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lOMoAR cPSD| 60701415 Second Edition 4 AUDIO SCRIPTS
Listening & Speaking Unit 1: Gathering
coming to good, new, really creative
JON: Yes, and did you hear about what decisions.
happened last week in his tutor group? My Track 1.1
friend told me this. Sam wasn’t there and
SAUD: OK, so group think—did everyone Track 1.2
the group decided to change the topic of
read the chapter about it? Tom?
TOM: … but it is a very inefficient way
their project for this semester. He was so
TOM: Yes, I read it, Saud … but what I want
of coming to good, new, really mad when he found out.
to know is why we are here in a group, creative decisions.
SAUD: OK, let’s leave Sam out of this. I don’t
talking about … group think and why it’s
SAUD: Yes, that’s right. It did say that, but
even know the poor guy. And anyway, there
a bad way of working … I’m not being
I’m not sure I agree. I’m quite biased
are ways around the problems of working
antisocial or anything, but …
because I know I work much better in
together. The article gave a few good
TOM: No, but seriously, we are. It’s
groups—when I’m on my own I just
suggestions about how to deal with the
interesting, isn’t it, how difficult it is to
waste time. I like the participation side
issues of group think. One of them was that
avoid group work … everyone makes the
of it, feeling part of a team.
you should get an expert in to disagree with
assumption it’s the best way to work.
the group decision … or—if that’s not
JON: But didn’t the article say that
possible—nominate someone in the group
JON: What it is is that people don’t trust
collaboration has its limits … the ideas we get
to take this role and disagree. When you do
others to work alone. They think people
on our own are actually better … the ones we
this, everyone has to think much more just won’t do any work.
have in groups tend to be … just what
carefully about the decision and it helps
everyone thinks, I mean not original …
TOM: You can see why, Jon. Remember
people to be more open to suggestion. You
conformity rules, you know what I mean? your first year …? can’t …
TOM: Yeah, a little bit like those khakis you’re
JON: OK, OK … thanks for that, Tom. So I
always wearing, Jonno! Sorry … no, they’re
TOM: I think that should be Jonathan! He
had to retake some tests! That doesn’t
cool, but I know what you’re saying.
never agrees with anything, do you Jonno?
mean I won’t make a great professor in
Everyone tends to end up agreeing with each
JON: Sorry! I don’t think that’s true, actually
the end. I mean, look at the history of
other, in my experience. Or people just say … some of our tutors …
what they think the tutor or manager or TOM: I rest my case.
SAUD: Listen, OK, jokes aside … let’s focus
whoever wants to hear! Not that we’d ever
on what we’re supposed to be discussing …
JON: … OK, OK … but, actually, in this case,
say something to please our tutor, of course!
group think. I thought the article was
that strategy just seems like a way to
We would never do that, would we?
fascinating. People in power have this idea
manipulate the group. I don’t like that way SAUD: Right, never …
of the harmonious group, coming together
of working. Anyway, having an official
JON: Yes, and even the fact that this
and brainstorming lots of brilliant ideas,
person to disagree would surely result in so
phenomenon is called “group think” is kind
agreeing on the best ones, and solving the
much … inhibition. Who would want to
of worrying. It sounds kind of evil … like
world’s problems in one smooth process …
speak, knowing they were going to be
science fiction or 1984 or something … you
TOM: That’s true, Saud. That must be
attacked every time? And it isn’t really true
know, Big Brother is watching us and making
why the world is so … problem free! But,
… what about last week in the tutorial
us think what they want us to. Deviation is
really, what most people don’t seem to
when Susi had that great idea about the
the enemy! It must be stopped! TOM: We’re
understand is that some of us don’t like
presentation? She never usually speaks, but
laughing, but there’s a lot of truth in that. If
working in groups. We find it boring and everyone listened to her …
you put people in a group, it’s always the
unproductive—sorry, guys! You know
same people who get to speak, and the Track 1.3
what I mean—and that’s actually very
quieter people can feel overwhelmed, never
reasonable. Most current research—
1 JON: What it is is that people don’t trust
getting to speak … you know, like Sam? We
according to the chapter—shows that
others to work alone. They think people
always end up doing what he suggests, for
brainstorming and collaborating may be a just won’t do any work.
some reason. If he told us to jump off a
lot of fun, but it is a very inefficient way of
TOM: You can see why, Jon. Remember building, we probably would! your first year …? lOMoAR cPSD| 60701415 Second Edition 4 AUDIO SCRIPTS
Listening & Speaking
2 JON: So I had to retake some tests! That
still need them in this mobile, virtual age?
Yes, there are, of course, numerous
doesn’t mean I won’t make a great Track 1.6
arguments against keeping expensive
professor in the end. I mean, look at the
libraries open all year … but I won’t go
The very word “center” is, of course, the
history of some of our tutors.
into them here—the references are on
opposite of our “network” view of
3 TOM: I think that should be Jonathan!
your handout. And I do recognize the
information, which has no fixed central
He never agrees with anything, do you
perspective that there is a need for
point, as we know from … well, pretty much Jonno?
libraries to change. If they don’t, they
all the literature. And what about
will quite possibly become obsolete, like
JON: Sorry! I don’t think that’s true,
“community”? We now have virtual, online
… cameras. Certainly, far fewer of my actually …
communities. Have they replaced our need
friends and acquaintances are buying TOM: I rest my case.
for physical communities with real-life
these now because we have top-quality people meeting face to face?
ones on our phones. The same is true of Track 1.4
But before we start on the arguments for
watches … we won’t be seeing them in a
1 SAUD: People in power have this idea of
and against libraries … I’d like … I’d like to
few years … so, my point is that libraries
the harmonious group, coming together review the general idea of will have to change. But how?
and brainstorming lots of brilliant ideas,
communitysector groups. What actually
Well, there’s a lot of evidence from other
agreeing on the best ones, and solving the defines one, and what makes a
industries and communities to show that the
world’s problems in one smooth process
community-sector group distinct from
way forward is to think of the library as a …
other types of organizations? I define
service for people. Libraries, and this is also
TOM: That’s true, Saud. That must be why
them as, typically, small groups of people
true for other community-sector groups,
the world is so … problem free!
who volunteer to provide services and
must focus on making the users happy. And I
support to people in a local area. So how
2 TOM: Or people just say what they think
don’t mean just satisfied, I mean genuinely
do we recognize a community group as
the tutor or manager or whoever wants
happy, delighted even … with the services
opposed to, say, an informal gathering?
to hear! Not that we’d ever say something
they get. And those services will have to be
Well, it is generally agreed that they have
to please our tutor, of course! We would
different from the ones now offered, because
a combination of common traits. They are never do that, would we?
people just won’t need to go to a
flexible and able to meet multiple needs
3 JON: Yes, and even the fact that this
of the community. They are low cost and
library to borrow books or go there to use a
phenomenon is called “group think” is
tend to attract membership among people
photocopier. I certainly won’t, anyway. I
kind of worrying. It sounds kind of evil …
with a high level of commitment and
access most of the articles I need for my
like science fiction or 1984 or something expertise.
work online, and I’m sure you do, too.
… you know, Big Brother is watching us
OK, so do we still need community-sector
No, the approach I favor is thinking of the
and making us think what they want us
groups? Or rather, more specifically as the
library as a community center that’s used by
to. Deviation is the enemy! It must be
focus of this lecture, do we still need
many communities and is a center of stopped!
libraries? Well, while I’m reluctant to
productivity—for youth groups and schools,
students studying, clubs, people simply Track 1.5
impose my own opinion at this stage, I can
say that I disagree with the idea promoted
wanting to gather together to relax and
OK, let’s get started. Please turn your
by many that they are going to disappear.
discuss the news. It could be people learning
phones off, put your screens down, and
I think it’s obvious that libraries should
a new skill, people needing childcare, people
let’s focus. OK, so today I’ll be continuing
and will continue. It was Lady Bird
needing help with starting their own
with the theme of the community sector,
Johnson, I think, that pointed out that a
businesses, and so on. So, there’s an
or voluntary sector, as it is also known.
library is the most democratic of places—
argument for keeping libraries, but in a
Within this theme, we’ll be looking at one
they are for everyone—the only different form.
particular non-profit organization, often at
qualification is interest, she said …
Now, returning to the broader issue of
the center of the community—that is
community-sector groups in general, you
libraries—and asking the question, do we lOMoAR cPSD| 60701415 Second Edition 4 AUDIO SCRIPTS
Listening & Speaking
might think that they are not particularly
than a volunteer-led group in a library would
on people’s lives? If you think this, you
significant compared to non-community
offer a more effective service to users.
couldn’t be more wrong. One study
providers. Surely, government-funded health
So, as we have seen, there are certainly
that clearly demonstrates the impact
care and education has a far greater effect on
arguments against the community sector in
the community sector can have is the
people’s lives? If you think this, you couldn’t
general, and as we have seen today, the
report by the South Australian Centre
be more wrong. One study that clearly
library in particular, but not ones that I am
for Economic Studies released in
demonstrates the impact the community personally convinced by …
2013—it’s there on your handout.
sector can have is the report by the South
4 The report’s evaluation is that these
Australian Centre for Economic Studies Track 1.7
centers are critical in many people’s
released in 2013—it’s there on your
1 The very word “center” is, of course, the
lives. One statistic from that study was
handout. This study provides clear statistical
opposite of our “network” view of
that over two million people used their
evidence that community centers, and I
information, which has no fixed central
community centers every year—a very
quote, “work at the heart of communities
point, as we know from … well, pretty
significant number given the size of the
assisting many thousands of individuals, much all the literature. total population.
contributing to improvements in public
health and local community development …”.
2 What actually defines one, and what Track 1.9
The report’s evaluation is that these centers
makes a community-sector group distinct
1 DOUG: … but let’s stay focused on the
are critical in many people’s lives. One
from other types of organizations? I
subject of community groups and
statistic from that study was that over two
define them as, typically, small groups of
funding. We don’t have time to go into
million people used their community centers
people who volunteer to provide services
the ins and outs of older people’s lives.
every year—a very significant number given
and support to people in a local area.
the size of the total population.
3 So how do we recognize a community
2 JAMIL: … And it is these groups that
keep communities going. They’d be
OK, so the community sector obviously has a
group as opposed to, say, an informal really stuck without them.
significant role in many people’s lives, but it
gathering? Well, it is generally agreed that
seems to be struggling to be seen as relevant
they have a combination of common
ANGIE: That’s a good point.
by some people. And I think the reason why traits.
