21st Century Communication 2 - Audio Script | Listening and Speaking B2 | Đại học Khoa học Xã hội và Nhân văn, Đại học Quốc gia Thành phố HCM
Khóa học "21st Century Communication 2 - Audio Script" là một phần của chương trình Listening and Speaking B2 tại Đại học Khoa học Xã hội và Nhân văn, Đại học Quốc gia Thành phố Hồ Chí Minh. Trong khóa học này, sinh viên sẽ được tiếp cận với các kịch bản âm thanh đa dạng, được thiết kế để phát triển kỹ năng nghe và nói của họ ở trình độ B2. Khóa học này giúp sinh viên rèn luyện khả năng hiểu các ngữ cảnh giao tiếp phổ biến trong cuộc sống hàng ngày và phản ứng một cách tự nhiên và linh hoạt. Việc nghe và luyện tập các kịch bản âm thanh giúp sinh viên cải thiện cả kỹ năng ngôn ngữ lẫn khả năng giao tiếp của họ, từ vốn từ vựng đến cách diễn đạt và phản ứng trong các tình huống giao tiếp thực tế.
Môn: Listening and speaking B2
Trường: Trường Đại học Khoa học Xã hội và Nhân văn, Đại học Quốc gia Thành phố Hồ Chí Minh
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Trường Đại học Khoa học Xã hội và Nhân văn, Đại học Quốc gia Thành phố Hồ Chí Minh
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Audio Scripts U NIT 1
MATEO I am not so sure. A lot of them were about what
people wanted for themselves. For example, “I want to
AUDIO TRACK 1.2 1:42 min
be famous” or “I want to make a million dollars.” Aren’t
Part 1, page 5, Exercise C, Vocabulary those kind of sel sh?
a. I was surprised by some of the responses that people
MIKA Yes, that’s true, Mateo, a lot of people wanted wrote on the wall.
something, but many of them wanted love and
b. This is a very private issue, so I don’t talk about it with
happiness, not money or things for themselves. For
other people very often.
instance, “I want to love and be loved.” And “I want to
spend a lifetime with you.” Those are not sel sh.
c. She is very shy and does not like to speak in public.
d. He is depressed because his mother is really sick and his
ANA A chapter at the end of Chang’s book gives some data
father died just a few months ago.
about the responses. Nineteen percent of the responses
were about love. Travel was really popular too. One
e. Some of the responses were kind of silly. For example,
response said, “I want to ride a motorcycle to South
one person just wanted to eat a lot of chocolate.
America.” Or, “I want to travel the world with my friends.
f. Other responses seemed a bit sel sh. For example, one
PROFESSOR That’s very interesting, Ana. Why do you think
person wanted a big boat. Another person wanted to live
the responses were about just a few basic topics?
in a house that cost $500,000.
MATEO Maybe they just show different parts of what it
g. It is really heartbreaking to see houses in the means to be human.
neighborhood falling down and my neighbors moving PROFESSOR Absolutely.
away. It makes me very sad.
PROFESSOR Chang’s website reports that there have
h. We have neighborhood parties in the summer, which help
been more than 1,000 walls in 36 languages in 73
bring everyone in the community together.
countries. At the beginning of class, I said that Chang
i. If you like the idea of leaving messages on a wall, you can
had done something meaningful. What do you think?
start a similar wall in your own community.
Why do you think the walls are so popular? Mateo?
j. After she collected data from all the walls in all of the
MATEO I think people write on the walls because it makes
different countries, she realized there were more than
them feel better, especially if they share something that is 100,000 responses!
sad or painful. What do you think, Mika?
AUDIO TRACK 1.3 4:04 min
MIKA I am not so sure that is the reason. I think it has a
bigger purpose. It can connect people in a community.
Page 6, Exercise E, Listen for Main Ideas
Sometimes we don’t even talk to our neighbors. The wall
PROFESSOR Good morning, everyone. Last week we read about
lets you talk to everyone and listen to everyone.
how artist Candy Chang’s Before I Die project began. Chang
PROFESSOR Exactly, Mika. It can really help
was feeling very unhappy because a friend had just died. She
people understand and trust each other.
was also depressed about the poor condition of her
MATEO Maybe it’s both of those things. Sharing our
neighborhood. So she started her wall project.
feelings with others makes us feel better but it also
Some of the responses she got were silly, some were full of
builds connections among people in the community.
hope, some were heartbreaking. From the responses, Chang
PROFESSOR True. That makes sense, Mateo.
understood that her project was meaningful for other people.
Her wall became very popular and soon other people began
MIKA And the wall builds those connections with people we don’t even know— to create similar walls.
people we probably will never meet. Right, Ana?
This is one of my favorite responses, “Before I die I want to
ANA I don’t think so. I don’t think that explains it. I don’t
teach kids to live, love and be free.” Which ones do you like?
really understand why people want to share these private
MIKA I liked this one, “Before I die I want to know what I want.” feelings with strangers.
MATEO A few of them were sil y, such as “I want to eat
MATEO That’s my point. The walls are popular
strawberry cake.” But there were so many good ones. It
because sometimes it is easier to share them in was hard for me to choose. public with strangers.
PROFESSOR That’s true. There were a lot of interesting
PROFESSOR That’s a good point, Mateo.
ones. Did you nd any patterns in the responses? What do you think, Ana?
AUDIO TRACK 1.4 2:44 min
ANA It seemed as if the responses were about a few
Page 7, Exercise F, Listen for Examples basic topics. Segment 1
PROFESSOR I agree, Ana. What were some of these general topics?
PROFESSOR Good morning, everyone. Last week we read about
how artist Candy Chang’s Before I Die project began. Chang
ANA A lot of them were about helping other people and
was feeling very unhappy because a friend had just died. She making the world better.
was also depressed about the poor condition of her
MIKA Exactly. Like the one about wanting to help a million
neighborhood. So she started her wall project. people.
Some of the responses she got were silly, some were full of
ANA And “I want to make people smile.” Mateo, what do you
hope, some were heartbreaking. From the responses, Chang think?
understood that her project was meaningful for other people.
Her wall became very popular and soon other people began to create similar walls.
This is one of my favorite responses, “Before I die I want to
teach kids to live, love and be free.” Which ones do you like? AUDIO SCRIPTS 49 lOMoARcPSD|414 871 47
MIKA I liked this one, “Before I die I want to know what I
ANA I don’t think so. I don’t think that explains it. I don’t want.”
really understand why people want to share these private
MATEO A few of them were sil y, such as “I want to eat feelings with strangers.
strawberry cake.” But there were so many good ones. It
MATEO That’s my point. The walls are popular was hard for me to choose.
because sometimes it is easier to share them in
PROFESSOR That’s true. There were a lot of interesting public with strangers.
ones. Did you nd any patterns in the responses? What
PROFESSOR That’s a good point, Mateo. do you think, Ana?
AUDIO TRACK 1.6 1:04 min
ANA It seemed as if the responses were about a few basic topics. Page 11, Exercise J
PROFESSOR I agree, Ana. What were some of these
1. MATEO I think people write on the walls because it general topics?
makes them feel better.
ANA A lot of them were about helping other people and
MIKA I am not so sure that is the reason. I think it has making the world better. a bigger purpose.
MIKA Exactly. Like the one about wanting to help a million
2. MIKA The wall lets you talk to everyone and listen to people. everyone.
ANA And “I want to make people smile.” Mateo, what do you
PROFESSOR Exactly, Mika. It can really help think?
people understand and trust each other.
MATEO I am not so sure. A lot of them were about what
3. MATEO Sharing our feelings with others makes us feel
people wanted for themselves. For example, “I want to
better but it also builds connections among people in the
be famous” or “I want to make a million dollars.” Aren’t community. those kind of sel sh?
PROFESSOR True. That makes sense, Mateo.
MIKA Yes, that’s true, Mateo, a lot of people wanted
4. MIKA The wall builds those connections with people we
something, but many of them wanted love and don’t even know.
happiness, not money or things for themselves. For
instance, “I want to love and be loved.” And “I want to
ANA I don’t think so. I don’t think that explains it.
spend a lifetime with you.” Those are not sel sh.
5. MATEO The walls are popular because sometimes it
is easier to share them in public with strangers.
ANA A chapter at the end of Chang’s book gives some data
PROFESSOR That’s a good point, Mateo.
about the responses. Nineteen percent of the responses
were about love. Travel was really popular too. One
response said, “I want to ride a motorcycle to South
AUDIO TRACK 1.7 0:15 min
America.” Or, “I want to travel the world with my friends.
Page 12, Pronunciation Skill: Stress Content Words
PROFESSOR That’s very interesting, Ana. Why do you think
PROFESSOR Chang was feeling very unhappy because a
the responses were about just a few basic topics? friend had died.
MATEO Maybe they just show different parts of what it AUDIO TRACK 1.8 means to be human. 0:23 min PROFESSOR Absolutely. Page 12, Exercise L
ANA I don’t real y understand why people want to share
AUDIO TRACK 1.5 1:36 min
these private feelings with strangers.
