Boost your vocabulary Cam9 - English | Trường Đại Học Hạ Long

BOOST YOUR VOCABULARY
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LâI GIàI THIàU Chào các b¿n,
Các b¿n đang cầm trên tay cuốn Nguyễn. Cuốn sách được viết nhằm mục đích giúp các b¿n đang muốn cÁi thiện vốn từ vựng cho
phần thi Reading trong IELTS. Sách được viết dựa trên nền tÁng bộ Cambridge IELTS của Nhà xuất
bÁn Đ¿i học Cambridge – Anh Quốc.
Từ lúc mình lên ý tưáng cho cuốn sách này đến khi cùng b¿n Dư¢ng Nguyễn bắt đầu thực hiện, mình
đã mất tư¢ng đối nhiều thßi gian để nghiên cứu cách thức đưa nội dung sao cho khoa học và dễ dùng
nhất với các b¿n đọc. Tuy vậy, cuốn sách không khỏi có những h¿n chế nhất định. Mọi góp ý để cÁi
thiện nội dung cuốn sách mọi ngưßi xin gửi về email Trân trọng cÁm ¢n,
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Hiện t¿i là giáo viên d¿y IELTS t¿i Hà Nội với các lớp học quy mô nhỏ
(dưới 10 người) từ cuối năm 2012. Chứng chỉ ngành ngôn ngữ Anh,
đ¿i học Brighton, Anh Quốc, 2016.Từng làm việc t¿i tổ chức giáo dục
quốc tế Language Link Việt Nam (2011-2012)
Facebook.com/dinhthangielts D°¢ng Nguyßn
Du học sinh trường Centennial College, Canada. Hiện đang học tập
và sinh sống t¿i Toronto
Facebook.com/duong.nguyen.9216778
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Biên tập cuốn sách Boost your vocabulary này được thực hiện bởi IELTS Family-Các nhóm tự học IELTS BOOST YOUR VOCABULARY 1 03 LÝ DO T I
¾ SAO NÊN HàC TĀ V N Ć G
THEO CUÞN SÁCH NÀY
1. Không còn mÃt nhiÃu th i
ã gian cho viác tra tā
Các từ học thuật (academic words) trong sách đều có kèm giÁi thích hoặc từ đồng nghĩa. B¿n
tiết kiệm được đáng kể thßi gian gõ từng từ vào từ điển và tra. Chắc chắn những b¿n thuộc
d¿ng 2. TÁp trung bß nhá vào các tā quan tráng
Mặc dù cuốn sách không tra hết các từ giúp b¿n nhưng sách đã chọn ra các từ quan trọng và
phổ biến nhất giúp b¿n. Như vậy, b¿n có thể tập trung bộ nhớ vào các từ này, thay vì phÁi mất
công nhớ các từ không quan trọng. B¿n nào đ¿t Reading từ 7.0 trá lên đều sẽ thấy rất nhiều
trong số các từ này thuộc lo¿i hết sức quen thuộc
3. Hác mßt tā nhá nhiÃu tā
Rất nhiều từ được trình bày theo synonym (từ đồng nghĩa), giúp các b¿n có thể xem l¿i và học
thêm các từ có nghĩa tư¢ng đư¢ng hoặc giống như từ gốc. Có thể nói, đây là phư¢ng pháp học
hết sức hiệu quÁ vì khi học một từ như impact, b¿n có thể nhớ l¿i hoặc học thêm một lo¿t các từ
nghĩa tư¢ng đư¢ng như significant, vital, imperative, chief, key. Nói theo cách khác thì nếu khÁ
năng ghi nhớ của b¿n tốt thì cuốn sách này giúp b¿n đấy số lượng từ vựng lên một cách đáng kể.
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Nhìn chung các b¿n cần có mức độ từ vựng tư¢ng đư¢ng 5.5 trá lên (theo thang điểm 9 của
IELTS), nếu không có thể sẽ gặp nhiều khó khăn trong việc sử dụng sách này.