3 DOUG: So, remember, the focus of this
people don’t like places such as libraries, is
4 Well, there’s a lot of evidence from other
discussion is funding for community
that they see them as outdated. Arguments
industries and communities to show that groups.
against “old-style” libraries run like this.
the way forward is to think of the library
4 JAMIL: I’ve said what I think, but what
Surely an online library service could be just as a service for people. about everyone else?
as useful as a physical space called a library? Track 1.8
LEAH: Could I say something about this?
This would save a lot of money because
libraries are often located in the center of
1 I think it’s obvious that libraries should Track 1.10
towns where property prices are high, and it
and will continue. It was Lady Bird
1 They’d be really stuck without
would also cut down on staffing costs.
Johnson, I think, that pointed out that a
Another justification for getting rid of
library is the most democratic of
them. 2 And get this … 3 Don’t you
community centers like libraries is that the
places—they are for everyone—the
think that’s fab? 4 … to go into the ins
services provided would be better provided
only qualification is interest, she said …
and outs of … 5 Hang on a minute.
in other ways, by professionals rather than
2 Yes, there are, of course, numerous
6 Yeah, go for it.
the informal voluntary groups. Yes, the
arguments against keeping expensive
librarian is usually a professional, but many
libraries open all year … but I won’t go Unit 2: Games
of the other services are run by volunteers.
into them here—the references are on Track 2.1
This should change. For example, a your handout.
professional business-advice center rather
3 Surely, government-funded health care
SIMON: OK. We’re all here … let’s get started.
and education has a far greater effect
I think I agreed to chair the discussion, and lOMoAR cPSD| 60701415 Second Edition 4 AUDIO SCRIPTS
Listening & Speaking
Matt said he would take notes that we can
HANA: Right, I take your point, but … what
SIMON: You would, though, wouldn’t you … I
share later … is that right?
you’re saying is that there are other people,
remember you telling me that you were a
MATT: Yes, exactly. Thanks, Simon.
who can only afford different brands, who
big fan of some of those cyclists who were
will inevitably feel they have been unfairly implicated …
SIMON: So … I take it we all read the
treated. So why couldn’t they have bought literature?
HANA: Excuse me. Don’t be ridiculous! I’m
the same brand? I mean, they—
just explaining what I thought about the
EVERYONE: Yes … yeah …
SIMON: Sorry, Hana. Sorry to interrupt, but
article. It’s irrelevant what I think about any
SIMON: OK, so what do you think … let’s start
that’s not the main point, as I understand it particular cyclist!
with the question of technology … so the
from the second article … the fundamental
SIMON: Sorry, sorry … I was just saying …
problem is, is a sport more a test of the
problem is that the impact of the
technology than of the participants, now
MATT: OK, let’s get back to the point … Hana
technology is not restricted to current
that technology can make such a difference
is right, I would say. It seems that everyone
swimmers. What about the people who to performance?
agrees that it is unstoppable, because the
held the records before? They must feel
pharmaceutical companies are always
that it is the technology that has beaten Track 2.2
developing new drugs, and being new, no
their record, not the actual swimmer.
JULES: It’s quite a complex problem, I think. one can test for them …
JULES: The other examples were quite
After all, we can’t stop companies from
JULES: Mmm, that’s true. But does that
interesting—the way that the cyclist
trying to develop better sports equipment
mean we should just allow them? My Graham …? Where is it …?
that gives an advantage to people who use it,
inclination is no. Surely we would end up
but that does stop it from being a level
MATT: Here, in the first article … Obree.
with an elite group of athletes who are
playing-field, if you don’t mind the joke …
JULES: Thanks … yes, Graham Obree. They
nothing like normal human beings?
MATT: That’s right. I think it’s helpful to think
banned his new design of bikes because
SIMON: Yes, that’s already happened in
of it as a problem with no ultimate solution they were faster! Twice!
some sports … in the 70s in particular,
that can please everyone, because how you
MATT: Let’s get something straight here.
bodybuilders and so on … and Florence
view it basically depends on your perspective
Issues with cycling are not just confined to
Griffith Joyner … there were some …
this problem with technology. The sport is
suspicions about her, but she wasn’t
HANA: Sorry, can I just jump in here—I can’t
also a big player in the other aspect of this
caught, so her records still stand. And
let that go unchallenged … what you’re topic, doping …
she died very young, which is one
saying is that you can’t please everyone …
JULES: Right! Yes, some big names spring to
reason to continue banning drugs—
but surely there is a right and wrong? It
mind … cyclists who have become mixed up
they are very dangerous—prolonged
doesn’t matter who is pleased by it … we in that.
use of them can significantly lower life
should just be trying to do the right thing.
expectancy, according to the second
HANA: Yes, there is an argument that it
MATT: You always look for issues to be black article.
should be legal, that doping should be
and white, Hana, but they aren’t … Think
allowed in some sports, because they are
MATT: So what? Lots of sports are
about the company that made the superfast
going to use drugs anyway, so why
dangerous, as that same article says—
swimsuits. They are a company, with
pretend? And a lot of the health problems
boxing, car racing—if it’s adults doing
shareholders, in competition with lots of
athletes suffer apparently result from
them, why can’t they take the risk? And
other companies. They naturally want to
incorrect administration of drugs by
why not just have separate events for
appeal to customers with a product that will
unscrupulous doctors … so, why not make
dopers and clean athletes, as is
help them swim better, so they make a
sure they are properly administered by suggested?
swimsuit using technology that reduces drag
honest doctors, not disgraced doctors who
JULES: Hold on a minute. You always do this
in the water, helps the swimmer float, and
don’t care about the law? That was a very
… make radical statements without
makes them go faster. So, their
powerful point made in the third article, I
thinking them through. How would we
customers break the world records. Great thought anyhow.
know they are clean? The problem … lOMoAR cPSD| 60701415 Second Edition 4 AUDIO SCRIPTS
Listening & Speaking
wouldn’t go away, it would just shift to the
been unfairly treated. So why couldn’t
very dangerous—prolonged use of them so-called “clean” sports.
they have bought the same brand?
can significantly lower life expectancy,
SIMON: Yes, that’s a good point you make
4 HANA: I mean, they—
according to the second article. there.
SIMON: Sorry, Hana. Sorry to interrupt,
10 JULES: Hold on … How would we know
but that’s not the main point, as I
they are clean? The problem wouldn’t go Track 2.3
understand it from the second article …
away, it would just shift to the so-called
SIMON: OK. We’re all here … let’s get “clean” sports.
5 MATT: Let’s get something straight here.
started. I think I agreed to chair the
Issues with cycling are not just confined to
SIMON: Yes, that’s a good point you
discussion, and Matt said he would take
this problem with technology. The sport is make there. Track 2.5
notes that we can share later … is that
also a big player in the other aspect of right? this topic, doping …
Should parents stay away from sports or do
MATT: Yes, exactly. Thanks, Simon.
they enhance the sporting experience for
6 HANA: And a lot of the health problems
their children? That’s what I will be
SIMON: So … I take it we all read the
athletes suffer apparently result from
discussing today. There is a good deal of literature?
incorrect administration of drugs by
research suggesting that the benefits of
EVERYONE: Yes … yeah …
unscrupulous doctors … so, why not make
sports are in danger of being outweighed by
SIMON: OK, so what do you think … let’s
sure they are properly administered by
the negative effects caused by parental
honest doctors, not disgraced doctors
start with the question of technology … so
overinvolvement, and, yes, this is something
who don’t care about the law? That was a
the problem is, is a sport more a test of
that we should take very seriously. Mark
very powerful point made in the third
the technology than of the participants,
Hyman, Professor of Sports Management at article, I thought anyhow.
now that technology can make such a
George Washington University, put it very difference to performance?
7 SIMON: Sorry, sorry … I was just saying
strongly when he suggested that we only …
value excellence rather than participation— Track 2.4
MATT: OK, let’s get back to the point …
he’s on your handout … Professor Hyman
1 JULES: It’s quite a complex problem, I
Hana is right, I would say. It seems that
basically believes that adults have ruined
think. After all, we can’t stop companies
everyone agrees that it is unstoppable …
sports for children, by interfering too much
from trying to develop better sports
8 MATT: … the pharmaceutical companies
and focusing only on winning, rather than
equipment that gives an advantage to
are always developing new drugs, and
having the children learn that we can lose
people who use it, but that does stop it
being new, no one can test for them … and still have fun.
from being a level playing-field, if you
JULES: Mmm, that’s true. But does that Track 2.6 don’t mind the joke …
mean we should just allow them? My
First and foremost, we need to bear in mind,
2 MATT: … it basically depends on your
inclination is no. Surely we would end up
while we are thinking about the problems, perspective …
with an elite group of athletes who are
that the impact of sports on children is
HANA: Sorry, can I just jump in here—I
nothing like normal human beings?
potentially very positive. In other words,
can’t let that go unchallenged … what
9 SIMON: Yes, that’s already happened in
sports is something we should encourage. At
you’re saying is that you can’t please
some sports … in the 70s in particular,
its best, done properly, it motivates children
everyone … but surely there is a right and
bodybuilders and so on … and Florence
to exercise, enables integration into a social wrong?
