by 2020. E
Building plants is just part of the challenge. One of the drawbacks to CSP technology is that it works at maximum
efficiency only in sunny, hot climates - and deserts tend to be distant from population centres. To supply Europe
with 20% of its electricity needs, more than 19,300 kilometres of cables would need to be laid under the
Mediterranean, says Gunnar Asplund, head of HVDC research at ABB Power Technologies in Ludvika, Sweden.
Indeed, to use renewable sources of power, including solar, wind and tidal, Europe will need to build completely
new electrical grids. That’s because existing infrastructures, built largely for the coal- fired plants that supply 80%
of Europe’s power, would not be suitable for carrying the amount of electricity generated by the Sahara. Germany’s
government-run Aerospace Centre, which researches energy, estimates that replacing those lines could raise the cost
of building solar plants in the Sahara and sending significant amounts of power to Europe to about $485 billion over 5 IELTS Tactics by IELTS Tactics
the next 40 years. Generous government subsidies will be needed. ‘Of course it costs a lot of money,’ says Asplund.
‘It’s a lot cheaper to burn coal than to make solar power in the Sahara.’ F
Meanwhile, some companies are getting started. Seville engineering company Abengoa is building one solar-
thermal plant in Algeria and another in Morocco, while a third is being built in Egypt by a Spanish-Japanese joint
venture. The next step will be to get cables in place. Although the European Parliament has passed a law that aids
investors who help the continent reach its goal of getting 20% of its power from renewable energy by 2020, it could
take years to create the necessary infrastructure. G
Nicholas Dunlop, secretary-general of the London-based NGO e-Parliament, thinks companies should begin
transmitting small amounts of solar power as soon as the North African plants begin operating, by linking a few
cable lines under the Med. 'I call it the Lego method,’ he says. ‘Build it piece by piece.’ If It can be shown that
power from the Sahara can be produced profitably, he says, companies and governments will soon jump in. If they
do, perhaps airplane passengers flying across the Sahara will one day count the mirrors and patches of green instead of staring at sand.
*terra incognita - Latin, meaning ‘an unknown land' Questions 1-5
The reading passage has seven paragraphs, A-G.
Which paragraph contains the following information?
Write the correct letter, A-G.
NB You may use any letter more than once.
1...............C...... a mention of systems which could not be used
2............B......... estimates of the quantity of power the Sahara could produce( XA MẠC CÓ THỂ SẢN XUẤT BN NĂNG LG)
3........D............. a suggestion for how to convince organisations about the Sahara’s potential : TIỀM NĂNG
4............A......... a short description of the Sahara at present mô tả ngắn gọn về sa mạc Sahara hiện nay
5...........E.......... a comparison of the costs of two different energy sources SO SÁNH CHI PHÍ 2 NGUỒN NĂNG LG Questions 6-9
Look at the following statements (Questions 6-9) and the list of organisations below.
Match each statement with the correct organisation, A-G.
6..................... They have set a time for achieving an objective.
7...................F.. They believe that successful small-scale projects will demonstrate that larger projects are possible.
8..............B....... They have a number of renewable energy projects under construction.
9..................... They are already experimenting with solar- energy installations in other parts of the world. 6 IELTS Tactics by IELTS Tactics List of Organisations
A Exploration Architecture B DESERTEC
C ABB Power Technologies D Aerospace Centre E Abengoa
F The European Parliament G e-Parliament Questions 10-13 Complete the summary below.
Choose NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from the passage for each answer.
Concentrating Solar Power (CSP)
Unlike solar panels, CSP concentrates the sun's rays on boilers by using 10..........MIRROR....... The resulting heat
produces high-temperature 11........... steam.........., which in turn moves the turbines which generate electricity. CSP
plants will be situated in 12.....FOREST................ to allow sea water to run in. This, when purified, can be used to
wash the equipment. The resulting dirty water will be used for 13.........STATIONS............ around the power plant,
and in this way oases will be formed.
Exercise 4 Read the passage and answer the questions.
Children's comprehension A
In 1874, long before the advent of television, the English Parliament passed a law to protect children ‘from their
own lack of experience and from the wiles of pushing tradesmen and moneylenders’ (James, 1965). The act is one of
the earliest governmental policies to address children’s vulnerability to commercial exploitation and was produced
before major corporations earned huge profits by marketing products directly to children. Yet the issues underlying
this 19th-century policy remain much the same in the 21st century. B
Television has long been the predominant medium that advertisers have chosen for marketing products to children.
