Tổng hợp lý thuyết và bài tập chuyên đề PASSIVE VOICE - Chuyên Anh | Trường Đại học Ngoại ngữ, Đại học Quốc gia Hà Nội

CHUYÊN ĐỀ 3 : THỂ BỊ ĐỘNG – PASSIVE VOICE
1. Cách dùng : Khi không cần thiết phải nhắc đến tác nhân gây hành động (do tình huống đó
quá rõ ràng hoặc do không quan trọng) 2. Hình thức :  ACTIVE : S + V + O  PASSIVE : S + tobe + P2 by O
Những điều cần làm khi đổi câu chủ động sang câu bị động: -
Lấy tân ngữ (object) của câu chủ động làm chủ ngữ (subject) câu bị động. -
Không thay đổi thì của động từ, và động từ ―be phải có hình thức thích hợp
tương ứng với chủ ngữ mới. -
Động từ chính luôn được dùng ở dạng quá khứ phân từ (past participle). -
Chủ ngữ của câu chủ động có thể dùng sau giới từ ―by với ý nghĩa là tác
nhân gây ra hành động (agent of the passive).
Ví dụ: My father bought the computer last week.
→ The computer was bought by my father last week.
Chú ý: Nhiều câu bị động không cần thiết phải có tác nhân với giới từ ―by khi tác nhận
đó không được xác định rõ hoặc không quan trọng( they/ people/ everyone ......)
Ví dụ: People have built many new‘ buildings in recent years.
→ Many new buildings have been built in recent years.
Bảng đổi câu chủ động và bị động qua các thì khác nhau: Tenses Active Passive Simple S + V / V+s/es S +am/is/are + PP Present Sue writes the book.
The book is written by Sue. Simple S +V-ed/ IR. VERB S + was/were + PP Past Sue wrote the book.
The book was written by Sue. Present S+ am/is/are + V-ing
S+ am/is/are +being + PP
Continuous Sue is writing the book.
The book is being written by Sue. Past S+ was/were + V-ing
S+ was/were + being + PP
Continuous Sue was writing the book.
The book was being written by Sue. Present S+ have/has + PP S+ have/has + been + PP Perfect
Sue has written the articles.
The articles have been written by Sue. Past S + had + PP S+ had + been + PP Perfect
Sue had written the articles.
The articles had been written by Sue. Future S + will have + PP S + will have been + PP Perfect
Sue will have written the book. The book will have been written by Sue. Have to/
S+ have to/ be going to + will+ S + have to/ be going to / will/ can/ should
Be going to can + should .....+ bare inf ........+ be + PP will/ can/
Sue is going to write the book.
The book is going to be written by Sue. should/ ... 1
Ngoài các cấu trúc bị động cơ bản, thể bị động còn thế hiện ở các dạng sau:
1) Với động từ NEED
I need to borrow some money.
need + to-inflnitive —> active
John needs to be told the truth.
need + to be + PP — passive
The house needs painting. need +Ving
The house needs to be painted.
(danh động từ mang nghĩa bị động)
2) Với động từ theo sau là to-infìnỉtive hoặc gerund Active Passive Verb + to-infinitive → Verb + to be + PP Verb + gerund → Verb + being + PP Verb + to have + PP
→ Verb + to have been + PP
Verb + having + PP
→ Verb + having been + PP
Ví dụ: I hope to be invited to the wedding.
They wanted the story to be told again. She avoided being disturbed.
I want these dishes to have been washed when I come back.
She forgot having been given a big sum of money that day.
3) Với động từ chỉ giác quan (verbs of perception)
Các động từ chỉ giác quan: see, watch, hear, smell, taste... Active Passive
Verb + O + bare infinitive
→ be + PP + to-infinitive Verb + O + gerund → be + PP + gerund
Ví dụ: They saw the man run away. The man was seen → to run away.
They saw the man running away. The man was seen → running away.
4) Với động từ MAKE và LET. Active Passive
make + O + bare infinitive
→ be + made + to-infinitive
let + O + bare infinitive
→ be + allowed + to-infinitive
Ví dụ: The manager made all the employees work at the
weekend. All the employees were made to work at the weekend.
(Tat cả nhân viên bị buộc phải làm việc vào cuối tuần.)
She lets her son play computer games on Sunday afternoon.