Griffith Joyner … there were some
community, and helps them develop 3 MATT: Great …
suspicions about her, but she wasn’t
psychologically. And it’s fun … it enhances
caught, so her records still stand. And she
HANA: Right, I take your point, but …
the whole childhood experience, in fact.
died very young, which is one reason to
what you’re saying is that there are other
Consequently, any scenario in which sports is
continue banning drugs—they are
people, who can only afford different
viewed as a negative factor should be
brands, who will inevitably feel they have
avoided if possible. But the sad fact is that
sports participation among children is lOMoAR cPSD| 60701415 Second Edition 4 AUDIO SCRIPTS
Listening & Speaking
decreasing in many countries, such as the
when they choose a sport … golf and tennis
life expectancy. And, of course, we should
U.S., where it fell by 10% between 2009 and
for example … and they know that success
remember that some sports do carry risk of
2014, according to a survey by the Sports
in school sports can result in scholarships,
injury … rugby can lead to neck and spinal
and Fitness Industry Association, and one of
although the reality is that very few
injuries for example; all the same, it is
the reasons is that children don’t enjoy
children will go on to gain these.
important for parents not to be
sports as much as they should because of
Anyway, moving on to another very relevant
overprotective, as this risks causing more
their parents’ attitude. The decrease is not
point—identity. Now, we know that identity
damage to children in itself. We can’t
only caused by parental involvement, of
is a key issue in child development. If sports
eliminate all risk, so, all things considered,
course—studies show that economic factors
becomes a part of a child’s identity, that
from a health point of view, sports is
are very significant—but it may help explain
makes him or her vulnerable, because if certainly good for children. Track 2.7
the high drop-out rate among lesser-
they fail at sports, and sports is their
Should parents stay away from sports or do achieving children.
identity, they will feel that they have failed
they enhance the sporting experience for
Increasingly, parents push their children to
as people. Studies unfortunately show that
their children? That’s what I will be
play sports in the hope that they will go on
parental intervention and feedback often
discussing today. There is a good deal of
to become professional sportsmen and
includes blaming a child for a team’s loss,
research suggesting that the benefits of
sportswomen. Examples such as Tiger
for example, “you missed the winning goal”
sports are in danger of being outweighed by
Woods, from golf, and the Williams sisters
or whatever, and the parent is angry. From
the negative effects caused by parental over-
in tennis show that there are definitely
the child’s point of view, owing to the fact
involvement, and, yes, this is something that
advantages if you can start a child early in
that they identify themselves with the sport
we should take very seriously. Mark Hyman,
their—sorry, your—chosen sport. From the
in question, it becomes an attack on
Professor of Sports Management at George
parents’ perspective, it is a selfless
themselves and who they are. So, the issue
Washington University, put it very strongly
enterprise, involving thousands of hours of
of identity is highly significant, I would say.
when he suggested that we only value
driving, waiting, and watching … and the
Now, I said earlier that sports is good for
excellence rather than participation—he’s on
expense of coaches, club memberships, and
children. What did I mean by that? Well,
your handout … Professor Hyman basically
so on. But although it may be done for the
the lessons that can be learned from sports
believes that adults have ruined sports for
right reasons, it doesn’t necessarily
start with learning to lose. That sounds
children, by interfering too much and
translate as positive from the child’s
defeatist, perhaps, but sports can be a sort
focusing only on winning, rather than having
perspective. As I just pointed out, it isn’t
of practice for real life, a training ground …
the children learn that we can lose and still
really their choice of sport, since to gain
bear in mind that the job of a parent is to have fun.
real advantages, you need to start very
prepare a child to live without them,
First and foremost, we need to bear in mind,
young. There are videos of Steffi Graf, the
independently. So preparing them for times
while we are thinking about the problems,
tennis player, playing great tennis at four
when, despite their best efforts, things
that the impact of sports on children is
years old … that is not an age where
don’t go their way is very valuable. As a
potentially very positive. In other words,
children can possibly know what they want
result, trying to eliminate loss actually
sports is something we should encourage. At
to do, and this trend is on the increase. So
destroys what is probably the main benefit
its best, done properly, it motivates children
the parents’ choice may result in sporting
of sports. Then there is teamwork, of
to exercise, enables integration into a social
success, but an unwanted consequence of
course, and learning to perform a
community, and helps them develop
it may be a child who is good at something
designated role in a group setting … again,
psychologically. And it’s fun … it enhances
that they don’t actually enjoy and didn’t
very valuable in later life. As I mentioned,
the whole childhood experience, in fact.
choose. The parents, on the other hand,
sports helps children integrate into groups,
Consequently, any scenario in which sports is
enjoy the prestige of having a successful
although conversely, being excluded for any
viewed as a negative factor should be
child, and also perhaps the financial
reason can be quite damaging for a child.
avoided if possible. But the sad fact is that
benefits that come with some sports.
Fitness is a great benefit, obviously—there
sports participation among children is
Research does actually suggest that many
are studies claiming to show a link between
decreasing in many countries, such as the
parents are thinking of the financial aspects
childhood sporting activity and increased
U.S., where it fell by 10% between 2009 and lOMoAR cPSD| 60701415 Second Edition 4 AUDIO SCRIPTS
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2014, according to a survey by the Sports
scholarships, although the reality is that very
injuries for example; all the same, it is
and Fitness Industry Association, and one of
few children will go on to gain these.
important for parents not to be
the reasons is that children don’t enjoy
Anyway, moving on to another very relevant
overprotective, as this risks causing more
sports as much as they should because of
point—identity. Now, we know that identity
damage to children in itself. We can’t
their parents’ attitude. The decrease is not
is a key issue in child development. If sports
eliminate all risk, so, all things considered,
only caused by parental involvement, of
becomes a part of a child’s identity, that
from a health point of view, sports is
course—studies show that economic factors
makes him or her vulnerable, because certainly good for children.
are very significant—but it may help explain
if they fail at sports, and sports is their
the high drop-out rate among lesser- Track 2.9
identity, they will feel that they have failed achieving children. Track 2.8
as people. Studies unfortunately show that
1 DANNI: So, remember, we are trying to
Increasingly, parents push their children to
parental intervention and feedback often
establish which of the three problems is
play sports in the hope that they will go on to
includes blaming a child for a team’s loss,
the biggest in the world of sports today.
become professional sportsmen and
for example, “you missed the winning goal” We also …
sportswomen. Examples such as Tiger
or whatever, and the parent is angry. From
POPPY: Dangerous sports—you know,
Woods, from golf, and the Williams sisters in
the child’s point of view, owing to the fact
contact sports like rugby and boxing.
tennis show that there are definitely
that they identify themselves with the sport
That’s what I think. I saw a really
advantages if you can start a child early in
in question, it becomes an attack on
interesting program about them the
their—sorry, your—chosen sport. From the
themselves and who they are. So, the issue other day …
parents’ perspective, it is a selfless
of identity is highly significant, I would say.
DANNI: Maybe tell us about that later,
enterprise, involving thousands of hours of
Now, I said earlier that sports is good for Poppy.
driving, waiting, and watching … and the
children. What did I mean by that? Well,
2 POPPY: I don’t mind telling you about it
expense of coaches, club memberships, and
the lessons that can be learned from sports now. so on.
start with learning to lose. That sounds
DANNI: Thanks, but we need to stay on
But although it may be done for the right
defeatist, perhaps, but sports can be a sort
track here. We need to discuss the
reasons, it doesn’t necessarily translate as
of practice for real life, a training ground …
different issues first before deciding. As
positive from the child’s perspective. As I just
bear in mind that the job of a parent is to
I said, there are three we need to focus
pointed out, it isn’t really their choice of
prepare a child to live without them, on …
sport, since to gain real advantages, you
independently. So preparing them for times
3 DANNI: But then there’s also sponsorship
need to start very young. There are videos of
when, despite their best efforts, things
and the question of rivalry—by that I
Steffi Graf, the tennis player, playing great
don’t go their way is very valuable. As a
mean having too much competition
tennis at four years old … that is not an age
result, trying to eliminate loss actually
between teams and even countries.
where children can possibly know what they
destroys what is probably the main benefit
want to do, and this trend is on the increase.
of sports. Then there is teamwork, of
4 DANNI: Vera, what do you think? Which is
So the parents’ choice may result in sporting
course, and learning to perform a
the most significant in your opinion?
success, but an unwanted consequence of it
designated role in a group setting … again, VERA: Uh. Rivalry.
may be a child who is good at something that
very valuable in later life. As I mentioned,
DANNI: Rivalry, that’s interesting. Why do
they don’t actually enjoy and didn’t choose.
sports helps children integrate into groups, you say that?
The parents, on the other hand, enjoy the
although conversely, being excluded for any
VERA: Well, for example, in my country,
prestige of having a successful child, and also
reason can be quite damaging for a child. …
perhaps the financial benefits that come with
Fitness is a great benefit, obviously—there
some sports. Research does actually suggest
are studies claiming to show a link between
5 SAL: It affects millions of viewers, not just
that many parents are thinking of the
childhood sporting activity and increased those at the event.
financial aspects when they choose a sport …
life expectancy. And, of course, we should
POPPY: But you would say that, wouldn’t
golf and tennis for example … and they know
remember that some sports do carry risk of
you? Because you don’t eat fast food
that success in school sports can result in
injury … rugby can lead to neck and spinal
yourself, you think no one should. lOMoAR cPSD| 60701415 Second Edition 4 AUDIO SCRIPTS
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SAL: No, it’s not about my personal view.
transition over the last semester—I have
technologically integrated environment. I’ve read the evidence.
been at some myself—maybe some of you
That’s where the future of education lies. have been present? Alex?
And you will be at the heart of transition. Track 2.10
ALEX: Not many of us, I don’t think. We have It’s very exciting!
1 Do you want to tell us what you think? ↑
heard something about these “secret talks,”
JOHN: OK. Sorry, Max, you keep saying it’s
2 You all saw that last big competition? ↑
but no one has told us much—that’s right,
exciting, but that’s not how I—we—see it,
isn’t it? Apart from at “that meeting” when
to be honest. It’s not a subtle change
3 What do you think? ↑
they first told us about it … which didn’t go
you’re proposing. You’re saying we’re
4 I agree it is a big issue. ↓
very well, to be honest. So, thanks. Yes,
going to have to sacrifice years of work,
5 Which is the most significant in your
we’d love to know more. All we’ve heard is
and for what? We already use some opinion? ↑
that “they’ve” decided “we’re” going to be
technology, and I don’t even like these
6 And the police get involved? ↑ 7 It affects
teaching on tablets from now on. Is that
devices—they just distract the students, in
millions of viewers. ↓
right? It seems like a strange decision,
my opinion. I enjoy the way we work with especially …
the students. I don’t see the need for Unit 3: Energy
EILEEN: I’m sorry, is that decided? I was given
change. The students enjoy it too—look at
the impression that we were going to be the feedback we get. Track 3.1
consulted … at the meeting, that’s what she
MAX: OK, John, sorry, but please
MAX: Hi, everyone. Thanks for coming. As
said … you know, at “that meeting,” that’s
remember it’s not me proposing the
some of you know, I’m Max Parker … I’m a
what she said … I’ve been working here for
change. As I said, I’m here to help
change coach, and, as the big boss might
15 years … many of us have. Surely we’re
manage the transition. We need to
have told you, I’m here to help with “the
going to have a say in what happens? Can
accept that it’s happening, and focus on
transition.” Now, I’m aware there have been
you give us an assurance about that? MAX:
how we can make that a positive
some informal discussions about this
Right … yeah, well you are being consulted …
experience. I take your points about how
transition over the last semester—I have
as the change happens … that’s why I’m here
you feel about the way you used to do
been at some myself—maybe some of you
… to set up that process. I mean, it’s a very
things, but we all need to remember that have been present? Alex?
exciting time, and your management wants
student numbers are down, and a lot of
ALEX: Not many of us, I don’t think. We have
to make sure it’s done right, with all of your
the college’s competitors use much more
heard something about these “secret talks,”
valuable input, of course. John, question?
advanced technology. And it’s what the
but no one has told us much—that’s right,
JOHN: OK, so can you tell us what’s actually
marketing team says is wanted. If we
isn’t it? Apart from at “that meeting” when
going to happen for sure? Right now, it’s
persist with the old ways of teaching, we
they first told us about it … which didn’t go
all rumor. Are we going to have to start
can expect further losses in student
very well, to be honest. So, thanks. Yes,
again, make new materials, get rid of our
enrollment. Now, I do understand that
we’d love to know more. All we’ve heard is
books and presentation notes? So much
you might feel that work already done
that “they’ve” decided “we’re” going to be
effort has gone into making these … I
could be wasted. And it’s true, you’ll
teaching on tablets from now on. Is that
mean, are there going to be any
need to learn some new skills required,
right? It seems like a strange decision,
limitations on this change, or, more likely,
otherwise that might happen. But, trust especially …
as Jill in HR agrees, is everything going to
me, it’ll be OK. Everything you’ve already be changed?
done will be useful, for sure. Remember Track 3.2
this year’s conference theme?