CÁC B¯àC SĂ DĀNG
B°ác 1: B¿n in cußn sách này ra. Nên in bìa màu để có thêm động lực học. Cuốn sách
được thiết kế cho việc đọc trực tiếp, không phÁi cho việc đọc online nên b¿n nào đọc online sẽ
có thể thấy khá bất tiện khi tra cứu, đối chiếu từ vựng
B°ác 2: Tìm mua cußn Cambridge IELTS (6 cuốn mới nhất từ 6-12) của Nhà xuất bÁn
Cambridge để làm. Hãy cẩn thận đừng mua nhầm sách lậu. Sách của nhà xuất bÁn Cambridge
được tái bÁn t¿i Việt Nam thưßng có bìa và giấy dày, chữ rất rõ nét.
B°ác 3: Làm mßt bài test hoặc passage bÃt kỳ trong bß sách trên. Ví dụ passage 1,
test 1 của Cambridge IELTS 12.
B°ác 4: Đßi chiÁu vái cußn sách này, b¿n sẽ lọc ra các từ vựng quan trọng cần học.
Ví dụ passage 1, test 1 của Cambridge IELTS 12, bài về CORK: B¿n sẽ thấy
4.1 Cột bên trái là bÁn text gốc, trong đó g¿ch chân các từ vựng học thuật C¡ BÀN trong list 570
academic word mà nhiều b¿n chắc đã từng nghe nói đến.
4.2 Cßt bên phÁi chÿa các tā vćng hác thuÁt (academic words) theo kèm đßnh nghĩa
(definition) hoặc tā đồng nghĩa (synonym)
Trong đó các từ đóng vai trò quan trọng trong việc giúp ngưßi đọc hiểu nội dung của text (important
words) được giÁi thích. Các từ này có thể nằm trong hoặc không nằm trong list 570 từ phía trên.
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- Khá nhiều từ trong list 570 từ vựng thuộc lo¿i rất phổ biến (VD: individual, structure, technology, energy, v.v…) nên các từ này tất
nhiên không được giÁi thích á cột bên phÁi.
- Khổ giấy có h¿n, rất khó để trình bày hết các từ. GiÁ sử trình bày hết các từ thì trông cũng rất rối. à đây cuốn sách đặc biệt phục
vụ cho các b¿n đang á tầm 6.5-7.0 về từ vựng.
* Tài liệu này nên được in ra để thuận tiện cho việc học
** Lúc học, nên dùng kèm bút highlight/bút đỏ/bút chì để đánh dấu từ, như vậy sẽ đỡ bận mắt lúc
đọc và tra cứu.
*** Tránh mua/bán tài liệu này dưới mọi hình thức.
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he man who invented synthetic dyes
Synthetic = artificial, man-made…
Curiosity = the desire to know about
Wil iam Henry Perkin was born on March 12,1838, in something. London, England.
Prompt = to make someone decide to do something.
As a boy, Perkin9s curiosity prompted early interests Stumble on/across/upon something =
in the arts, sciences, photography, and engineering.
come across = to find or discover
something by chance and unexpectedly.
But it was a chance stumbling upon a run-down, yet Run-down = in bad condition, badly
functional, laboratory in his late grandfather9s home maintained…
Solidify = strengthen, to make an
that solidified the young man9s enthusiasm for
agreement, plan, attitude etc more definite chemistry. and less likely to change. Enthusiasm = interest.
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As a student at the City of London School, Perkin
Become immersed in = become
became immersed in the study of chemistry. His
completely involved in an activity talent and devotion t
o the subject were perceived by
his teacher, Thomas Hal , who encouraged him to
Devotion= commitment = adherence
dedication = the strong love that you show
attend a series of lectures given by the eminent
when you pay a lot of attention to
scientist Michael Faraday at the Royal Institution. someone or something.
Those speeches fired the young chemist9s enthusiasm Perceive= recognize, see, indentify…
further, and he later went on to attend the Royal
Col ege of Chemistry, which he succeeded in entering in 1853, at the age of 15.