Page 8, Exercise G, Listen for Details
MATEO That’s my point. The walls are popular
because sometimes it is easier to share them in Segment 2 public with strangers.
PROFESSOR Chang’s website reports that there have
PROFESSOR That’s a good point, Mateo.
been more than 1,000 walls in 36 languages in 73
countries. At the beginning of class, I said that Chang
AUDIO TRACK 1.9 1:35 min
had done something meaningful. What do you think?
Part 2, page 14, Exercise C, Vocabulary
Why do you think the walls are so popular? Mateo?
a. The competition organizer chose a winner randomly from
MATEO I think people write on the walls because it makes thousands of entries.
them feel better, especially if they share something that is
sad or painful. What do you think, Mika?
b. The suicide note was really shocking. We could not
believe that she wanted to take her own life.
MIKA I am not so sure that is the reason. I think it has a
bigger purpose. It can connect people in a community.
c. He has received countless postcards and emails about
Sometimes we don’t even talk to our neighbors. The wall
his project. He stopped counting them after the rst
lets you talk to everyone and listen to everyone. thousand.
PROFESSOR Exactly, Mika. It can really help
d. You can call or write anonymously and give
people understand and trust each other.
your opinion. You do not have to give your name.
MATEO Maybe it’s both of those things. Sharing our
e. We want to preserve the beautiful old homes in our
feelings with others makes us feel better but it also
community. If we do not, they will disappear.
builds connections among people in the community.
f. The handwriting on these two postcards is obviously
PROFESSOR True. That makes sense, Mateo.
very different. You can see this difference right away.
MIKA And the wall builds those connections with people we
g. The class project really allowed students to demonstrate
don’t even know—people we probably will never meet.
their creativity. Some students drew pictures and others Right, Ana?
wrote poems about their neighborhood. 50 AUDIO SCRIPTS lOMoARcPSD|414 871 47
h. After the re, the remains of the home were just a few
But the Maldivian government is not waiting for the next
burned pieces of furniture.
tsunami. It has built an arti cial island about ten feet above
i. A neighbor ran into the burning house and saved
sea level. The island has a hospital, schools, shops, and
the children. The community praised her heroism.
homes. The government hopes that one day in the future,
more than 100,000 people will live there.
j. This whole community arts project was an experiment.
We did not know how it would play out.
Maldivian President Mohamed Nasheed knows that he cannot
protect his country by himself. Because he wanted to get the
world’s attention, Nasheed held the world’s rst underwater UNIT 2
governmental meeting. In the meeting, Maldivian leaders signed
a document pleading with world leaders
to work together against climate change. However, it was
AUDIO TRACK 1.10 1:44 min
mostly a symbolic action and may not result in much change.
Part 1, page 25, Exercise B, Vocabulary
The Maldives will be the rst to feel the impact of climate
change. For these islands, even a small change in sea level
a. Before the ooding, government leaders did not believe
that climate change was real. Now, they are nally taking
may have serious consequences. But what if all the ice it seriously.
melted? This was a question the folks at National
Geographic recently asked. Naturally, the sea level would
b. Some cities have already made plans for climate change.
go up—and by a lot. Scientists predict that it would rise by
Unfortunately, other cities have barely started their
about 216 feet— about the height of a 20-story building.
preparations. They need to do more, now.
c. Sea walls can give cities on the coast some
What would our world look like with all that extra sea water?
protection against oods.
This map shows that it would be very, very different. For one
thing, the Maldives would be gone forever. This map shows
d. Scientists predict that by the year 2100, the sea level will
what part of Asia might look like if all the ice melted. In rise by up to ve feet.
China, cities on the coast, home to 600 million people today,
e. One city with no natural lakes has built an arti cial lake. would disappear.
The new lake can hold a lot of rainwater during heavy storms.
These predictions may seem dramatic. All of our ice is probably
not going to melt, at least not soon. At its current rate, scientists
f. You can read about climate change in documents
think that would take about 5,000 years. However, we are
prepared by the United Nations.
already seeing the effects of higher sea levels. These changes
g. Many countries agreed to reduce pollution, but without a
have real consequences for ordinary people—like us.
plan of action it was mainly a symbolic gesture.
h. Loss of sea ice has dangerous consequences, such as
AUDIO TRACK 1.12 1:47 min more frequent oods.
Page 27, Exercise E, Listen for Details
i. There has been a dramatic increase in the number of
oods in the last ten years—up 50 percent. Segment 2
j. At the current rate of increase, there will be more oods in the future.
First, the government built an 11.5-foot high wall around
Malé, the country’s capital. The wall gave the city some
AUDIO TRACK 1.11 4:04 min
protection from a tsunami in 2004, but there was still a lot of
ooding. 88 people died, and more than 10,000 people lost
Page 26, Exercise D, Listen For Main Ideas
their homes as a result of the oods. But without the wall, it
Take a look at this photo. It shows the Maldives Islands—
would have been much worse. Scientists predict that global
the lowest, attest country on Earth. The Maldives are in
warming will cause the sea level to rise between three and
the warm waters of the Indian Ocean. More than a million
ve feet by the end of this century. Next time, the people of
tourists visit the Maldives every year. Malé may not be so lucky.
In our class we’ve talked a lot about climate change. But
But the Maldivian government is not waiting for the next
many people are getting kind of tired of the topic. Why aren’t
tsunami. It has built an arti cial island about ten feet above
we taking it seriously? Maybe because most of the impact of
sea level. The island has a hospital, schools, shops, and
climate change is in the future, it’s easy not to think about the
homes. The government hopes that one day in the future,
effects. But to the people of the Maldives, the effects are
more than 100,000 people will live there. already very real.
Maldivian President Mohamed Nasheed knows that he cannot
Most of the Maldives are barely above sea level—just about
protect his country by himself. Because he wanted to get the
seven feet. Any increase in the sea level could lead to
world’s attention, Nasheed held the world’s rst underwater
dangerous oods. So the government took three steps to
governmental meeting. In the meeting, Maldivian leaders signed
protect the country and its population.
a document pleading with world leaders
to work together against climate change. However, it was
First, the government built an 11.5-foot high wall around
Malé, the country’s capital. The wall gave the city some
mostly a symbolic action and may not result in much change.
protection from a tsunami in 2004, but there was still a lot of
ooding. 88 people died, and more than 10,000 people lost
AUDIO TRACK 1.13 1:41 min
their homes as a result of the oods. But without the wall, it
Page 28, Exercise F, Listen for Details
would have been much worse. Scientists predict that global
warming will cause the sea level to rise between three and Segment 3
ve feet by the end of this century. Next time, the people of
The Maldives will be the rst to feel the impact of climate Malé may not be so lucky.
change. For these islands, even a small change in sea AUDIO SCRIPTS 51 lOMoARcPSD|414 871 47
level may have serious consequences. But what if all the UNIT 3
ice melted? This was a question the folks at National
Geographic recently asked. Naturally, the sea level would
go up—and by a lot. Scientists predict that it would rise by
AUDIO TRACK 1.17 1:40 min
about 216 feet—about the height of a 20-story building.
Part 1, page 45, Exercise B, Vocabulary
What would our world look like with all that extra sea water?
1. Many people did not understand the signi cance of the
This map shows that it would be very, very different. For one
discovery, but Spencer realized that it could lead to big
thing, the Maldives would be gone forever. This map shows changes in our lives.
what part of Asia might look like if all the ice melted. In
2. Some people have a talent for understanding mechanical
China, cities on the coast, home to 600 million people today,
things. They enjoy xing cars and other machines. would disappear.
3. When I have to really concentrate on my work, I tune out
These predictions may seem dramatic. All of our ice is
everything else that is going on around me.
probably not going to melt, at least not soon. At its current
4. The noisy students in the library were annoying, but
rate, scientists think that would take about 5,000 years.
I was able to nish my assignment anyway.
However, we are already seeing the effects of higher sea
levels. These changes have real consequences for
5. There are many potential uses for this new technology
but it will take time to develop it. ordinary people—like us.
6. Engineers are capable of looking at a problem from
several different perspectives.
AUDIO TRACK 1.14 0:26 min
7. The project took a long time, but we eventually nished
Page 31, Pronunciation Skill: Reduced Vowels and page 31, it. Exercise K
8. The theme for this year’s conference is “Discoveries in
The Maldives ’r in the beautiful warm waters ’v the Indian the new century.”
Ocean. It looks like e nice place t’ visit, doesn’t it? e lot ’v
9. We need to focus on this task for now. We can’t start
people think so. More th’n e million tourists visit the Maldives
thinking about the next one yet. every year
10. The work of many different scientists contributed to this
invention. In a way, it was a team effort, not the work of a
AUDIO TRACK 1.15 0:32 min single inventor. Page 31, Exercise L
“In our class we’ve talked e lot ebout climate change. Bet
AUDIO TRACK 1.18 3:23 min
many people ’r getting kind ’v tired ’v the topic. Why don’t
Page 47, Exercise E, Listen for Main Ideas
we take it more seriously? Maybe because most ’v the
HOST And welcome back to Conversations. Today’s
impact ’v climate change is in the future, it’s easy not t’ theme— chance.
think ebout the effects. But t’ the people ’v the Maldives,
the effects ’r already very real.”