→ Her son is allowed to play computer games on Sunday afternoon.
(Con trai bà ấy được phép chơi trò chơi vi tính vào chỉều chủ nhật.)
5) Với thế nhờ bảo (Causative form)
Ta dùng động từ have hoặc get. Active Passive
have somebody do something
→ have something done by sb
get somebody to do something
→ get something done by sb
Ví dụ: I had a technician repair my computer.
→ I had my computer repaired by a technician. (Tôi nhờ một kĩ thuật
viên sửa máy tính cho tôi.) 2
I got a technician to repair my computer.
→ I got my computer repaired by a technician.
6) Với động từ tường thuật hoặc bày tỏ ý kiến (verbs of reporting or opinion) Động từ tường thuật:
say, claim, report, show...
Động từ chỉ ý kiến: think, believe, consider, expect, feel, hope, know, prove, understand... Dạng 1:
Active: People/They + V1 + (that) + S + V2
Passive: It + be + PP (V1) + (that) + S + V2
Ví dụ: People believe that the weather is changing dramatically.
→ It is believed that the weather is changing dramatically.
(Người ta tin rằng thời tiết sẽ thay đổi đáng kế.)
They said that he served in the army.
→ It was said that he served in the army.
(Người ta nói rằng ông ấy đã phục vụ trong quân đội.) Dạng 2: Active:
People/They + V1+ (that) + S2 + V2
Passive: S2 + be + PP(V1) + to- V 2 ( biến đổi theo thì )
Ví dụ: They say that he is 100 years old.
→ He is said to be 100 years old.
People believe that rice is grown well in the Mekong Delta.
→ Rice is believed to be grown well in ihe Mekong Delta.
They thought that he was working in the office.
→ He was thought to be working in the office.
(Họ tin rằng ông ấy đang làm việc trong văn phòng.)
People say that he served in the army.
→ He is said to have served in the army.
(Ngƣời ta nói rằng trước đây ông ấy phục vụ trong quân đội.)
People say that the project has been completed.
→ The project is said to have been completed.
(Người ta nói rằng dự án đã được hoàn thành.) EXERCISES
Exercise 1: Choose the best answer to complete each of the following sentences.
1. That book by a famous author. A. wrote B. was written C. is writing D. has written
2. The children‘s song by one of the parents. A. is taping B. are being taped C. are taping D. is being taped
3. The pollution in the city our breathing. A. was affecting B. will be affected C. was being affected D. will be affecting
4. A special committee the dispute. A. is going to settle
B. is going to be settled C. going to settling D. will be settled
5. Mark a lot by his friends, isn‘t he?
A. is influenced B. is influencing C. isn‘t influenced D. isn‘t influencing
6. A few days ago, Tom‘s car
by one of the teenagers in his neighborhood. A. was stealing B. was stole C. has been stolen D. was stolen
7. Pencils at the test, so please bring your own. 3 A. are provided B. will be provided C. won‘t be provided D. shall not provide
8. Jack the news immediately. If you don‘t do it, I will. A. ought to be told B. ought be told C. ought tell D. ought to have told
9. The prisoner is thought by climbing over the wall. A. to escape B. has been escaped C. to have escaped D. has escaped
10. Tom has just had a computer in his room. A. install B. installed C. to install D. installing
Exercise 2: Choose the best answer to complete each of the following sentences.
1. They recommend that a hotel on the edge of the lake. A. should be built B. must be built C. was built D. could build
2. He dislikes what to do. A. people tell him B. being told C. to be told D. they telling him
3. The music at the party was very loud and from far away. A. can hear B. could hear C. can be heard D. could be heard
4. Both domestic and imported automobiles must anti-pollution devices. A. equipped with B. be equipped with C. equipped by D. be equipped by
5. ―Can‘t we do something about the situation?‖ ―Something _ right now. A. is doing B. is done
C. is being done D. has been doing
6. Despite all my anxiety, I for the job I wanted. A. was hiring B. hired
C. got hiring D. got hired
7. ―Has about the eight o‘clock flight to Chỉcago? ―Not yet. ‖
A. been an announcement made
B an announcement been made . C. an announcement made
D. been made an announcement
8. ―Come back at 5 o‘clock, he said, ―the job by then. A. will have been done B. has been done C. is being done D. was being done
9. Renoir‘s paintings masterpieces all over the world.
A. had considered B. are considered C. are considering D. consider
10. Are you quite sure you know why ? A. was he dismissed B. did he dismiss
Exercise 3: Choose the best answer to complete each of the following sentences.