At the time of Perkin9s enrolment, the Royal Col ege Enrolment= the
process of arranging to join a school,
of Chemistry was headed by the noted German university, course etc.
chemist August Wilhelm Hofmann. Perkin9s scientific
Gift= talent, knack, ability…
gifts soon caught Hofmann9s attention and, within two
years, he became Hofmann9s youngest assistant. Not Breakthrough= advance, innovation,
revolution, new idea, invention…
long after that, Perkin made the scientific Fame= reputation.
breakthrough that would bring him both fame and fortune.
Fortune= wealth, riches…
At the time, quinine was the only viable medical
treatment for malaria. The drug is derived from the
Derive= to develop or come from something else.
bark of the cinchona tree, native to South America,
and by 1856 demand for the drug was surpassing the
Substitute= alternate, replacement…
available supply. Thus, when Hofmann made some
passing comments about the desirability of a synthetic
substitute for quinine, it was unsurprising that his star
pupil was moved to take up the chal enge.
During his vacation in 1856, Perkin spent his time in
the laboratory on the top floor of his family9s house. He
was attempting to manufacture quinine from aniline,
Manufacture= produce, make, create…
an inexpensive and readily available coal tar waste
product. Despite his best efforts, however, he did not Mysterious= strange.
end up with quinine. Instead, he produced a
mysterious dark sludge. Luckily, Perkin9s scientific
training and nature prompted him to investigate the
substance further. Incorporating potassium dichromate
and alcohol into the aniline at various stages of the
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experimental process, he final y produced a deep
purple solution. And, proving the truth of the famous
Excretion= the waste material that people
or animals get rid of from their bodies.
scientist Louis Pasteur9s words 8chance favours only
the prepared mind9, Perkin saw the potential of his
Obtain = get, gain, attain… unexpected find.
Extract something from something= to
careful y remove a substance from
Historical y, textile dyes were made from such natural
something which contains it, using a
sources as plants and animal excretions. Some of
machine, chemical process etc.
these, such as the glandular mucus of snails, were
difficult to obtain and outrageously expensive. Indeed, Afford= pay for, manage to pay for, have enough money…
the purple colour extracted from a snail was once so
costly that in society at the time only the rich could
Backdrop= the conditions or situation in
afford it. Further, natural dyes tended to be muddy in which something happens.
hue and fade quickly. It was against this backdrop
that Perkin9s discovery was made.
Grasp= understand, comprehend, see the
Perkin quickly grasped that his purple solution could
point of= to completely understand a fact
or an idea, especial y a complicated one.
be used to colour fabric, thus making it the world9s first Fabric= material= cloth used for making
synthetic dye. Realising the importance of this clothes, curtains etc.
Patent= to obtain a special document
breakthrough, he lost no time in patenting it. But
giving you the right to make or sel a new
perhaps the most fascinating of all Perkin9s reactions invention or product.
to his find was his nearly instant recognition that the Instant= immediate.
Recognition= detection.
new dye had commercial possibilities.
Commercial= money-making, profitable, for profit, trade…
Perkin original y named his dye Tyrian Purple, but it
Assure= ensure, promise, confirm,
later became commonly known as mauve (from the guarantee.
French for the plant used to make the colour violet).
He asked advice of Scottish dye works owner Robert Fierce= strong.
Pul ar, who assured him that manufacturing the dye
Objection= opposition, doubt…
would be wel worth it if the colour remained fast (i.e.
would not fade) and the cost was relatively low. So, Mentor= adviser.
over the fierce objections of his mentor Hofmann, he
left col ege to give birth to the modern chemical industry.
With the help of his father and brother, Perkin set up a
factory not far from London. Utilising the cheap and Utilise= make use of.
plentiful coal tar that was an almost unlimited by
product of London9s gas street lighting, the dye works
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began producing the world9s first synthetically dyed
material in 1857. The company received a commercial Boost= increase, improvement, enhancement…
boost from the Empress Eugenie of France, when she Flatter= to make someone look as
decided the new colour flattered her. Very soon, attractive as they can.
mauve was the necessary shade for al the
Shade= something you use to reduce or
fashionable ladies in that country. block light.
