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Boost your vocabulary Cambridge - English | Trường Đại Học Hạ Long
Boost your vocabulary Cambridge - English | Trường Đại Học Hạ Long được sưu tầm và soạn thảo dưới dạng file PDF để gửi tới các bạn sinh viên cùng tham khảo, ôn tập đầy đủ kiến thức, chuẩn bị cho các buổi học thật tốt. Mời bạn đọc đón xem!
English (ENGL1467) 54 tài liệu
Đại Học Hạ Long 112 tài liệu
Boost your vocabulary Cambridge - English | Trường Đại Học Hạ Long
Boost your vocabulary Cambridge - English | Trường Đại Học Hạ Long được sưu tầm và soạn thảo dưới dạng file PDF để gửi tới các bạn sinh viên cùng tham khảo, ôn tập đầy đủ kiến thức, chuẩn bị cho các buổi học thật tốt. Mời bạn đọc đón xem!
Môn: English (ENGL1467) 54 tài liệu
Trường: Đại Học Hạ Long 112 tài liệu
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LâI GIàI THIÞU Chào các bạn,
Các bạn đang cầm trên tay cuốn thành viên team IELTS family. Cuốn sách được viết nhằm mục đích giúp các bạn đang muốn
cải thiện vốn từ vựng cho phần thi Reading trong IELTS. Sách được viết dựa trên nền tảng
bộ Cambridge IELTS của Nhà xuất bản Đại học Cambridge – Anh Quốc.
Trong quá trình thực hiện, mình và các bạn trong nhóm đã dành tương đối nhiều thời gian để nghiên c u
ứ cách thức đưa nội dung sao cho khoa học và dễ dùng nhất với các bạn đọc. Tuy
vậy, cuốn sách không khỏi có những hạn chế nhất định. Mọi góp ý để cải thiện nội dung cuốn
sách mọi người xin gửi về email Trân trọng cảm ơn,
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TÁC GIÀ & NHÓM THĆC HIÞN Đinh Thắng
Hiện tại là giáo viên dạy IELTS tại Hà Nội từ cuối năm 2012.
Chứng chỉ ngành ngôn ngữ Anh, đại học Brighton, Anh Quốc,
2016.Từng làm việc tại tổ chức giáo dục quốc tế Language Link Việt Nam (2011-2012) Facebook.com/dinhthangielts
… cùng các bạn Đức Duy, Thu Anh, Thu Hằng, Xuân Anh, Thu Anh & Thùy An. Tài trÿ
Team làm sách rất cám ơn HP Academy – trung tâm đã tài trợ một phần kinh phí làm nên bộ sách này.
HP Academy là NHÀ dành cho việc d¿y và học IELTS t¿i 2 cơ sá Tân Bình và Gò Vấp, TP.HCM.
à HP, các b¿n sẽ KHÔNG được cam kết đầu ra. Kết quÁ của các cựu học viên chính là câu trÁ lßi chính xác nhất cho chất
lượng d¿y và học. www.hpacademy.vn
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BOOST YOUR VOCABULARY CAMBRIDGE IELTS 8 1
03 LÝ DO T¾I SAO NÊN HàC TĀ VĆNG
THEO CUÞN SÁCH NÀY
1. Không còn mÃt nhiÅu thãi gian cho vißc tra tā
Các từ học thuật (academic words) trong sách đều có kèm giải thích hoặc t ừ đồng nghĩa.
Bạn tiết kiệm được đáng kể thời gian gõ t n
ừ g từ vào từ điển và tra. Chắc chắn những bạn
thuộc dạng 2. TÁp trung bß nhá vào các tā quan tráng
Mặc dù cuốn sách không tra hết các từ giúp bạn nhưng sách đã chọn ra các t ừ quan trọng
và phổ biến nhất giúp bạn. Như vậy, bạn có thể tập trung bộ nhớ vào các từ này, thay vì
phải mất công nhớ các từ không quan trọng. Bạn nào đạt Reading từ 7.0 trở lên đều sẽ
thấy rất nhiều trong số các từ này thuộc loại hết sức quen thuộc
3. Hác mßt tā nhá nhiÅu tā
Rất nhiều từ được trình bày theo synonym (t
ừ đồng nghĩa), giúp các bạn có thể xem lại và
học thêm các từ có nghĩa tương đương hoặc giống như từ gốc. Có thể nói, đây là phương
pháp học hết sức hiệu quả vì khi học một từ như impact, bạn có thể nhớ lại hoặc học thêm
một loạt các từ nghĩa tương đương như significant, vital, imperative, chief, key. Nói theo
cách khác thì nếu khả năng ghi nhớ của bạn tốt thì cuốn sách này giúp bạn đấy số lượng từ
vựng lên một cách đáng kể.