MAX: No, John, that’s not going to happen.
MAX: Hi, everyone. Thanks for coming. As
But as I said, this transition is exciting. You JOHN: Uh, was it—
some of you know, I’m Max Parker … I’m a
should see it as an opportunity, helping
MAX: But the reality is that all of us have
change coach, and, as the big boss might
you all to work together to lead this
to respond to changes in the world, to
have told you, I’m here to help with “the college through an important
the needs of our customers— EILEEN: Our
transition.” Now, I’m aware there have been
transformation into a completely students, you mean—
some informal discussions about this lOMoAR cPSD| 60701415 Second Edition 4 AUDIO SCRIPTS
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MAX: And from what I’ve seen, and from
experienced and capable people like
introduction to the prevailing theories
talking to your manager, I believe that
yourselves. This means that, at some point,
within neuroscience; that is, what happens
together you have the capability to take this
people may have to go into survival mode,
in the brain when a person is feeling
college to the next level. I’ll be honest—it
just to get through it. But, as you can see,
nostalgic. The practical aspects of this will
will take some resilience on your part.
you will come out the other side … stability
be picked up later by Dr. Hossam and
There will be some big changes, even the
will return, I assure you. At the meeting last
Stephen Johnson in their presentations. Dr. occasional sacrifice …
month, Eileen, you made a similar point if
Hossam will address the sunk-cost fallacy, a
JOHN: What do you mean, sacrifice? Are
I remember correctly, and I was impressed
fascinating exploration of reactions in the
some of us going to lose our jobs?
by your insight. You clearly understand the
present to decisions made in the past.
Stephen will finish by examining the legacy
MAX: Absolutely not, John! Please, I have complexity of the task.
issues faced by many companies nowadays,
every assurance that that is the last thing Track 3.3
particularly in the area of technology.
they want … I’m only talking about giving
up one or two of the old ways of doing
1 Apart from at ¦ “that meeting” ¦ when ¦
Now, from a theoretical perspective, we
things. It can be a very energizing thing, in
they ¦ first told us about it … which didn’t
need to remember that nostalgia is a my experience. go very well, to be honest.
universal experience. Studies show it starts
from an early age, around eight, and,
JOHN: But it could happen? Is that what
2 All we’ve heard is that ¦ “they’ve” ¦
regardless of culture, research shows that
you’re implying? Unless we adapt
decided ¦ “we’re” ¦ going to be teaching
people feel nostalgic for aspects of their
immediately, we’re in danger of losing our on tablets from now on.
personal histories. What interests me is
jobs. If we’re seen as reluctant to join in
3 I’m sorry, is that decided? I was given the
what changes are observable in the brain
the excitement, people might question
impression that we were going to be
when a subject experiences nostalgia— why we’re here.
consulted … at the meeting, that’s what ¦
what is the actual mechanism of nostalgia,
MAX: As long as you’re prepared to make a she ¦ said …
if you like—and what triggers those
few basic changes, everything will be fine. I
4 I mean, are there going to be any
changes. Looking at these two aspects will
can promise you that. And there will be
limitations on this change, or, more likely,
enable us to consider how nostalgia relates
training, as you know. Look, I have a chart
¦ as Jill in HR agrees, ¦ is everything going
to other psychological phenomena. And
here showing two possible routes that to be changed?
then we can use this understanding in the
people take when they make changes. It’s
5 Everything you’ve already done will be
field of behavioral sciences, which Dr.
basically a choice—your choice. Now, I’m
useful, for sure. Remember this year’s
Hossam will explain more about, and
showing you this because I believe that the conference theme?
economics—Stephen Johnson’s area.
more you know about how change works,
6 Please, I have every assurance that that is
the easier it is to take the better route … Track 3.5
the last thing they want … I’m only talking
From today’s session, you ought to
PROFESSOR SIMPSON: So, starting with the
understand that the practical outcomes are
about giving up one or two of the old
triggers, the most obvious stimulators of
the same for everyone, but you can get ways of doing things.
nostalgia are meeting old friends, hearing
there in better or worse ways. So, it’s
7 I can promise you that. And there will be
music, especially music we listened to
basically a choice of which route you training, as you know.
between the ages of 12 and 22, and choose to pursue …
8 At the meeting last month, Eileen, you
childhood smells, food, and so on—the
EILEEN: Both routes seem to have some
made a similar point if I remember
French writer Proust springs to mind,
problems. There doesn’t seem to be any
correctly, and I was impressed by your
assuming you are familiar with his novels.
easy path through the change process. insight.
But, surprisingly I think, these are not
MAX: Thanks, Eileen, I’m glad someone
actually the most common triggers, Track 3.4
pointed that out! I think this chart shows
according to a series of studies published
that change is not easy for anyone—that’s
PROFESSOR SIMPSON: OK, so I’m going to
in 2006 in the Journal of Personality and
very true—especially when you have very
start this session on nostalgia with a brief
Social Psychology—the most common lOMoAR cPSD| 60701415 Second Edition 4 AUDIO SCRIPTS
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appears to be bad moods. Now, these
Now the fallacy theory is that usually we
the company is locked into an outdated
moods may sometimes be a result of
follow that instinct and keep going, in order
system, a legacy system, that holds them
loneliness, which seems a natural
to get something back from our investment.
back, prevents innovation and—and this is
causeeffect, but actually any bad mood
This can mean we end up spending far
at the root of the problem—it leaves them
appears to trigger nostalgia. And so, by
more than we would ever consider
vulnerable to competition by smaller, the way, does being cold.
sensible, on an outcome that simply isn’t
more flexible banks with up-to-date
So there are some fundamentals from a
worth it. Most business advisors say this is a systems.
neuroscientific perspective. There are
mistake. However, there is also an
Part of the problem is an unwillingness to
many practical applications of this science
argument that the feeling that prevents us
change—after all, the system worked
of nostalgia, which Dr. Hossam and
from giving up and walking away is a
before, the bank was profitable and, as we
Stephen will tell you more about now. Dr.
memory of just how important the initial
said, has millions of supposedly satisfied Hossam …
decision was. The fact that the feeling
customers. Why change? And, of course,
remains means that we need to at least
DR. HOSSAM: Thank you. Now, as Professor
everyone has adapted their own skills to
seriously try to uncover the original reasons
Simpson has noted, my area is behavioral
match how it works—or doesn’t work …
for making the choice, and consider these
science. Today, I’m focusing on what we call
Now, the connection to Professor Simpson’s
before deciding to walk away from the
the “sunk-cost fallacy.” As you may know,
area should be becoming evident … as she present problem.
this is the mistake we are prone to making
has already said, nostalgia is a neurological
when we take into account prior costs
STEPHEN JOHNSON: OK, thank you,
phenomenon, rooted in our evolutionary
when making a decision on whether or not
Professor Simpson and, uh … Dr. Hossam.
past … so it’s not easy to override except
to continue a course of action—whether to
So, I’m here to talk about a very specific
with a real effort … instincts die hard! To
“throw good money after bad” as the old
business problem relating to the past and
effect change, you have to focus on the
proverb has it … This sunk-cost fallacy does
nostalgia. On the surface, it may not seem
outcome and give up worrying about the
seem to be an inherited instinct, similar to
to have much to do with what our
huge amount of prior work and cost. And as
nostalgia, as outlined by Professor Simpson,
previous speakers were describing, but I
already highlighted by Dr. Hossam, the
which guides us to poor choices in the
hope you’ll see the connections shortly.
sunk-cost fallacy is a factor in any decision
present. People have a tendency to
The problem I’m talking about concerns
where work and money have already been
continue with a plan of action just because
“legacy systems.” These are defined as expended.
they have invested in it—time and money—
technological systems which were good in Track 3.6
not because it is a good strategy now. But
their day, but which are now no longer
this does lead us to question why we have
good enough for today’s business world.
1 MAX: Provided that you learn the new
developed this behavior … perhaps “not
So what do you do when your computer
skills required, it won’t be like that.
giving up” has some hidden benefits?
system is too old to do the job properly?
PROF SIMPSON: The French writer Proust
When we make the initial decision, we have
Easy, you say—just change it, upgrade it.
springs to mind, assuming you are familiar
good reasons for making it … provided that
Well, I’ve got bad news for you; it’s not with his novels.
we are trying to act rationally, of course …
that easy, unfortunately. For a complex
2 JOHN: Unless we adapt immediately,
However, once time has gone by, we have a
company such as a major bank, changing
we’re in danger of losing our jobs.
strong tendency to forget our initial
the computer system is a major strategic
MAX: You’ll need to learn some new skills
reasons. We then find ourselves in a
decision. I’m not talking about a change,
required, otherwise that might happen.
difficult position in the present, when we
but a complete transformation of every
have put in time and money, and not yet
system, every process, every role. There is Track 3.7
reached the desired outcome—do we
the cost, the security implications, and the
1 The practical aspects of this will be picked
continue with our actions, though they
data transfer—for a big bank with millions up later by Dr. Hossam …
require more effort, time, money, or
of customers worldwide, it’s a nightmare.
whatever … or do we cut our losses and
So many things can go wrong in the refuse to invest any further?
changeover, but … well, without change lOMoAR cPSD| 60701415 Second Edition 4 AUDIO SCRIPTS
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2 And then we can use this understanding Unit 4: Risk
in a company of this size … and also—how
in the field of behavioral sciences, which
the mavericks would be identified. And
Dr. Hossam will explain more about … Track 4.1
thirdly, of course, there’s the question of
3 On the surface, it may not seem to have
SALMA: OK, so. We have less than an hour
how the company would support them in
much to do with what our previous
for this task, so let’s get started. The
the workplace … OK, that’s a lot of speakers were describing …
topic is mavericks, and our task for
questions. Where should we start?
