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Top 28 Guided cloze tests - ôn thi học sinh giỏi THPT
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CLOZE TEST TEST 1
For questions1-15, read the text and then choose the correct answer. GEORGE ORWELL
George Orwell did not expect to be a successful writer. In fact, he spent much of his life anticipating failure.
In an essay about his schooldays, he wrote that until he was about thirty he always planned his life with the (1)
_____ that any major undertaking was bound to fail. He wanted success and worked hard to (2) _____ it but
he was never quite able to give up the (3) _____ that his efforts would always come up short. At the age of 46,
(4) ______ before he died, he confided in his private notebook that a deep (5) ______ of inadequacy had
haunted him throughout his career. He stated that there had been (6) _____ not one day in which he did not
feel that, he was being lazy, that he was (7) _____ with his current job and that his rate of work was miserably
small. Even in the first months after the tremendous success of Animal Farm, he was quick to (8)_____ his
achievement, declaring that his next book was bound to be a failure.
Of course, no conscientious author is ever completely (9) _____ with their work, but Orwell’s doubts were so
(10) _____ that he often appeared more comfortable (11) ______ defeat than acknowledging success. In 1940,
after the publication of his eighth book, he (12) _____ to an admiring letter from another writer by (13) _____
out of his way to show the man why he was not (14) _____ of his praise. “It makes me laugh,” he wrote, “to
see you referring to me as ‘famous’ and ‘successful’. I wonder if you (15) _____ how little my books sell!” 1. A. forecast B. trust C. expectation D. relian 2. A. reach B. achieve C. fulfil D. manage 3. A. impression B. notion C. judgement D. awareness 4. A. shortly B. presently C. recently D. virtually 5. A. belief B. appreciation C. sense D. thought 6. A. totally B. fully C. constantly D. literally 7. A. behind B. below C. backward D. beneath 8. A. decrease B. discount C. refuse D. lower 9. A. cheered B. assured C. glad D. satisfied 10. A. lengthy B. persistent C. attached D. convinced 11. A. admitting B. granting C. agreeing D. allowing 12. A. returned B. responded C. answered D. denied 13. A. going B. moving C. setting D. leaving 14. A. capable B. worthy C. just D. acceptable 15. A. appreciate B. assume C. regard D. acknowledge
For questions 16-30, fill each of the following numbered blanks with one suitable word. HARRY HOUDINI
Harry Houdini, who died 65 years ago, was the entertainment phenomenon of his era. He could escape from
chains, locks, ropes and sacks. They strapped him in and hung him upside (16) __________from a high 1
building and he somehow freed (17) ____________. They locked him in a packing case and sank him in
Liverpool docks and minutes (18) ___________ he surfaced smiling.
Houdini would usually (19) _____________ his equipment to be examined by the audience. The chains, locks
and packing cases all seemed line, (20) ____________ it was tempting to conclude that he possessed
superhuman powers. However, there was (21) _____________ physically remarkable about Houdini (22)
________________ for his bravery, dexterity and fitness. His nerve was so cool that he could relax when
buried six feet underground (23) ______________ they came to dig him up. His fingers were so strong that he
(24) ____________ undo a strap or manipulate keys through the canvas of a mail hag. He made (25)
____________ comprehensive study of locks and was able to conceal tools about his person in a way (26)
____________ fooled even the doctors who examined him.
As an entertainer, he combined (27) ___________ this strength and ingenuity with a lot of trickery. His stage
escapes took place behind a curtain with an orchestra playing to disguise (28) __________banging and sawing.
All Houdini's feats can easily be explained but he (29) __________ to that band of mythical supermen who,
we (30) ____________ to believe, were capable of miracles. TEST 2
For questions1-15, read the text and then choose the correct answer. THE ALEXANDRA PALACE
The Alexandra Palace in north London was built with private funds as a “People’s Palace”. Serviced by its
own station, it was opened in 1873 and was extremely well (1) _____ until, two weeks after its opening, it
burnt down. It was (2) _____ by a slightly larger building which opened in 1875 and featured, (3) _____ other
things, a splendid organ and the Great Hall, which was the size of a football pitch. Despite the extraordinarily
wide range of events (4) _____ there from dog shows to great concerts and banquets, from elephant displays
to bicycle matches - it always (5) ______ at a loss and by 1877 much of the park around it had been sold to
speculative builders, (6) _____ only about half of the original land.
In 1900, a committee was appointed, whose principal duty was to (7) _____ the Palace and park “for the free
use of the people forever”. There were, however, (8) _____ to charge for entry so that the substantial costs
could be (9) _____. The Palace continued, with (10) _____ degrees of success, as an entertainment centre. In
the 1930s it was probably most (11) _____ for being the home of the world’s first high definition television broadcasts.
In 1980 the building was once more devastated by fire and (12) _____ to a ruin. It was then decided to
(13)_____ it and to create a (14) _____ exhibition centre with community (15) _____ , such as a restaurant and a health club. 1. A. inhabited B. attended C. crowded D. visited 2. A. installed B. overtaken C. renewed D. replaced 3. A. among B. between C. from D. around 4. A. performed B. set C. staged D. laid 5. A. conducted B. acted C. operated D. maintained 6. A. letting B. remaining C. leaving D. upholding 7. A. run B. handle C. lead D. overlook 8. A. powers B. terms C. allowances D. authorities 9. A. fulfilled B. covered C. matched D. made 2 10. A. unsteady B. varying C. altering D. unsettled 11. A. distinct B. marked C. considerable D. notable 12. A. turned B. converted C. reduced D. wrecked 13. A. recover B. revise C. restore D. reform 14. A. chief B. worthy C. major D. senior 15. A. facilities B. conveniences C. supplies D. appliances
For questions 16-30, fill each of the following numbered blanks with one suitable word. NEW HORIZONS
There is a body of literature making forecasts-most of them believable- about the near future and this catalogue
of predictions is getting fatter by the day.
These predictions range (16) __________ the listing of new devices to the ways (17) ___________ which they
will alter the daily habits of the citizen. In general, we shall spend more time at home as it (18) ___________
easier to communicate without (19) ____________ to meet other people - for example, shopping by television
and attending video conferences. It is said that it will be easier than ever (20) __________ to leave the house.
In fact, (21) ____________ narrowing of horizons is already (22) ___________ offer, particularly in the field of leisure.
There are computerized programmes (23)___________ the market (24) ____________ can take you to visit a
museum. You switch on the computer screen and select a route. You enter the room you have (25)__________
and look at the exhibits. You can stop in front of a picture, enlarge (26) ___________ detail you may wish to and ask for information.
You can stay as (27) ___________ as you like, (28) ___________ any time of the day or night, (29)
____________ meeting any tourists. You don’t need to pay an entrance fee - (30) ____________ you have to
do is connect the computer in the comfort of your own home. TEST 3
For questions1-15, read the text and then choose the correct answer. THE MOTORING BOOM IN THE US
The 1920 saw the emergence of widespread car ownership in the US. Assembly line production made cars
wonderfully cheap, credit was available on the cheapest (l) ______ and the irresistible (2) ______ of the car to
the consumer did the rest. The result was a complete (3) _______ of American life.
The car began to break (4) _____ the ancient sharp division between town and country. The movement perhaps
began with the prosperous middle class, (5) _____ for a holiday from New York, who were delighted to
discover the rest of their country. But the cheap car also enabled the working class to travel, for pleasure or in
(6) _____ of work. Even poor country people, it (7) _____ out, could own cars and when they did so, many of
them used the freedom thus (8) _____ to depart to the West or to the cities.
Even more important, perhaps, was the (9) _____ of the car on daily life. It came into (10) _____ for all sorts
of short (1 l) _____, to work or to the shops, which had previously been made by trolley bus or railway. It
made a whole new pattern of living possible. Vast suburbs began to (12) _____ over the land. No longer did
you have to live in comparatively cramped (l3) _____ near the railroad station. Nor did you have to (14) _____
your annual holiday at one of the traditional, crowded resorts nearby. Instead, you could (15) _____ over the hills and far away. 1. A. obligations B. terms C. guarantees D. repayments 3 2. A. appeal B. outlook C. impression D. fancy 3. A. transfer B. variation C. revision D. transformation 4. A. down B. off C. in D. away 5. A. concerned B. willing C. anxious D. fond 6. A. hunt B. search C. chase D. inquiry 7. A. found B. turned C. brought D. set 8. A. gained B. gathered C. reached D. benefited 9. A. force B. product C. impact D. trace 10. A. advantage B. use C. worth D. function 11. A. travels B. trips C. tours D. routes 12. A. spread B. widen C. scatter D. broadcast 13. A. housing B. residence C. surrounding D. settlement 14. A. make B. place C. take D. set 15. A. press B. speed C. stir D. pace
For questions 16-30, fill each of the following numbered blanks with one suitable word. GRAPEFRUIT
Grapefruit are members of the citrus family. They are one of the largest citrus fruits, with juicy flesh that has
a sharp flavour. The white-fleshed varieties are slightly more acidic in taste than sweeter pink grapefruit, (l6)
___________ have few pips and more juice.
The true reason behind the name of (17) __________ refreshing fruit is not known, (18) __________it is
thought to be because grapefruit grow in clusters, rather like grapes, (l9) ___________ an evergreen tree.
However, records from the early l9th century refer to grapefruit (20) __________ having the taste of sour
grapes and bearing their name (21) ___________ this very reason.
Grapefruit are thought to (22) ___________ originated in Jamaica. In England, they were first written (23)
______________ in the Daily Chronicle in I904, when it was reported that “the grapefruit is gradually growing
(24) _____________ popularity in England.” At this time, writers were never sure (25) ________________ to
hyphenate the name or leave it as (26) ______________ word. By 1938, grapefruit were well known and the
famous London store Fortnum and Mason advertised special knives to prepare them, (27) ______________ sale at 3 shillings each.