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BOOST YOUR VOCABULARY CAMBRIDGE IELTS 8 2
H¯àNG D¾N SĂ DĀNG SÁCH
ĐÞI T¯þNG SĂ DĀNG SÁCH
Nhìn chung các bạn cần có mức độ từ vựng tương đương 5.5 trở lên (theo thang điểm 9
của IELTS), nếu không có thể ẽ
s gặp nhiều khó khăn trong việc sử dụng sách này.
CÁC B¯àC SĂ DĀNG
CÁCH 1: LÀM TEST TR¯àC, HàC TĀ VĆNG SAU
B°ác 1: B¿n in cußn sách này ra. Nên in bìa màu để có thêm động lực học. Cuốn sách
được thiết kế cho việc đọc trực tiếp, không phải cho việc đọc online nên bạn nào đọc online
sẽ có thể thấy khá bất tiện khi tra cứu, đối chiếu từ vựng
B°ác 2: Tìm mua cußn Cambridge IELTS (6 cuốn mới nhất từ 6-12) của Nhà xuất bản
Cambridge để làm. Hãy cẩn thận đừng mua nhầm sách lậu. Sách của nhà xuất bản
Cambridge được tái bản tại Việt Nam thường có bìa và giấy dày, chữ rất rõ nét.
B°ác 3: Làm mßt bài test hoặc passage bÃt kỳ trong bß sách trên. Ví dụ passage 1,
test 1 của Cambridge IELTS 13.
B°ác 4: Đßi chiÃu vái cußn sách này, bạn sẽ lọc ra các từ vựng quan trọng cần học.
Ví dụ passage 1, test 1 của Cambridge IELTS 13, bài về Tourism New Zealand Website: Bạn sẽ thấy
4.1 Cột bên trái là bản text gốc, trong đó bôi đậm các từ học thuật - academic word
4.2 Cßt bên phÁi chÿa các tā vćng này theo kèm đßnh nghĩa (definition) hoặc tā
đồng nghĩa (synonym)
CÁCH 2: HàC TĀ VĆNG TR¯àC, ĐàC TEST SAU
B°ác 1: B¿n in cußn sách này ra. Nên in bìa màu để có thêm động lực học. Cuốn sách
được thiết kế cho việc đọc trực tiếp, không phải cho việc đọc online nên bạn nào đọc online
sẽ có thể thấy khá bất tiện khi tra cứu, đối chiếu từ vựng
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B°ác 2: Đác cßt bên trái nh° đác báo. Duy trì hàng ngày. Khi nào không hiểu từ nào thì
xem nghĩa hoặc synonym của từ đó ở ộ
c t bên phải. Giai đoạn này giúp bạn phát triển việc
đọc tự nhiên, thay vì đọc theo kiểu làm test. Bạn càng hiểu nhiều càng tốt. Cố gắng nhớ từ theo ngữ cảnh.
B°ác 3: Làm mßt bài test hoặc passage bÃt kỳ trong bß sách Cambridge IELTS. Ví dụ
bạn đọc xong cuốn Boost your vocabulary 13 này thì có thể quay lại làm các test trong cuốn
10 chẳng hạn. Làm test xong thì cß gắng phát hißn các tā đã hác trong cuốn 13. Bạn
nào có khả năng ghi nhớ tốt chắc chắn sẽ gặp lại rất nhiều từ đã học. Bạn nào có khả năng
ghi nhớ vừa phải cũng sẽ gặp lại không ít t . ừ Việc
B°ác 4: Đọc cuốn Boost your vocabulary tương ứng với test bạn vừa làm. Ví dụ trong
cuốn Boost your vocabulary 10.
Tóm lại, mình ví dụ 1 chu trình đầy đủ theo cách này
B1. Đọc hiểu và học từ cuốn Boost your vocabulary 13
B2. Làm test 1 trong cuốn Boost your vocabulary 10
B3. Đọc hiểu và học từ cuốn Boost your vocabulary 10 & tìm các từ lặp lại mà bạn đã đọc
trong cuốn Boost your vocabulary 13
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BOOST YOUR VOCABULARY CAMBRIDGE IELTS 8 4 CAMBRIDGE IELTS 8 TEST 1 READING PASSAGE 1 O
chronicle = a written record, history, story of
ur conception of time depends on the way we historical events.
timekeeping = the activity of recording the measure it. time something takes
advent = coming, start, arrival, the time when A
something first begins to be widely used.