CO-HOST Actually, the show is really about serendipity. HOST Serendipity?
AUDIO TRACK 1.16 1:31 min
CO-HOST Right, serendipity. In other words,
Part 2, page 33, Exercise C, Vocabulary
discovering something, or something happening by
chance— something good, that is.
a. He gasped for air because the cold temperature made it
HOST Like the guy who invented the microwave. dif cult to breathe.
b. Air and water expand when they get hotter.
CO-HOST Exactly! For the folks who don’t know this story:
Back in 1939, a scientist named Percy Spencer was
c. After months of training, he was mentally exhausted and
working with microwave technology for a government
could not think anymore.
project. One day, he noticed that a chocolate bar in his
d. Everyone was very emotional when they saw that the
pocket had completely melted. He realized that the
orphaned polar bear cubs had died. Some people were
microwaves had done it. That made him think—wow— crying.
maybe microwaves could be useful, not just for his
e. The Arctic is one of the coldest regions on Earth.
government project but for something else. He started
working on the idea and eventually, he developed the rst
f. The beauty of the ice drew many tourists to the Arctic last year.
microwave oven. Was this a case of serendipity? Partly,
but I think it was also Spencer.
g. After a few minutes in Arctic conditions, your hands and
feet become numb. You can’t feel anything. HOST Really? How so?
h. The sea is likely to rise more than 200 feet. Just to put
CO-HOST Well, other people had noticed that
that in perspective, 200 feet is about the height of a
microwaves could melt things, but Spencer was the 20-story building.
one who understood its signi cance.
i. As the climate gets warmer, the glaciers begin to retreat.
Why does this story end with the invention of the microwave
The Columbia Glacier in Alaska has shrunk by over nine
oven instead of just a melted chocolate bar and a dirty shirt?
miles in the last 25 years.
What was special about Spencer? This can’t be the only
example of this. I wondered how often this happens.
j. The balloon became larger and larger until nally, it burst. HOST And what did you nd out?
CO-HOST Some people call it serendipity, but it turns out that
it’s a bit more than just good luck. People like Spencer
think in two very speci c ways. First, they notice things that
they were not looking for. A lot of us focus on our 52 AUDIO SCRIPTS lOMoARcPSD|414 871 47
goals so much that we tune out everything else. For
AUDIO TRACK 1.20 1:31 min
other people, the melted chocolate would just be
Page 48, Exercise G, Listen for Details
annoying, but for Spencer, it was the beginning of an
idea. Second they are capable of divergent thinking. Segment 2
HOST What kind of thinking?
CO-HOST Some people call it serendipity, but it turns out
CO-HOST Divergent. Divergent thinkers consider
that it’s a bit more than just good luck. People like
many potential solutions to a problem.
Spencer think in two very speci c ways. First, they notice
HOST Hmm. I am not sure I follow. Can you give us
things that they were not looking for. A lot of us focus on an example?
our goals so much that we tune out everything else. For
other people, the melted chocolate would just be
CO-HOST Sure. If I show you a paper clip and ask you how
it can be used, you will probably say, “to clip papers
annoying, but for Spencer, it was the beginning of an
together.” But a divergent thinker might see lots of other
idea. Second they are capable of divergent thinking.
possible functions; for example, to mark a place in a
HOST What kind of thinking?
book, or you could unfold it and use it to punch a hole in
CO-HOST Divergent. Divergent thinkers consider something.
many potential solutions to a problem.
HOST I see. Are you saying that some people have a
HOST Hmm. I am not sure I follow. Can you give us
special talent for this? It’s not serendipity at all? an example?
CO-HOST Yes, some people are more likely to notice things
CO-HOST Sure. If I show you a paper clip and ask you how
and make interesting and new connections between
it can be used, you will probably say, “to clip papers
ideas. They recognize opportunities. In a way, they create
together.” But a divergent thinker might see lots of other serendipity.
possible functions; for example, to mark a place in a
HOST So, why can’t I do this? Can we learn to be better
book, or you could unfold it and use it to punch a hole in at this kind of thinking? something.
CO-HOST Absolutely, there are lots of exercises you can do
HOST I see. Are you saying that some people have a
to help you notice things and to encourage divergent
special talent for this? It’s not serendipity at all?
thinking. The paperclip example is a good place to start.
CO-HOST Yes, some people are more likely to notice things
Try to think of as many new uses as you can.
and make interesting and new connections between
HOST I think I get the idea. We can actually increase the
ideas. They recognize opportunities. In a way, they create
possibility of serendipity by changing the way we think? serendipity. CO-HOST Exactly.
AUDIO TRACK 1.21 0:53 min
AUDIO TRACK 1.19 1:38 min
Page 49, Exercise H, Infer Meaning
Page 48, Exercise F, Listen for Details
1. “He realized that the microwaves had done it. That made
him think—wow—maybe microwaves could be useful, not Segment 1
just for his government project but for something else.”
HOST And welcome back to Conversations. Today’s
2. “Some people call it serendipity, but it turns out that it’s a theme— chance.
bit more than just good luck. […] First, they notice things
CO-HOST Actually, the show is really about serendipity.
that they were not looking for. A lot of us focus on our HOST Serendipity?
goals so much that we tune out everything else.”
CO-HOST Right, serendipity. In other words,
3. “Yes, some people are more likely to notice things and
discovering something, or something happening by
make interesting and new connections between ideas.
chance— something good, that is.
They recognize opportunities. In a way, they create serendipity.”
HOST Like the guy who invented the microwave.
CO-HOST Exactly! For the folks who don’t know this story:
AUDIO TRACK 1.22 1:19 min
Back in 1939, a scientist named Percy Spencer was Page 51, Exercise J
working with microwave technology for a government
project. One day, he noticed that a chocolate bar in his
HOST And welcome back to Conversations. Today’s
pocket had completely melted. He realized that the theme— chance.
microwaves had done it. That made him think—wow—
CO-HOST Actually, the show is really about serendipity.
maybe microwaves could be useful, not just for his HOST Serendipity?
government project but for something else. He started CO-HOST Right, serendipity.
working on the idea and eventually, he developed the rst
microwave oven. Was this a case of serendipity? Partly, ---
but I think it was also Spencer.
COHOST Was this a case of serendipity? Partly, but I think HOST Really? How so? it was also Spencer.
CO-HOST Well, other people had noticed that HOST Really? How so?
microwaves could melt things, but Spencer was the
CO-HOST Well, other people had noticed that
one who understood its signi cance.
microwaves could melt things, but Spencer was the
Why does this story end with the invention of the microwave
one who understood its signi cance.
oven instead of just a melted chocolate bar and a dirty shirt? ---
What was special about Spencer? This can’t be the only HOST What kind of thinking?
example of this. I wondered how often this happens.
CO-HOST Divergent. Divergent thinkers consider HOST And what did you nd out?
many potential solutions to a problem. AUDIO SCRIPTS 53 lOMoARcPSD|414 871 47
HOST Hmm. I am not sure I follow. Can you give us UNIT 4 an example? CO-HOST Sure.
AUDIO TRACK 1.26 1:52 min ---
Part 1, page 65, Exercise C, Vocabulary
CO-HOST But a divergent thinker might see lots of other
possible functions; for example, to mark a place in a
a. The market for sportswear, such as sneakers and
book, or you could unfold it and use it to punch a hole in
exercise clothing, is very strong this year. More people something.
are buying sportswear than last year.
HOST I see. Are you saying that some people have a
b. There is a limited supply of these sneakers. Because
special talent for this? It’s not serendipity at all?
of this, most people will have to wait months before they can buy them.
CO-HOST Yes, some people are more likely to notice
things and make interesting and new connections
c. As more people keep t, there is greater demand for between ideas. sports clothing.
d. A white T-shirt is a classic example of clothing that
AUDIO TRACK 1.23 0:27 min
always seems to be in style.
Page 52, Pronunciation Skill: Can and Can’t
e. The dominant view among experts is that the business
Pronounce can with a reduced vowel (e). It sounds as if
will be successful. However, a few experts believe that it
there is almost no vowel at all: will fail.
f. The strong sales of sneakers this year demonstrate their
I [kn] speak English pretty well. continuing popularity.
Always pronounce can’t with a full vowel sound:
g. The company releases new styles every year, but the
exact dates are always a surprise.
I [kænt] speak Arabic at all.
h. The primary customers for sportswear are people who
play sports. However, other people buy these clothes as
AUDIO TRACK 1.24 0:54 min fashion accessories. Page 52, Exercise K
i. There was a pro le of the company president in the
1. “What was special about Spencer? This can’t be the only
newspaper. It had information about her background and
example of this. I wondered how often this happens.”
her business philosophy.
2. “Hmm. I am not sure I follow. Can you give us an
j. The high quality and low price of these sneakers explains example?”
their widespread popularity. Everyone seems to be
3. “So, why can’t I do this? Can we learn to be better at this wearing them. kind of thinking?”