4 This sunk-cost fallacy does seem to be an
tomorrow’s tutorial is to come up with
MARIE: Let’s begin by defining our main
inherited instinct, similar to nostalgia, as
recommendations. Remember, we’re
term “maverick,” so we know we’re all
outlined by Professor Simpson …
advising a company on the proportion of
on the same page … SALMA: Good idea.
maverick types to hire. OK, here are the Agreed, Hannah?
5 Now, the connection to Professor issues …
Simpson’s area should be becoming
HANNAH: Yes, of course.
evident … as she has already said,
MARIE: OK, Salma. We’re listening.
MARIE: Well, as I understand it, it basically
nostalgia is a neurological phenomenon
SALMA: Well, first of all, should the company
means a risk-taker—a creative, …
employ mavericks at all? I think we can
independent kind of person. So, it’s a very
6 And as already highlighted by Dr. Hossam,
assume that they should, right? Otherwise,
positive idea— lots of positive
the sunk-cost fallacy is a factor in any
we have nothing else to discuss. connotations. decision … MARIE: True …
SALMA: Well, the problem with that is the
SALMA: So first, we need to decide on the
narrowness of that view. It’s really quite Track 3.8
proportion … how many would be needed
limited. The term, as I understand it, implies
1 Coming back to Hana’s point about the
in a company of this size … and also—how
that a maverick has a … let’s say …
cost of making these changes, we need
the mavericks would be identified. And
unconventional approach, and brings with
to think about how much this will be
thirdly, of course, there’s the question of
him or her a different way of thinking. So, the passed on to students.
how the company would support them in
term could be both positive or negative,
couldn’t it, depending on your point of view
2 The problems can be solved. As both
the workplace … OK, that’s a lot of
of conformity? Hannah, don’t you agree?
Hana and Ella have said, change is
questions. Where should we start?
HANNAH: Yes, that’s right, I suppose—in
difficult, and people don’t like it at first. Track 4.2
some cultures it might be negative. I Track 3.9
SALMA: OK, so. We have less than an hour
don’t mean just in the culture of a
specific country—I mean in business
1 First, I’m going to outline the basic issue,
for this task, so let’s get started. The
culture in general, or a particular
along with the main problems I
topic is mavericks, and our task for
working environment, it could be identified.
tomorrow’s tutorial is to come up with
recommendations. Remember, we’re
deemed to be a positive or negative
2 Supposing fees were dramatically
advising a company on the proportion of thing …
increased? How many students would
maverick types to hire. OK, here are the
MARIE: Good point. I think we can, perhaps, still apply to come here? issues …
agree on that. And I suppose that’s at the
3 However, as long as it is managed
MARIE: OK, Salma. We’re listening.
root of the question, really … The studies I
effectively, everyone can benefit in the
read all agreed that mavericks aren’t always
final outcome—the management, the
SALMA: Well, first of all, should the company
compatible with other workers. So,
teachers, and current and future
employ mavericks at all? I think we can
employers have to place them carefully students.
assume that they should, right? Otherwise, within the work context.
we have nothing else to discuss.
HANNAH: Yes, that’s true. Apparently, they MARIE: True …
aren’t always easy to get along with. They
SALMA: So first, we need to decide on the
can be seen as argumentative and not good
proportion … how many would be needed for harmonious teamwork. lOMoAR cPSD| 60701415 Second Edition 4 AUDIO SCRIPTS
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MARIE: Hang on … isn’t that because they
identified them. And, being mavericks, Track 4.3 Extract 1
stand up for what they believe in, what
we know that whatever they were to do
MARIE: We need mavericks to come up with they
next, including the test, would probably
new ideas and pursue them with
are doing? They stay focused on their own be unpredictable.
determination, not just follow the crowd. goal …
HANNAH: That’s true. Point taken.
Steve Jobs is a classic maverick in the
SALMA: Yes, but it can make them
SALMA: OK, so I think we can all agree in
literature. And don’t forget, some other
dysfunctional in a group. Pursuing their
principle that we need to recommend that
people on the team may have formed a
own goals regardless of what everyone else
the company explores previous maverick
clique—mavericks can help break these up, is doing …
behavior in the interview to find out more
stir things up a little bit … which is a good
MARIE: But if their goals turn out to be right
about the history. Do we also agree that thing, I think.
…? I mean, that’s the point, isn’t it? We
some form of test should also be used?
SALMA: Interesting view, Marie. But for now,
need mavericks to come up with new ideas
MARIE: I don’t know … I don’t think so. But
let’s move on. We can come back to this
and pursue them with determination, not
I suppose it wouldn’t do any harm. point later.
just follow the crowd. Steve Jobs is a classic
SALMA: OK. So, let’s agree to disagree on Extract 2
maverick in the literature. And don’t forget,
the principle, but do one anyway! The last
some other people on the team may have
HANNAH: … Companies use psychometric
point is interesting—we have to decide
formed a clique—mavericks can help break
tests to do an evaluation of where a
how to facilitate bringing them onto the
these up, stir things up a little bit … which is
candidate is on a maverick scale,
team, to help them collaborate rather a good thing, I think.
and remember, we’re all on that scale than work against everyone. somewhere …
SALMA: Interesting view, Marie. But for now,
HANNAH: So, we want their participation?
let’s move on. We can come back to this
MARIE: Wouldn’t it be better to look at a
I thought they were more likely to work
point later. What was the next thing— oh,
candidate’s track record? If they were alone.
yes. How can we actually identify
mavericks in their previous job, they
mavericks? Hannah, any thoughts on that?
MARIE: Well, yes … but they have to share
probably will be in this one, don’t you
their ideas sometime. And they’ll need
think? I mean, those psychology tests seem
HANNAH: There’s a lot about that in the
others to support them … after all, any
a little bit … pointless to me in this context.
article from last week. Companies use
business is a collective, not a group of
Mavericks don’t seem to fit any clear
psychometric tests to do an evaluation of isolated individuals. patterns.
where a candidate is on a maverick scale,
and remember, we’re all on that scale
SALMA: Right. So … to return to our original
SALMA: Yes, they do! Richard Branson and somewhere …
point. How many mavericks should we
Steve Jobs were very similar—
recommend the company actually employ?
rulebreaking, right-brain thinkers, risk-
MARIE: Wouldn’t it be better to look at a
What proportion of each department? takers, very dominant.
candidate’s track record? If they were
HANNAH: Well, obviously you need a
mavericks in their previous job, they Extract 3
balance of different types of people on
probably will be in this one, don’t you
MARIE: … And, being mavericks, we know
your team. The majority of people would
think? I mean, those psychology tests
that whatever they were to do next,
be getting the job done in the usual way,
seem a little bit … pointless to me in this
including the test, would probably be but
context. Mavericks don’t seem to fit any unpredictable. clear patterns.
if a successful company wants to produce
HANNAH: That’s true. Point taken.
some original products, mavericks are
SALMA: Yes, they do! Richard Branson
more likely to deliver them. So, I would say
SALMA: OK, so I think we can all agree in
and Steve Jobs were very similar— they would need at least …
principle that we need to recommend that
rulebreaking, right-brain thinkers, risk-
the company explores previous maverick takers, very dominant.
behavior in the interview to find out more
MARIE: Yes, but they’re opposites in other about the history.
ways. I don’t think a test would have lOMoAR cPSD| 60701415 Second Edition 4 AUDIO SCRIPTS
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significant in the long term; there was a real
sunlight where we could meet in the
MARIE: Well, yes … but they have to share
danger that the team would become
mornings. It was amazing what a difference
their ideas sometime. And they’ll need
dysfunctional and no longer be “fit for
this seemingly minimal change made. Now,
others to support them … after all, any
purpose”—in other words, the management
an additional possible reason for its success, I
business is a collective, not a group of
would be forced to restructure and even
would suggest, was that maybe it shook the isolated individuals.
recruit new staff. So they called my company
team up—they were in a routine, established
in to facilitate at this stage, and this is what
in the norming phase, that needed changing.
SALMA: Right. So … to return to our original
we did. By the way, this will be the basis of
And it put a stop to the coordinator’s need to
point. How many mavericks should we
your written assignment, so you’ll need to
show her power—she started to participate
recommend the company actually employs? take comprehensive notes. as an equal.
What proportion of each department?