Not to be outdone, England9s Queen Victoria also
not to be outdone = in order not to let
appeared in public wearing a mauve gown, thus
someone else do better or seem better
making it all the rage in England as wel . The dye was than you
bold and fast, and the public clamoured for more.
Perkin went back to the drawing board.
Be all the rage= to be very popular or
Although Perkin9s fame was achieved and fortune fashionable.
assured by his first discovery, the chemist continued
Clamour for= to demand something
his research. Among other dyes he developed and loudly.
introduced were aniline red (1859) and aniline black
Go back to the drawing board= if you go
(1863) and, in the late 1860s, Perkin9s green. It is
important to note that Perkin9s synthetic dye
back to the drawing board, you start again
discoveries had outcomes far beyond the merely
with a completely new plan or idea, after
decorative. The dyes also became vital to medical
the one you tried before has failed.
research in many ways. For instance, they were used
Merely= only, just, simply…
to stain previously invisible microbes and bacteria,
Vital= very important, crucial, necessary,
al owing researchers to identify such bacil i as
tuberculosis, cholera, and anthrax. Artificial dyes central…
continue to play a crucial role today. And, in what
Crucial= vital, very important, central…
would have been particularly pleasing to Perkin, their
current use is in the search for a vaccine against malaria.
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Extra-terrestrial= relating to things that
he Search for Extra-terrestrial Intel igence exist outside the Earth.
The question of whether we are alone in the Universe
Haunt= to cause problems for someone
has haunted humanity for centuries, but we may now over a long period of time
stand poised on the brink of the answer to that
Poised on the brink/edge of something
question, as we search for radio signals from other
= completely ready to do something or for
intel igent civilisations. This search, often known by the something to happen, when it is likely to happen soon.
acronym SETI (search for extra-terrestrial intel igence], Intermittently= Sporadical y= stopping
is a difficult one. Although groups around the world
and starting often and for short periods.
have been searching intermittently for three decades, Determined= having a strong desire to do
it is only now that we have reached the level of
something, so that you wil not let anyone
technology where we can make a determined stop you.
attempt to search al nearby stars for any sign of life.
Make an attempt to do something= to try
to do something, especial y something difficult.
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The primary reason for the search is basic curiosity - Primary= main, most important…
the same curiosity about the natural world that drives
Curiosity= the desire to know about
al pure science. We want to know whether we are something.
alone in the Universe. We want to know whether life
evolves natural y if given the right conditions, or Drive= force, make…
whether there is something very special about the
Evolve= develop, change…
Earth to have fostered the variety of life forms that we
see around us on the planet. The simple detection of
Foster= promote, encourage…
a radio signal wil be sufficient to answer this most
Detection= discovery, finding…
basic of al questions. In this sense, SETI is another
cog in the machinery of pure science which is
Sufficient= enough, plenty…
continual y pushing out the horizon of our knowledge.
However, there are other reasons for being interested A cog in the machine/wheel= someone
who only has a smal unimportant job in a
in whether life exists elsewhere. For example, we have large organization.
had civilisation on Earth for perhaps only a few
thousand years, and the threats of nuclear war and
Tenuous= uncertain, weak, likely to
pol ution over the last few decades have told us that change…
our survival may be tenuous. Wil we last another two Wipe something out= to destroy, remove,
thousand years or wil we wipe ourselves out? Since or get rid of something completely.
the lifetime of a planet like ours is several bil ion years,
we can expect that, if other civilisations do survive in
Optimism= a feeling or belief that things
wil get better or be more successful in the
our galaxy, their ages wil range from zero to several future.
bil ion years. Thus any other civilisation that we hear
from is likely to be far older, on average, than
ourselves. The mere existence of such a civilisation
wil tel us that long-term survival is possible, and gives
us some cause for optimism. It is even possible that
the older civilisation may pass on the benefits of their
experience in dealing with threats to survival such as
nuclear war and global pol ution, and other threats that Adopt= to start to deal with or think about we haven9t yet discovered. something in a particular way B
Ground rules= the basic rules or
In discussing whether we are alone, most SETI
principles on which future actions or behaviour should be based.
scientists adopt two ground rules. First, UFQs Evidence= proof.