AUDIO TRACK 1.27 3:57 min
4. “Absolutely, there are lots of exercises you can do to help
Page 67, Exercise F, Listen for Main Ideas
you notice things and think more creatively. The paperclip
example is a good place to start. Try to think of as many
DEL Ok, guys, we really ought to get started on our
new uses as you can.”
presentation. I’ve started our rst slide. I’ll bet a lot of
5. “We can actually increase the possibility of serendipity by
people don’t realize that sneakers are a 42-billion-dollar a
changing the way we think?”
year business. That’s bigger than the economy of some countries! AUDIO TRACK 1.25 1:26 min
HIRO Yeah, you’re right. Ok, so, I think we should
Part 2, page 55, Exercise B, Vocabulary
present the sneaker market as a great example of supply and demand.
a. People often feel a sense of shame after they have done
something stupid or wrong.
DEL Yes, exactly. It is also a classic example of market
control by a single company. Nike controls more than 60
b. My commute to work usually takes an hour—even longer
percent of the U.S. sneaker market. They are completely
if there is a lot of traf c.
dominant. But the interesting part of the market is at the
c. The road is closed for repair so we have to take a detour.
high end— the most expensive shoes. I think that should
d. An effective team listens to everyone’s idea and then tries
be our focus. Nike releases just a small number of these
to come to a consensus.
high-end shoe styles every week or so. Sneakerheads—
yeah that’s what they cal serious sneaker collectors—
e. Map apps on smart phones were real game changers. are
Not many people use paper maps anymore.
willing to stand in line for hours, even days, to buy them.
Since the company limits supply, demand is really strong.
f. There is not enough data to make a de nitive
conclusion, but we can make a very good guess.
RACHEL It would be a good idea to point out that this is only
part of the picture. There are really two separate markets
g. I could not recall the location of the of ce, so I used my
for sneakers. This is the primary market, that is, the map app.
rst time the shoes are sold—from the company to an
h. Following a big snowstorm, some motorists were individual.
trapped in their cars for hours.
DEL Let’s talk about the secondary market, too. Nike is even
i. We interviewed a lot of people about the traf c problems
more dominant there—more like 95 percent of these
and, slowly, a solution began to emerge.
high-end shoes on the secondary market are Nikes.
j. Always taking the quickest route may rob you of the
RACHEL Right, but I suggest we rst explain what the
chance to see the beautiful countryside.
secondary market is. We could say something like:
The primary market is when a customer buys a pair of shoes 54 AUDIO SCRIPTS lOMoARcPSD|414 871 47
in a store, but some sneakerheads don’t like standing in
high-end shoes on the secondary market are Nikes.
line; so they buy their shoes in the secondary market—
RACHEL Right, but I suggest we rst explain what the
mainly from the hundreds of internet sneaker sites. The
secondary market is. We could say something like: The
secondary market is mostly sneakerheads selling to
primary market is when a customer buys a pair of shoes
other sneakerheads. But they have to pay more,
in a store, but some sneakerheads don’t like standing in
sometimes three to four times more than the store price.
line; so they buy their shoes in the secondary market—
People can make a lot of money on the secondary
mainly from the hundreds of internet sneaker sites. The
market. It’s a 1.2-billion-dollar business and average pro
secondary market is mostly sneakerheads selling to
t margins are about 30 percent.
other sneakerheads. But they have to pay more,
HIRO I saw a pair of Air Jordans for sale online for almost
sometimes three to four times more than the store price.
$1,100. Most of the really expensive ones are
People can make a lot of money on the secondary
connected to celebrities, like hip hop artists or athletes.
market. It’s a 1.2-billion-dollar business and average pro
RACHEL That’s nothing. Some others cost a lot more. Let’s
t margins are about 30 percent.
show a picture of an expensive pair. And what about a
pro le of a famous sneakerhead? One guy has more than AUDIO TRACK 1.29
3,000 pairs and his collection is worth $750,000! 1:42 min
Page 68, Exercise H, Listen for Details
HIRO Wow. I read that some sneakerheads have portfolios
of their shoes. We should mention that. Segment 2 DEL They have what?
HIRO I saw a pair of Air Jordans for sale online for almost
HIRO You know, if you buy stocks, or even have a bank
$1,100. Most of the really expensive ones are
account, you get a statement that tells you the value of
connected to celebrities, like hip hop artists or athletes.
what you own—the value of your portfolio. It’s the same
thing—just sneakers instead of stocks.
RACHEL That’s nothing. Some others cost a lot more. Let’s
show a picture of an expensive pair. And what about a
RACHEL That’s a great detail. This information
pro le of a famous sneakerhead? One guy has more than
demonstrates that sneakers are a serious business,
3,000 pairs and his collection is worth $750,000!
even if not many people know about it.
HIRO Wow. I read that some sneakerheads have
DEL But let’s not forget this isn’t just about buying and
portfolios of their shoes. We should mention that.
selling sneakers. I found this quote from a movie called
Sneakerheadz: “There are a handful of things that can DEL They have what?
de ne who you are without saying a word. And your
HIRO You know, if you buy stocks, or even have a bank shoes are one of them.”
account, you get a statement that tells you the value of
what you own—the value of your portfolio. It’s the same
RACHEL Excellent. That movie also shows that knowledge
thing—just sneakers instead of stocks.
of sneakerheads is becoming more widespread. OK, I
think we have a good plan. We should put the quote at
RACHEL That’s a great detail. This information
the end. How about meeting around 9:15 or 9:30 at my
demonstrates that sneakers are a serious business, place to nish up?
even if not many people know about it. DEL HIRO Sounds good.
DEL But let’s not forget this isn’t just about buying and
selling sneakers. I found this quote from a movie called
AUDIO TRACK 1.28 2:29 min
Sneakerheadz: “There are a handful of things that can
Page 68, Exercise G, Listen for Details
de ne who you are without saying a word. And your shoes are one of them.” Segment 1
RACHEL Excellent. That movie also shows that knowledge of
DEL Ok, guys, we really ought to get started on our
sneakerheads is becoming more widespread. OK I think we
presentation. I’ve started our rst slide. I’ll bet a lot of
have a good plan. We should put the quote at the end. How
people don’t realize that sneakers are a 42-billion-dollar a
about meeting around 9:15 or 9:30 at my place to nish up?
year business. That’s bigger than the economy of some DEL HIRO Sounds good. countries!
AUDIO TRACK 1.30 0:45 min
HIRO Yeah, you’re right. Ok, so, I think we should present the
sneaker market as a great example of supply and demand. Page 70, Exercise L
DEL Yes, exactly. It is also a classic example of market
1. HIRO We should present the sneaker markey as a
control by a single company. Nike controls more than 60
great example of supply and demand.
percent of the U.S. sneaker market. They are completely
2. RACHEL What about a pro le of a famous sneakerhead?
dominant. But the interesting part of the market is at the
3. RACHEL It would be a good idea to point out that this
high end— the most expensive shoes. I think that should
only part of the picture.
be our focus. Nike releases just a small number of these
high-end shoe styles every week or so. Sneakerheads—
4. DEL Let’s talk about the secondary market, too.
yeah that’s what they cal serious sneaker collectors—are
5. RACHEL I suggest we rst explain what the secondary
willing to stand in line for hours, even days, to buy them. market is.
Since the company limits supply, demand is really strong.
6. RACHEL How about meeting around 9:15 or 9:30?
RACHEL It would be a good idea to point out that this is only part AUDIO TRACK 1.31
of the picture. There are really two separate markets for 0:51 min
sneakers. This is the primary market, that is, the rst time the
Page 71, Pronunciation Skill: Numbers
shoes are sold—from the company to an individual.
1. Pronounce numbers ending in -teen with a clear t
DEL Let’s talk about the secondary market, too. Nike is even
sound and stress on the teen syllable. 14: fourteen
more dominant there—more like 95 percent of these
2. Pronounce numbers ending in -ty with a d sound in the ty
syllable and stress on the rst syllable. 40: forty AUDIO SCRIPTS 55 lOMoARcPSD|414 871 47
3. Say numbers between 1,100 and 10,000* in two different
4. There are thousands of organisms in the world, from tiny ways:
bacteria to animals as large as whales. 1,100
5. Mathematics has many practical applications in
one thousand, one hundred (more formal)
everyday life, for example, in managing your money.
eleven hundred (less formal; more common)
6. There is ice on the ground so it is very slippery.
Be careful and walk slowly.
AUDIO TRACK 1.32 0:41 min
7. The author adapted the story so that young children Page 71, Exercise N could understand it.
1. DEL A lot of people don’t realize that sneakers are
8. The screen of the cell phone was protected by a clear
a 42-billion-dollar a year business. plastic lm.
2. DEL Nike controls more than 60 percent of the U.S.
9. The scientists needed a powerful microscope to see the sneaker market.
complex structure inside the tiny bacteria.