It is estimated that the average child sees more than 40.000 television commercials a year, most of which are 15 to
30 seconds in length (Kunkel, 2001). According to another estimate, children aged 14 years and under make $24
billion in direct, purchases and influence $190 billion in family purchases, underscoring the high stakes involved (McNeal, 1987). C
A number of factors have contributed to an unprecedented growth in both the amount and type of advertising
directed at children. First and foremost among these are changes in the media environment. In decades past,
television programming targeted at children was limited and relegated to time slots unpopular with their parents,
such as Saturday mornings of television advertising. 7 IELTS Tactics by IELTS Tactics
(Turow, 1981). Today, the number of channels received in the average US home has escalated with the diffusion of
cable television and satellite technologies. In this new multi-channel era, there are numerous national program
services devoted exclusively to children. Naturally, these channels deliver significant amounts of child- oriented
marketing messages. Although parent may be pleased that their youngsters can now watch children’s programming
at any hour of the day, they may not recognize that such viewing opportunities entail much greater exposure to
advertising than any previous generation of youth has experienced. D
Approximately 80% of all advertising targeted at children falls within four product categories: toys, cereals, candies,
and fast-food restaurants (Kunkel et al, 1992). Commercials are highly effective at employing specific features
designed to attract children’s attention. For example, they use the strategy of introducing unique sound effects and
rapidly moving images (Greer et al, 1982). The other most common persuasive strategy employed in advertising to
children is to associate the product with playfulness and happiness, rather than to provide any actual product-related
information (Kunkel et al, 1992). For example, a commercial featuring Ronald McDonald dancing, singing, and
smiling in McDonald’s restaurants without any mention of the actual food products available reflects a playful or
happy theme. This strategy is also found frequently with cereal ads, which often include cartoon characters to help
children identify the product. In contrast, most commercials fail to mention even the major grain used in each cereal. E
Another common feature of advertising to children is the use of product disclosures such as 'batteries not included’
or 'each part sold separately'. Studies make clear that young children do not comprehend the intended meaning of
these disclaimers. For example, fewer than one in four kindergarten through second grade children could grasp the
meaning of 'some assembly required' in a commercial. In contrast, the use of child-friendly language such as 'you
have to put it together' more than doubled the proportion of children who understood the qualifying message
(Liebert et al, 1977). The phrase 'part of a balanced breakfast’ is also a frequent disclosure included in most cereal
ads to combat the concern that sugared cereal holds little nutritional value for children. Research shows that most
children below age 7 years have no idea what the term ‘balanced breakfast’ means (Palmer & McDowell, 1981).
Rather than informing young viewers about the importance of a nutritious breakfast, this common disclaimer
actually leaves many children with the misimpression that cereal alone is sufficient for a meal. This pattern of
employing creative terminology in advertising content so as to obscure certain information that might be unhelpful
to the sponsor is a long-standing practice that often misleads the consumer (Geis, 1982). F
Very young children do not recognize that there are two fundamentally different categories of television content:
programs and commercials. Most children below the age of 4 or 6 exhibit low awareness of the concept of
commercials, frequently explaining them as if they were a scene in the program itself. Once this confusion
diminishes, children first recognize the difference between programs and commercials based on either affective
(‘commercials are funnier than TV programs') or perceptual (‘commercials are short and programs are long’) cues (Blatt et al, 1972). G 8 IELTS Tactics by IELTS Tactics
Although most children's programs indicate that a commercial break is coming (e.g. by saying 'We’ll be right back
after these messages’), research reveals that these ‘separators' generally do not help children to recognize advertising
content (Palmer & McDowell, 1979). This likely occurs because they are not perceptually distinct from the adjacent
programming that surrounds them; in fact, many separators feature characters that appear in the same show that the
commercial has just interrupted. When an ad includes one of the characters featured in a program, this is known as
host-selling. This type of advertising makes the task of discriminating between program and commercial content
particularly difficult for young children (Kunkel, 1988) and is thus restricted in the US by the Federal
Communications Commission during children’s programs. H
In sum, because young children lack the cognitive skills and abilities of older children and adults, they do not
comprehend commercial messages in the same way as more mature audiences, and are therefore uniquely
susceptible to advertising influence. Questions 1-5
Which paragraph contains the following information?