Without going into details of the actual
The second type of conflict is called task Track 4.4
project—which is confidential, incidentally—
conflict. As you can imagine, this comes
As we all know, standard group theory
the first thing I found were the two classic
from different perspectives on the best way
describes a four-stage framework of
types of conflict. The first was intragroup
to achieve a workplace task. So, in this
development within a group—forming,
conflict, or infighting, which is probably more
situation, there were serious issues over
storming, norming, and performing. This
common in the modern workplace than in
deadlines. The project involved several
means that the group forms, it comes
the past, perhaps as a result of the increased
managers who all thought they had a right
together, and bonds … and then the group
emphasis on group and teamwork. Anyway,
to decide on the timelines, and they all had
“storms”—the stage that I’ll be talking about
there were clear divisions within the team,
… let’s say, differing views on the timelines
today. After that, the group norms, or starts
on a quite personal level. I observed that one
for completion of various stages of the
accepting the situation and moving on, and
of the points of conflict concerned
project. The underlying problem was that
finally the group performs in a, hopefully,
vacations—assistants weren’t entitled to
they saw themselves as competitors, not
efficient and creative way. So far, so good.
paid leave, while other staff was. So, my first
teammates. Please don’t think I’m trying to
This theory comes from the work of Bruce
action was to recommend that the five
… to run them down, by the way … it’s
Tuckman in 1965, and it’s probably the best
assistants got three days’ paid leave there
totally normal when you have more than
description of group development that we
and then. You could see that every one of
one person in charge; it is almost certainly
have, although it could be argued that it fails
them was stressed and anxious, and close to
guaranteed to weaken leadership values—
to describe a significant number of actual
leaving the company. Three days off was the
they were all excellent managers in their
cases, as well as counter-theories, as you
best immediate decision, and the conflict
own ways … but it has to be said that, in
might expect … What I’m saying is that it may
was immediately reduced. Another thing I
that situation, they all posed a threat to
be a risk to put too much reliance on it, but it
saw was that meetings were very stressful
each other. So, I decided to tweak these
is a useful tool … so that’s how I use it. We’ll
and unpleasant. They were always held in
deadlines for the managers. White’s
focus specifically on the storming phase,
the coordinator’s office, which was a small,
research into optimal performance zones
because this is where conflict can arise and
uncomfortable space that … everyone
tells us that performance gets better with
the risk element can be addressed. Track
around could see into and hear what was
some stress and time pressure, so I was 4.5
going on—this must have been a real
keen to try that first … so, I asked the
I’m going to describe a real-life intervention
distraction during meetings, actually—and it
managers to agree to some very …
that I undertook during this phase at a
had … no natural light, which can be a real
optimistic timelines, with the
multinational company that was
negative. This location, I felt, may have been
understanding that they could be
experiencing problems. They faced two
giving too much power to the coordinator,
renegotiated later if necessary. They
major risks. The first was that the project
who perhaps felt she had to show her power
agreed—reluctantly, in some cases, as some
could fail, giving their competitors an
to people who were watching from outside.
of them had a preconception that I was the
advantage in the marketplace—financial
So, we decided to try something that worked
bad guy … but it worked. There was a real
services, your own area, which is why I have
in big, busy companies before—assigning
boost in energy from them and their entire
chosen it, obviously. The second was more
them a closed, quiet space with plenty of
teams—I would say it’s probably something lOMoAR cPSD| 60701415 Second Edition 4 AUDIO SCRIPTS
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every manager should try … although the
4 … it’s totally normal when you have more
to be said that, in that situation, they all
deadlines weren’t always met, the project
than one person in charge; it is almost
posed a threat to each other. So, I decided
definitely gained momentum, I would say …
certainly guaranteed to weaken
to tweak these deadlines for the
The final intervention that I employed
leadership values ↓ …
managers. White’s research into optimal
concerned the interaction between two
5 … although the deadlines weren’t always
performance zones tells us that
teams. They were tasked with different
met, the project definitely gained
performance gets better with some stress
elements of the same project, but they
momentum, I would say … ↓
and time pressure, so I was keen to try
were used to working in a, let’s say, solitary
that first … so, I asked the managers
manner, without taking into account Track 4.7
to agree to some very … optimistic
another set of priorities. When one
1 Anyway, there were clear divisions within
timelines, with the understanding that
member of the other team tried to bridge
the team, on a quite personal level. I
they could be renegotiated later if
the gap, the other members of his team
observed that one of the points of conflict necessary.
took it personally— they thought he was on
concerned vacations—assistants weren’t
4 When one member of the other team
the wrong side. So, my solution was to join
entitled to paid leave, while other staff
tried to bridge the gap, the other
the two teams. The reason was … well …
was. So, my first action was to
members of his team took it personally—
joining these teams was what I decided on.
recommend that the five assistants got
they thought he was on the wrong side.
And, I’m happy to say, this strategy worked.
three days’ paid leave there and then. You
So, my solution was to join the two
Because their goals were integrated, they
could see that every one of them was
teams. The reason was … well … joining
had no option but to work together to solve
stressed and anxious, and close to leaving
these teams was what I decided on. And, their common problems.
the company. Three days off was the best
I’m happy to say, this strategy worked.
All of these strategies resulted in the group
immediate decision, and the conflict was
moving from storming to performing, very immediately reduced. Track 4.8
well as it happens. The risks were minimal—
2 This location, I felt, may have been giving
1 OK … well, I think it can be argued that
none of the strategies was high risk or likely
too much power to the coordinator, who
it’s better to at least investigate
to scare anyone off, but together they made
perhaps felt she had to show her power
underlying problems immediately,
huge differences, and the overall risk of
to people who were watching from
before they grow and pose a threat to
failure—for all parties—was negated …
outside. So, we decided to try something
the whole project. What does everyone
think about that as our basic starting Track 4.6
that worked in big, busy companies
before— assigning them a closed, quiet point?
1 The first was intragroup conflict, or
space with plenty of sunlight where we
2 Yeah, Marco, I’m not sure I agree with
infighting, which is probably more
could meet in the mornings. It was
your idea as a starting point. We’ve
common in the modern workplace than in
amazing what a difference this seemingly
already looked at the specific cases of
the past, perhaps as a result of
minimal change made. Now, an additional
some team projects where the team had
the increased emphasis on group and
possible reason for its success, I would
no option but to deal with their own teamwork … ↑
suggest, was that maybe it shook the problems.
2 … everyone around could see into and
team up—they were in a routine,
3 We can return to those points later. But,
hear what was going on—this must have
established in the norming phase, that
let’s try to reach a decision on the main
been a real distraction during meetings
needed changing. And it put a stop to the principle first …
↓, actually—and it had …
coordinator’s need to show her power—
3 Now, an additional possible reason for its
she started to participate as an equal. Track 4.9
success, I would suggest, was that maybe
3 … it’s totally normal when you have more
1 It may be true that mavericks increase
it shook the team up ↓—they were in a
than one person in charge; it is almost
uncertainty, but they also apparently
routine, established in the norming
certainly guaranteed to weaken
bring more creativity to a team.
phase, that needed changing.
leadership values—they were all excellent
managers in their own ways … but it has lOMoAR cPSD| 60701415 Second Edition 4 AUDIO SCRIPTS
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2 These individuals, it has been argued,
speak English? That’s more than the
ALANA: OK—I get the point now. I have
bring about anxiety and may sometimes population of the world …
another question, too. I’m missing some threaten the status quo.
ALANA: Sorry—obviously I meant one point
information—you gave a list of things it
3 While it could be said that risk is always
five billion, not ten point five … I misread it,
destroys … including “local—what—of how
a problem, many risky situations do tend
sorry, but my argument stands. to live”?
to have their benefits.
BERTA: I see. I’ll obviously have to listen
BERTA: “Notions”—you know, “ideas.” Unit 5: Sprawl
carefully to correct any more false claims …
ALANA: Alright—got that, thanks.
MODERATOR: Thank you, Berta. Would you
MODERATOR: Carl, would you like to answer Track 5.1
like to present your first argument against Berta’s proposal?
MODERATOR: Let’s begin. We have two the motion?
CARL: Yes … well, I’m sorry, but seldom have I
speakers to propose the motion, “English
BERTA: Absolutely. Well, Alana, I have to say
heard such nonsense. Our next two points
is a sprawling language,” and two to
that you are perfectly correct on one count,
are these. First, nobody has to learn English
oppose it. We’ll start with Alana. Alana,
if not your numbers. English has spread out,
if they don’t want to. It’s not some kind of
can you introduce your main argument?
or sprawled as you put it. It has sprawled
government policy … although
ALANA: We’re going to propose that English
like the water from a massive tsunami,
forwardthinking governments do tend to
is, in fact, a sprawling language, and that
leaving no people, no places untouched. It
support it … learning a language that
this is a good thing. Can there really be any
has dominated. And it does not enhance
enables you to communicate with people
doubt about this? I think not. We will give
the places where it goes. In fact, it is not
all over the world is empowering, not
you three reasons, three reasons that
even neutral. Nowhere that it arrives does
destructive. I’ve taught English to millions
cannot seriously be denied, three reasons
it improve life for the local people: Instead,
of children in Spain and France, and it’s
that prove our point beyond any possible
it destroys local culture and local language.
amazing how they all benefited in so many
doubt. The first is this. Look at the world
It overpowers and destroys local culture,
ways … developing linguistic and cultural
today, or, rather listen. English is now so
local language, local customs, local food,
awareness, gaining access to all sorts of
widespread that it is impossible to imagine
local notions of how to live. And other
information, and so on … never have I
a world without it. The Internet, popular
languages are affected, too; who wants to
witnessed any negative effects like the ones
music, popular movies, popular culture …
learn French or … let’s say, Russian, or
you’re talking about, Berta.
What language are all these things in?
Swahili, which is not going to help anyone,
And please don’t suggest that English
You’ve guessed it, English. Yet we only have
when English is so clearly obligatory for
displaces other languages—they live side by
to go back a few short years to enter a
anyone with ambition? These languages
side. You don’t just eliminate a language by
world in which everyone spoke different
are excluded from the great language
learning another one. Second, sprawling is
languages—there was no common
learning industry—which, if you investigate
a negative word, unfortunately. It contains
language. English has become a world
it, you’ll find generates millions of dollars,
the idea of intrusion, of being where it isn’t
language, spoken by over … let’s see, ah
by the way. So, English presents a danger to
wanted. This could not be farther from the
yes, ten point five billion people worldwide
the very existence of other languages.
truth. In almost every country in the world,
in 2015, up from a billion just ten years
ALANA: I’m sorry, I’m not sure I get your
there is a recognition that to fail to learn
earlier. Going back a hundred years, the
point. What did you mean by saying that
English is to fail to join the international
figure would have been probably a tenth of
learning Swahili isn’t helpful? Isn’t that a bit
community. The significance of being able
that, with speakers concentrated around a disrespectful?
to speak a common language cannot be
few countries, not spread across the globe.
BERTA: No, I didn’t mean that … I meant that
overstated. Multiculturalism totally
Never before has a cultural change of this
people don’t see it as useful, compared to
depends on it; without a common size happened so quickly.
learning English. My point is the opposite. I language, it cannot exist.
BERTA: Um, I’m not sure if I heard correctly …
would love people to learn Swahili, Russian,
BERTA: Sorry, earlier you said that you
did you say that ten point five billion people Hindi …
taught millions? I’m not sure if I heard
that right … you must be quite a teacher! lOMoAR cPSD| 60701415 Second Edition 4 AUDIO SCRIPTS
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CARL: It’s just a figure of speech. Lots,
in 2015, up from a billion just ten years Extract 4
anyway … and they all enjoyed it and
earlier. Going back a hundred years, the
CARL: I’ve taught English to millions of
benefited from it, which was my point.
figure would have been probably a tenth of
children in Spain and France, and it’s
MODERATOR: Now that that’s cleared up,
that, with speakers concentrated around a
amazing how they all benefited in so many
let’s give the floor to Ricardo. Would you
few countries, not spread across the globe.
ways … developing linguistic and cultural
like to make your final point against?