3. RACHEL Pro t margins are about 30 percent.
10. When there is no wind, the surface of the water is
4. HIRO I saw a pair of Air Jordans for sale online for smooth. almost $1,100.
AUDIO TRACK 2.4 3:40 min
5. RACHEL How about meeting around 9:15 or 9:30 at my place to nish up?
Page 86, Exercise E, Listen for Main Ideas
Sharks! Most people are scared of sharks because of their
AUDIO TRACK 1.33 2:03 min
large, sharp teeth. However, it is their skin that may be the
Part 2, page 74, Exercise C, Vocabulary
most interesting to scientists. Scientists and engineers can
learn a lot from nature. They can use designs and structures
1. The 3D printer printed a shirt in separate pieces. She then
assembled the pieces.
from nature to create something new. This week on Science
Today, we are going to look at biomimicry: how scientists
2. My printer is making a really weird sound. I’ve never
and engineers are adapting the surfaces of plants and
heard it make this noise before. animals for new purposes.
3. 3D printing is a real breakthrough in the eld. It will make
a huge difference because it will allow custom work, that
Right, so what do I mean by surfaces? Well, your skin is a
is, clothes designed especially for one person.
natural surface—a layer that covers your whole body.
Each plant and animal has a unique surface that performs
4. This plastic is very exible so you can change its shape
some function that is important for the organism. Scientists and it will not break.
and engineers have studied these functions and have
5. In the past, only professionals designed new styles, but
been able to adapt some of them for human use.
this new software has empowered ordinary people to
design their own clothes.
So, let’s start with the shark. The shark’s skin has a unique
structure. It is covered with a layer of tiny scales in the shape of
6. We modi ed the design because the original one was
a diamond. This layer has a very important purpose. Scientists too dif cult to print.
noticed that nothing seemed to grow on sharks’ skin. In contrast,
7. I only have the older version of this software. The
all sorts of organisms grow on the skin of other sh and of whales,
new one will not be released until next month.
including harmful bacteria. However, the unique arrangement of
8. The price of 3D printers has decreased signi cantly in
scales on the sharks’ skin prevents the growth of any organisms.
the last couple of years.
Scientists quickly realized this could have very useful
9. The pace of change has accelerated in recent years. It is
applications, for example, in hospitals. Because there are many
dif cult to keep up with everything that is happening.
sick people in hospitals, dangerous bacteria can spread and
begin to grow on walls, doors, and other surfaces. Engineers
10. This technology will evolve and will continue to improve in the coming years.
adapted the structure of shark skin and created a thin lm that
can be used on walls, oors and other surfaces. The lm helps
prevent the growth of bacteria. UNIT 5
Now, let’s move to the world of plants. Most plants use air,
water and sunlight to make their own food. But some plants,
like the pitcher plant, eat insects. How can a plant catch an
AUDIO TRACK 2.2 0:23 min
insect? The pitcher plant has a secret weapon—the surface
Part 1, page 84, Exercise B, Think Critically, Predict
at the top of its “pitcher”. When it is dry, the surface is a little
bit rough so insects can walk on it safely. However, when it is
Sharks! Most people are scared of sharks because of their
wet, it becomes very slippery so the insects slip down the
large, sharp teeth. However, it is their skin that may be the
sides and fall into the pitcher. The liquid at the bottom quickly
most interesting to scientists.
kills them. This activity caught the attention of scientists.
They studied the pitcher plant’s surface and discovered that,
AUDIO TRACK 2.3 1:33 min
like the shark’s skin, it was unique. They adapted its structure
Page 85, Exercise C, Vocabulary
for a product with a similar purpose. They created a thin lm
that can make any surface very slippery. Nothing will stick to
1. There is a layer of thin ice on the top of the lake. It is
this lm. Water, ice, oil, paint—everything—slips right off. Just
dangerous to walk on it.
think of all the uses this could have!
2. This animal catches its food in a unique way. I’ve never seen anything like it.
So, these are just two examples of biomimicry and how
scientists and engineers can adapt designs from nature to
3. A bird’s feathers have several functions. They keep
the bird warm and they help it to y.
improve our lives. We will be back after a short break to talk
about some more examples of applications like these. 56 AUDIO SCRIPTS lOMoAR cPSD| 41487147
AUDIO TRACK 2.5 2:13 min
be used on walls, oors and other surfaces. The lm helps
Page 87, Exercise G, Listen for Key Terms
prevent the growth of bacteria. Segment 1 Segment 2
Now, let’s move to the world of plants. Most plants use air,
Sharks! Most people are scared of sharks because of their
large, sharp teeth. However, it is their skin that may be the
water and sunlight to make their own food. But some plants,
most interesting to scientists. Scientists and engineers can
like the pitcher plant, eat insects. How can a plant catch an
learn a lot from nature. They can use designs and structures
insect? The pitcher plant has a secret weapon—the surface
at the top of its “pitcher”. When it is dry, the surface is a little
from nature to create something new. This week on Science
Today, we are going to look at biomimicry: how scientists
bit rough so insects can walk on it safely. However, when it
and engineers are adapting the surfaces of plants and
is wet, it becomes very slippery so the insects slip down the animals for new purposes.
sides and fall into the pitcher. The liquid at the bottom
quickly kills them. This activity caught the attention of
Right, so what do I mean by surfaces? Well, your skin is a
scientists. They studied the pitcher plant’s surface and
natural surface—a layer that covers your whole body. Each
discovered that, like the shark’s skin, it was unique. They
plant and animal has a unique surface that performs some
adapted its structure for a product with a similar purpose.
function that is important for the organism. Scientists and
They created a thin lm that can make any surface very
engineers have studied these functions and have been able
slippery. Nothing will stick to this lm. Water, ice, oil, paint—
to adapt some of them for human use.
everything—slips right off. Just think of all the uses this
So, let’s start with the shark. The shark’s skin has a unique could have!
structure. It is covered with a layer of tiny scales in the shape
So, these are just two examples of biomimicry and how
of a diamond. This layer has a very important purpose.
scientists and engineers can adapt designs from nature to
Scientists noticed that nothing seemed to grow on sharks’
improve our lives. We will be back after a short break to
skin. In contrast, all sorts of organisms grow on the skin
talk about some more examples of applications like these.
of other sh and of whales, including harmful bacteria.
However, the unique arrangement of scales on the sharks’
AUDIO TRACK 2.7 0:22 min
skin prevents the growth of any organisms. Scientists quickly
Page 91, Pronunciation Skill: Linking Sounds
realized this could have very useful applications, for
example, in hospitals. Because there are many sick people in people are peope l-are
hospitals, dangerous bacteria can spread and begin to grow scared of scare d-of
on walls, doors, and other surfaces. Engineers adapted the
structure of shark skin and created a thin lm that can be used because of becau z-of
on walls, oors and other surfaces. The lm helps prevent the shark’s skin shark s-kin growth of bacteria.
Most people are scared of sharks because of their large, AUDIO TRACK 2.6 sharp teeth. 3:43 min
Page 88, Exercise H, Listen for Details
AUDIO TRACK 2.8 0:14 min Segment 1 Page 91, Exercise L
Sharks! Most people are scared of sharks because of their
The shark’s skin has a unique structure. It is covered with a
large, sharp teeth. However, it is their skin that may be the
layer of tiny scales in the shape of a diamond.
most interesting to scientists. Scientists and engineers can
learn a lot from nature. They can use designs and structures
AUDIO TRACK 2.9 1:22 min
from nature to create something new. This week on Science
Part 2, page 94, Exercise C, Vocabulary
Today, we are going to look at biomimicry: how scientists
and engineers are adapting the surfaces of plants and
k. The robots used electricity that is stored in small animals for new purposes. batteries.
l. You need to use rigid building material. If you use
Right, so what do I mean by surfaces? Well, your skin is a
something soft, the structure cannot stand.
natural surface—a layer that covers your whole body.
m. We need to inspect every part of the machine to make
Each plant and animal has a unique surface that performs
sure it is safe to operate.
some function that is important for the organism. Scientists
and engineers have studied these functions and have
n. Adding more legs improved the robot’s mobility. It can
been able to adapt some of them for human use.
now move faster and more easily.
So, let’s start with the shark. The shark’s skin has a unique
o. We made a model of the robot on a small scale before
we started building the full size version.
structure. It is covered with a layer of tiny scales in the shape
of a diamond. This layer has a very important purpose.
p. The robot has a mechanism that makes it jump really
Scientists noticed that nothing seemed to grow on sharks’ high.
skin. In contrast, all sorts of organisms grow on the skin
q. When the robot’s main light switched on, it gave off a
of other sh and of whales, including harmful bacteria. ash of light.
However, the unique arrangement of scales on the sharks’
r. Ants have the capability of carrying something that
skin prevents the growth of any organisms. Scientists quickly
weighs more than they do.
realized this could have very useful applications, for
s. If you put too many heavy things on one side of the cart,
example, in hospitals. Because there are many sick people in
it will tip over.
hospitals, dangerous bacteria can spread and begin to grow
on walls, doors, and other surfaces. Engineers adapted the
t. This machine is very robust. It works even in dif cult conditions.
structure of shark skin and created a thin lm that can AUDIO SCRIPTS 57 lOMoARcPSD|414 871 47 UNIT 6
30 percent. Before they got the loans, the women in Gulu
barely made enough to feed their families. They were in a
cycle of poverty. After the microloans, they were able to
AUDIO TRACK 2.10 1:41 min
invest in their farms, and sell their products for a pro t. With
Part 1, page 105, Exercise B, Vocabulary
part of the pro t, they paid back the loan.
a. This medicine is not making the patient better. We need Segment 2
to nd one that is more effective.