1. The ozone layer
harmfulradiation from the sun.
A. Prevents B. is prevented C. is preventing D. is being prevented
2. Are you interested in the job ? A. they are offered you
B. they have offered you C. you being offered D. you be offering 3. Vietnamese goods to many European countries. A. have exported B. have been exported C. have been exporting D. have being exported
4. We expect students during the examinations. 4
A. not to talk B. not to be talked C. not talking D. not being talked
5. This kind of cloth in warm water only.
A. must wash B. must be washing C. must be washed D. must washed
6. Have you got the advisor the issue? A. to examine B. examining C. to be examined D. examined
7. When we talked about the accident, no names .
A. were mentioning B. to be mentioning C. were mentioned D. to be mentioned
8. Harvard University as one of the best universities in the world for hundreds of years. A. has regarded B. is regarded C. has been regarded D. regards
9. The Norman is said England in 1066. A. to have invaded B. to have been invaded C. to invade D. to be invaded
10. Jack accepted for his brother‘s fault. A. to punish B. to be punished
C. punish D.being punished
Exercise 4: Choose the best answer to complete each of the following sentences.
1. I don‘t want any conclusion before we have all the evidence. A. be made B. to be made C. being made D. to have been made
2. More than five thousand people in the earthquake in Indonesia last year. A. was said to be died B. were said to be died C. was said to die D. were said to die 3. Gunpowder was said
by the Chinese several centuries ago. A. to have invented B. to be invented
C. to have been inventing D. to be inventing
4. I heard him to himself after coming back from the party last night. A. singing B. sung C. to be singing D. to be sung
5. He was seen a stone and it at the police. A. pick up - throw B. picking up - throw C. picked up - thrown D. to pick up - throw
6. ―Those eggs of different colors are very artistic. ―Yes, they in Russia.‖ A. were painted B. were paint C. were painting D. painted
7. ―David is in prison for smoking drugs. ―He
that it was against the law.‖ A. is telling B. was told C. told D. tells
8. ―The maintenance people didn‘t remove the chairs from the ballroom.
―Don‘t worry. They them before the dance begins.
A. will have been move B. will have moved C. were moved D. moved
9. Gold in California in the 19th century. A. was discovered B. has been discovered C. was discover D. they discovered
10. that military spending is extremely high. A. We are felt B. It feels C. It is felt D. We feel that it is
Exercise 5: Choose the best answerto complete eachof the following sentences.
1. All planes before departure. A. will checked B. will have checked C. will be checked D. will been checked
2. I wanted by the head of the company, but it was impossible. A. to see B. to be seen C. seeing D. being to see
3. Nancy at Bob‘s house every night this week. A. has been eaten B. has eating 5 C. is being eaten D. has been eating
4. ―W here did you get these old dresses?‖ ―We them in the old trunk. A. were found
B. finding C. found D.have been found
5. ―W hat happened to the old mail carrier?‖ ―He to a new neighborhood to work. A. has sent B. was send C. was sent D. sent
6. ―T he longest fish in the contest was eighteen inches long.‖ ―It by Peter. A. was catching B. caught C. was caught D. catch
7. ―I heard you decided to take up tennis. ―Y ‖ es, I have every day. A. been played B. been playing C. playing D. play
8. ―Are we about to have dinner?‖ ―Yes, it in the dining room. A. is serving B. serves C. is being served D. served
9. ―Why is Tony in prison? ―He ‖ of robbery. A. has been convicted B. has been convicting C. has convicted D. convicted
10. ―Where are Jack and Joseph?‖ ―They the boxes you asked for into the house.