According to archaeological evidence, at least 5,000 co-ordinate = organize, manage, direct, to
years ago, and long before the advent of the
make various, separate things work together.
communal = shared, common, public,
Roman Empire, the Babylonians began to measure
relating or belonging to all the people living in
time, introducing calendars to co-ordinate a particular.
communal activities, to plan the shipment of goods regulate= control, adjust, standardize.
and, in particular, to regulate planting and
solar = relating to the Sun
axis = alignment, centre line, (the imaginary
harvesting. They based their calendars on three
line around which a large round object, such
natural cycles: the solar day, marked by the as the Earth).
successive periods of light and darkness as the
lunar = relating to the Moon.
earth rotates on its axis; the lunar month, fol owing
orbit = circle, revolve around, travel around, go around,
the phases of the moon as it orbits the earth; and
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the solar year, defined by the changing seasons that accompany= go together with, come with, be
accompany our planet's revolution around the sun.
associated with, happen with, appear with. B
artificial= man-made, synthetic, non-natural.
Before the invention of artificial light, the moon had
equator = an imaginary line drawn around
greater social impact. And, for those living near the the middle of the Earth.
equator in particular, its waxing and waning was
wax and wane = to increase and decrease
more conspicuous than the passing of the over time.
seasons. Hence, the calendars that were developed conspicuous = obvious, clear, noticeable.
at the lower latitudes were influenced more by the
latitude = the distance north or south of the
lunar cycle than by the solar year. In more northern
equator, measured in degrees.
climes, however, where seasonal agriculture was
clime = zone, region, a place that has a
practised, the solar year became more crucial. As particular type of climate.
the Roman Empire expanded northward, it
crucial = vital, fundamental, essential,
organised its activity chart for the most part around important, necessary, key. the solar year. C
Centuries before the Roman Empire, the Egyptians
formulate = invent, create, make, develop.
had formulated a municipal calendar having 12 municipal
months of 30 days, with five days added to = civic, public, community, #private.
approximate the solar year. Each period of ten days
was marked by the appearance of special groups of
decans = The decans (Egyptian) are 36
stars called decans. At the rise of the star Sirius just groups of stars (small constellations) used in
the Ancient Egyptian astronomy.
before sunrise, which occurred around the al -
important annual flooding of the Nile, 12 decans
cosmic = relating to space or the universe.
could be seen spanning the heavens. The cosmic
interval= intermission, interlude, break.
significance the Egyptians placed in the 12 decans
temporal hours = a unit of time used in the
led them to develop a system in which each interval past that divided the daylight into an equal
of darkness (and later, each interval of daylight) was number of hours,
divided into a dozen equal parts. These periods
duration = the length of time that something
became known as temporal hours because their lasts.
duration varied according to the changing length of equinox = solstice, one of the two times in a
days and nights with the passing of the seasons.
year when night and day are of equal length.
Summer hours were long, winter ones short; only at
adopt = accept, approve, implement, apply,
the spring and autumn equinoxes were the hours of #reject
daylight and darkness equal. Temporal hours, which disseminate = spread, publish, distribute.
were first adopted by the Greeks and then the
Romans, who disseminated them through Europe,
remained in use for more than 2,500 years. D
In order to track temporal hours during the day,
track = follow, trace, pursue.
inventors created sundials, which indicate time by
sundial = an object used in the past for
the length or direction of the sun's shadow. The telling the time.
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sundial's counterpart, the water clock, was
counterpart = equal, colleague, equivalent.
designed to measure temporal hours at night. One
drip = drop, come out, leak, #stream.
of the first water clocks was a basin with a smal
denote = indicate, represent, refer to,
hole near the bottom through which the water #connote dripped out
dip = dunk, immerse, to put something into a
. The falling water level denoted the
liquid for a very short time and take it out
passing hour as it dipped below hour lines again.
inscribed on the inner surface. Although these
inscribed = engrave, carve, to carefully cut,
devices performed satisfactorily around the print or write on smt
Mediterranean, they could not always be depended satisfactory = p leasing, reasonable,
on in the cloudy and often freezing weather of
acceptable, adequate, #unsatisfactory northern Europe. E
The advent of the mechanical clock meant that
arise = rise, ascend, appear, # retire
although it could be adjusted to maintain temporal
evolve = change, grow, advance, to develop
hours, it was natural y suited to keeping equal ones.
and change gradually over a long period of
With these, however, arose the question of when to time.
begin counting, and so, in the early 14th century, a
scheme= plan, idea, method.
number of systems evolved. The schemes that
divide= split, separate, distribute, allocate,
divided the day into 24 equal parts varied according #join.
to the start of the count: Italian hours began at
astronomical = relating to the scientific study
sunset, Babylonian hours at sunrise, astronomical of the stars.
hours at midday and 'great clock' hours, used for
supersede = replace, supplant, displace.
some large public clocks in Germany, at midnight.
commence = start, begin, originate.