There are several varieties, (28) ________________with its own special characteristics. Choose firm
grapefruit, with bright shiny skin. The fruit should feel heavy in relation (29) _______________ the size (30)
______________ this indicates plenty of juicy flesh. TEST 4
For questions1-15, read the text and then choose the correct answer. HOW WE READ
Why did you decide to read this, and will you keep reading to the end? Do you expect to understand every
single part of it and will you remember anything about it in a fortnight’s (1) _____? Common sense (2) _____
that the answers to these questions depend on “readability” - whether the (3) _____ matter is interesting, the 4
argument clear and the (4) _____ attractive. But psychologists are discovering that to (5) _____ why people
read-and often don’t read- technical information, they have to (6) _____ not so much the writing as the reader.
Even the most technically confident people often (7)____ instructions for the video or home computer in favour
of hands-on experience. And people frequently (8) _____ little notice of consumer information, whether on
nutritional labels or in the small print of contracts.
Psychologists researching reading (9) _____ to assume that both beginners and (10) _____ readers read
everything put in front of them from start to finish. There are (11) _____ among them about the (12) _____ of
eyes, memory and brain during the process. Some believe that fluent readers take (13) _____ every letter or
word they see; others (14) _____ that readers rely on memory or context to any them from one phrase to
another. But they have always assumed that the reading process is the same: reading starts, comprehension
(15) _____, then reading stops. 1. A. term B. period C. time D. gap 2. A. suggests B. transmits C. advises D. informs 3. A. subject B. topic C. content D. text 4. A. pattern B. formation C. layout D. assembly 5. A. ensure B. determine C. value D. rate 6. A. examine B. inquire C. trace D. calculate 7. A. miss B. omit C. pass D. ignore 8. A. get B. pay C. take D. make 9. A. tend B. undertake C. lead D. consent 10. A. competent B. sufficient C. considerable D. valid 11. A. objections B. arguments C. contests D. separations 12. A. role B. concern C. share D. relation 13. A. up B. over C. out D. in 14. A. insist B. direct C. urge D. press 15. A. sets B. occurs C. issues D. establishes
For questions 16-30, fill each of the following numbered blanks with one suitable word. TREES
All over the world, forests are safeguarding the health of the planet itself. They do this by protecting the soil,
providing water and regulating the climate. Trees bind soil to mountain-sides. Hills where the trees (16)
_____________ been felled lose 500 times as (17) __________ soil a year as those with trees.
Trees catch and store rainwater. Their leaves break the impact (18) ________________the rains, robbing (19)
__________ of their destructive power. The roots of trees allow the water (20) _____________ go into the
soil, which gradually releases (21) __________ to flow down rivers and refill ground-water reserves. Where
(22) __________ are no trees, the rains run in sheets of water off the land, carrying the soil with them. Land
covered with trees and other plants absorbs 20 times (23) __________ rain water than bare earth.
As (24) ___________ grow, trees absorb carbon dioxide, the main cause of the ‘greenhouse effect’, (25)
__________ threatens irreversibly (26) __________ change the world’s climate. Together, the world’s trees,
plants and soils contain three times as much carbon as there (27) ____________ in the atmosphere. 5
The world’s forests contain (28) ___________ vast majority of its animal and plant species. The tropical
rainforests alone have well (29) __________ half of them, (30) __________ though they cover only about 6%
of the Earth’s land surface. TEST 5
For questions1-15, read the text and then choose the correct answer. THE BODY CLOCK
Scientists used to believe that our 24-hour cycle of sleeping and waking was governed entirely by external
factors. The most notable of these, they thought, were the rising and (1) _____of the sun. But they have now
(2) _____ that there is a daily rhythm to a (3) _____ range of biological functions - including temperature,
digestion and mental (4) ______-which are regulated internally by a special timekeeping mechanism within the brain.
The main function of this ‘body clock' is to anticipate and (5)_____ for external changes so that, for example,
our body temperature starts to rise (6) _____dawn, gearing us up for the day, and begins to (7)_____ in the
early evening, winding us down for sleep.
Some people’s body clocks (8) _____ poorer time than others, which can greatly disturb their lives and even
(9) _____ their health. Insomnia, depression, fatigue, poor work performance and even accidents can all be
(10)____ or aggravated by inaccurate body clocks.
(11) _____ severe problems can result from the difficulties of (l2) _____to different time zones and working
by night instead of by day. Shift workers are known to run a higher-than-average (l3) ______of having a
number of health problems and the disruption of (l4) _____ body rhythms is one possible (l5) _______for this. 1. A. descending B. diving C. plunging D. setting 2. A. established B. fixed C. settled D. assured 3. A. wide B. various C. far D. grand 4. A. operation B. activity C. process D. occupation 5. A. dispose B. scheme C. steady D. prepare 6. A. beside B. approximately C. around D. nearly 7. A. fall B. reduce C. lessen D. subtract 8. A. keep B. hold C. support D. preserve 9. A. decline B. spoil C. injure D. threaten 10. A. put B. formed C. caused D. made 11. A. Paralled B. Equally C. Alike D. Compared 12. A. altering B. adjusting C. fitting D. suiting 13. A. risk B. danger C. threat D. hazard 14. A. common B. conditional C. normal D. used 15. A. explanation B. solution C. account D. source
For questions 16-30, fill each of the following numbered blanks with one suitable word. CHESS TOURNAMENTS
All tournament chess games are played with a chess clock- that is, two clocks joined together. When one
player makes his move, he presses a button (16) ___________ stops his clock and starts his opponent’s clock. 6
(17) _____________ fails to keep to the time limit, no (18) ___________ what the position on the board, loses
the game. Weekend tournaments with a fast time limit and long sessions of play of (19) ____________ to
twelve hours a day are very strenuous and result (20) ___________ fatigue and time troubles. The play is quite
sharp. Active, attacking chess (21) ____________ the order of the day and it is difficult to maintain (22)
_____________ sustained, precise defence against such play. A score of the game must be kept as play goes
on. Each move is written (23) _____________ on a score sheet, which (24)_____________ to be handed to
the tournament officials at the end of each round. The only thought in everyone’s head is (25) ____________
win. Talent and youth that’s (26) ____________ is needed for success at chess, with the emphasis (27)
____________ youth. Some approach the board with a slow, purposeful manner (28) ___________ giving you
a second glance - you simply don’t count. They seem to imply that (29) ____________ outcome is a foregone
conclusion for them; you only (30) ___________ to accept it with good grace. TEST 6
For questions1-12, read the text and then choose the correct answer. GIRLS AND TECHNOLOGY
If you want your daughter to succeed, buy her a toy construction set. That is the advice from Britain’s (1)_____
female engineers and scientists. Marie-Noelle Barton, who heads an Engineering Council campaign to
encourage girls into science and engineering, maintains that some of Britain’s most successful women have
had their careers (2)___ by the toys they played with as children. Even girls who end (3)____ nowhere near a
microchip or microscope could benefit from a better (4) _____of science and technology.
‘It’s a (5)____ of giving them experience and confidence with technology so that when they are (6)_____ with
a situation requiring some technical know-how, they feel they can handle it and don’t just (7) _____defeat
immediately,’ says Mrs Barton. ‘I believe that lots of girls feel unsure of themselves when it comes (8)_____
technology and therefore they might be losing out on jobs because they are reluctant even to apply for them.’
Research recently carried (9)______ suggests that scientific and constructional toys should be (10) _____to
girls from an early age, otherwise the result is ‘socialisation’ into stereotypically female (11)_____ , which
may explain why relatively few girls study science and engineering at university in Britain. Only 14% of those
who have gone for engineering (12)_____ at university this year are women, although this figure does represent
an improvement on the 7% recorded some years ago. 1. A. foremost B. uppermost C. predominant D. surpassing 2. A. styled B. shaped C. built D. modelled 3. A. in B. by C. on D. up 4. A. hold B. grasp C. insight D. realisation 5. A. matter B. situation C. state D. cause 6. A. approached B. encountered C. presented D. offered 7. A. admit B. allow C. receive D. permit 8. A. for B. to C. from D. with 9. A. off B. through C. forward D. out 10. A. accessible B. feasible C. reachable D. obtainable 11. A. characters B. parts C. states D. roles 12. A. options B. alternatives C. selections D. preferences 7
For questions 13-27, fill each of the following numbered blanks with one suitable word. WEATHER IN ANTARCTICA
The most extreme weather conditions experienced in Antarctica are associated with blizzards. These are simply
strong winds with falling snow (13) ___________, more commonly, snow that is picked up and pushed along
the ground by the wind. Blizzards may last for days at (14) ____________time, and in some cases it can be
almost impossible for people to see. It is not unusual (15) ____________ objects only about a metre or (16)
___________ away to become unrecognisable. Scientists doing research in the area (17) ____________ then
confined to their tents or caravans. We think of blizzards (18) __________extremely cold, while in fact
temperatures in the Antarctic are usually higher than normal (19)___________ a blizzard. Major blizzards of
several days in length occur more frequently in some locations than in others. (20)___________ may be eight
or ten such blizzards in any particular place (21)__________ an annual basis. They often cause considerable
damage, so that any scientific buildings or equipment constructed in this region must be specially made to give
as (22) ____________protection as possible.
If the weather is fine, visibility in Antarctica is usually excellent because of the clear air and the absence of
dust and smoke. (23) ______________ this means is that people often greatly underestimate the distance of
objects and features of the landscape. Also, very large features (24) __________ as mountains may appear to
be above the horizon, or even upside (25) ___________. These ‘mirages’, (26)___________ are just tricks
played by the eyes in certain conditions, have led to explorers in the Antarctic making many errors (27)____________ judgement. TEST 7
For questions1-12, read the text and then choose the correct answer. THE CHANGING EARTH
Although the earth was formed about 4,500 million years ago, human beings have inhabited it for less than
half a million years. Within this time, population has increased hugely and people have had a vast (1) _____
upon the earth. They have long been able to (2) _____ the forces of nature to use. Now, with modern
technology, they have the power to alter the balance of life on earth.