Do any of you know anything about microloans? Elena?
b. People do not earn a lot of money in Uganda. The
average income is less than $500 dollars a year.
ELENA Yes. I have given money to organizations that make
microloans. I think they are the most effective way to help
c. This test is a measure of how well the students have poor people. learned the material.
PROFESSOR OK, but what is the evidence? Do microloans
d. We bought the building for $30,000 and sold it for
really work? That depends on what your measure is.
$45,000, so we made a 50 percent pro t.
There is some evidence of success. First, records show
e. Many people lost their homes in the earthquake. Several
that borrowers almost always pay back the loans— about
organizations are providing aid to these families.
95 percent. In addition, studies by researchers at the
f. World Bank records show that almost 13 percent of the
Massachusetts Institute of Technology show that
world’s population earned less than two dollars a day in
microloans help one group the most: people who already 2012. own a small business.
g. He is trying to become nancially independent. He does
What do you think? Would you donate to a microloan?
not want to rely on his family for money. Fuad?
h. When you borrow money from the bank, you have to pay
FUAD No I wouldn’t, because I don’t believe such small
it back with interest—an added fee for borrowing the
amounts of money can make much of a difference for money. most people.
i. Many young adults depend on their parents until they
PROFESSOR Well, you are right. These studies showed that can nd a job.
the loans resulted in no change in the usual measures of
j. He asked his friends to invest money in his new
poverty, such as income, health, and education level.
business. Now that the business is successful, he has
There is another way to look at the situation, though. paid them back.
Although economic experts do say that people in poverty
often remain poor after they take out a microloan, the
AUDIO TRACK 2.11 5:10 min
same experts also argue that loans allow these families to
Page 106, Exercise D, Listen for Main Ideas
become more nancially stable. This is also a measure of
success. So, you can see that the record is not so clear. Segment 1
However, the women of Gulu have been successful, so
PROFESSOR Today I want to introduce you to some
what can explain this success?
people who live in Gulu in Uganda. Uganda is in East
The answer is that a loan may not be enough. These women got
Africa. We’ll learn how they have worked their way out
more than just a microloan from CAFWA. The organization of poverty.
taught them about good farming practices. It offered classes in
So, this girl’s family was able to buy this goat. The goat’s
math and reading. And it taught them how to keep good business
milk helps feed her family. Any extra milk brings in money for
records and save money for the future. the family.
Research on aid suggests that this kind of support increases
And this woman owns a farm. She was able to expand her
the chance that microloans will help people break the cycle
farm and grow vegetables to sell at the local market. With
of poverty. Not just the borrower, but the borrower’s family,
that money, she can send her children to school.
and perhaps a whole community.
Both of these families got help from an organization called
AUDIO TRACK 2.12 2:45 min
the Community Action Fund for Women in Africa (CAFWA),
which helps women work toward a better future.
Page 107, Exercise E, Listen for Details
CAFWA is based in the Gulu district in Northern Uganda. Segment 1
Gulu is one of the poorest regions in the world. More than
PROFESSOR Today I want to introduce you to some
50 percent of the population of Gulu lives below the
people who live in Gulu in Uganda. Uganda is in East
international poverty line. More than half of them depend on
Africa. We’ll learn how they have worked their way out farming. of poverty.
So what kind of help did these families get? They got
So, this girl’s family was able to buy this goat. The goat’s microloans from CAFWA.
milk helps feed her family. Any extra milk brings in money for
A microloan is different from a regular bank loan. First of all, the the family.
amounts are very low—usually between 50 and 100 dollars.
And this woman owns a farm. She was able to expand her
Second, the borrowers don’t need any collateral. What’s
farm and grow vegetables to sell at the local market. With
collateral? Well when you borrow money to buy a house, for
that money, she can send her children to school.
example, if you don’t pay back the loan, the bank will take
Both of these families got help from an organization called
your house. The house is your collateral. The people in
the Community Action Fund for Women in Africa (CAFWA),
Gulu are unable to provide collateral.
which helps women work toward a better future.
Finally, the interest on a microloan is low enough that most
CAFWA is based in the Gulu district in Northern Uganda. Gulu is
borrowers can pay back the loan—usually between 10 and
one of the poorest regions in the world. More than 50 percent 58 AUDIO SCRIPTS lOMoARcPSD|414 871 47
of the population of Gulu lives below the international
regular bank loan. First of all, the amounts are very low—
poverty line. More than half of them depend on farming.
usually between 50 and 100 dollars.”
So what kind of help did these families get? They got AUDIO TRACK 2.15 microloans from CAFWA. 0:49 min Page 112, Exercise M
A microloan is different from a regular bank loan. First of all, the
amounts are very low—usually between 50 and 100 dollars.
“Second, the borrowers don’t need any collateral. When you
borrow money to buy a house, for example, if you don’t pay
Second, the borrowers don’t need any collateral. What’s
back the loan, the bank will take your house. The house is
collateral? Well when you borrow money to buy a house, for
example, if you don’t pay back the loan, the bank will take
your collateral. The people in Gulu are too poor to provide
collateral. Finally, the interest on a microloan is low enough
your house. The house is your collateral. The people in
that most borrowers can pay back the loan—usually
Gulu are unable to provide collateral.
between 10 and 30 percent. Before they got the loans, the
Finally, the interest on a microloan is low enough that most
women in Gulu barely made enough to feed their families.
borrowers can pay back the loan—usually between 10 and
They were in a cycle of poverty.”
30 percent. Before they got the loans, the women in Gulu
barely made enough to feed their families. They were in a
AUDIO TRACK 2.16 1:32 min
cycle of poverty. After the microloans, they were able to
Part 2, page 114, Exercise B, Vocabulary
invest in their farms, and sell their products for a pro t. With
part of the pro t, they paid back the loan.
1. I believe that aid agencies are very effective, but many
people believe otherwise.
AUDIO TRACK 2.13 2:34 min
2. The family does not own their home, their farm, or a car. Page 108, Exercise F
Their only asset is a bicycle.
3. I am not sure, but I suspect that this problem will take a Segment 2 long time to solve.
Do any of you know anything about microloans? Elena?
4. The two politicians did not want to meet in public so they
passed a message through an intermediary.
ELENA Yes. I have given money to organizations that make
microloans. I think they are the most effective way to help
5. There are a range of solutions to this problem, from poor people.
cheap ones to very expensive ones.
PROFESSOR OK, but what is the evidence? Do microloans
6. The transfer of money from her bank to the aid agency
really work? That depends on what your measure is. took almost a week.
There is some evidence of success. First, records show
7. There is an assumption that donating to aid agencies
that borrowers almost always pay back the loans— about
is the best way to help people in poverty.
95 percent. In addition, studies by researchers at the
8. I think that we should reconsider our original idea now
Massachusetts Institute of Technology show that
that we know more about the situation.
microloans help one group the most: people who already
9. Phone companies usually add taxes and other fees for own a small business. using a cell phone.
What do you think? Would you donate to a microloan? Fuad?
10. Many organizations are trying to gure out the most
FUAD No I wouldn’t, because I don’t believe such small amounts
effective way to ght poverty.
of money can make much of a difference for most people.
PROFESSOR Well, you are right. These studies showed that UNIT 7
the loans resulted in no change in the usual measures of
poverty, such as income, health, and education level.
There is another way to look at the situation, though.
AUDIO TRACK 2.17 1:35 min
Although economic experts do say that people in poverty
often remain poor after they take out a microloan, the
Part 1, page 124, Exercise B, Collaborate
same experts also argue that loans allow these families to
PROFESSOR Today we’re going to discuss the idea that
become more nancially stable. This is also a measure of
the number of choices people have—for example, when
success. So, you can see that the record is not so clear.
shopping in a store or online—impacts their happiness.
However, the women of Gulu have been successful, so
Are people happier with more choices? Are they happier
what can explain this success? with fewer choices?
The answer is that a loan may not be enough. These women got
PROFESSOR Luz, do you have a question?
more than just a microloan from CAFWA. The organization
LUZ Yes. Aren’t more choices always better? Everyone
taught them about good farming practices. It offered classes in likes options.
math and reading. And it taught them how to keep good business
PROFESSOR Do they? Would you prefer this menu or this one?
records and save money for the future.
Yuichi, do you think more choices are better?
Research on aid suggests that this kind of support increases
YUICHI Not really, I was going to buy an electric
the chance that microloans will help people break the cycle
toothbrush online last night, and there were hundreds
of poverty. Not just the borrower, but the borrower’s family,
of different options to choose from. . .
and perhaps a whole community.