Eventually these were superseded by 'smal clock',
or French, hours, which split the day into two 12-
hour periods commencing at midnight. F
The earliest recorded weight-driven mechanical
weight-driven mechanical clock = a clock
clock was built in 1283 in Bedfordshire in England. using a pendulum
The revolutionary aspect of this new timekeeper was descend= downward, fall, drop, go down.
neither the descending weight that provided its
motive force nor the gear wheels (which had been
escapement = a piece of machinery in a
around for at least 1,300 years) that transferred the
clock from the spring or weight to a wheel.
power; It was the part called the escapement. In the mainspring = the most important spring in a
early 1400s came the invention of the coiled spring watch or clock.
or fusee which maintained constant force to the gear pendulum = a long metal stick with weight at
wheels of the timekeeper despite the changing
the bottom that swings regularly from side to
tension of its mainspring. By the 16th century, a
side to control the working of a clock.
pendulum clock had been devised, but the
pendulum swung in a large arc and thus was not very efficient.
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To address this, a variation on the original
the anchor escapement = a type of
escapement was invented in 1670, in England. It
escapement used in pendulum clocks
was called the anchor escapement, which was a
escape wheel = a toothed wheel in the
lever-based device shaped like a ship's anchor. The
motion of a pendulum rocks this device so that it
escapement of a watch or clock.
catches and then releases each tooth of the escape precise = exact, correct, accurate.
wheel, in turn allowing it to turn a precise amount.
original = initial, earliest (existing or
Unlike the original form used in early pendulum happening first).
clocks, the anchor escapement permitted the
permit= allow, enable, facilitate.
pendulum to travel in a very small arc. Moreover,
this invention allowed the use of a long pendulum
which could beat once a second and thus led to the
development of a new floor standing case design,
which became known as the grandfather clock. H
Today, highly accurate timekeeping instruments set accurate= correct, precise, exact.
the beat for most electronic devices. Nearly all
a quartz-crystal clock = is a clock that uses
computers contain a quartz-crystal clock to
an electronic oscillator that is regulated by a quartz crystal to keep time.
regulate their operation. Moreover, not only do time
beam down = to transport somebody to or
signals beamed down from Global Positioning
from a spaceship using special electronic equipment.
System satellites calibrate the functions of
calibrate = standardize, adjust, regulate.
precision navigation equipment, they do so as well precision= accuracy, exactness, correctness.
for mobile phones, instant stock-trading systems
navigation = routing, direction-finding
and nationwide power-distribution grids. So integral the science or job of planning which way you
need to go when you are travelling from one
have these time-based technologies become to day- place to another
to-day existence that our dependency on them is
integral = connected, central, internal,
recognised only when they fail to work.
forming a necessary part of something.
dependency = reliance, enslavement, craving.
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BOOST YOUR VOCABULARY CAMBRIDGE IELTS 8 8 READING PASSAGE 2 A
n accident that occurred in the skies over the
establishment = founding, launch, creation.
Grand Canyon in 1956 resulted in the
federal Aviation Administration (FAA)
establishment of the Federal Aviation Administration of the United States = a
(FAA) to regulate and oversee the operation of aircraft
national authority with powers to regulate
in the skies over the United States, which were
all aspects of flying in aircraft.
becoming quite congested. The resulting structure of air congested = full of traffic, overfilled,
traffic control has greatly increased the safety of flight in
the United States, and similar air traffic control
blocked, crowded, #empty, #clear
procedures are also in place over much of the rest of
procedure = process, way, method. the wor B
Rudimentary air traffic control (ATC) existed well before rudimentary = basic, elementary,
the Grand Canyon disaster. As early as the 1920s, the
simple, fundamental # advanced
earliest air traffic controllers manually guided aircraft in
manually = by hand, physically, # m ental
the vicinity of the airports, using lights and flags, while
vicinity (of something) = neighborhood,
beacons and flashing lights were placed along cross- locality, surrounding area
country routes to establish the earliest airways.
beacon = signal, sign, warning light,
However, this purely visual system was useless in bad
purely = entirely, wholly, totally,
weather, and, by the 1930s, radio communication was completely, # p artly
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coming into use for ATC. The first region to have
metropolitan= urban, municipal, civic
something approximating today9s ATC was New York
City, with other major metropolitan areas fol owing soon after. C
In the 1940s, ATC centres could and did take advantage regulation = control, guideline,
of the newly developed radar and improved radio adjustment, rule.
communication brought about by the Second World
fortuitous = lucky, fortunate, miraculous.