Never before has a cultural change of this
awareness, gaining access to all sorts of size happened so quickly.
RICARDO: Points, actually. I have two points
information, and so on … Multiculturalism
to counter Alana’s first point that English
BERTA: Um, I’m not sure if I heard correctly …
totally depends on it; without a common
is widespread and this is a good thing and
did you say that ten point five billion people language, it cannot exist.
only a good thing. The first point is that
speak English? That’s more than the
BERTA: Sorry, earlier you said that you taught
there is now so much information in population of the world …
millions? I’m not sure if I heard that right …
English on the Internet, and in
ALANA: Sorry—obviously I meant one point you must be quite a teacher!
professional journals. A 2012 study found
five billion, not ten point five … I misread it,
CARL: It’s just a figure of speech. Lots,
that of more than 21,000 scientific articles
sorry, but my argument stands.
anyway … and they all enjoyed it and
from 239 countries, 80% were in English— Extract 2
benefited from it, which was my point.
that it would be almost impossible to start
BERTA: And other languages are affected, Extract 5
again with another language. English has
too; who wants to learn French or … let’s
permanently excluded all the other
RICARDO: A 2012 study found that of more
say, Russian, or Swahili, which is not going
languages. And my second, and final,
than 21,000 scientific articles from 239
to help anyone, when English is so clearly
point is that English isn’t even understood
countries, 80% were in English—that it
obligatory for anyone with ambition? These
by all English speakers—it’s become so
would be almost impossible to start again
languages are excluded from the great
mixed, and there are so many different
with another language … it isn’t really a
language learning industry—which, if you
forms or varieties of English that it isn’t
world language at all, it is many different
investigate it, you’ll find generates millions
really a world language at all, it is many
languages—and that’s just confusing to
of dollars, by the way. So, English presents a
different languages—and that’s just learners.
danger to the very existence of other confusing to learners.
CARL: Can I just jump in here. I’m not sure if I languages.
CARL: Can I just jump in here. I’m not sure if
heard correctly. Did you say 18% or 80?
ALANA: I’m sorry, I’m not sure I get your
I heard correctly. Did you say 18% or 80?
About the percentage of articles in English
point. What did you mean by saying that
About the percentage of articles in English …
learning Swahili isn’t helpful? Isn’t that a bit …
RICARDO: Eighty percent. That’s my point— disrespectful?
RICARDO: Eighty percent. That’s my point—
as I said, it’s the main language of the
BERTA: No, I didn’t mean that … I meant
as I said, it’s the main language of the Internet.
that people don’t see it as useful, Internet.
compared to learning English. My point is Track 5.3
CARL: You said that English is the main
the opposite. I would love people to learn
PRESENTER: Invasive species is, as you
language of the Internet, right? So, English
Swahili, Russian, Hindi … Extract 3
should know, my topic today. OK, so … my
is the best language to learn, surely?
ALANA: OK—I get the point now. I have
lecture will follow the plan on the board …
You’re just reinforcing your point …
another question, too. I’m missing some
you may choose to make notes based
RICARDO: I didn’t mean that, Carl, as you
information—you gave a list of things it
on this plan. But before I start on that, let’s well know …
destroys … including “local—what—of how
just define what an invasive species is. It’s a Track 5.2 Extract 1
to live”? BERTA: “Notions”—you know,
species of animal, plant, or fungus that
“ideas.” ALANA: Alright—got that, thanks.
ALANA: English has become a world
didn’t originate in a particular place—it came from somewhere else.
language, spoken by over … let’s see, ah
yes, ten point five billion people worldwide lOMoAR cPSD| 60701415 Second Edition 4 AUDIO SCRIPTS
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STUDENT: Sorry … I’m not sure if I heard
crab. This crab has a high value, so it seems
invasive species can eliminate or
correctly … did you say fungus? Animals,
it was deliberately and widely distributed,
accelerate the elimination of species plants, and fungus?
with negative consequences for all of the
below them, or—as another example—
PRESENTER: That’s right. Anyway, coming ecosystems …
displace other plants … generally, they
from somewhere else, not evolving on
STUDENT: Sorry, did you say Middle crab?
can cause massive disruption to the
location, can give a species a huge
delicate balance of nature. Remember, a
PRESENTER: No, Mitten; M-i-t-t-e-n. OK?
advantage—it means that it’s not part of
rich habitat is full of diversity, with the
But … where was I … oh yes, so the, let’s
the hierarchical food chain, in other words
density of particular components
say, the invasion of the Mitten crab was
it may have no predators. Another term
constantly being modified to maintain
another brilliant economic choice. But in
used for these are non-native species—this
this—it’s not some arbitrary process …
contrast to deliberate action, some species
is less judgmental, and reminds us that
it’s how ecology has worked for millions
spread accidentally; ships, trains, and
some socalled invaders are in fact
of years, it’s a mature process. But man
other forms of transportation may be
beneficial. But most are not, so I will stick
has come along and upset it in our usual
home to beetles, rats, and plant seeds that
to “invasive,” if you don’t mind.
undisciplined, selfish ways. Sorry, I feel
are regularly dropped off at a particular
quite strongly about this. The disruption
So, starting with how invasive species
destination. This regularity is important,
we cause could so often be easily
actually get to a habitat. As with—let’s face
because they may have a hard fight to
avoided … we interfere with nature and it
it—so many environmental problems,
establish themselves at first … but a one-
bites us back as often as not … human
off event is sometimes enough. The best
activity is at the root of most cases. Only
example of this is the brown stink bug …
So, that’s the outline of the problem. Now,
after humans started moving around the
STUDENT: Sorry, I’m not sure if I heard
we’ll look at how to actually tackle the
planet did this problem begin. When
correctly … did you say stink bug?
problem. I’ll look at one particular example
humans travel, they cause the distribution
… you see, one of the main problems of
PRESENTER: Yes, that’s right … the brown
of species, which travel with them, either—
eliminating or dealing with invasive species
marmorated stink bug, to be exact. The
and I’m going to make an important
can be, ironically, finding them, and
stink bug arrived in the U.S. after
distinction here—either intentionally or
gathering data about their location. One
crawling onto a cargo ship that stopped
accidentally. Intentionally, humans may
solution that has emerged recently is being
in China. Now the stink bug is living
take favored species to new locations—
trialed in a project on Prince Edward Island,
happily all over the country. The stink
plants for food, animals to breed or as pets.
Canada. This is a very exciting development,
bug is now your neighbor, my neighbor,
One example of intentional relocation is
in my opinion, although this university, in its everyone’s neighbor.
the Nutria, which is usually called a swamp
infinite wisdom, declined to finance a joint
OK, so, now, moving on to how species
rat because that’s what it looks like. Nutria
research project with them … still, they
can become a problem, and what makes
sounds too healthy! Anyway, it was
know best. The idea is simple; the Prince
them dangerous. The problem, as I
imported to America—Louisiana—to breed
Edward Island Invasive Species Council,
mentioned earlier, is that they often have
for fur. It was a deliberate, economic
together with other environmental groups,
no predators, putting them at the top of
choice, in other words. Then the industry
has developed an app that allows the public
the food chain almost overnight. What it
died, and no sooner had they been
to collect data about invasive species on the
means is that they can quickly upset the
released than they started to multiply
Island. People can photograph and record
balance of an ecosystem, causing the
faster than the speed of light … Now they
location information about anything that
extinction of species below them in the
are a serious problem, but there is
they suspect is invasive, and the data is
food chain. Had they originated there,
unfortunately no way of eradicating them.
collected and can be used to target specific
this situation would not occur; normal
Female Nutria have up to 14 babies at very
species in specific areas, hopefully before
evolution or the gradual migration of
regular intervals. Another example where
the ecosystem begins to deteriorate. So, this
species doesn’t allow this, because
economics played a part in introducing an
is a powerful new defense, and this type of
there’s always a balance preventing one
invasive species was the Chinese Mitten
technology-based solution is on the
species from being too dominant. So, lOMoAR cPSD| 60701415 Second Edition 4 AUDIO SCRIPTS
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increase. Yes, do you have another
with the car … OK, so go ahead. But first,
B: Same time next week, like I told you question?
can I know what the research is about? already!
STUDENT: Oh, yes … did you say that this
A: I’m sorry, I can’t say exactly because it
A: Thank you so much for your time. You’ve
was in Ireland? So it’s a European
might affect your answers … the general been very helpful. invention? topic is choices. Is that OK? 2
PRESENTER: No, no, on Prince Edward Island,
B: Yeah, that’s fine. Go ahead then. Go
C: Hello, I wonder if I could ask you a few off the coast of Canada …
ahead. A: Thank you. OK, so the first
questions? I’m a student at the city
question is, why did you choose to come
university, and I’m doing some research Track 5.4 shopping here today?
about shopping. D: I’m sorry, no offense, but
1 It destroys local *culture*, local
B: Well, I always come here on Saturday. I
I’m not interested in doing market research.
*language*, local *customs*, local
get my own bits of shopping if I need
Why should I help you sell products? Don’t
*food*, local *notions of how to live*.
anything, and then I do the grocery
you realize that not everyone is interested in
2 Multiculturalism *totally* depends on it;
shopping for the household. My partner your consumerist ideals?
| without a common language, | it
helps with the groceries, and then he goes
C: No, no, it isn’t that … it’s research for a can*not exist*.
and gets a haircut or a coffee … so I didn’t
psychology experiment. I’m not working
really choose today, I guess. It’s just what I
3 The stink bug is now *your* neighbor,
for a company or anything. I’m not trying do.
*my* neighbor, *everyone’s* neighbor.
to sell anything … really … it’s for my
A: Thank you … now, moving on to my next
doctorate. It’s more of a consultation with Track 5.5
question, can you tell me if you bought
members of the public … like you.
1 What language are all these things in? anything unplanned?
D: OK, then I’m sorry. I have no issue with You’ve guessed it, English.