Reports back from the first astronauts helped dispel the dangerous (3)______ that the world had no boundaries
and had limitless resources. (4)______, ecologists have shown that all forms of life on earth are interconnected,
so it (5) _____ that all human activity has an effect on the natural environment.
In recent years, people have been putting the environment under stress. As a result, certain (6)_____ materials
such as timber, water and minerals are beginning to (7)______ short. Pollution and the (8) ______ of waste are
already critical issues, and the (9) _____ of the environment is fast becoming the most pressing problem (10)
_____ us all. The way we respond to the challenge will have a profound effect on the earth and its life support (11) ______.
However, despite all these threats there are (12) ______ signs. Over the past few decades, the growth in
population has been more than matched by food production, indicating that we should be able to feed ourselves for some time yet. 1. A. imprint B. indication C. impression D. impact 2. A. put B. make C. place D. stand 3. A. judgement B. notion C. reflection D. concept 8 4. A. However B. Likewise C. Moreover D. Otherwise 5. A. results B. follows C. complies D. develops 6. A. raw B. coarse C. crude D. rough 7. A. turn B. come C. go D. run 8. A. disposal B. displacement C. dismissal D. disposition 9. A. state B. situation C. case D. circumstance
10. A. encountering B. opposing C. meeting D. confronting 11. A. projects B. systems C. methods D. routines 12. A. stimulating B. welcoming C. satisfying D. reassuring
For questions 13-27, fill each of the following numbered blanks with one suitable word. EARLY PHOTOGRAPHY
In the early days of photography, a stand or some other firm support for the camera was essential. This was
because photographic materials were (13) ____________ insensitive to light that a typical exposure lasted
several seconds. The camera (14) ____________ have to be held still for this time in order to obtain a sharp
picture. The subjects also had to be still if their images (15) ___________ to register properly on the film.
Some early street scenes include blurred, transparent, ghostlike images of people (16)___________ wandered
past while the scene was in the process of (17) ___________ photographed.
Studio portraits from the late 1800s show people posed rigidly, often leaning against furniture, (18)
___________ helped them to remain motionless. (19) ___________ it was important to keep the head still, a
support was often provided (20) ____________ the neck. Bright studio lights, sometimes produced by
(21)_____________ fire to a strip of magnesium or a small pile of magnesium powder, helped (22)
____________ reducing the required exposure time. These burned with an intensely blue flame that gave the
necessary amount of light, (23) ___________ the smoke was unpleasant and (24)____________ was also a risk of fire.
The problems associated (25)____________ long exposure were overcome by the introduction of faster, more
sensitive photographic plates, and later, roll films. The development of smaller cameras led (26) __________
photography becoming a popular hobby. Nowadays, digital cameras have further revolutionized photography,
enabling even the (27) _____________ inexperienced of photographers to produce professional looking pictures. TEST 8
For questions1-12, read the text and then choose the correct answer. DINOSAUR DISCOVERIES
In the late 1930s, a group of leading American scientists seeking dinosaur fossils made some noteworthy finds.
Although one of their expeditions discovered no fossils, it nonetheless (1) _____ to be important in terms of
the information about dinosaurs it provided. During that historic expedition, which took place along the (2)
_____of the Paluxy river in Texas, something extraordinary was revealed: a dinosaur track, clearly (3) _____
in the rock. These dinosaur footprints (4) _____ their preservation to the salts and mud that covered them and
then hardened into rock, before (5) _____ to light 100 million years later. Tracks like these are (6) _____to
experts. There have been great gaps in scientists’ understanding of dinosaur (7) _____, and so such footprints
are useful since they provide direct (8) _____of how dinosaurs actually moved. Scientists have used these and 9
other footprints to determine how quickly different species walked, concluding that many kinds of dinosaur
must have travelled in (9) _____.
(10) _____, the tracks of four-legged dinosaurs seem to (11) _____that, in spite of bing reptiles, these creatures
must have moved in a very similar way to living mammals, such as elephants a pattern of movement (12)
_____from that of most contemporary reptiles, such as crocodiles. This leads to an interesting question. Might
existing mammals have more to teach us about the extinct reptiles that once walked the earth? 1. A. turned B. arose C. proved D. occurred 2. A. verges B. borders C. costs D. banks 3. A. blatant B. substantial C. distinguishable D. ostensible 4. A. owe B. derive C. result D. thank 5. A. coming B. bringing C. appearing D. surfacing 6. A. unique B. invaluable C. costly D. rare 7. A. action B. manners C. behaviour D. customs 8. A. basis B. support C. source D. evidence 9. A. sets B. herds C. masses D. bunches
10. A. Appropriately B. Characteristically C. Interestingly D. Alternatively 11. A. point B. specify C. express D. indicate 12. A. separate B. unconnected C. detached D. distinct
For questions 13-27, fill each of the following numbered blanks with one suitable word. THE BEST BOOKS
Are there 1,000 books that all of us should read sometime in our lives? Throughout this year, we will be
recommending a collection of books that, when taken (13) __________ a whole, will form a library of 1,000
titles that will inspire and satisfy (14) __________ kind of reader imaginable. Book lists appear from time to
time, often arousing controversy (15) __________ being too elitist or too populist. But our list is the result of
consultations with bookbuyers and booksellers, people (16) ____________ know and love books.
Currently, there are well (17) ______________a million books in print. Add (18) _______________ these
another 100,000 books published each year and the choice for readers becomes bewildering, (19)
_______________ certain books, both classics and contemporary works, stand out. While our list doesn’t
identify classics (20) _____________ the traditional sense, many of the works included (21)
________________considered to be classic books. The list aims to make the reader aware of (22)
_______________ is available that is stimulating, rewarding and inspiring. (23) _______________ else does
one learn about a good read other (24) ________________ by enthusiastic recommendation?
This month we are highlighting fifty books from the area of business and reference. These fifty titles represent
the perfect business and reference library for your needs, (25) _____________ personal or professional. Our
selection will help you to expand and enhance (26) ____________ understanding of today's fast-changing world of business.
Look out for next month’s fifty choices, (27) ______________ will take you a step nearer completion of your 1 .000 book library. 10 TEST 9
For questions1-12, read the text and then choose the correct answer. A GUIDEBOOK WRITER
He is five thousand metres up in the Peruvian Andes, with a view of magnificent scenery all around. Looking
down at the snow-capped mountains (1) _____out below, Peter Hutchison can be (2) ______for thinking that
he has the best job in the world. But the (3) ______required to keep it sometimes (4) ______him out. Some
days his head (5) ______, not from lack of oxygen but from the (6) ______of checking rooms in fifty different hotels.
Peter is in charge of a team of writers working on a series of travel guidebooks. ‘Each guidebook contains
hundreds of thousands of facts,’ he says. 'When I am on a research trip, I sometimes note down eighty points
of (7) ______in one day. (8) ______to popular belief, being a travel writer is no holiday! So that others can get
the most out of their trips, I have to (9) ______long.
After driving himself hard for a week, Peter (10) ______himself by taking a few days off to (11) ______ his
own favourite leisure activities, which include scuba-diving and jungle treks. He has an amazingly
comprehensive knowledge of South America. ‘I’d love to live here permanently,’ he says, “but I have to return
to London to chase up the other contributors and make sure the latest book doesn’t fall behind (12) ______.
It’s due out in October and mustn’t be late.' 1. A. expanding B. spreading C. broading D. lying 2. A. mistaken B. tolerated C. spared D. forgiven 3. A. force B. power C. effort D. attempt 4. A. wears B. brings C. works D. bears 5. A. turns B. spins C. winds D. twists 6. A. strain B. affliction C. suffering D. distress 7. A. interest B. attention C. value D. attraction 8. A. Opposite B. Contrary C. Alternative D. Distinct 9. A. put in B. take up C. make over D. get into 10. A. celebrates B. delights C. rewards D. praises 11. A. perform B. pursue C. maintain D. attend 12. A. timetable B. programme C. schedule D. agenda
For questions 13-27, fill each of the following numbered blanks with one suitable word. THE HISTORY OF THE CINEMA
In Britain, the cinema was, without doubt, the most important form of public commercial entertainment of the
twentieth century. Until its popularity was eclipsed in the 1950s by television, cinema enjoyed a period of some
fifty years during (13) ______________ its appeal far exceeded (14) _______of sport or indeed any other commercial leisure activity.
The popularity of the cinema at that time is (15) _____difficult to explain: it was accessible, glamorous and
cheap. At (16) ______height, between 1920 and 1950, a very small sum of money (17) ______guarantee a
good seat in the cinema. In the 1920s, the usual venue was a small, neighbourhood hall. The audience was 11
drawn from the local area, and could (18) ______ some occasions be rather noisy. By the end of the 1930s,
(19) ____________, the venue was more likely to be in (20) ____________of the larger cinemas known as
‘picture palaces’, which were springing up everywhere in city centres (21) _____________ accommodate
audiences of over two thousand people. (22) _____________these establishments, the audiences were expected
to be well behaved; the performances were organised just (23) _____________ military operations, (24)
_______________ uniformed staff on hand to control the queues and usherettes to direct seating arrangements.
These large cinemas attracted (25) _____________ very mixed audience, although older people were less
likely to be cinema-goers than adolescents. As might be expected, people in rural areas were (26)
____________ immersed in the cinema than were people in towns, simply (27) _______________ of the
greater provision of cinemas in urban areas. TEST 10
For questions1-12, read the text and then choose the correct answer. SECRETARIES
What’s in a name? In the case of the secretary, or Personal Assistant (PA), it can be something rather surprising.