(Unidentified Flying Objects) are general y ignored
An open mind= if you have an open mind,
since most scientists don9t consider the evidence for
you deliberately do not make a decision or
them to be strong enough to bear serious
form a definite opinion about something.
consideration (although it is also important to keep an Convincing= persuasive, believable,
open mind in case any real y convincing evidence
compel ing, forceful, strong…
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emerges in the future). Second, we make a very
Conservative = traditional, old…
conservative assumption that we are looking for a
Assumption= supposition, guess,
life form that is pretty wel like us, since if it differs hypothesis…
radically from us we may wel not recognise it as a life
form, quite apart from whether we are able to
Radically= very, completely, total y…
communicate with it. In other words, the life form we
Resemble= look like, be similar to…
are looking for may wel have two green heads and
seven fingers, but it wil nevertheless resemble us in
Somebody’s fellows= people that you
that it should communicate with its fellows, be
work with, study with, or who are in the same situation as you.
interested in the Universe, live on a planet orbiting a
star like our Sun, and perhaps most restrictively, have Orbit= to travel in a curved path around a
a chemistry, like us, based on carbon and water.
much larger object such as the Earth, the Sun etc. C
Even when we make these assumptions, our
Inconceivable= unthinkable,
understanding of other life forms is stil severely unimaginable, unbelievable…
limited. We do not even know, for example, how many Estimate= calculate approximately.
stars have planets, and we certainly do not know how
likely it is that life wil arise natural y, given the right
Astronomical= relating to the scientific
conditions. However, when we look at the 100 bil ion study of the stars.
stars in our galaxy (the Milky Way), and 100 bil ion
galaxies in the observable Universe, it seems
inconceivable that at least one of these planets does
not have a life form on it; in fact, the best educated
guess we can make, using the little that we do know
about the conditions for carbon-based life, leads us to
estimate that perhaps one in 100,000 stars might
have a life-bearing planet orbiting it. That means that
our nearest neighbours are perhaps 100 light years
away, which is almost next door in astronomical terms. D
Severely= harshly, strictly…
An alien civilisation could choose many different ways Attenuate= to make something weaker or
of sending information across the galaxy, but many of less.
these either require too much energy, or else are
Traverse= pass through= to move across,
severely attenuated while traversing the vast
over, or through something, especial y an
distances across the galaxy. It turns out that, for a area of land or water.
given amount of transmitted power, radio waves in the Frequency= the number of radio waves,
frequency range 1000 to 3000 MHz travel the greatest sound waves etc that pass any point per second.
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distance, and so al searches to date have To date= up to now.
concentrated on looking for radio waves in this
Concentrate on= focus on.
frequency range. So far there have been a number of
Various= numerous, many, countless…
searches by various groups around the world,
Radio telescope= a piece of equipment
including Australian searches using the radio
that col ects radio waves from space and
telescope at Parkes, New South Wales. Until now
is used to find stars and other objects in
there have not been any detections from the few space.
hundred stars which have been searched. The scale of Scale= size.
the searches has been increased dramatically since
1992, when the US Congress voted NASA $10 mil ion Dramatically= radical y, noticeably,
per year for ten years to conduct a thorough search
considerably, significantly…
for extra-terrestrial life. Much of the money in this Conduct = carry out…
project is being spent on developing the special
hardware needed to search many frequencies at
Hardware= the machinery and equipment
once. The project has two parts. One part is a targeted that is needed to do something.
search using the world9s largest radio telescopes, the Sensitivity= the possibility of the fact that
American-operated telescope in Arecibo, Puerto Rico
something is affected by very smal
and the French telescope in Nancy in France. This part changes in light, heat, movement etc
of the project is searching the nearest 1000 likely stars Monitor= to careful y watch and check a
with high sensitivity for signals in the frequency range situation in order to see how it changes
1000 to 3000 MHz. The other part of the project is an over a period of time.
undirected search which is monitoring al of space
with a lower sensitivity, using the smal er antennas of NASA9s Deep Space Network. E
There is considerable debate over how we should
react if we detect a signal from an alien civilisation.