War, but the system remained rudimentary. It was only
advent = arrival, beginning, initiation, #
after the creation of the FAA that full-scale regulation of departure
America9s airspace took place, and this was fortuitous, jet engine = an engine that pushes out
for the advent of the jet engine suddenly resulted in a
a stream of hot air and gases behind it,
large number of very fast planes, reducing pilots9 used in aircraft
margin of error and practical y demanding some set of margin of error = the degree to which
a calculation might or can be wrong
rules to keep everyone well separated and operating safely in the air. D
Many people think that ATC consists of a row of
consist of = comprise, be made up of,
controllers sitting in front of their radar screens at the
be compose of, comprise, make up.
nation9s airports, telling arriving and departing traffic
what to do. This is a very incomplete part of the picture.
realise = recognize, understand,
The FAA realised that the airspace over the United comprehend, # misunderstand
States would at any time have many different kinds of
accommodate = adapt, acclimatize,
planes, flying for many different purposes, in a variety of adjust.
weather conditions, and the same kind of structure was
needed to accommodate all of them. E
To meet this challenge, the following elements were put
into effect. First, ATC extends over virtually the entire
put into effect = to make a plan or idea
United States. In general, from 365m above the ground happen
and higher, the entire country is blanketed by controlled virtually = almost, nearly, near.
airspace. In certain areas, mainly near airports,
blanket = to cover something with a
controlled airspace extends down to 215m above the thick layer.
ground, and, in the immediate vicinity of an airport, al regulation=
the way down to the surface. Controlled airspace is that rule, guideline, directive.
airspace in which FAA regulations apply. Elsewhere, in bind = require, force, oblige.
uncontrolled airspace, pilots are bound by fewer
recreation = fun, enjoyment, pleasure,
regulations. In this way, the recreational pilot who
good/great time, a blast, entertainment,
simply wishes to go flying for a while without al the relaxation, leisure.
restrictions imposed by the FAA has only to stay in
impose= force, require, obey, make
uncontrolled airspace, below 365m, while the pilot who rules.
does want the protection afforded by ATC can easily
afford= give, offer, provide, allow.
enter the controlled airspace. F
The FAA then recognised two types of operating
meteorological = atmospheric, climatic,
environments. In good meteorological conditions, flying weather.
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would be permitted under Visual Flight Rules (VFR),
reliance = dependence, rely on, hinge
which suggests a strong reliance on visual cues to on.
maintain an acceptable level of safety. Poor visibility
necessitate = essential, require, need,
necessitated a set of Instrumental Flight Rules (IFR), demand.
under which the pilot relied on altitude and cue
navigational information provided by the plane9s
= signal, indication, clue.
instrument panel to fly safely. On a clear day, a pilot in
altitude = height above sea level.
controlled airspace can choose a VFR or IFR flight plan, navigation= direction-finding, steering,
and the FAA regulations were devised in a way which routing.
accommodates both VFR and IFR operations in the
devise = plan, develop, create, set up.
same airspace. However, a pilot can only choose to fly
possess = own, have, hold, keep, #lack
IFR if they possess an instrument rating which is above
and beyond the basic pilot9s license that must also be held. G
designate= elect, label, entitle, define.
Controlled airspace is divided into several different
stem from= arise from, originate from,
types, designated by letters of the alphabet.
Uncontrolled airspace is designated Class F, while come from.
controlled airspace below 5,490m above sea level and
turboprop= an aircraft that gets power
not in the vicinity of an airport is Class E. Al airspace from this type of engine.
above 5,490m is designated Class A. The reason for the realm = area, space, range, field.
division of Class E and Class A airspace stems from
the type of planes operating in them. Generally, Class E instrumentation= the set of instruments
airspace is where one finds general aviation aircraft (few used to help in controlling a machine
of which can climb above 5,490m anyway), and
correspond = realate, tally, link, match
commercial turboprop aircraft. Above 5,490m is the up.
realm of the heavy jets, since jet engines operate more municipal
efficiently at higher altitudes. The difference between = civic, public, community,
Class E and A airspace is that in Class A, all operations #private
are IFR, and pilots must be instrument-rated, that is,
encompass = include, cover, contain,
skilled and licensed in aircraft instrumentation. This is #exclude
because ATC control of the entire space is essential.
rigorous= precise, careful, accurate
Three other types of airspace, Classes D, C and B,
govern the vicinity of airports. These correspond
explicit = clear, precise, exact, #implicit.
roughly to small municipal, medium-sized metropolitan
govern= rule, oversee, manage, control,
and major metropolitan airports respectively, and regulate.
encompass an increasingly rigorous set of regulations. cruise = fly, travel, take off, voyage.
For example, all a VFR pilot has to do to enter Class C
airspace is establish two-way radio contact with ATC.
license = certificate, pass, card, permit.
No explicit permission from ATC to enter is needed,
although the pilot must continue to obey all regulations
governing VFR flight. To enter Class B airspace, such
as on approach to a major metropolitan airport, an
explicit ATC clearance is required. The private pilot who
cruises without permission into this airspace risks losing their license.