The dictionary calls a secretary ‘anyone who handles correspondence, keeps records and does clerical work
for others’. But while this particular job (1) ..... looks a bit (2) ..... , the word’s original meaning is a hundred
times more exotic and perhaps more (3) ..... . The word itself has been with us since the 14th century and comes
from the mediaeval Latin word secretarius meaning ‘something hidden’. Secretaries started out as those
members of staff with knowledge hidden from others, the silent ones mysteriously (4) ..... the secret machinery of organisations.
Some years ago ‘something hidden’ probably meant (5) ..... out of sight, tucked away with all the other
secretaries and typists. A good secretary was an unremarkable one, efficiently (6) ..... orders, and then returning
mouse-like to his or her station behind the typewriter, but, with the (7) ..... of new office technology, the job
(8) .... upgraded itself and the role has changed to one closer to the original meaning. The skills required are
more demanding and more technical. Companies are (9) ..... that secretarial staff should already be (10)
....trained in, and accustomed to working with, a (11) ..... of word processing packages. Professionals in the
(12) .....business point out that nowadays secretarial staff may even need some management skills to take on
administration, personnel work and research. 1. A. explanation B. detail C. definition D. characteristic 2. A. elderly B. unfashionable C. outdated D. aged 3. A. characteristic B. related C. likely D. appropriate 4. A. operating B. pushing C. functioning D. effecting 5. A. kept B. covered C. packed D. held 6. A. satisfying B. obeying C. completing D. minding 7. A. advent B. approach C. entrance D. opening 8. A. truly B. validly C. correctly D. effectively 9. A. insisting B. ordering C. claiming D. pressing 10. A. considerably B. highly C. vastly D. supremely 11. A. group B. collection C. cluster D. range 12 12. A. appointment B. hiring C. recruitment D. engagement
For questions 13-27, fill each of the following numbered blanks with one suitable word. CHANGING CITIES
What will the city of the future look like? This question has been asked (13) _____________ many times in
recent history and answered inconclusively (14) _______________ equal number of times that we (15)
________________ be sure of (16) _______________ thing only: no one can predict with
(17)________________ degree of accuracy how cities will look 50 or 500 years from now.
The reason is simple cities are (18)______________ a continual state of change. Over the (19)
______________ fifty years they have changed so rapidly that the oldest residents will remember a time (20)
_____________ their city seemed to belong not just to another era (21) ____________to a different dimension.
(22)______________ is true both of planned and unplanned cities. Planned cities such as New York and Paris,
(23) _____________ are closely organised on a grid or diagram of streets and avenues, have effectively burst
at the seams this century, while unplanned cities such as Tokyo and Los Angeles have grown just (24)
____________dramatically. Although their centres might remain much as they were many years (25)
______________, their suburbs have spread (26) _______________ the tentacles of an octopus. Some
economists argue that expansion is a sign of a healthy economy (27) _________________ that it is expanding
cities that attract international investment. TEST 11
For questions1-12, read the text and then choose the correct answer. SPORTS PHOTOGRAPHY
Sport as a spectacle and photography as a way of recording action have developed together. At the turn of the
20th century, Edward Muybridge was experimenting with photographs of movement. His pictures of a runner
(1) ..... in every history of photography. Another milestone was when the scientist and photographer Harold
Edgerton (2) ..... the limits of photographic technology with his study of a (3) ..... of milk hitting the surface of
a dish. Another advance was the development of miniature cameras in the late 1920s, which made it possible
for sports photographers to (4) ..... their cumbersome cameras behind.
The arrival of television was a significant development in the transmission of sport. Paradoxically, it was of
benefit to still photographers. People who watched a sports event on TV, with all its movement and action, (5)
..... the still image as a reminder of the game.
Looking back, we can see how (6) ..... sports photography has changed. (7) ..... sports photographers were as
interested in the stories behind the sport as in the sport itself. Contemporary sports photography (8) ..... the
glamour of sport, the colour and the action. But the best sports photographers today do more than (9) ..... tell
the story of the event, or make a (10) ..... of it. They (11) ..... in a single dramatic moment the real emotions of
the participants, emotions with which people looking at the photographs can (12) ...... 1. A. exhibit B. show C. feature D. demonstrate 2. A. enlarged B. extended C. prolonged D. spread 3. A. splash B. drop C. dash D. drip 4. A. put B. keep C. lay D. leave 5. A. chose B. valued C. pointed D. cheered 13 6. A. highly B. radically C. extremely D. severely 7. A. Initial B. First C. Early D. Primary 8. A. outlines B. signals C. emphasizes D. forms 9. A. simply B. alone C. singly D. only 10. A. preservation B. store C. mark D. record 11. A. seize B. grasp C. capture D. secure 12. A. identify B. share C. unite D. join
For questions 13-27, fill each of the following numbered blanks with one suitable word. TRAFFIC JAMS ARE NOTHING NEW
In the age before the motor car, what was travelling in London like? Photographs taken 100 years ago showing
packed streets indicate that it was much the (13) ______________ as it is now. It has (14) _____________
calculated that, even with new anti-congestion systems in place, commuters who choose the car to get to work
travel at (15) ________________ average speed of 17 kph from their homes (16) _______________ the
suburbs to offices in the centre. (17) ________________ is virtually the same speed that they (18)
________________ have travelled at in a horse and carriage a century ago.
As towns and cities grow, (19) __________________ does traffic, whether in the form of the horse and carriage
(20) ___________________ the modern motor car. It would seem that, wherever (21) ____________ are
people who need to go somewhere, they would (22) ___________________ be carried than walk or pedal. The
photographs show that, in terms (23) ____________________ congestion and speed, traffic in London hasn’t
changed over the past 100 years. London has had traffic jams ever (24) ___________________ it became a
huge city. It is only the vehicles that have changed.
However, apart (25) _____________ the congestion which affected London long (26) ________________ the
car came along, the age of the horse produced relatively (27) ________________ unpleasantness. This age,
for example, saw none of the exhaust fumes which city dwellers have to live with today. TEST 12
For questions1-12, read the text and then choose the correct answer. HOLIDAYS IN SOUTH CAROLINA
Roaring across the bay in a motorised rubber boat, we were told by the captain to keep our eyes open. With
the engine turned off, it wasn’t long before half a dozen dolphins came swimming around us. Eventually, two
came up (1) ..... beside the boat and popped their heads out of the water to give us a wide grin.
Dolphin watching is just one of the many unexpected attractions of a holiday in South Carolina, in the USA.
The state has long been popular with golfers and, with dozens of (2) ..... in the area, it is (3) ..... a golfer’s
paradise. But even the keenest golfer needs other diversions and we soon found the resorts had plenty to (4) ......
In fact, Charleston, which is midway along the (5) ..... , is one of the most interesting cities in the USA. and is
where the first shots in the Civil War were (6)……. Taking a guided horse and carriage tour through the quiet
back streets you get a real (7) ..... of the city’s past. Strict regulations (8) ..... to buildings so that original (9) ..... are preserved.
South of Charleston lies Hilton Head, an island resort about 18 km long and (10) ..... like a foot. It has a
fantastic sandy beach (11) ..... the length of the island and this is perfect for all manner of water sports. 14
Alternatively, if you feel like doing nothing, (12) ..... a chair and umbrella, head for an open space and just sit
back and watch the pelicans diving for fish. 1. A. direct B. right C. precise D. exact 2. A. courses B. pitches C. grounds D. courts 3. A. fully B. truly C. honestly D. purely 4. A. show B. provide C. offer D. supply 5. A. beach B. coast C. sea D. shore 6. A. thrown B. aimed C. pulled D. fired 7. A. significance B. meaning C. sense D. comprehension 8. A. apply B. happen C. agree D. occur 9. A. points B. characters C. factors D. features 10. A. formed B. shaped C. made D. moulded 11. A. lying B. running C. going D. following 12. A. charge B. lend C. hire D. loan
For questions 13-27, fill each of the following numbered blanks with one suitable word. THE SAHARA MARATHON
One of the most amazing marathon races in the world is the Marathon of the Sands. It takes place every April
in the Sahara Desert in the south of Morocco, a part of the world (13) _______________ temperatures can
reach fifty degrees centigrade. The standard length of a marathon is 42.5 kilometres but (14) _______________
one is 240 kilometres long and takes seven days to complete. It began in 1986 and now attracts about two
hundred runners, the majority of (15) ______________ ages range from seventeen to forty-seven. About half
of (16) _______________ come from France and the rest from all over the world. From Britain it costs £2,500
to enter, (17) ______________ includes return air fares. The race is rapidly (18) ____________________ more
and more popular (19) _________________, or perhaps because of, the harsh conditions that runners must
endure. They have to carry food and (20) _________________ else they need (21) ___________________
seven days in a rucksack weighing no more than twelve kilograms. In (22) ________________ to this, they
are given a litre and a half of water every ten kilometres. Incredibly, nearly (23) ________________ the runners
finish the course. (24) ________________ man, Ibrahim El Joual, took part in every race from 1986 to 2004.
Runners do suffer terrible physical hardships. Sometimes they lose toenails and skin peels (25)
___________________ their feet. However, doctors are always on hand to deal (26) ________________ minor
injuries and to make sure that runners do not push (27) _________________ too far. TEST 13
For questions1-12, read the text and then choose the correct answer. UNIVERSAL WET WEEKEND
The weather across much of the British Isles remained settled last week, with a good (1) ..... of sunshine. On
Saturday, the lunchtime temperature at Bridlington in the north-east of England was 28.2 °C, which compared
favourably with Alicante in southern Spain at 29 °C. The rest of the world, however, was coping with some
extreme conditions. A tropical storm, given the name Helen, hit Hong Kong on Saturday morning, though her
presence had been (2) ..... in advance. From noon on Friday, the showers and (3) ..... of rain became more and
more frequent so that by midnight on Sunday, thirty-six hours later, there had been 333 mm of rainfall, not far 15
off the (4) ..... for the month of August, at 367 mm. Even on Sunday there was a (5) ..... in Helen’s tail. The
town centre of Shanwei, near Hong Kong, was flooded when 468 mm of rain fell in the sixty hours (6) ..... up
to midday on Sunday, (7) ..... twice the normal August rainfall. On the other (8) ..... of the globe, tropical storm
Gabrielle moved across the Gulf of Mexico and overnight rain (9) ..... the usual rainfall for the (10) ..... month.