Considerable= substantial, large…
Everybody agrees that we should not reply
immediately. Quite apart from the impracticality of
Debate= argument, discussion…
sending a reply over such large distances at short
notice, it raises a host of ethical questions that would
Immediately= right away, without delay,
have to be addressed by the global community before Ethical= moral= relating to principles of
any reply could be sent. Would the human race face what is right and wrong.
the culture shock if faced with a superior and much
older civilisation? Luckily, there is no urgency about
Address= tackle, deal with…
this. The stars being searched are hundreds of light
years away, so it takes hundreds of years for their
Superior= better, greater…
signal to reach us, and a further few hundred years for
our reply to reach them. It9s not important, then, if
Urgency= the need to deal with something
there9s a delay of a few years, or decades, while the
immediately because it is very important.
human race debates the question of whether to reply,
and perhaps careful y drafts a reply.
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you go back far enough, everything lived in the
Evolutionary= relating to the way in which
plants and animals develop and change
sea. At various points in evolutionary history,
gradual y over a long period of time.
enterprising individuals within many different animal
Parched= dry, burnt, waterless…
groups moved out onto the land, sometimes even to
the most parched deserts, taking their own private
Reptile= a type of animal, such as a
seawater with them in blood and cel ular fluids. In
snake or lizard, whose body temperature
addition to the reptiles, birds, mammals and insects
changes according to the temperature
which we see al around us, other groups that have
around it, and that usual y lays eggs to have babies.
succeeded out of water include scorpions, snails,
crustaceans such as woodlice and land crabs,
Mammal= a type of animal that drinks milk
mil ipedes and centipedes, spiders and various worms. from its mother9s body when it is young.
Humans, dogs, and whales are mammals.
And we mustn9t forget the plants, without whose prior
invasion of the land none of the other migrations could Prior = previous, past, earlier… have happened.
Moving from water to land involved a major redesign
Involve= include, contain, comprise…
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of every aspect of life, including breathing and
Thoroughgoing= complete. Here it
reproduction. Nevertheless, a good number of
means the process of moving from water
thoroughgoing land animals later turned around, to land is complete
abandoned their hard-earned terrestrial re-tooling,
Abandon= throw away, dispose of…
and returned to the water again. Seals have only gone Terrestrial= living on or relating to land rather than water.
part way back. They show us what the intermediates Cease= stop.
might have been like, on the way to extreme cases
Revert to somebody/something= go
such as whales and dugongs. Whales (including the
back to= to change back to a situation that
smal whales we cal dolphins) and dugongs, with their existed in the past.
close cousins the manatees, ceased to be land
Remote= distant=far away in time.
creatures altogether and reverted to the ful marine
Ancestor= an animal that lived in the past,
habits of their remote ancestors. They don9t even
that modern animals have developed from.
come ashore to breed. They do, however, stil breathe Ashore= on or towards the shore of a
air, having never developed anything equivalent to lake, river, sea etc.
the gil s of their earlier marine incarnation. Turtles
Breed= reproduce= if animals breed, they
went back to the sea a very long time ago and, like al mate in order to have babies.
Equivalent to = having the same value,
vertebrate returnees to the water, they breathe air.
purpose, job etc as a person or thing of a
However, they are, in one respect, less ful y given different kind.
back to the water than whales or dugongs, for turtles
Incarnation= the state of living in the form
stil lay their eggs on beaches.
of a particular person or animal. According
to some religions, people have several
There is evidence that al modem turtles are different incarnations.
descended from a terrestrial ancestor which lived
before most of the dinosaurs. There are two key fossils
cal ed Proganochelys quenstedti and Palaeochersis
talampayensis dating from early dinosaur times, which Fragment= a smal piece of something
appear to be close to the ancestry of al modem turtles that has broken off or that comes from something larger.
and tortoises. You might wonder how we can tel
Contemporary= someone who lived or
whether fossil animals lived on land or in water,
was in a particular place at the same time
especial y if only fragments are found. Sometimes it9s as someone else.
obvious. Ichthyosaurs were reptilian contemporaries
Forelimb = one of the two front legs of an
of the dinosaurs, with fins and streamlined bodies. The animal with four legs.
fossils look like dolphins and they surely lived like
dolphins, in the water. With turtles it is a little less
obvious. One way to tel is by measuring the bones of their forelimbs.