Write the correct letter, A-H, in boxes 1-5 on your answer sheet.
NB You may use any letter more than once.
1. a description of recent innovations in TV broadcasting
2. a mention of the main goods and services advertised to children
3. a reference to a current limitation on television advertising aimed at children
4. two techniques used to encourage children to watch TV commercials
5. a type of advertisement that may make children believe the opposite of what is true Questions 6-9
Look at the following statements (Questions 6-9) and the list of researchers below. Match each statement with the correct researcher(s). A-H
Write the correct letter, A-H, in boxes 6-9 on your answer sheet.
6. Ads often aim to teach children that a brand is fun List of Researchers
rather than telling them about what is being sold. A. Kunkel
7. Originally, children’s programmes were only B. Kunkel et al
broadcast when adults rarely watched TV. C. McNeal
8. Children have a significant impact on what adults D. Turow buy. E. Greer et al
9. Tests showed that children can follow F. Liebert et al
information if simple words are used. G. Palmer & McDowell H. Geis 9 IELTS Tactics by IELTS Tactics Exercise 5 The truth about lying
Over the years Richard Wiseman has tried to unravel the truth about deception - investigating the signs that give away a liar. A
In the 1970s, as part of a large-scale research programme exploring the area of Interspecies communication, Dr
Francine Patterson from Stanford University attempted to teach two lowland gorillas called Michael and Koko a
simplified version of Sign Language. According to Patterson, the great apes were capable of holding meaningful
conversations, and could even reflect upon profound topics, such as love and death. During the project, their trainers
believe they uncovered instances where the two gorillas' linguistic skills seemed to provide reliable evidence of
intentional deceit. In one example, Koko broke a toy cat, and then signed to indicate that the breakage had been caused by one of her trainers.
In another episode, Michael ripped a jacket belonging to a trainer and, when asked who was responsible for the
incident, signed ‘Koko’. When the trainer expressed some scepticism, Michael appeared to change his mind, and
indicated that Dr Patterson was actually responsible, before finally confessing. B
Other researchers have explored the development of deception in children. Some of the most interesting experiments
have involved asking youngsters not to take a peek at their favourite toys. During these studies, a child is led into a
laboratory and asked to face one of the walls. The experimenter then explains that he is going to set up an elaborate
toy a few feet behind them. After setting up the toy, the experimenter says that he has to leave the laboratory, and
asks the child not to turn around and peek at the toy. The child is secretly filmed by hidden cameras for a few
minutes, and then the experimenter returns and asks them whether they peeked. Almost all three-year-olds do, and
then half of them lie about it to the experimenter. By the time the children have reached the age of five, all of them
peek and all of them lie. The results provide compelling evidence that lying starts to emerge the moment we learn to speak. C
So what are the tell-tale signs that give away a lie? In 1994, the psychologist Richard Wiseman devised a large-scale
experiment on a TV programme called Tomorrow's World. As part of the experiment, viewers watched two
interviews in which Wiseman asked a presenter in front of the cameras to describe his favourite film. In one
interview, the presenter picked Some Like It Hot and he told the truth; in the other interview, he picked Gone with
the Wind and lied. The viewers were then invited to make a choice - to telephone in to say which film he was lying
about. More than 30,000 calls were received, but viewers were unable to tell the difference and the vote was a 50/50
split. In similar experiments, the results have been remarkably consistent - when it comes to lie detection, people
might as well simply toss a coin. It doesn’t matter if you are male or female, young or old; very few people are able to detect deception. D 10 IELTS Tactics by IELTS Tactics
Why is this? Professor Charles Bond from the Texas Christian University has conducted surveys into the sorts of
behaviour people associate with lying. He has interviewed thousands of people from more than 60 countries, asking
them to describe how they set about telling whether someone is lying. People’s answers are remarkably consistent.