Although most of Europe enjoyed sun, the high temperatures were sufficient to set off some (11) ..... showers.
On Tuesday morning, a thunderstorm at Lyons in eastern France (12) .....99 mm of rain in just six hours. 1. A. extent B. quantity C. proportion D. deal 2. A. waited B. found C. felt D. warned 3. A. outbursts B. outbreaks C. outputs D. outlets 4. A. general B. standard C. medium D. average 5. A. sting B. prick C. stab D. poke 6. A. going B. leading C. taking D. approaching 7. A. only B. fairly C. hardly D. nearly 8. A. section B. side C. face D. part 9. A. overlook B. exceeded C. passed D. beat 10. A. total B. sole C. single D. whole 11. A. huge B. weighty C. heavy D. strong 12. A. deposited B. placed C. lay D. set
For questions 13-27, fill each of the following numbered blanks with one suitable word. TRAVELLING THROUGH NORWAY
The final part of our journey started at Gudbrandsdalen, said by many to be the most beautiful of all the valleys
in Norway. It was a wonderful landscape, the more so (13) _________________ being dotted with centuries-
old wooden farmhouses, scrupulously maintained in their original condition. At Ringebu the view broadened
out and the first high peaks and glaciers came (14) ____________ view. This view continued to dominate the
trip as the train passed through the little village of Dovre, at the foot of the mountains, which give this railway
(15) ____________ name the Dovre Line. The village lies close (16) _____________ the pretty village of
Dombas, where the track divides. We were heading north, travelling through a pass and descending into
country (17) _______________ was now more tundra-like, (18) ______________ only occasional birch trees
and mountain huts. (19) ________________ time to time we saw (20) ________________ lone skier, and once
we (21) ________________ across a man fishing through a hole drilled in the ice. That made us think of food
and we made (22) _______________ way to the restaurant car. We continued through the tundra, the snow
sometimes broken (23) ______________ tracks of elk or reindeer. Although we were not lucky (24)
________________ to see any, we (25) _______________ see a pair of Arctic hares later on. In no time at
(26) _______________,we found we (27) ______________arrived in Trondheim. TEST 14
For questions1-15, read the text and then choose the correct answer. THE BEGINNINGS OF FLIGHT
The story of man’s mastery of the air is almost as old as man himself, a puzzle in which the essential clues
were not found until a very late stage. However, to (1)…... .this we must first go back to the time when primitive
man (2)….. his food, and only birds and insects flew. We cannot know with any certainty when man first 16
deliberately shaped weapons for throwing, but that (3)….. of conscious design marked the first step on a road
that (4)……". from the spear and the arrow to the aeroplane and the giant rocket of the present (5) ……... It
would seem, in fact, that this (6) …….to throw things is one of the most primitive and deep-seated of our
instincts, (7)……. in childhood and persisting into old age. The more mature ambition to throw things swiftly
and accurately, which is the origin of most (8)……. games, probably has its roots in the ages when the
possession of a (9)……. weapon and the ability to throw it with force and accuracy (10)……. the difference between eating and starving.
It is significant that such weapons were (11)…… and brought to their (12)……..form at an early stage in
history. If we were restricted to the same (13)…… , it is doubtful if we could produce better bows and arrows
than those that (14)…….. the armies of the past. The arrow was the first true weapon capable of maintaining
direction over considerable (15)………. It was to be centuries before man himself could fly. 1. A. value B. approve C. understand D. realize 2. A. pursued B. hunted for C. chased D. followed up 3. A. act B. deed C. action D. event 4. A. brings B. moves C. takes D. leads 5. A. instant B. day C. hour D. moment 6. A. feeling B. urge C. encouragement D. emotion 7. A. coming B. arriving C. appearing D. growing 8. A. exterior B. outside C. external D. outdoor 9. A. suitable B. fitting C. related D. chosen 10. A. involved B. meant C. told D. showed 11. A. invented B. imagined C. planned D. produced 12. A. last B. older C. latest D. final 13. A. matters B. substances C. materials D. sources 14. A. destroyed B. ruined C. spoiled D. exploded 15. A. lengths B. extents C. areas D. distances
For questions 16-30, fill each of the following numbered blanks with one suitable word. EVOLUTION
It is generally accepted that present-day animals and plants differ from those of the past, having changed by a
general process called evolution. But this theory has been widely accepted for little (16) __________ than a
hundred years. The present theory of evolution was developed (17) _____________two naturalists - Charles
Darwin and Alfred Russell Wallace working independently.
When he was a young man (18)____________ 22, Darwin went as a naturalist on a round-the-world, map-
making cruise aboard a British naval survey ship, HMS Beagle. The cruise began in 1831 and lasted (19)
____________1836. In the Galapagos Islands, Darwin came (20)___________ a group of birds, later to
become known (21)____________ ‘Darwin’s finches’. They were similar to one (22)_____________ in their
colour, song, nests and eggs, and were clearly descended (23) ____________ the same finch stock, (24)
____________each had a different kind of beak and was adapted (25) _______________a different way of
life. (26)______________ were seed-eaters, flycatchers, woodpeckers and various other types. 17
Darwin assumed that the ancestors of all (27) _____________types had been blown to the islands in bleak
weather, had survived and changed somehow (28)_______________ the various forms. In the years after the
voyage, Darwin gradually came to the conclusion that individuals better suited to (29)____________
environment would tend to leave more offspring while those (30)_____________ well adapted would die out. TEST 15
For questions1-15, read the text and then choose the correct answer. BECOMING A TRANSLATOR
The role of the translator in enabling literature to pass beyond its natural frontiers is receiving growing
recognition. In view of the general increase in this (1)….. , it is not surprising that many people with literary
interests and a knowledge of languages should think of adopting translating as a full-or part-time (2)….. . Some
advice may usefully be (3) …..to such would-be translators.
The first difficulty the beginner will (4)….. is the unwillingness of publishers to entrust a translation to anyone
who has not already (5)….. a reputation for sound work. The least publishers will (6)….. before commissioning
a translation is a fairly lengthy (7)….. of the applicant’s work, even if unpublished. Perhaps the best way the
would-be translator can begin is to select some book of the type which he or she feels competent and (8)…..
to translate, translate a (9)….. section of the book and then submit the book and the translation to a (10)…..
publisher. If he or she is extremely lucky, this may (11)….. in a commission to translate the book. More
(12)….., however, publishers will (13)….. the book as such but if they are favourably (14)….. by the
translation, they may very possibly commission some other book of a (15)….. nature which they already have in mind. 1. A. field B. category C. ground D. class 2. A. work B. employment C. occupation D. line 3. A. made B. given C. told D. shown 4. A. encounter B. involve C. reveal D. introduce 5. A. formed B. set C. founded D. established 6. A. instruct B. oblige C. demand D. direct 7. A. instance B. case C. specimen D. model 8. A. eager B. nervous C. agitated D. excited 9. A. substantial B. main C. grand D. plentiful 10. A. fit B. right C. convenient D. suitable 11. A. finish B. lead C. effect D. result 12. A. surely B. probably C. certainly D. expectedly 13. A. exclude B. reject C. object D. disapprove 14. A. impressed B. convinced C. affected D. taken 15. A. common B. same C. similar D. joint
For questions 16-30, fill each of the following numbered blanks with one suitable word. A START IN SAILING
Ask any sports enthusiast to name the most popular sports and the stock answer will probably be football,
cricket, golf and rugby. A lot of people (0) play those games but far (16)_____________ go fishing, play 18
badminton or sail. Why do we get it wrong? Because sports editors, of newspapers and television channels, are
stuck (17)______________ their traditional patterns of judging by crowds (18)_______________ than by how
many actually go out and do the thing. Sailing probably suffers most (19)_____________ this narrow-
mindedness (20)______________ it is often difficult to report and almost impossible to film except
(21)____________ huge expense.
Yet, despite the absence of the oxygen of publicity, sailing is (22)____________ or the most popular
participant sports. Why is it so popular in Britain? Possibly because of the great island tradition of
(23)_____________ a nation of sailors, but probably much more because of (24) _____________many
opportunities. Nowhere in Britain is all that far from the sea and (25)_______________ are plenty of rivers
and lakes where it is easy to get afloat. But many would-be sailors are discouraged (26)___________ taking
the first steps. They worry (27) ______________the cost of a boat, the need for special equipment, the dangers
of tackling the elemental forces of nature and believe that sailing-club people (28)____________ snobbish and
unapproachable. All misconceptions. You can start sailing (29)_______________ next to nothing and find
friendly sailing clubs throughout the country (30)_____________ nobody is snobbish or looks down on beginners. TEST 16
For questions1-15, read the text and then choose the correct answer. CRIME-REVERSING THE TREND
Crime, as we are all aware, has been a growing problem all over the world in the last thirty years. But we are
not (1)……. against crime. Much is being done -and more can be done to reverse the trend. You can play a part in it.
The first step towards preventing crime is understanding its (2)….. . Most crime is against property, not (3)….
, and most crime is not carried out by professionals; nor is it carefully planned. Property crimes (4)…… on the
easy opportunity. They are often (5)..…. by adolescents and young men, the majority of whom stop offending
as they grow older- the (6)….... age for offending is fifteen. Also, and not surprisingly, the (7)…... of being a
victim of crime (8)..….. greatly depending on where you live.