Obtain= get, gain, attain, acquire...
Walter Joyce and Jacques Gauthier, at Yale
University, obtained three measurements in these
particular bones of 71 species of living turtles and
tortoises. They used a kind of triangular graph paper to
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plot the three measurements against one another. Al
Plot= to draw marks or a line to represent
the land tortoise species formed a tight cluster of facts, numbers etc.
points in the upper part of the triangle; al the water Form= develop.
turtles cluster in the lower part of the triangular graph.
There was no overlap, except when they added some Cluster of something= a group of things
species that spend time both in water and on land.
of the same kind that are very close together.
Sure enough, these amphibious species show up on
the triangular graph approximately half way between Overlap=(n) the amount by which two
the 8wet cluster9 of sea turtles and the 8dry cluster9 of activities, ideas, things etc overlap.
land tortoises. The next step was to determine where (v) if two or more things overlap, part of
one thing covers part of another thing.
the fossils fel . The bones of P quenstedti and JR
talampayensis leave us in no doubt. Their points on
Amphibious= able to live both on land
the graph are right in the thick of the dry cluster. Both and in water.
these fossils were dry-land tortoises. They come from
Approximately= about, around, roughly,
the era before our turtles returned to the water. almost, nearly…
You might think, therefore, that modem land tortoises
have probably stayed on land ever since those early
Determine= decide, find out...
terrestrial times, as most mammals did after a few of Era= period.
them went back to the sea. But apparently not. If you
draw out the family tree of al modem turtles and
Apparently= seemingly= according to the
tortoises, nearly al the branches are aquatic. Today9s way someone looks or a situation appears,
land tortoises constitute a single branch, deeply although you cannot be sure.
nested among branches consisting of aquatic turtles.
Aquatic= living or growing in water.
This suggests that modem land tortoises have not
stayed on land continuously since the time of P.
Constitute = form = represent = comprise
quenstedti and P talampayensis. Rather, their
= if several people or things constitute
something, they are the parts that form it.
ancestors were among those who went back to the
water, and they then re-emerged back onto the land in
(relatively) more recent times.
Tortoises therefore represent a remarkable double
Remarkable= extraordinary, amazing,
return. In common with al mammals, reptiles and incredible…
birds, their remote ancestors were marine fish and
before that various more or less worm-like creatures Generation= age group.
stretching back, stil in the sea, to the primeval
bacteria. Later ancestors lived on land and stayed
there for a very large number of generations. Later
ancestors stil evolved back into the water and became
sea turtles. And final y they returned yet again to the
land as tortoises, some of which now live in the driest of deserts.
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Mental/visual/cognitive/hearing etc
earing impairment or other auditory function
impairment= a condition in which a part of
a person9s mind or body is damaged or
deficit in young children can have a major impact on does not work wel .
their development of speech and communication,
Auditory = connected with hearing
resulting in a detrimental effect on their ability to learn Deficit= shortfal = the difference between
at school. This is likely to have major consequences
the amount you have and the amount you
for the individual and the population as a whole. The need or expect.
New Zealand Ministry of Health has found from
Speech= verbal communication= the
research carried out over two decades that 6-10% of ability to speak.
Detrimental= harmful, damaging= causing
children in that country are affected by hearing loss. harm or damage. Carry out= conduct. B
A preliminary study in New Zealand has shown that
Preliminary= happening before something
that is more important, often in order to
classroom noise presents a major concern for teachers prepare for it.
and pupils. Modern teaching practices, the
organisation of desks in the classroom, poor
Acoustics= the shape and size of a room,
which affect the way sound is heard in it.
classroom acoustics, and mechanical means of
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ventilation such as air-conditioning units al contribute Ventilation= the fact of al owing fresh air
to the number of children unable to comprehend the
to enter and move around a room, building, etc.