B: Oh, yes! I always seem to. Today, there
education. But, I don’t have much time—
2 We will give you three reasons, three
were sales in some of the stores. I bought
my bus will be here in a few minutes.
reasons that cannot seriously be denied,
a pair of shoes, and some sheets—half
C: Thanks, that’s all I need. So, to start with,
three reasons that prove our point
price. I love sales. But, I needed the
can you tell me why you decided to come beyond any possible doubt.
sheets, anyway … I’m not so sure about shopping today? the shoes …
3 In almost every country in the world,
D: Um … I don’t know … I don’t think I
there is a recognition that to fail to learn
A: I see. To follow up on that, would you
decided, I just felt like getting out of the
English is to fail to join the international
mind telling me how much money you
house. So, I came out for a coffee at the community. spent on this trip?
mall, and I just decided to pick up something
B: No, of course not … but, I don’t know while I Unit 6: Behavior
exactly … maybe $120? Most of that was was here. Track 6.1
the groceries … $76, I think. The shoes
C: I see. So, it would appear that you don’t
were 25 … yeah, about 120, 130. 1
have a specific time of the week when you
A: So, on the basis of what you just said,
A: Excuse me … hi. I’m a student from go shopping.
if I understood correctly, you don’t have
the university. I’m doing some
D: No, that’s not correct. I always do a
a specific budget when you go shopping
research into shopping, and I’d like to
Saturday shop. This was just a one-off. … is that right?
ask you a few questions. It’ll only take
C: OK, sorry … so, could you please explain
a few minutes … I see you’re on your
B: Yes, that’s correct I’m afraid … maybe I
what choices you made in terms of actual
way home with some shopping. Is that should!
stores, and what were the determining right?
A: OK, thanks … now, finally, I’d like to know
factors in those choices; for example, was it
B: Yes, that’s right … well, OK … I have about
when—or if—you plan to come here again
price, brand names, habit …? There’s a list
ten minutes before my partner gets back … here. lOMoAR cPSD| 60701415 Second Edition 4 AUDIO SCRIPTS
Listening & Speaking
D: Hmm. Well, I only went to one place … I …
anything, and then I do the grocery
bought this coat for my granddaughter,
X: OK, next question … still on the same
shopping for the household. My partner
Flora, from that big-kids clothes store,
brand, would it affect the amount of this
helps with the groceries, and then he goes
Zany’s, because I know her mother likes it
cereal you ate if no studies had been done
and gets a haircut or a coffee … so I didn’t
and buys most of her clothes there … I on its nutritional value?
really choose today, I guess. It’s just what I
suppose that’s habit? But price, too—it’s do.
Y: Well, the implication you’re making is that
pretty good value, considering the quality.
it hasn’t been properly tested. But, surely, if
A: Thank you … now, moving on to my next
C: I see. And would you say, in retrospect,
it’s on sale in all the big supermarkets …
question, can you tell me if you bought
that they were rational decisions, or more anything unplanned?
like impulse buys? I’m sorry, that sounds
X: No, as I said, I’m just doing some research.
B: Oh, yes! I always seem to. Today, there
like I’m casting doubt on your choice …
I’m not saying it hasn’t been tested. It may
be very nutritious, if you don’t eat it too
were sales in some of the stores. I bought
D: No, no, I understand. I suppose they were often …
a pair of shoes, and some sheets—half
a little bit of both, really … I hadn’t planned
price. I love sales. But, I needed the
to buy it, but I’m glad I did—I don’t regret
Y: OK. Well, that sounds like a little bit of a
sheets, anyway … I’m not so sure about
it. I’m sure Flora will love it.
contradiction to me. Do you have any more the shoes …
questions? I’m not sure where this is going. X:
C: OK, thanks, I’ll just make a note of that …
One final question. You’ve been very helpful.
A: I see. To follow up on that, would you Track 6.2
Thank you so much! OK, so I’d just like to
mind telling me how much money you 3
know if a new product was cheaper than this spent on this trip?
brand, would you change to the new brand?
B: No, of course not … but, I don’t know
X: Good afternoon. I’m Wiktor. I’m doing
some research … would you mind telling me
Y: This isn’t research at all! You’re working for
exactly … maybe $120? Most of that was
a little bit about the kind of cereals you
the new brand, aren’t you? Why didn’t you
the groceries … $76, I think. The shoes buy? tell me? Goodbye!
were 25 … yeah, about 120, 130.
Y: I’m sorry? I’m not sure what this is about
A: So, on the basis of what you just said, Track 6.3 …
if I understood correctly, you don’t have
A: Excuse me … hi. I’m a student from the
a specific budget when you go shopping
X: As I said, I’m doing some research—it’s
university. I’m doing some research into … is that right?
about shopping—food shopping. I just have
shopping, and I’d like to ask you a few a few questions. Is that OK?
B: Yes, that’s correct I’m afraid … maybe I
questions. It’ll only take a few minutes … I should!
Y: I suppose so. Go ahead.
see you’re on your way home with some
A: OK, thanks … now, finally, I’d like to know
X: Thank you. That would be very helpful. shopping. Is that right?
when—or if—you plan to come here again
First of all, I’d like to know where you stand
B: Yes, that’s right … well, OK … I have about …
on the brand in the picture. Would you be
ten minutes before my partner gets back
more or less likely to buy this brand if you
B: Same time next week, like I told you
with the car … OK, so go ahead. But first,
knew it was suspected of being linked to
already! A: Thank you so much for your
can I know what the research is about?
time. You’ve been very helpful. obesity?
A: I’m sorry, I can’t say exactly because it
Y: Obesity? Well, less likely, obviously … I
might affect your answers … the general Track 6.4
take it that you have some evidence for topic is choices. Is that OK?
C: Hello, I wonder if I could ask you a few
that claim? That this cereal makes you
B: Yeah, that’s fine. Go ahead then. Go
questions? I’m a student at the city obese?
ahead. A: Thank you. OK, so the first
university, and I’m doing some research
X: No, no … I just need to know whether that
question is, why did you choose to come
about shopping. D: I’m sorry, no offense, but
would be a deciding factor for you, when shopping here today?
I’m not interested in doing market research. you were making a choice …
Why should I help you sell products? Don’t
B: Well, I always come here on Saturday. I
Y: Of course it would. But I’m not sure why
you realize that not everyone is interested in
get my own bits of shopping if I need your consumerist ideals? lOMoAR cPSD| 60701415 Second Edition 4 AUDIO SCRIPTS
Listening & Speaking
C: No, no, it isn’t that … it’s research for a
C: OK, thanks, I’ll just make a note of that …
questioning, in particular for marketing or
psychology experiment. I’m not working for Track 6.5
political purposes, shows how wrong this
a company or anything. I’m not trying to
viewpoint is. As we understand more about
sell anything … really … it’s for my
LECTURER: Good afternoon. Settle down …
our irrational responses, our biases, we can
doctorate. It’s more of a consultation with
thanks. I’m sure that most of you will be
see that there are ways to trigger these
members of the public … like you.
starting your research this trimester and
biases, which are fairly easy for people to
that you’ll be doing qualitative research, so
D: OK, then I’m sorry. I have no issue with
use, and, in fact, it is actually quite hard to
I thought it timely to have a lecture on how
education. But, I don’t have much time—
avoid this triggering through careless
those questions should be framed. As
my bus will be here in a few minutes.
questioning. But you must avoid this bias
students at this college, you’re all aware of
triggering, if, for example, you want to do
C: Thanks, that’s all I need. So, to start with,
the expectation that research is aimed at valid research.
can you tell me why you decided to come
finding out information, not proving your shopping today?
own case … in other words, you should be
STUDENT: Excuse me. Can you tell us how
these biases can be avoided in
D: Um … I don’t know … I don’t think
prepared for some unwelcome results. That questionnaires?
I decided, I just felt like getting out of the
is actually a good sign, as we shall see—it
LECTURER: Of course. But first, let’s
house. So, I came out for a coffee at
indicates that the research followed the
compare these two and look at why I
the mall, and I just decided to pick up
scientific method—a method we all believe
make these claims, that is a) why it’s something while I was here. to be the only valid method.
wrong to equate the mind with a
C: I see. So, it would appear that you don’t
The actual topics I’m going to talk about
computer, and b) why bad questioning can
have a specific time of the week when you
today are memory distortion, or memory
actually influence what people think. I can go shopping.
hacking—you’ve certainly read about that
in your assignment—and preparing
see by your expressions that some of you
D: No, that’s not correct. I always do a
interviews and questionnaires. Now these
are skeptical on hearing this comparison—
Saturday shop. This was just a one-off.
are not completely separate subjects, so I’ll
that’s OK, you’re scientists, and you
C: OK, sorry … so, could you please explain
treat them as interconnected. Ethics are at
should doubt any claim without evidence
what choices you made in terms of actual the heart of both topics. …
stores, and what were the determining
So, starting with memory, the majority of
So, again starting with memory, if it isn’t a
factors in those choices; for example, was it
people automatically think that memory is
bucket, what is it? Well, an important clue
price, brand names, habit …? There’s a list
like a bucket. You put a memory in the
came from the work, initially, of Elizabeth here.
bucket and later you get it out, unchanged.
Loftus, a cognitive psychologist working at
D: Hmm. Well, I only went to one place … I
This is a common-sense view of memory,
the end of the 20th century, who showed
bought this coat for my granddaughter,
reinforced by analogies to computer
that it is possible to “plant” a memory—in
Flora, from that big-kids clothes store,
storage, which are actually false
other words, to make people believe—
Zany’s, because I know her mother likes it
analogies—our brains are very different
truly believe—that they remember
and buys most of her clothes there … I
from electronic computers. Of course, you
something that actually … never …
suppose that’s habit? But price, too—it’s
may forget or it may become hard to recall,
happened! I’ll say that again—you can
pretty good value, considering the quality.
but people assume that if they can recall it,
make people remember an experience
C: I see. And would you say, in retrospect,
it will be the same as when it went in. But
that they haven’t had, or details of an
that they were rational decisions, or more
research disproves this, as we will see.
experience that are completely untrue.
like impulse buys? I’m sorry, that sounds
She was working to show that many
Now, moving on to questions, most people
like I’m casting doubt on your choice …
people have been convicted of crimes,
assume that a questionnaire or interview is
which they hadn’t committed on the basis
D: No, no, I understand. I suppose they were
a fair way of finding out people’s opinions—
of false memories. Her work has since
a little bit of both, really … I hadn’t planned
after all, you’re not bound to say anything
been corroborated by many studies,
to buy it, but I’m glad I did—I don’t regret
you don’t want to, are you? But, again, our
including a recent one by Julia Shaw, of
it. I’m sure Flora will love it.
understanding of the science of
the University of Bedfordshire, and