This (9)….... by criminals on the easy opportunity is the (10) ……. to much crime prevention. Motor cars, for
example, are a sitting target for the criminal. Surveys have shown that approximately one in five drivers do not
always (11)….... to secure their cars by locking all the doors and shutting all the windows, and in 30 per cent
of domestic burglaries the burglar simply walks in without having to use (12)…… . If opportunities like these
did not exist, criminals would have a much harder time. The chances are that many crimes would not be
committed, which would release more police time for (13)….. serious crime.
Of course, the primary responsibility for (14)….. with crime rests with the police and the courts, but, if you
care about improving the (15)….. of life for yourself and your community, there are many ways you can help reverse the trend. 1. A. unprepared B. hopeless C. powerless D. weak 2. A. nature B. type C. reason D. method 3. A. the victim B. the public C. residents D. citizens 4. A. increase B. thrive C. develop D. happen 5. A. performed B. started C. committed D. done 6. A. peak B. major C. maximum D. top 19 7. A. percentage B. seriousness C. rate D. risk 8. A. varies B. adapts C. transforms D. adjusts 9. A. awareness B. seizing C. reliance D. taking 10. A. answer B. method C. way D. key 11. A. trouble B. bother C. care D. ensure 12. A. force B. threat C. tools D. tricks 13. A. removing B. facing C. tackling D. dealing 14. A. containing B. destroying C. fighting D. coping 15. A. quality B. peacefulness C. enjoyment D. way
For questions 16-30, fill each of the following numbered blanks with one suitable word. HERBS AND SPICES
There is nothing new in the use of herbs and spices. They have enriched human life or thousands of years,
providing both comfort and luxury. They have flavored our food, cured our ailments and surrounded us
(16)……………….. sweet scents. They have also played (17)…………….… part in our folklore and magic. It
(18) …………….. be a very different world without them. Nobody really knows who first used herbs and
spices, or for (19) ……………………...purpose. All their properties were known to the ancient Greeks and
Egyptians and to (20)……………………… living in early Biblical times. The knowledge that they employed,
and that we (21)…………………….... use today, must have been based on the trial and error
(22)………………... early man, who was originally drawn to the plants (23)……………….... of their
tantalizing aroma. He gradually discovered their individual effects (24)………………... his food and well-
being and our use of them comes from those early experiments. For centuries herbs and spices were appreciated
to the full but in modern times the arrival of (25)……………………... convenience foods and new medicines
of the twentieth century almost (26)……………………… us forget them. .But anything
(27)…………………... has been so much loved and valued (28)……………………..…. never be completely
neglected. The knowledge has been kept alive and (29)………………….. our present-day search
(30)…………………… all things natural, herbs and spices have come into their own again. TEST 17
For questions1-8, read the text and then choose the correct answer.
THE CHANGING ROLE OF LIBRARIANS
A combination of new technology and shifting student expectations is radically altering the job of a college or
university librarian. Many librarians now regard themselves as information brokers who (1) .......... and manage
access to the information resources needed for learning, teaching and research. They agree that the pace of
change has (2) .......... and much more content is delivered electronically. As a result of this, a librarian’s
responsibilities include information technology, knowledge management and institutional portals, in addition
to being excellent managers and interpreters of services which may be provided from a growing (3) .......... of
global resources. Despite tremendous changes within library environments, these (4) .......... are regarded as
stimulating. Librarians respond by being flexible and adaptable in establishing a strong customer (5) .......... ,
requiring the expansion of their skills to providing (6) .......... to internet users and delivering e-services. (7)
.......... most librarians say that many traditional library skills are still (8) .......... in the digital world. 1. A. enable B. facilitate C. incorporate D. render 2. A. accelerated B. gathered C. raced D. hastened 20 3. A. accumulation B. extent C. series D. Range 4. A. Goals B. Challenges C. achievements D. strengths 5. A. point B. attention C. focus D. Contact 6. A. encouragement B. approval C. support D. Supplies 7. A. Moreover b. Nevertheless C. Similarly D. Therefore 8. A. applicable B. expedient C. preferable D. parallel
For questions 9-16, fill each of the following numbered blanks with one suitable word. WHY CLIMB MOUNTAINS?
There’s nothing more likely to irritate a mountaineer or explorer than to ask them why they do it, or
why they are so willing to put (9) ________________ with danger and discomfort. In 1924 when George
Mallory was asked why he wanted to climb Mount Everest, he replied: ‘Because it’s there.’ It may be that,
having been asked the same question several hundred times, Mallory just didn’t care any more and this was
the first phrase to (10) _____________ into his head. Then again, for (11) _______________ we know, it was
simply his way of saying, ‘Why not?’
This might seem self-evident (12) _________________ someone like Mallory. You climb Everest because
you can. One way to look at people like mountaineers or explorers, or successful ones at any rate, is to see
them (13) _________________ people who have realised what they are good at. When you read their books,
more often than (14) __________________ they will come across as people who are (15) _________________
ease with their environment, (16)________________ alien it might seem to an outsider. TEST 18
For questions1-8, read the text and then choose the correct answer. SCIENTISTS AND COMMUNICATION
Scientists are often accused of being poor communicators, yet there are many reasons why scientists, in
particular, should be and often are good communicators. After all, science calls (1) .......... enthusiasm and
scientists often possess this (2) .......... quality in large quantities. Enthusiasm can be infectious, but to command
the interest of readers, scientists must develop their other (3) .......... talents: clarity, observation and knowledge.
Those scientists who are logical thinkers can usually write clearly, and the more clearly thoughts are (4) .....,
the greater their potential value. In the same way, those who observe must take account of subtle differences
for the observations they may (5) .......... as significant. Finally, those who write must have something of (6) .......... value to say.
A scientist whose work never sees the (7) ....... of day has achieved nothing of worth until somebody else hears
about it. It is essential, therefore, for scientists to lay to (8) ..... the myth they cannot communicate, once and for all. 1. A. on B. up C. for D. in 2. A. arresting B. engaging C. catching D. fetching 3. A. native B. innate C. stardard D. typical 4. A. put across B. come over C. given out D. set up 5. A. document B. predict C. enter D. pronounce 6. A. basic B. radical C. intrinsic D. central 7. A. light B. start C. dawn D. birth 21 8. A. sleep B. rest C. bed D. ground
For questions 9-16, fill each of the following numbered blanks with one suitable word. FILM MUSIC
Any mention of the movie Star Wars instantly triggers the resounding opening bars of the film score, which
signals the presence of the enemy. But can you call to (9) _____________ who wrote the music?
(10)______________ to the legendary film director Orson Wells, music accounts (11)_______________ half
the work in a movie, mostly (12) ______________ the audience even knowing the composer’s name. The
cruellest (13) ______________ of it for the composer is that, in a good film, that is how it should be. If the art
of dressing well is to all intents and purposes to dress in such a way that others do (14) _____________ notice
your elegance, the art of a great music score is to fuse so perfectly with what is on the screen that audiences
are unconsciously sucked (15) _____________ the mood of the movie. For this reason, even great movie music
brings very (16) ______________ recognition to composers. TEST 19
For questions1-8, read the text and then choose the correct answer. NOTHING IS IMPOSSIBLE
Law firm Matthews and Reynolds is a shining example of a business using art to revamp its public image. The
firm hired an advertising agency called Eyeopener to carry out a rebranding (1) ......... and gave the agency (2)
........ rein to take the company by the scruff of the neck and effect a major makeover. The firm wanted smart,
contemporary imagery which would symbolize an innovative, forward-thinking business.
(3) ........ the firm now has a new logo, and all its advertising material features clever modern images which are
(4) ......... on the eye. Director Alan Ross comments: ‘The images Eyeopener (5) ......... say a lot about our
approach, size and experience. And we were delighted with the advertising campaign they subsequently (6)
......., using a stylish, sophisticated approach with a touch of humour here and there.’
Public response to the rebranding has been excellent, and what appeared to be a (7) ......... old law firm has
been given a new lease of (8) ....... as an adventurous and confident concern. 1. A. routine B. exercise C. transaction D. function 2. A. extra B. complete C. wide D. free 3. A. In the end B. After all C. As a result D. In total 4. A. easy B. attractive C. delightful D. agreeable 5. A. stood up for B. came up with C. got through to D. fell back on 6. A. portrayed B. devised C. imagined D. drafted 7. A. dusty B. tedious C. murky D. monotonous 8. A. fortune B. energy C. time D. life
For questions 9-16, fill each of the following numbered blanks with one suitable word.
NEOLOGISMS-CREATING NEW WORDS
To survive, language must evolve, yet it is resistant to certain forms of change. Most new words sparkle briefly,
(9) ______________ at all, and then fade away. However, new words are necessary because, as the world
changes, (10) ______________ must our vocabulary. In a society (11) ______________ science seems to
occupy the intellectual high ground, it is inevitable that vocabularies are continually being augmented
(12)______________ technical terms. 22
Novel items of vocabulary distress people for two reasons. They attest to phenomena we don’t like
(13)______________ expect not to like, and their tone offends our sensibilities. There is
(14)_______________ new about this aversion to neologism. As far (15) _______________ as the 1750s, a
distinguished English lexicographer criticised the ‘unnecessary words creeping into the language’.
So what does make a word stick? First of all, it has to be widely adopted; it also has to denote something of
lasting significance for it will only last as long as the phenomenon (16) ________________ question; and to
become embedded, it needs to generate derivative forms. TEST 20
For questions1-8, read the text and then choose the correct answer.
PHOTOGRAPHY AT ITS MOST DARING
Photographers who have worked so close to volcanoes that their clothes started to burn, come within stroking
(1) .......... of tigers in the wild, or dived under sea ice in freezing cold water have (2) .......... forces for an
exhibition, (3) .......... as displaying images from the harshest places on Earth.