teacher's voice. Education researchers Nelson and
Comprehend= understand, know, figure
Soli have also suggested that recent trends in learning out…
Collaborative= joint, two-away, shared…
often involve collaborative interaction of multiple Possession= ownership.
minds and tools as much as individual possession of Amount = to add up to something; to make something as a total
information. This al amounts to heightened activity
Heighten = increase = intensify = amplify
and noise levels, which have the potential to be
= improve = enhance = if a feeling or an
particularly serious for children experiencing auditory
effect heightens, or something heightens
it, it becomes stronger or increases
function deficit. Noise in classrooms can only
Potential =possibility.
exacerbate their difficulty in comprehending and
Exacerbate = worsen, aggravate…
Instruction= teaching, training, tuition,
processing verbal communication with other children guidance…
and instructions from the teacher. C
Children with auditory function deficit are potential y
Generate= produce, create…
failing to learn to their maximum potential because of
noise levels generated in classrooms. The effects of
Evaluate= assess= to judge how good,
noise on the ability of children to learn effectively in
useful, or successful something is.
typical classroom environments are now the subject of
increasing concern. The International Institute of Noise Reverberation= a loud sound that is
Control Engineering (I-INCE), on the advice of the
heard again and again as it is sent back
World Health Organization, has established an from different surfaces.
international working party, which includes New
Zealand, to evaluate noise and reverberation control for school rooms. D
While the detrimental effects of noise in classroom
Disability= Frailty = debility = a physical
situations are not limited to children experiencing
or mental condition that makes it difficult
disability, those with a disability that affects their
for someone to use a part of their body
processing of speech and verbal communication could properly, or to learn normal y.
be extremely vulnerable. The auditory function deficits Vulnerable= weak, easily harmed or
in question include hearing impairment, autistic hurt…
spectrum disorders (ASD) and attention deficit
Disorder= a mental or physical il ness
which prevents part of your body from disorders (ADD/ADHD). working properly.
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Autism= a mental disorder (=problem)
Autism is considered a neurological and genetic life-
that makes people unable to communicate
long disorder that causes discrepancies in the way
properly, or to form relationships.
information is processed. This disorder is
Discrepancy in/ between= difference =
characterised by interlinking problems with social inconsistency = divergence
Characterise= describe, portray,
imagination, social communication and social il ustrate…
interaction. According to Janzen, this affects the ability Interlink= to connect or be connected with
to understand and relate in typical ways to people, something else.
understand events and objects in the environment, and Sensory= relating to or using your senses
understand or respond to sensory stimuli. Autism
of sight, hearing, smel , taste, or touch.
does not al ow learning or thinking in the same ways
Stimulus= something that makes
as in children who are developing normal y.
someone or something move or react.
Autistic spectrum disorders often result in major
difficulties in comprehending verbal information and
speech processing. Those experiencing these
Distressing= stressful = upsetting.
disorders often find sounds such as crowd noise and
Quantify= to calculate the value of
something and express it as a number or
the noise generated by machinery painful and an amount.
distressing. This is difficult to scientifical y quantify
Intrusive= disturbing = affecting
as such extra-sensory stimuli vary greatly from one
someone9s private life or interrupting them
autistic individual to another. But a child who finds any in an unwanted and annoying way.
type of noise in their classroom or learning space
Adversely= harmful y, badly, negatively…
intrusive is likely to be adversely affected in their
ability to process information. F
Be indicative of something= to be a
The attention deficit disorders are indicative of
clear sign that a particular situation exists
neurological and genetic disorders and are
or that something is likely to be true. Sustain= maintain.
characterised by difficulties with sustaining attention, Persistence= determination to do
effort and persistence, organisation skil s and
something even though it is difficult or
disinhibition. Children experiencing these disorders other people oppose it.
Screen something out/ Screen out
find it difficult to screen out unimportant information,
something= filter out= to remove people
and focus on everything in the environment rather than or things that are not acceptable or not suitable.
attending to a single activity. Background noise in the
Distraction= something that stops you
classroom becomes a major distraction, which can
paying attention to what you are doing. Concentrate= focus.
affect their ability to concentrate.
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