PROFESSOR Wow! So did you buy one? AUDIO TRACK 2.14
YUICHI No, all those choices were too overwhelming! 0:27 min Page 112, Exercise L
PROFESSOR Well, that is a great example related to the
research we’re going to look at today… In 2004, a
“So, what kind of help did these families get? They got
psychologist named Barry Schwartz wrote a book called
microloans from CAFWA. A microloan is different from a
The Paradox of Choice about these ideas. AUDIO SCRIPTS 59 lOMoARcPSD|414 871 47
Schwartz provides evidence that in many societies that
look at two types of personalities that Schwartz talks about
have a lot of money and freedom to choose where to live,
in his book. Maximizers and Satis cers.
how to live, what to buy, people say they are less happy
These terms are probably unfamiliar to you. So, what do
and less satis ed with their lives.
they mean? Well, let’s start with maximizers.
LUZ So are you saying that people are less happy
Does anyone here have trouble making a decision when,
overall because they have more choices?
say, you are at a restaurant or in a store? I’ll bet some of
PROFESSOR Yes, that’s the paradox! More choices mean
you do! Some people worry a lot about which meal to order less happiness.
or which shoes to wear with an out t. They want to be
absolutely sure to have the best. They are perfectionists or
AUDIO TRACK 2.18 1:27 min
what Schwartz calls “maximizers.”
Page 125, Exercise C, Vocabulary
The second personality we could cal Mr. or Ms. “Good
a. Social media can impact the success of a business. If
Enough.” People like this don’t need perfection. They are
many people give positive reviews to a product, others
satis ed with things that are pretty good. Sure, they want to
are likely to want to buy it.
look nice or have a good meal, but they feel that the
b. Scienti c research suggests that people become
difference among many of their choices is not that great.
unhappy if they have too many choices.
They usually make decisions more quickly than maximizers.
c. If you are aware of your behavior, you may be able to
Schwartz cal s these people “satis cers.” They appreciate change it.
good quality, but they are not too worried about every detail.
d. There are just three options at this restaurant:
They are not perfectionists. Sound familiar? Maybe some of
fried chicken, grilled sh, or a veggie burger. you are satis cers.
e. Psychologists are studying how people react to different
So, do you think that “maximizers” or “satis cers” might
kinds of advertisements.
have more dif culty when faced with lots of choices?
f. Thank you so much! I really appreciate all of the help you
CARLO Well, the perfectionist, right? The “maximizer?”
have given us on this project.
g. Our sales gures have been increasing every month.
PROFESSOR Yes, that’s right. Schwartz believes that
They are strong evidence of the product’s popularity.
maximizers are likely to have trouble getting things done,
have increased levels of stress, and, therefore, are likely
h. Are you satis ed with your new apartment? Is it big
to be less happy. They have a greater risk for becoming enough?
depressed. Satis cers, in contrast, are more likely to be—
i. An accountant must be a perfectionist. Mistakes are not
well—satis ed with their lives. allowed.
So, what can you do if you are a maximizer? First, just be
j. There are so many choices on the menu! It’s so
aware of it. Sometimes, just being aware of your personality
overwhelming that I cannot decide.
type can make life easier. Perhaps you can think differently
AUDIO TRACK 2.19 4:07 min in certain situations.
Page 126, Exercise E, Listen For Main Ideas
Second, understand that this quality can also be very useful.
There are many professions that require perfection. Do you want
PROFESSOR Today we’re going to discuss the idea that
your doctor or surgeon to be “Mr. or Ms. Good Enough?” Or how
the number of choices people have—for example, when
about designers of space shuttles or airplanes?
shopping in a store or online—impacts their happiness.
Are people happier with more choices? Are they happier
Last, do something to reduce your stress level: exercise, with fewer choices?
meditate or just do something you enjoy.
PROFESSOR Luz, do you have a question? Any questions?
LUZ Yes. Aren’t more choices always better? Everyone likes options.
AUDIO TRACK 2.20 3:31 min
PROFESSOR Do they? Would you prefer this menu or this one?
Page 127, Exercise F, Listen for Details
Yuichi, do you think more choices are better? Segment 1
YUICHI Not really, I was going to buy an electric
toothbrush online last night, and there were hundreds
PROFESSOR Today we’re going to discuss the idea that
of different options to choose from . . .
the number of choices people have—for example, when
PROFESSOR Wow! So did you buy one?
shopping in a store or online—impacts their happiness.
Are people happier with more choices? Are they happier
YUICHI No, all those choices were too overwhelming! with fewer choices?
PROFESSOR Well, that is a great example related to the
PROFESSOR Luz, do you have a question?
research we’re going to look at today. In 2004, a
psychologist named Barry Schwartz wrote a book called
LUZ Yes. Aren’t more choices always better? Everyone
The Paradox of Choice about these ideas. likes options.
Schwartz provides evidence that in many societies that have
PROFESSOR Do they? Would you prefer this menu or this one?
a lot of money and freedom to choose where to live, how to
Yuichi, do you think more choices are better?
live, what to buy, people say they are less happy and less
YUICHI Not really, I was going to buy an electric satis ed with their lives.
toothbrush online last night, and there were hundreds
of different options to choose from . . .
LUZ So are you saying that people are less happy
overall because they have more choices?
PROFESSOR Wow! So did you buy one?
PROFESSOR Yes, that’s the paradox! More choices mean
YUICHI No, all those choices were too overwhelming! less happiness.
PROFESSOR Well, that is a great example related to
We’re going to look at how choice impacts individuals. We’l
the research we’re going to look at today… In 2004, a 60 AUDIO SCRIPTS lOMoAR cPSD| 41487147
psychologist named Barry Schwartz wrote a book called
want your doctor or surgeon to be “Mr. or Ms. Good Enough?” Or
The Paradox of Choice about these ideas.
how about designers of space shuttles or airplanes?
Schwartz provides evidence that in many societies that have
Last, do something to reduce your stress level: exercise,
a lot of money and freedom to choose where to live, how to
meditate or just do something you enjoy.
live, what to buy, people say they are less happy and less Any questions? satis ed with their lives.
LUZ So are you saying that people are less happy
AUDIO TRACK 2.23 0:18 min
overall because they have more choices?
Page 131, Pronunciation Skill: Intonation in Yes/No and
PROFESSOR Yes, that’s the paradox! More choices mean Choice Questions less happiness. Would you like coffee? Segment 2
Are you happier with more choices?
We’re going to look at how choice impacts individuals. We’ll
look at two types of personalities that Schwartz talks about
in his book. Maximizers and Satis cers.
AUDIO TRACK 2.24 0:15 min
These terms are probably unfamiliar to you. So, what do
Page 131, Pronunciation Skill: Intonation in Yes/No and
they mean? Well, let’s start with maximizers. Choice Questions
Does anyone here have trouble making a decision when, Would you like coffee or tea?
say, you are at a restaurant or in a store? I’ll bet some of
you do! Some people worry a lot about which meal to order
or which shoes to wear with an out t. They want to be
AUDIO TRACK 2.25 0:34 min
absolutely sure to have the best. They are perfectionists or Page 131, Exercise M
what Schwartz calls “maximizers.”
1. PROFESSOR Luz, do you have a question?
The second personality we could cal Mr. or Ms. “Good
2. LUZ Aren’t more choices always better?
Enough.” People like this don’t need perfection. They are
3. PROFESSOR Would you prefer this menu or this one?
satis ed with things that are pretty good. Sure, they want to
4. PROFESSOR Yuichi, do you think more choices are better?
look nice or have a good meal, but they feel that the
difference among many of their choices is not that great.
5. PROFESSOR So did you buy one?
They usually make decisions more quickly than maximizers.
Schwartz cal s these people “satis cers.” They appreciate
AUDIO TRACK 2.26 1:30 min
good quality, but they are not too worried about every detail.
They are not perfectionists. Sound familiar? Maybe some of
Part 2, page 134, Exercise C, Vocabulary you are satis cers.
a. This appliance saves space because it combines the
So, do you think that “maximizers” or “satis cers” might
functions of a microwave and traditional oven.
have more dif culty when faced with lots of choices?
b. Only pack what you will need during the trip. Don’t
include any extraneous items.
CARLO Well, the perfectionist, right? The “maximizer?”
c. To make more space in my room, I’m going to digitize
PROFESSOR Yes, that’s right. Schwartz believes that my CDs and photos.
maximizers are likely to have trouble getting things done,
have increased levels of stress, and, therefore, are likely
d. I got a loan for my large and expensive house. I lost my
to be less happy. They have a greater risk for becoming
job, so now I’m worried about repaying this debt.
depressed. Satis cers, in contrast, are more likely to be—
e. My closet is so full. I have too much stuff.
well—satis ed with their lives.
f. This space is multifunctional. I use it as a garage and a music studio.
AUDIO TRACK 2.21 0:43 min
g. The majority of Americans—about 60 percent—own their Page 128, Exercise G own homes.
1. LUZ So are you saying that people are less happy
h. Coincidentally, I got a job offer on the same day that I
overall because they have more choices? found my apartment.
PROFESSOR Yes, that’s the paradox! More choices
i. If you live in a small apartment, you have to think about mean less happiness.
space ef ciency.