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telepathy= mind-reading, thought
an human beings communicate by thought alone?
transference, extrasensory perception
spark = provoke, cause, trigger.
For more than a century the issue of telepathy has
controversy= argument, disagreement,
divided the scientific community, and even today it stil debate, public discussion.
sparks bitter controversy among top academics.
academic = a teacher in a college or university.
Since the 1970s, parapsychologists at leading
parapsychology = the scientific study
of mysterious abilities that some people
universities and research institutes around the world
claim to have, such as knowing what will
have risked the derision of sceptical colleagues by happen in the future.
putting the various claims for telepathy to the test in
derision= laughter, ridicule, contempt.
dozens of rigorous scientific studies. The results and
their implications are dividing even the researchers
sceptical = doubtful, untruthful, suspicious. who uncovered them.
implication = suggestion, insinuation, association.
uncover = discover, reveal, expose
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Some researchers say the results constitute
constitute = make up, establish, create. compelling compelling = forceful, convincing,
evidence that telepathy is genuine. Other
persuasive, very interesting and exciting.
parapsychologists believe the field is on the brink of
the brink of something = a situation collapse
when you are almost in a new situation,
, having tried to produce definitive scientific usually a bad one
proof and failed. Sceptics and advocates alike do
collapse = fail, end, break down. concur
definitive= ultimate, perfect, best.
on one issue, however: that the most impressive sceptic= cynic, doubter, questioner
evidence so far has come from the so-cal ed 'ganzfeld' #believer.
advocate = supporter, promoter,
experiments, a German term that means 'whole field'. believer.
Reports of telepathic experiences had by people during
concur = agree, correspond, coincide meditation #conflict
led parapsychologists to suspect that
meditation=the practice of emptying
telepathy might involve 'signals' passing between people your mind of thoughts and feelings, in order to relax completely or
that were so faint that they were usually swamped by for religious reasons.
normal brain activity. In this case, such signals might be
suspect = doubt, distrust, disbelieve.
faint= pale, unclear, weak #strong
more easily detected by those experiencing meditation-
swamp = overwhelm, inundate, drown
like tranquility in a relaxing 'whole field' of light, sound
tranquility = calm, quiet, silence, # bustle. and warmth.
The ganzfeld experiment tries to recreate these
reclining = rest, lie down, lounge, #stand
conditions with participants sitting in soft reclining
sealed = closed, to formally approve an
chairs in a sealed room, listening to relaxing sounds agreement.
while their eyes are covered with special filters letting in
experiment = test, trial, research
only soft pink light. In early ganzfeld experiments, the
identification = recognition,
telepathy test involved identification of a picture
classification. distinguishing
chosen from a random selection of four taken from a
attempt= try, make an effort, have a
large image bank. The idea was that a person acting as shot.
a 'sender' would attempt to beam the image over to the beam = send out, radiate, emit
'receiver' relaxing in the sealed room.
Once the session was over, this person was asked to
analyze= examine, scrutinize,
identify which of the four images had been used. investigate.
Random guessing would give a hit-rate of 25 per cent; if pioneer = creator, discoverer, inventor,
telepathy is real, however, the hit-rate would be higher. forerunner
In 1982, the results from the first ganzfeld studies were
typical= usual, normal, standard,
analysed by one of its pioneers, the American average.
parapsychologist Charles Honorton. They pointed to
typical hit-rates of better than 30 per cent - a small
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effect, but one which statistical tests suggested could
statistical= numerical, arithmetic, not be put down to chance. arithmetical.
The implication was that the ganzfeld method had
flaw= fault, error, mistake.
revealed real evidence for telepathy. But there was a
crucial flaw in this argument - one routinely overlooked overlook= fail to notice, fail to see, miss.
in more conventional areas of science. Just because
conventional =traditional, usual,
chance had been ruled out as an explanation did not conservative.
prove telepathy must exist; there were many other ways prove = show, confirm, demonstrate.
of getting positive results. These ranged from 'sensory
sensory = relating to the feelings of your
leakage' - where clues about the pictures accidentally
reach the receiver - to outright fraud. In response, the
body rather than your mind.
researchers issued a review of all the ganzfeld studies
leakage = escape, outflow, drip.
done up to 1985 to show that 80 per cent had found
outright = clear and direct, absolute,
statistically significant evidence. However, they also complete.
agreed that there were stil too many problems in the
fraud= dishonesty, scam, deception. .
experiments which could lead to positive results, and
they drew up a list demanding new standards for future research.