Almost everyone thinks liars tend to avert their gaze, nervously wave their hands around and shift about in their
seats. There is, however, one small problem. Researchers have spent hour upon hour carefully comparing films of
liars and truth-tellers. The results are clear. Liars do not necessarily look away from you; they do not appear nervous
and move their hands around or shift about in their seats. People fail to detect lies because they are basing their
opinions on behaviours that are not actually associated with deception. E
So what are we missing? It is obvious that the more information you give away, the greater the chances of some of it
coming back to haunt you. As a result, liars tend to say less and provide fewer details than truth-tellers. Looking
back at the transcripts of the interviews with the presenter, his lie about Gone with the Wind contained about 40
words, whereas the truth about Some Like It Hot was nearly twice as long. People who lie also try psychologically
to keep a distance from their falsehoods, and so tend to include fewer references to themselves in their stories. In his
entire interview about Gone with the Wind, the presenter only once mentioned how the film made him feel,
compared with the several references to his feelings when he talked about Some Like It Hot. F
The simple fact is that the real clues to deceit are in the words that people use, not the body language. So do people
become better lie detectors when they listen to a liar, or even just read a transcript of their comments? The
interviews with the presenter were also broadcast on radio and published in a newspaper, and although the lie-
detecting abilities of the television viewers were no better than chance, the newspaper readers were correct 64% of
the time, and the radio listeners scored an impressive 73% accuracy rate. Questions 1-6
The reading passage has six paragraphs, A-F.
Choose the correct heading for each paragraph from the list of headings below. 1 Paragraph A 2 Paragraph B 3 Paragraph C 4 Paragraph D 5 Paragraph E 6 Paragraph F 11 IELTS Tactics by IELTS Tactics List of headings
i Some of the things liars really do ii When do we begin to lie? iii How wrong is it to lie? iv Exposing some false beliefs
v Which form of communication best exposes a lie? vi Do only humans lie? vii Dealing with known liars
viii A public test of our ability to spot a lie Questions 7-10
Look at the following statements and the list of experiments below.
Match each statement with the correct experiment,
. You may use any letter more than once. A-C
7 Someone who was innocent was blamed for something. List of Experiments
8 Those involved knew they were being filmed.
A the gorilla experiment
9 Some objects were damaged.
B the experiment with children
10 Some instructions were ignored. C the TV experiment Questions 11-13 Complete the sentences below.
Choose ONE WORD ONLY from the passage for each answer.
11 Filming liars has shown that they do not display ..................... behaviour.
12 Liars tend to avoid talking about their own .....................
13 Signs of lying are exposed in people’s ..................... rather than their movements.
Exercise 6 Read the passage and answer the questions.
The discovery of a baby mammoth A
On a May morning in 2007, on the Yamal Peninsula in northwestern Siberia, a Nenets reindeer herder named Yuri
Khudi stood on a sandbar on the Yuribey River, looking carefully at a diminutive corpse. Although he'd never seen
such an animal before, Khudi had seen many mammoth tusks, the thick corkscrew shafts that his people found each
summer, and this persuaded him the corpse was a baby mammoth. It was eerily well preserved. Apart from its
missing hair and toenails, it was perfectly intact. Khudi realised the find might be significant and he knew he
couldn't just return home and forget all about it. He therefore decided to travel to the small town of Yar Sale to
consult an old friend named Kirill Serotetto. His friend took him to meet the director of the local museum, who
persuaded the local authorities to fly Khudi and Serotetto back to the Yuribey River to collect the baby mammoth. B 12 IELTS Tactics by IELTS Tactics
Mammoths became extinct between 14,000 and 10,000 years ago and since the extinctions coincided with the end of
the most recent Ice age, many researchers believe that the primary cause of the great die-off was the sharp rise in
temperature, which dramatically altered the vegetation. 'We have strong evidence that the temperature rise played a
significant part in their extinction.’ says Adrian Lister, a paleontologist and mammoth expert at London's Natural
History Museum. 'In Eurasia, the timing of the two events matches closely.' The extinctions also coincided,
however, with the arrival of modern humans. In addition to exploiting mammoths for food, they used their bones
and tusks to make weapons, tools, and even dwellings. Some scientists believe humans were as much to blame as
the temperature rise for the great die-off. Some say they caused it. C
The body of the baby mammoth was eventually sent to the St. Petersburg Zoological Museum in Russia. Alexei
Tikhonov, the museum's director, was one of the first scientists to view the baby, a female. According to Tikhonov,
Khudi had rescued 'the best-preserved mammoth to come down to US from the Ice Age', and he gratefully named
her Lyuba, after Khudi's wife. Tikhonov knew that no-one would be more excited by the find than Dan Fisher, an
American colleague at the University of Michigan who had spent 30 years researching the lives of mammoths.