Polar bears and seals were (4)….. on camera by a photographer who grew up in the Arctic and trained as a
(5)….. biologist. He dives under sea ice to swim with his subjects, once offending a leopard seal by (6)….. the
penguin she tried to feed him with. Another exhibitor has recorded not only tigers but also chimpanzees that
had never before encountered human beings. The volcano enthusiasts work in fireproof suits, always at risk of
becoming so (7) .......... by the beauty of the eruptions that they venture too close. There are invisible pockets
of gas as well as flames, all of which contribute to the (8)….. perils of being an extreme photographer. 1. A. interval B. space C. distance D. reach 2. A. united B. joined C. merged D. integrated 3. A. billed B. announced C. labeled D. scheduled 4. A. snatched B. captured C. taken D. suspended 5. A. aquatic B. sea C. marine D. ocean 6. A. repulsing B. denying C. dismissing D. refusing 7. A. transfixed B. bound C. focused D. held 8. A. reckless B. deadly C. alarming D. fearful
For questions 9-16, fill each of the following numbered blanks with one suitable word. ALTERING THE MODERN MIND
A recently published book claims that the amount of time we spend on the Internet is changing the very
structure of our brains. Its thesis is simple enough: not only that the modern world’s relentless informational
overload is killing our capacity (9)_________________ reflection, contemplation and patience, but that our
online habits are also altering the way our brains are wired.
In the book, the author looks (10) __________________ on such human inventions as the map and the clock
and the (11) ______________ to which they influenced our essential models of thought. He argues that the
Internet’s multiplicity of stimuli and mass of information have (12) _______________ rise to hurried and
distracted thinking. Without putting too fine a point on it, the author concludes that our ability to learn (13)
______________ at all worthwhile has become superficial. Surprisingly very (14)_______________ research
has looked into the Internet’s effects on the brain, but further research is (15) _______________ hand and is
investigating whether deep-thinking processes really are in (16) ______________ of disappearing. 23 TEST 21
For questions1-18, read the text and then choose the correct answer. VANCOUVER
In the last ten years or so, hundreds of thousands of people from all over the world have (1)_____ up residence
in Vancouver, in western Canada. To relax in the evening, residents (2)______ down the city streets and, if
you join them, you are likely to overhear a different language at almost every other step. People come to
Vancouver for its mild climate, its wonderful setting between the ocean and the mountains, its clean and safe
environment and its educational and job opportunities. And (3)_____ some may grumble about the speed at
which new buildings have (4)_____ there’s no doubt that the new arrivals and (5)_____ tourism industry have
helped fuel an urban renaissance. Locals once referred to Vancouver as ‘Terminal City’ because of the city’s
role as a terminus or gateway to all other places. Though the name has fallen slightly out of (6) _____,
Vancouver is more a gateway than ever. 1. A. taken B. put C. made D. built 2. A. prowl B. stumble C. trudge D. stroll 3. A. conversely B. nevertheless C. much as D. even so 4. A. sprung up B. gathered up C. piled up D. moved up 5. A. progressing B. blooming C. flourishing D. swelling 6. A. approval B. favour C. opinion D. support PUTTING PEN TO PAPER
Journalists like myself are usually poor letter-writers. I have heard it (7)____ that this is because of the
instinctive distaste we feel at writing something we are not going to be paid for, but I cannot believe we have
quite such mercenary characters. It is more probably that (8) _____in our work, we are always (9)_____ to get
the greatest possible effect, the essential spontaneity of a letter (10)_____ us. The real creative artist, who does
not consciously work on the effect at all (though he may rewrite a passage dozens of times), does not have this
problem. I believe that it is in this inherent grasp of the effect of his words that there (11)______ the only sure
test of the real artist. When Shakespeare wrote some of his famous lines he (12)_______ never thought
consciously that it was the contrast between polysyllables that made them so effective, as well as showing him to be a great writer. 7. A. said B. told C. remarked D. presumed 8. A. since B. for C. like D. once 9. A. striving B. exerting C. contending D. tackling 10. A. misses B. escapes C. Avoids D. Passes 11. A. goes B. remains C. lies D. exists 12. A. inevitably B. confidently C. particularly D. surely SUPERMARKET OPENING
The opening of a new supermarket used to be a bit of an event in Britain. You could always rely on a soap
star, a disc jockey or a minor member of the royal family to come down and cut the ribbon. Now it seems that
new branches are (13)_______________ up every day in many areas and so the poor old celebrity has become
(14)______________. Why pay a famous person when any Tom, Dick or Harry will open it for nothing? Last
week, waiting pensioners didn’t care who opened the new branch of Superbuy, (15)____________ they were 24
at the front. According to one prospective customer who knew someone who worked there, the first five men
over the (16)___________ would be getting a bottle of aftershave, and the first five women, a bunch of flowers.
This (17)________________ of information quickly swept (18)______________ the crowd, instilling feelings
of smug superiority among those at the front, and envy from the latecomers.' 13. A. poping B. leaping C. jumping D. nipping 14. A. superfluous B. excessive C. surplus D. residual 15. A. despite B. so long as C. in case D. regardless 16. A. entrance B. doorway C. threshold D. barrier 17. A. clipping B. strand C. string D. snippet 18. A. among B. through C. across D. around TEST 22
For questions 1-15, fill each of the following numbered blanks with one suitable word. CAN PARROTS COMMUNICATE?
Everyone knows that parrots can imitate human speech, but can these birds also understand meaning? Two
decades ago, researcher Irene Pepperberg started working with Alex, an African grey parrot, and ever since
then, she has been building (1) ................... data on him. Pepperberg, (2) .................. recently published book
The Alex Studies makes fascinating reading, claims Alex doesn’t copy speech but intentionally uses words to
get (3) ........................ it is that he wants.
In actual (4) ....................., some of his cognitive skills are identical to those of a five-year-old child. (5)
............................. a child’s, Alex’s learning has been a steady progression. Early on, he (6) .......................
vocalise whether two things were the same or different. Now, he carries (7) ...................... more complex tasks.
Presented (8) ............................. different-coloured balls and blocks and asked the number of red blocks, he’ll
answer correctly. He requests things as well. (9) ........................ he ask to sit on your shoulder and you put him
(10) …………………....... else, he’ll complain: ‘Wanna go shoulder.’
A (11) _____________ experts remain sceptical, seeing very (12) _____________ in Alex’s performance
beyond learning by association, by (13) ______________ of intensive training. Yet Alex appears to (14)
_______________ mastered simple two-way communication. As parrots live for 60 years or more, Alex may
surprise (15) _______________ all further. TEST 23
For questions1-18, read the text and then choose the correct answer. LANGUAGE
You and I belong to a species with a remarkable ability; we can shape events in each other’s brains with
exquisite precision. Language is so (1)…………. woven into human experience that it is scarcely possible to
imagine life without it. (2)…………….. are that if you find two or more people together anywhere on earth,
they will soon be (3)…………… words. When there is no one to talk with, people talk to themselves, to their
dogs, even to their plants. I like to describe the skill of language as an ‘instinct’. This (4)………………. the
idea that people know how to talk in more or less the sense that spiders know how to spin webs. Web-spinning
was not invented by some unsung spider genius, and does not (5)…………….. having had the right education
or on having an (6)…………….. for architecture or the construction trades. 1. A. rigidly B. tightly C. stiffly d. tautly 2. A. Chances B. Probabilities C. Reasons D. Explanations 25 3. A. sharing B. reciprocating C. exchanging D. trading 4. A. transmits B. disseminates C. transfers D. conveys 5. A. build on B. depend on C. count on D. bank on 6. A. aptitude B. applicability C. intuition D. intelligence CLIMATE AND WEATHER
Climate and weather, which are mainly created by the air around us, profoundly affect the lives and distribution
of animals and plants. Climate can be a dominating force on the character landscapes. For example, warmth
and wetness all the year round allow the growth of tropic jungles, which are natural (7)………… troves, with
an incredible diversity of species. (8)…………. cold windswept areas can muster only a scattered selection of
living things. The daily weather patterns that (9)……….. up in the long term to the climate are caused by great
masses of air rising and mixing, for the atmosphere is never still. Some of the motion is (10)………. the fact
that the envelope of gases rests on a spinning globe; because air is thin it is not dragged along at the same speed
as the earth, but tends to (11)……… behind. A more important (12)……….. of turbulence, or air movement, however, is the sun. 7. A. prize B. treasure C. fortune D. trophy 8. A. Subsequently B. Conversely C. Simultaneously D. Eventually 9. A. make B. join C. add D. load 10. A. along with B. apart from C. due to D. given that 11. A. lag B. stray C. Delay D. linger 12. A. root B. spring C. font D. source COFFEE
My duties as bar-person included serving drinks but, more worryingly, I was to be responsible for making
coffee. In Lygon Street, Melbourne, a restaurant can stand or fall on its coffee reputation. There followed
several days of intensive coffee-making training, in which I (13)………………. more than I could ever wish
to know about the cleaning and (14)……………… of the restaurant’s gleaming espresso machine. I learnt,
too, about the essential principles (15)……………….. in making the perfect cup of rich, frothy cappuccino.
By the end of the first week I had to admit that making a decent cup of coffee was not as easy as it looked and
I (16) ………………..expected to be (17)……………. to lowly ash-tray wiping duties again. Luckily, my boss
was a patient man. ‘Making coffee is both an art and a science,’ he said, ‘and you need time to (18)……………. the knack.’ 13. A. took in B. carried off C. pulled through D. looked up 14. A. catering B. service C. preservation D. maintenance 15. A. concerned B. involved C. needed D. established 16. A. fully B. wholly C. mainly D. nearly 17. A. banished B. deported C. punished D. ordered 18. A. achieve B. attain C. activate D. acquire TEST 24
For questions 1-15, fill each of the following numbered blanks with one suitable word. GARDEN WILDLIFE
The age of a garden has a great effect on the abundance of its wildlife. Since most animals depend ultimately
on plants for their food, animal life cannot easily establish (1) ............... in the absence of plant life. A plot of 26
land behind a newly-built house, even (2) ............... covered with a layer of good soil, will support very (3)
............... resident species other (4) ............... microscopic organisms. (5) ............... from the odd worm or
spider, not (6) ............... creatures will be able to (7) ............... a living in the garden (8) ............... this stage.