After this, many researchers switched to autoganzfeld
involvement = participation, connection,
tests - an automated variant of the technique which used contribution.
computers to perform many of the key tasks such as the
random selection of images. By minimising human
impressive = imposing, inspiring,
involvement, the idea was to minimise the risk of striking.
flawed results. In 1987, results from hundreds of
disturb = perturb, concern, worry,
autoganzfeld tests were studied by Honorton in a 'meta- bother.
analysis', a statistical technique for finding the overall
results from a set of studies. Though less compelling
consistency= constancy, steadiness,
than before, the outcome was still impressive. stability.
Yet some parapsychologists remain disturbed by the
defender =protector, supporter, guard.
lack of consistency between individual ganzfeld
marginally = slightly, just over, a bit
studies. Defenders of telepathy point out that
demanding impressive evidence from every study
detect= discover, find out, reveal, notice.
ignores one basic statistical fact: it takes large samples
apparent = obvious, clear, seeming.
to detect small effects. If, as current results suggest,
telepathy produces hit-rates only marginally above the
25 per cent expected by chance, it's unlikely to be
detected by a typical ganzfeld study involving around 40
people: the group is just not big enough. Only when
many studies are combined in a meta-analysis will the
faint signal of telepathy real y become apparent. And
that is what researchers do seem to be finding.
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What they are certainly not finding, however, is any
mainstream = normal, typical,
change in attitude of mainstream scientists: most still
conventional, # unconventional
totally reject the very idea of telepathy. The problem
plausible = reasonable, possible,
stems at least in part from the lack of any plausible believable. mechanism for telepathy.
Various theories have been put forward, many focusing put forward = state, suggest, propose
on esoteric ideas from theoretical physics. They include esoteric = obscure, mysterious, cryptic,
'quantum entanglement', in which events affecting one (known and understood by only a few
group of atoms instantly affect another group, no matter people who have special knowledge
how far apart they may be. While physicists have
demonstrated entanglement with specially prepared about something).
atoms, no-one knows if it also exists between atoms
quantum = a unit of energy in nuclear
making up human minds. Answering such questions physics.
would transform parapsychology. This has prompted
entanglement = a difficult situation or
some researchers to argue that the future lies not in
relationship that is hard to escape from.
col ecting more evidence for telepathy, but in probing atom
possible mechanisms. Some work has begun already,
= the smallest part of an element
with researchers trying to identify people who are
that can exist alone or can combine with
particularly successful in autoganzfeld trials. Early
other substances to form a molecule.
results show that creative and artistic people do much
prompt = stimulate, provoke, motivate
better than average: in one study at the University of
probing= inquisitive, analytical,
Edinburgh, musicians achieved a hit-rate of 56 per cent. penetrating.
Perhaps more tests like these will eventually give the
researchers the evidence they are seeking and
trial = test, experiment, examination.
strengthen the case for the existence of telepathy.
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BOOST YOUR VOCABULARY CAMBRIDGE IELTS 8 15 TEST 2 READING PASSAGE 1 G
lass, which has been made since the time of
mixture = combination, blend, hybrid, amalgam.
the Mesopotamians and Egyptians, is little more than
molten = metal or rock has been made into a
a mixture of sand, soda ash and lime. When heated
liquid by being heated to a very high temperature.
to about 1500 degrees Celsius (°C) this becomes a
harden = solidify, freeze, consolidate,
molten mass that hardens when slowly cooled. The #soften
involve= associate, engage, connect, link.
first successful method for making clear, flat glass
unblemished = flawless, perfect,
involved spinning. This method was very effective as untarnished, # flawed, #imperfect
the glass had not touched any surfaces between
labour = work, employment, hard work, manual labor
being soft and becoming hard, so it stayed perfectly
intensive = concentrated, rigorous, thorough,
unblemished, with a 'fire finish'. However, the
exhaustive, #easy (tens=strain, stretch .i.e tension,
process took a long time and was ex
labour intensive. tension)
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Nevertheless, demand for flat glass was very high
continuous =uninterruptedly, endlessly, non-
and glassmakers across the world were looking for a stop, #intermittently
ribbon = length, stretch, strip
method of making it continuously. The first
roller= a piece of wood, metal or plastic,
continuous ribbon process involved squeezing
shaped like a tube, that rolls over and over.
molten glass through two hot rollers, similar to an old mangle = a machine used in former
mangle. This al owed glass of virtually any thickness times to remove water from washed clothes
to be made non-stop, but the rol ers would leave
by pressing them between two rollers
both sides of the glass marked, and these would then
virtually= almost, nearly, practically.
need to be ground and polished. This part of the
non-stop= continuously, constantly,
process rubbed away around 20 per cent of the endlessly.
polished= shined, cleaned, rubbed, sparkled,
glass, and the machines were very expensive. # tarnished.
rub away= erode, wipe out, wear away
The float process for making flat glass was invented
manufacture = production, creation, making.
by Alistair Pilkington. This process al ows the manufacture tinted =
of clear, tinted and coated glass for
coloured, painted, decorated.
buildings, and clear and tinted glass for vehicles.
coated = covered, layered, encrusted.