A. have been bringing B. bringing C. have been brought D. to bring Exercise 6 :
1. My wedding ring ………… of yellow and white gold. a. is made b. is making c. made d. maked
2. If your brother ………………., he would come. a. invited was invited b. c. were inviting d. invite
3. Mr. Wilson is …………… as Wilie to his friend. a. knowed b. knew c. known . is known d
4. References …………. in the examination room. a. not are used b. is not used c. didn’t used are not used d.
5. Laura ………….. in Boston. a. are born b. were born c. was born d. born
6. My mother is going …… this house. a. sold b. to be sold c. to sold to sell d.
7. There’s somebody behind us. I think we are ………………. a. being followed b. are followed c. follow d. following
8. Have you ….. by a dog? a. bite b. ever been bitc. ever been bitten d. bit
9. The room is being ………….. at the moment. a. was cleaned b. cleaned c. cleaning d. clean
10. The road to our village …. widened next year. a. is b. will c. can will be d. Exercise 7:
1. Somebody cleans that room everyday.
a. The room every day is cleaned.
b. The room is everyday cleaned.
c. The room is cleaned every day.
d. The room is cleaned (by somebody) everyday.
2. They cancelled all flights because of fog.
a. All flights because of fog were cancelled. .
b All flights were cancelled because of fog.
c. All flights were cancelled by them because of fog. d. All flights were because of fog cancelled.
3. They are building a new highway around the city.
a. A new highway is being built around the city.
b. A new highway is being built around the city (by them).
c. A new highway around the city is being built.
d. Around the city a new highway is being built.
4. They have built a new hospital near the airport.
a. A new hospital has been built near the airport by them.
b. A new hospital near the airport has been built.
c. A new hospital has been built near the airport. 6
d. Near the airport a new hospital has been built by them.
5. They will ask you a lot of questions at the interview.
a. You will be asked a lot of questions at the interview.
b. You will be asked a lot of questions at the interview by them.
c. A lot of questions will be asked you at the interview.
d. A lot of questions will be asked at the interview.
6. People don’t use this road very often.
a. This road is not used very often.
b. Not very often this road is not used.
c. This road very often is not used.
d. This road not very often is used.
7. Somebody accused me of stealing money.
a. I was accused by somebody of stealing money. b. I was accused of stealing money.
c. I was accused of stealing money by somebody. d. I was accused stealing money.
8. Somebody is using the computer at the moment.
a. The computer is being used at the moment.
b. The computer at the moment is being used.
c. The computer is being used by somebody at the moment.
d. The computer is used at the moment.
9. The bill includes service.
a. Service is included by the bill.
b. Service included in the bill.
c. Service is included in the bill. d. Service is in the bill.
10. They have changed the date of the meeting.
a. The date of the meeting has been changed.
b. The date of the meeting has been changed by them.
c. The meeting has been changed the date.
d. The date of the meeting has changed.
Exercise 8. Chọn đáp án đúng nhất để hoàn thành câu sau
1. The old lady was ………. exhausted after the long walk. a. very b. aboslutely c. pretty d. fairly.
2. The old man is said……………. all his money to an old people’s home when he died. a. to leave b. to leaving c. have left d. to have left.
3. Nobody was injured in the accident, ……? a. was there b. was he c. were they d. weren’t they.
4. Renoir’s paintings ……….. masterpieces all over the world. a. had considered b. are considered c. are considering d. consider.
5. He was advised………singing lessons. a. take b. taken c. taking d. to take.
6. You’d better get someone…………your living room. a. redecorate b. redecorated
c. to redecorate d. redecorating.
7. When………….. ? In 1928. a. penicillin was discovered b. did pencillin discoved. c. was penicillin disscoverd d. did pencillin discover.
8. I don’t remember…………….. of the decision to change the company policy on vacations. a. telling b. being told c. to tell d. to be told.
9. The children ……………to the zoo.
a. were enjoyed taken b. enjoyed being taken c. were enjoyed taking d. enjoyed taking.
10. A new bike was bought ……. him on his birthday. a. to b. for c. with d. on.
11. His car needs ………………. a. be fixed b. fixing c. to be fixing d. fixed.
12. Her watch needs……………. a. reparing b. to be repairedc. repaired d. a&b.
13. He was said…. this building. a. designing b. to have designed c. to designs d. designed
14. Ted.... by a bee while he was sitting in the garden.
a. got sting b. got stung c. get stung d. gets stung 7
15. Let the children…….. taken to the cinema. a. to b. be c. to be d. being. Exercise 9:
1. It has been said that UFO sightings are increasing.
a. People say that UFO sightings are increasing.
b. people have said that UFO sightings are increasing.
c. That UFO sightings are increasing is true.
d. UFO has been said to be inreasing.
2. He is getting them mend the windows.
a. He’s having the windows to mend.
b. He’s having to mend the windows.
c. He’s having to be mended the windows.