Colonisation takes (9) ............... gradually. Humans may introduce plants, and weed seeds will arrive on the
breeze or be dropped by passing birds. Insects and other animals visit the garden and, given suitable conditions,
they take (10) ............... residence there. (11) ............... all this activity, however, it takes years for a garden to
become fully populated, and it cannot really be regarded as mature until it is (12) ............... of supporting fully-
grown shrubs and trees. On (13) ............... basis, a large number of British gardens are immature, (14) ...............
as much as they do not support (15) ............... a variety of wildlife as an older garden. TEST 25
For questions1-18, read the text and then choose the correct answer. OTHELLO
The transfer to London from Stratford of an exceptional production of Shakespeare’s play Othello allows me
to make (1)…….. for an unfair review that I wrote when the show opened last spring. Back then I complained
that Flay Fearon was too young to play the title role and l was guilty of running down his acting. I still think
it’s a distortion of the tragedy to remove the age difference between Othello and Desdemona but I eat my (2)
………….about the rest of Mr Fearon’s magnificent performance. Indeed the whole cast is magnificent.
Memorable scenes include the one where Cassio’s competitive games with the other young officers get
dangerously out of (3)……. , and the moment when lago begins to lose control and has to struggle to get a
(4)…… on himself. And I challenge anyone not to be (5)…… to tears during the scene where Emilia prepares
Desdemona for bed. The (6)…… and tension throughout are terrific. Do not miss this production. 1. A. confessions B. amends C. compensation D. resourse 2. A. thoughts B. words C. ideas D. comments 3. A. turn B. place C. reach D. hand 4. A. brake B. grasp C. rein D. grip 5. A. drawn B. sent C. moved D. carried 6. A. pace B. dash C. rate D. haste LAKE VOSTOK
In the heart of Antarctica, nothing (7)…………. On the fringes of the continent there are penguins, seals and
birds aplenty. But up on the get white plateau in the interior, life has no foothold. Except, (8) …….. , in a vast
hidden expanse of freshwater named Lake Vostok which lies beneath nearly in 4 kilometres of ice, directly
below the coldest (9)…………….. on earth. The water has been isolated from air and sunlight for up to 25
million years. Biologists can hardly wait to (10)………… its mysterious depths and discover what strange
organisms lurk within. Geologists and glaciologists are hot on their (11)……….. . For two years now,
researchers round the world have been plotting ways to uncover the lake’s secrets, and, if they get their wish,
in the next few years we will (12)……….. the decade of Lake Vostok. 7. A. stalks B. stirs C. suits D. sounds 8. A. that is B. for example C. in effect D. as such 9. A. tip B. speck C. spot D. dot 10. A. burrow B. plunge C. tunnel D. probe 27 11. A. heels B. knees C. paces D. steps 12. A. present B. witness C. expose D. reveal SCIENTISTS
There was an interesting thing on the radio last week. It seems that a bunch of scientists are getting themselves
hot under the (13)……………… over what drives them to be scientists; the expression ‘because it’s there’
(14)……………. to mind. Sure we all know it’s the age-old (15)……….. for knowledge, the desire to
understand everything from the atom to the black hole. But what these guys want to know is why we want to
know all of this in the first (16)……………. and why can’t science explain why we want to know?
Surely, it’s more important to know whether what we scientists are doing is right, rather than get
(17)………….. in debates over the point of it all. I would have thought that the crucial issue here is not why
we pursue it, but to (18)……………. that science is a tool, and we are the ones who should decide .how, where, when and why to use it. 13. A. shirt B. collar C. cuff D. hat 14. A. trips B. bounds C. springs D. slips 15. A. mission B. quest C. journey D. expedition 16. A. place B. stage C. step D. part 17. A. pulled up B. dragged up C. slowed down D. bogged down 18. A. identify B. accommodate C. distinguish D. recognise TEST 26
For questions 1-15, fill each of the following numbered blanks with one suitable word. RELAXATION
True relaxation is most certainly not a matter of flopping down in front of the television with a welcome drink.
Nor is it about drifting (1) ............... an exhausted sleep. Useful though these responses to tension and over-
tiredness (2) ............... be, we should distinguish between them and conscious relaxation in (3) ............... of
quality and effect. (4) ............... of the level of tiredness, real relaxation is a state of alert yet at the same (5)
............... passive awareness, in which our bodies are (6) ............... rest while our minds are awake.
Moreover, it is as natural (7) ............... a healthy person to be relaxed when moving as resting. (8) ...............
relaxed in action means we bring the appropriate energy to everything we do, (9) ............... as to have a feeling
of healthy tiredness by the end of the day, (10) ............... than one of exhaustion.
Unfortunately, as a (11) ............... of living in today’s competitive world, we are under constant strain and have
difficulty in coping, (12) ............... alone nurturing our body’s abilities. (13) ............... needs to be rediscovered
is conscious relaxation. With (14) ............... in mind we must apply ourselves to understanding stress and the
nature of its causes, (15) ............... deep-seated. TEST 27
For questions1-18, read the text and then choose the correct answer. CLUTTER
Sometimes it seems that no matter how many possessions you have, you never feel secure. While it is
reasonable to have a basic nesting instinct and create a home which (1)….. your needs, there is a point where
the motivation for acquiring things gets out of control. Modern advertising is (2)….. deliberately designed to
play on our insecurities. ‘If you don’t have one of these you will be a (3)….. human being’ is one of the 28
consistent (4)….. messages we receive. To discover just how much you are influenced, I challenge you to try
not to read any advertising billboards next time you go down the street. These multi-million dollar messages
(5)….. condition us in very persuasive ways without our ever realising it. We are bombarded by them -
television, radio, newspapers, magazines, posters, tee shirts, the internet, you (6)….. it -all encouraging us to buy, buy, buy. 1. A. quenches B. stays C. meets D. feeds 2. A. nonetheless B. moreover C. thereby D. whatever 3. A. minor B. lesser C. deeper D. lower 4. A. subdued B. submerged C. underlying D. underhand 5. A. relentlessly B. fiercely C. thoroughly D. extremely 6. A. label B. tell C. say D. name CAVES
Research establishments and university departments around the world have (7)…… years of research time in
all aspects of caves, mainly their origins, their hydrology and their biology. Caves constitute a small but rather
mysterious (8)…… of the natural environment as such they (9)…… our curiosity and challenge our desire for
knowledge, and consequently have had a considerable amount of research effort (10)……… to them.
Furthermore, because of their presence as natural phenomena, they have had a long history of study, which has
been intensified in those parts of the world where caves have had a direct effect on our way of life. However,
the physical (11) ……..required to visit many caves means that cave research has been less in the hands of the
learned professors than in most other scientific fields. Indeed there is a considerable, perhaps unique, (12)……
between the professional, scientific study of caves and the amateur studies carried out by those who mainly visit caves for sport. 7. A. conducted B. done C. invested D. made 8. A. constituent B. compartment C. complement D. component 9. A. arouse B. incite C. tempt D. instigate 10. A. donated B. bestowed C. devoted D. lavished 11. A. agility B. capacity C. properties D. demands 12. A. underlay B. overlap C. stratification D. dependence WEATHER WATCH
Countless observant people without any instruments other than their own senses originally (13)….. the
foundations of meteorology, which has progressed since the 17th century into the highly technical science of
today. Satellites and electronic instruments (14)…. endless weather information to us with the minimum of
delay, computers solve in minutes abstruse mathematical sums at a speed beyond the capability of the human
brain. Meteorological theory is peppered with long words which have little (15)…… to the non-professional.
It sometimes seems there is no room left for simple weather wisdom, but nothing could be further from the
(16)……. Human experience is still the vital ingredient which (17)…… computed data into weather forecasts.
Human observations can still provide unusual evidence which is of great help to professionals who are trying
to (18) the mysteries of the atmosphere. 13. A. spread B. made C. put D. laid 14. A. relay B. diffuse C. share D. deal 29 15. A. purpose B. validity C. meaning D. message 16. A. trust B. honesty C. truth D. wisdom 17. A. transports B. translates C. transcends D. transposes 18. A. untie B. undo C. unwrap D. unravel TEST 28
For questions 1-15, fill each of the following numbered blanks with one suitable word. ANIMAL IMPRINTING
Imprinting is a learning mechanism which occurs early in the life of certain animals. (1) ................ is through
this process that they develop a positive attachment (2) .............. members of their own species. No (3) ..............
do young birds hatch than they must learn to recognise their mother in (4) …........... to be able to follow and
keep close to her for their own safety. (5) ……........ this process go wrong, newly-hatched chicks (6) .............
the risk of becoming lost, and may (7) ............. to harm. (8) ……........ that they possess a high level of mobility,
it would be difficult for the mother to keep the chicks together (9) .......... the assistance of imprinting. The
process can take literally (10) ……........ matter of minutes. The first large moving object the chicks see (11)
..............automatically become ‘mother’. In normal circumstances, of course, (12) ….......... really is their
mother, but under experimental conditions it can be almost (13) .................. For instance, (14) ……….........
the moving object happens to be an orange balloon on a piece of string, then the balloon becomes ‘mother’. So
powerful is this imprinting process that even after a few days, and (15) ................ the presence of their real
mother, the chicks will choose the balloon. 30