Tikhonov invited Fisher, along with Bernard Buigues, a French mammoth hunter, to come and view the baby
mammoth. Fisher and Buigues had examined other specimens together, including infants, but these had been in a
relatively poor state. Lyuba was another story entirely, other than the missing hair and toenails, the only flaw in her
pristine appearance was a curious dent above the trunk. D
Fisher was particularly excited about one specific part of Lyuba's anatomy: her milk tusks. Through his career,
Fisher has taken hundreds of tusk samples. Most of these came from the Great Lakes region of North America, and
his research showed that these animals continued to thrive, despite the late Pleistocene* temperature change. On the
other hand, Pleistocene era: the time between roughly 2.6 million years ago and 10.000 years ago to Fisher the tusks
often revealed telltale evidence of human hunting. His samples frequently came from animals that had died in the
autumn, when they should have been at their peak after summer grazing, and less likely to die of natural causes, but
also when humans would have been most eager to stockpile meat for the coming winter. He has done limited work
in Siberia, but his analysis of tusks from Wrangel Island, off the coast of Siberia, suggests the same conclusion. E
In December 2007, Buigues arranged for the specimen to be transported to Japan to undergo a CT scan by Naoki
Suzuki of the Jikei University School of Medicine. The test confirmed her skeleton was undamaged, and her internal
organs seemed largely intact. It also showed that the end of her trunk, and her throat, mouth, and windpipe were
filled with dense sediment. Six months later, in a laboratory in St. Petersburg, Fisher, Buigues, Suzuki, Tikhonov
and other colleagues began a three-day series of tests on Lyuba. During these, Fisher noted a dense mix of clay and
sand in her trunk, mouth, and throat, which had been indicated earlier by the scan. In fact, the sediment in Lyuba's
trunk was packed so tightly that Fisher saw it as a possible explanation for the dent above her trunk. If she was
frantically fighting for breath and inhaled convulsively, perhaps a partial vacuum was created in the base of her 13 IELTS Tactics by IELTS Tactics
trunk, which would have flattened surrounding soft tissue. To Fisher, the circumstances of Lyuba's death were clear:
she had asphyxiated. Suzuki, however, proposed a different interpretation, seeing more evidence for drowning than asphyxiation. F
Studies are ongoing, but Lyuba has begun to shed the secrets of her short life and some clues to the fate of her kind.
Her good general health was shown in the record of her dental development, a confirmation for Fisher that dental
research is useful for evaluating health and thus key to investigating the causes of mammoth extinction. Analysis of
her well- preserved DNA has revealed that she belonged to a distinct population of Mammuthus primigenius and
that, soon after her time, another population migrating to Siberia from North America would take their place.
Finally, Lyuba's premolars and tusks revealed that she had been born in late spring and was only a month old when she died. Questions 1-5
The reading passage has six paragraphs, A-F.
Which paragraph contains the following information? Write the correct letter, A-F, in boxes 1-5 on your answer sheet.
1. Similarities between studies of mammoth remains from different parts of the world. .....................
2. Details of the uses to which mammoth body parts were put. .....................
3. A theory that accounts for the damage to Lyuba’s face. .....................
4. An explanation of how an individual was able to identify a small corpse. .....................
5. A comparison between Lyuba and other young mammoth corpses. ..................... Questions 6-10
Look at the following statements (Questions 6-10) and the list of people below.
Match each statement with the correct person, A-G.
Write the correct letter, A-G, in boxes 6-10 on your answer sheet.
(You may use any letter more than once.)
6. The indications are that mammoths died as a result of climate change.
7. Teeth analysis is important in discovering why mammoths died out.
8. The corpse of the baby mammoth is in better condition than any other that has been discovered.
9. It would be a mistake to ignore the baby mammoth’s discovery, because of its potential importance.
10. Mammoths often died at a time of year when they should have been in good physical condition. List of People A. Yuri Khudi B. Kirill Serotetto C. Adrian Lister D. Alexei Tikhonov 14 IELTS Tactics by IELTS Tactics E. Dan Fisher F. Bermard Buigues G. Naoki Suzuki Questions 11-13 Complete the sentences below.
Choose NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from the passage for each answer.
Write your answers in boxes 11-13 on your answer sheet.
11. Some researchers say that a marked rise in temperature impacted on mammoths by changing the type of
…………………. available.
12. Fisher concluded that many of the mammoth tusks he looked at displayed signs of …………………. .
13. Not long after Lyuba’s death, the Mammuthus primigenius group she belonged to was replaced by another group
that came from …………………. . 15