He is having the windows mended. d.
3. They made her hand over her passport.
a. She was made to hand over her passport.
b. She was made hand over her passport.
c. She was handed over to make her passport.
d. She was handed over for her passport to make.
4. Don’t let the others see you.
a. Don’t let you to be seen.
b. Don’t let yourself be seen.
c. You aren’t to be seen by the others. Both a &c d. allowed.
5. They say that many people are homeless after the tsunami.
a. They say many people to have been homeless after the tsunami.
b. They say many people to be homeless after the tsunami.
c. Many people are said to have been homeless after the tsunami.
d. Many people are said to be homeless after the tsunami.
6. They know that the Prime Minister is in favour of the new law.
a. The Prime minister is known to have been in favour of the new law.
b. They know the Prime Minister to be in favour of the new law.
c. The Prime Minister is known to be in favour of the new law.
d. They know the Prime Minister to have been in favour of the new law.
7. They expect that the government will lose the election.
a. The government is expected to have lost the election.
b. The government is expected to lose the election.
c. They expect the government to lose the election.
d. They expect the government have lost election.
8. I didn’t realize that somebody was recording our conversation.
a. I didn’t realize that our conversation was recorded.
b. I didn’t realize that our conversation was being recorded.
c. I didn’t realize that our conversation was being recorded by someone.
d. Our conversation wasn’t realized to be recorded.
9. They never made us do anything we didn’t want to do.
a. We are never made to do anything we didn’t want to do.
b. We were never made to do anything we didn’t want to do.
c. We have never made to do anything we didn’t want to do.
d. We had never made to do anything we didn’t want to do.
10. Brian told me that somebody had attacked him in the street.
a. I was told by Brian that somebody had attacked him in the street.
b. I was told by Brian that he had been attacked in the street.
c. Brian told me to have been attacked in the street.
d. Brian told me that he had been attacked in the street. Exercise 10:
1. All bottles ____ before transportation. A. frozen
B. is frozen C. was frozen D. were frozen
2. John and Ann________________________. A. were not mislead B. were not misleeded C. was not misled D. were not misled 8
3. Our horses _______. A. are well feeded B. are well fed C. is well fed D. is well feeded
4. Peter and Tom ___ in an accident yesterday. A. is hurt B. is hurted C. were hurt D. were hurted
5. South Florida and HawaiI __ by a hurricane. A. is hit
B. have been hit C. have are hit D. has been hit
6. The battles _________ for liberation. A. had be fought
B. had been fighted C. had been fought D. has been fought
7. We can’t go along here because the road........................ A. is repairing
B. is repaired C. is being repaired D. repairs
8. The story I’ve just read_________ Agatha Christie. A. was written
B. was written by C. was written from D. wrote by
9. I’m going to go out and__A. have cut my hair
B. have my hair cut C. cut my hair D. my hair be cut
10. Many US automobiles_________ in Detroit, Michigan A. manufacture
B. have manufactured C. are manufactured D. are manufacturing
11. A lot of pesticide residue can___ unwashed produce. A. find B. found C. be finding D. be found
12. We_________ by a loud noise during the night. A. woke up
B. are woken up C. were woken up D. were waking up
13. Some film stars_____ difficult to work with. A. are said be B. are said to be C. say to be D. said to be
14. Why did Tom keep making jokes about me? – I don’t enjoy_________ at. A. be laughed B. to be laughed C. laughing D. being laughed
15. Today, many serious childhood diseases_________ by early immunization. [ sự miễn dịch] A. are preventing B. can prevent C. prevent D. can be prevented