2. PROFESSOR These terms are probably unfamiliar to you.
j. My new apartment does not have a lot of storage space
So, what do they mean? Well, let’s start with maximizers.
so I left a lot of my books at my parents’ house
3. PROFESSOR Does anyone here have trouble making a
decision when, say, you are at a restaurant or in a store?
I’ll bet some of you do! UNIT 8
AUDIO TRACK 2.22 0:49 min Page 130, Exercise K
AUDIO TRACK 2.27 1:39 min
So, what can you do if you are a maximizer? First, just be
Part 1, page 145, Exercise C, Vocabulary
aware of it. Sometimes, just being aware of your personality
type can make life easier. Perhaps you can think differently
a. Protecting wildlife is crucial. If we do not, some animals in certain situations.
will disappear forever.
b. The effect of traf cking on some tropical birds has been
Second, understand that this quality can also be very useful.
devastating. There are only a few of these birds left today.
There are many professions that require perfection. Do you AUDIO SCRIPTS 61 lOMoARcPSD|414 871 47
c. Some species of birds look very similar, so it is dif cult to
JMF Brazil is a huge country. One species may exist in many
detect differences between them.
different areas with a wide range of climate conditions,
d. This new technology has the potential to nd traf ckers;
such as temperature and rainfall. Each population has
however, it has not been fully tested yet.
adapted to these speci c conditions. There are also
genetic differences across the populations. If animals
e. The police seized a truck that was carrying hundreds of
from one region are released in a different environment,
wild birds. They arrested the driver and took the birds
they may not be able to cope with these different away.
conditions. This process is very complicated—and
f. Buying and selling most wild animals is illegal. If the expensive.
police catch you, you may go to jail.
How do you hope your work will help with this problem?
g. Scientists and government of cials are working together
to maintain biodiversity—the number and variety of
JMF My work is aimed at developing scienti c techniques
species that live in the country.
to combat traf ckers more effectively. Using genetic
markers, we have the potential to identify the origins of
h. Governments should work together to combat climate
the birds seized by police, but the research is still in an
change before it’s too late.
early stage. We need to collect enough data to detect
i. Many species of animals, such as orangutans, are
differences among the bird populations. If we can do
disappearing because humans have destroyed their
that, we may be able to use these techniques to return
habitat. Now they have nowhere to live.
healthy birds to a spot in the wild where they have the
j. Wildlife traf cking continues because consumers want best chance of survival.
these animals for pets.
What message do you want to get out to the public about this issue?
AUDIO TRACK 2.28 4:01 min
JMF Most people have no idea that buying a parrot can
Page 147, Exercise F, Listen for Main Ideas
have a devastating impact on nature, and support a
whole system of illegal activities. That’s why educating
NARRATOR Conservation biologist Juliana Machado Ferreira
consumers is crucial. Often, just giving them facts
is on the front lines in the ght against wildlife traf cking in
changes minds and behavior. The message is that these
her home country of Brazil. The South American country
wild species are not pets for your amusement. They
has seen a rise in the illegal sale of various species of belong in the wild. wildlife.
National Geographic Learning talked with Ferreira about her
AUDIO TRACK 2.29 1:55 min
work protecting Brazil’s wild animals.
Page 147, Exercise G, Listen For Details What is wildlife traf cking? Segment 1
JULIANA MACHADO FERREIRA There are several different
kinds of traf cking: There is trade in animal parts and
Conservation biologist Juliana Machado Ferreira is on the
products. These are used for souvenirs or fashion
front lines in the ght against wildlife traf cking in her home
accessories, cosmetics, and drugs. There is also the
country of Brazil. The South American country has seen a
trade in animals for zoos and private collectors and nally
rise in the illegal sale of various species of wildlife.
there is traf cking of live, wild animals for pets.
National Geographic Learning talked with Ferreira about her
Can you describe the market for wild animals as pets in
work protecting Brazil’s wild animals.
Brazil? How big is it? Which animals are the most popular? What is wildlife traf cking?
JMF The government does not have a gure for the entire
JULIANA MACHADO FERREIRA There are several different
illegal wildlife trade. But just to give you an idea, the
kinds of traf cking: There is trade in animal parts and
government seized more than 30,000 live animals just
products. These are used for souvenirs or fashion
in the state of São Paulo in 2006. Birds are by far the
accessories, cosmetics, and drugs. There is also the
most popular wild animals for pets in Brazil. Hundreds
trade in animals for zoos and private collectors and nally
of thousands of wild birds are sold annually in street
there is traf cking of live, wild animals for pets. markets in Brazil.
Can you describe the market for wild animals as pets in
Brazil? How big is it? Which animals are the most popular?
What are the consequences of this type of wildlife traf cking?
JMF The government does not have a gure for the entire
illegal wildlife trade. But just to give you an idea, the
JMF If the current level of wildlife traf cking continues,
government seized more than 30,000 live animals just
some of these species may soon become extinct. The
in the state of São Paulo in 2006. Birds are by far the
disappearance of these species has consequences not
most popular wild animals for pets in Brazil. Hundreds
only for entire ecosystems, but also to human quality of
of thousands of wild birds are sold annually in street
life. It’s important to protect and maintain biodiversity. markets in Brazil.
What happens to the animals when the police nd them?
JMF Many people think that when police nd these animals
What are the consequences of this type of wildlife
that the problem’s solved. But that’s just the beginning. traf cking?
Then the real problems begin. If the police see the
JMF If the current level of wildlife traf cking continues,
animals being collected, then the animals can be
some of these species may soon become extinct. The
released immediately. But if the animals are already far
disappearance of these species has consequences not
away from their original habitat, they cannot be released
only for entire ecosystems, but also to human quality of so easily.
life. It’s important to protect and maintain biodiversity.
Why not? Why is it important to release animals in their original habitat? 62 AUDIO SCRIPTS lOMoAR cPSD| 41487147
AUDIO TRACK 2.30 2:21 min
AUDIO TRACK 2.33 0:28 min
Page 148, Exercise H, Listen For Details Page 152, Exercise N Segment 2
1. Can you describe the market for wild animals as pets in Brazil? How big is it?
What happens to the animals when the police nd them?
2. Which animals are the most popular?
JMF Many people think that when police nd these animals
3. Why not? Why is it important to release animals in their
that the problem’s solved. But that’s just the beginning. original habitat?
Then the real problems begin. If the police see the
animals being collected, then the animals can be
AUDIO TRACK 2.34 0:39 min
released immediately. But if the animals are already far Page 152, Exercise O
away from their original habitat, they cannot be released so easily.
1. What is wildlife traf cking?
2. What are the consequences of this type of wildlife
Why not? Why is it important to release animals in their traf cking? original habitat?
3. What happens to the animals when the police nd them?
JMF Brazil is a huge country. One species may exist in many
4. Why not? Why is it important to release animals in their
different areas with a wide range of climate conditions, original habitat?
such as temperature and rainfall. Each population has
5. What message do you want to get out to the public about
adapted to these speci c conditions. There are also this issue?
genetic differences across the populations. If animals
from one region are released in a different environment,
AUDIO TRACK 2.35 2:05 min
they may not be able to cope with these different
Part 2, page 154, Exercise B, Vocabulary
conditions. This process is very complicated—and expensive.
a. Hidden cameras can capture images of the animals in their natural habitat.
How do you hope your work will help with this problem?
b. The habitats of many wild animals are contracting
JMF My work is aimed at developing scienti c techniques
because humans need more living space.
to combat traf ckers more effectively. Using genetic
c. The objective of the new law is to reduce wildlife
markers, we have the potential to identify the origins of traf cking.
the birds seized by police, but the research is still in an
d. Conservationists in Nepal have acquired a drone. It is a
early stage. We need to collect enough data to detect
new model, so they will test it before they y it over the
differences among the bird populations. If we can do jungle.
that, we may be able to use these techniques to return
healthy birds to a spot in the wild where they have the
e. New technology has made it easier to monitor wildlife best chance of survival.
populations from far away.
What message do you want to get out to the public about
f. Some of rarest species live in remote areas of the jungle this issue?
where it is hard to reach them.
g. Poaching—the illegal hunting of wild animals—is one of
JMF Most people have no idea that buying a parrot can
the biggest threats to larger animals such as rhinos.
have a devastating impact on nature, and support a
whole system of illegal activities. That’s why educating
h. Scientists plan to survey the elephant population of the
consumers is crucial. Often, just giving them facts
entire continent. They will publish the results next year.
changes minds and behavior. The message is that
i. It is easier to nd money for the protection of animals
these wild species are not pets for your amusement.
that are considered attractive, such as panda bears They belong in the wild.
and chimpanzees, than for animals that may be less
appealing, such as sh and frogs. AUDIO TRACK 2.31 0:15 min
j. The camera on the drone focuses automatically.
Page 152, Pronunciation Skill: Intonation in Wh- Questions
The scientists do not need to control it.
How can we stop wildlife traf cking? AUDIO TRACK 2.32 0:15 min
Page 152, Pronunciation Skill: Intonation in Wh- Questions Why not? Why? AUDIO SCRIPTS 63