Pilkington had been experimenting with improving the eliminate= get rid of, remove, eradicate,
melting process, and in 1952 he had the idea of using reject, #retain
a bed of molten metal to form the flat glass,
eliminating altogether the need for rol ers within the
float = the surface of a liquid
float bath. The metal had to melt at a temperature
tin = a soft silver-white metal that is often
less than the hardening point of glass (about 600°C),
used to cover and protect iron and steel
but could not boil at a temperature below the
temperature of the molten glass (about 1500°C). The
best metal for the job was tin. concept
The rest of the concept relied on gravity, which = idea, perception, belief
guaranteed that the surface of the molten metal was rely on = depend on, count on, trust gravity
perfectly flat and horizontal. Consequently, when
= the force that causes something to
pouring molten glass onto the molten tin, the
fall to the ground or to be attracted to another planet
underside of the glass would also be perfectly flat. If
guarantee = ensure, assure.
the glass were kept hot enough, it would flow over the pour =
molten tin until the top surface was also flat,
drizzle, tip, spill, splash.
horizontal and perfectly parallel to the bottom
horizontal= flat, smooth, straight
surface. Once the glass cooled to 604°C or less it
parallel = two lines, paths etc that are
parallel to each other are the
was too hard to mark and could be transported out of
same distance apart along their whole length
the cooling zone by rol ers. The glass settled to a
tension = stress pressure, strain.
thickness of six millimetres because of surface
tension interactions between the glass and the tin.
fortunate = lucky, happy, chance.
By fortunate coincidence, 60 per cent of the flat
coincidence = when two things happen at the same time
glass market at that time was for six-millimetre glass.
Pilkington built a pilot plant in 1953 and by 1955 he
convince= persuade, encourage, influence.
had convinced his company to build a full-scale
full-scale = full-sized, complete, #partial
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plant. However, it took 14 months of non-stop
plant = factory, workshop, manufacturing
production, costing the company £100,000 a month, works.
before the plant produced any usable glass.
marketable= marketable goods, skills etc
Furthermore, once they succeeded in making marketable
can be sold easily because people want them
flat glass, the machine was turned off for
a service to prepare it for years of continuous
production. When it started up again it took another
four months to get the process right again. They
finally succeeded in 1959 and there are now float
plants al over the world, with each able to produce
around 1000 tons of glass every day, non-stop for around 15 years.
Float plants today make glass of near optical quality.
optical = visual, ocular, photosensitive.
Several processes - melting, refining,
refine = purify, filter, distill, # contaminate
homogenising - take place simultaneously in the
homogenise = to change something so that
2000 tonnes of molten glass in the furnace. They
its parts become similar or the same.
occur in separate zones in a complex glass flow
(hom=same .i.e homogeneous, homosexual)
simultaneously= at the same time,
driven by high temperatures. It adds up to a concurrently, instantaneously
continuous melting process, lasting as long as 50
furnace= heater, boiler, oven.
hours, that delivers glass smoothly and continuously
occur = happen, take place, befall
to the float bath, and from there to a coating zone and deliver = transport, bring, carry, send.
finally a heat treatment zone, where stresses formed
relieved = released, eased, alleviated,
during cooling are relieved. reduced, mitigated
The principle of float glass is unchanged since the
1950s. However, the product has changed
dramatically= radically, noticeably,
dramatically, from a single thickness of 6.8 mm to a considerably, significantly.
range from sub-mil imetre to 25 mm, from a ribbon
range = variety, series, array.
frequently marred by inclusions and bubbles to
mar = spoil, ruin, detract from something,
almost optical perfection. To ensure the highest undermine
quality, inspection takes place at every stage.
inspection = review, examination,
Occasionally, a bubble is not removed during refining, assessment.
a sand grain refuses to melt, a tremor in the tin puts ripples
grain = small piece, little bit, granule
into the glass ribbon. Automated on-line tremor
inspection does two things. Firstly, it reveals process = shake, tremble, vibration
faults upstream that can be corrected. Inspection
ripple = wave, undulation, wrinkle, #stillness
technology allows more than 100 million
measurement= dimension, size, extent.
measurements a second to be made across the
unaided = bear, unprotected, unassisted
ribbon, locating flaws the unaided eye would be
flaw= defect, mistake, fault.
unable to see. Secondly, it enables computers
unaided= unassisted, without help.
downstream to steer cutters around flaws.
steer = drive, guide, direct.
Float glass is sold by the square metre, and at the
cutter= a tool that is used
final stage computers translate customer for cutting something.
requirements into patterns of cuts designed to minimise waste.
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