16. Do you get your heating___ every year?A. checking B. check C. be checked D. checked
17. Bicycles_________ in the driveway.
A. must not leave B. must not be leaving C. must not be left D. must not have left
18. Beethoven’s Fifth Symphony_________ next weekend. [ Symphony: khúc giao hưởng]
A. is going to be performed B. has been performed C. will be performing D. will have perform
19. ___________________________. yet? A. Have the letters been typed
B. Have been the letters typed C. Have the letters typed D. Had the letters typed
20. English has become a second language in countries like India, Nigeria or Singapore where `_________ for
administration, broadcasting and education. A. is used
B. it is used C. used D. being used
21. Lots of houses_________ by the earthquake. A. are destroying
B. destroyed C. were destroyed D. is destroyed
22. Gold_________ in California in the 19th century. A. was discovered
B. has been discovered C. was discover D. they discover
23. The boy_____ by the teacher yesterday. A. punish
B. punished C. punishing D. was punished
24. “Ms Jones, please type those letters before noon”_ “They’ve already ______, sir. They’re on your desk.” A. typed
B. been being typed C. being typed D. been typed
25. Sarah is wearing a blouse. It_____ of cotton. A. be made B. are made C. is made D. made
26. They had a boy _______ that yesterday. A. done B. to do C. did D. do
27. We got our mail ____ yesterday. A. been delivered B. delivered C. delivering D. to deliver
28. James…….. the news as soon as possible. A. should tell
B. should be told C. should told D. should be telled
29. The old man treated the little boy badly.
a. The little boy was treated by the old man badly. b. The little boy was badly treated by the old man.
c. The little boy badly was treated by the old man. d. The little boy was treated baldly by the old man. 30.
They didn’t offer Ann the job.
a. The job wasn't offered Ann by them.
b. Ann wasn't offered them the job.
c. Ann wasn't offered the job by them. d. Ann wasn't offered the job.
31 The detectives will record his conversation.
A. His conversation will be recorded by the detectives.
B. His conversation will recorded by the detectives. 9
C. His conversation will being recorded by the detectives.
D. His conversation recorded by the detectives.
32. The police stopped us on our way to school.
a. We were stopped by the police on our way to school.
b. We stopped by the police on our way to school.
c. We stopped the police on our way to school. d. A & B are correct.
33. People believe that hundreds of homeless children are living on the streets.
a. It is believed that hundreds of homeless children are living on the streets.
b. Hundreds of homeless children are believed to be living on the streets.
c. Hundreds of homeless children believe to be living on the streets. d. A & B are correct.
34. People believe that 13 is an unlucky number.
a. 13 believes to be an unlucky number.
b. 13 is believed to be an unlucky number.
c. It is believed that 13 is an unlucky number. d. B & C are correct.
35. They thought that the man was still living.
a. The man thought he was still living.
b. The man was thought to be still living.
c. The man is thought to be still living.
d. It thought the man to be still living.
36. She advised me to sell that house.
a. I am advised to sell that house.
b. I advised her to sell that house.
c. I was advised to sell that house.
d. She was advised to sell that house.
37. He recommends us to do the job.
a. We are recommended to do the job.
b. We recommended to do the job.
c. We recommend him to do the job. d. A & C are correct.
38. People believe that red is the symbol of luck.
a. Red believes people to be the symbol of luck.
b. Red believed to be the symbol of luck.
c. Red is believed to be the symbol of luck. d. B & C are correct.
39. Mary is cutting a cake with a sharp knife.
a. A cake is being cut with a sharp knife by Mary.
b. A cake is cut with a sharp knife by Mary.
c. A sharp knife is cut with a cake by Mary. d. A & C are correct.
40. They have provided the victims with food and clothing.
a. The victims have provided them with food and clothing.
b. The victims have been provided them with food and clothing.
c . The victims have been provided with food and clothing. d. B & C are correct.
41. The teacher is going to tell a story.
a. A story is going to be told by the teacher.
b. A story is going to tell by the teacher.
c. A story be told by the teacher.
d. A story is going to tell the teacher.
42. He has made no mistakes in his composition.
a. No mistakes have been made in his composition. b. No mistakes have made in his composition.
c. His composition has made no mistakes. d. A & C are correct.
43. Someone was cleaning the room when I arrived.
a. The room cleaned when I arrived.
b. The room was being cleaned when I arrived
c. The room was cleaned when I arrived.
d. The room was cleaning when I arrived
44. People spend a lot of money on advertising every day.
a. A lot of money is spent on advertising every day. b. A lot of money spent on advertising every day.
c. On advertising a lot of money is spent every day. d. On advertising is spent a lot of money every day.
45. People warned us not to go out alone.
a. We were warned not going out alone b. We were warned not to go out alone by people.
c. We weren't warned to go out alone. d. We were warned not to go out alone.
46. They expect that the government will lose the election. 10
a. The government is expected to have lost the election. b. The government is expected to lose the election.
c. They expect the government to lose the election. d. They expect the government have lost election. 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18