Boost your Vocabulary - English | Trường Đại học Khánh Hòa

Cuốn sách này là của
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
Điểm mục tiêu cho phần thi IELTS Reading là: …………
Để làm được điều này, mình sẽ đọc cuốn sách này ít nhất …. lần/tuần.
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LỜI GIỚI THIỆU Chào các bạn,
Các bạn đang cầm trên tay cuốn “Boost your vocabulary” được biên soạn bởi mình và các
bạn trong nhóm IELTS Family. Cuốn sách được viết nhằm mục đích giúp các bạn đang muốn
cải thiện vốn từ vựng cho phần thi Reading trong IELTS. Sách được viết dựa trên nền tảng
bộ Cambridge IELTS của Nhà xuất bản Đại học Cambridge – Anh Quốc.
Trong quá trình thực hiện, mình và các bạn trong nhóm đã dành nhiều th ời gian để nghiên
cứu cách thức đưa nội dung sao cho khoa học và dễ dùng nhất với các bạn. Tuy vậy, cuốn
sách không khỏi có những hạn chế nhất n
đị h. Mọi góp ý để cải thiện nội dung cuốn sách mọi người xin gửi về email Trân trọng cảm ơn,
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Ả & NHÓM THỰC HI N Ệ Đinh Thắng
Hiện tại là giáo viên dạy IELTS tại Hà Nội từ cuối năm 2012.
Chứng chỉ ngành ngôn ngữ Anh, đại học Brighton, Anh Quốc,
2016.Từng làm việc tại tổ chức giáo dục quốc tế Language Link Việt Nam (2011-2012) Facebook.com/dinhthangielts
… cùng các bạn Đức Duy, Thu Anh, T
hu Hằng, Xuân Anh, Thu Anh, Thùy An, Thu Thủy & Hạnh Ngô. Tài tr ợ
Team làm sách xin trân trọng cảm ơn HP Academy - trung tâm đã tài trợ một phần kinh phí để làm nên bộ sách này.
HP Academy là NHÀ dành cho việc dạy và học IELTS tại 2 cơ sở Tân Bình và Gò Vấp, TP.HCM.
Ở HP, các bạn sẽ KHÔNG được cam kết đầu ra. Kết quả của các cựu học viên chính là câu trả lời chính xác nhất cho chất lượng dạy và học. www.hpacademy.vn
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BOOST YOUR VOCABULARY CAMBRIDGE IELTS 8 1 03 LÝ DO T I
Ạ SAO NÊN HỌC TỪ V N Ự G
THEO CUỐN SÁCH NÀY
1. Không còn mất nhiều thời gian cho việc tra từ
Các từ học thuật (academic words) trong sách đều có kèm giải thích hoặc từ n đồ g
nghĩa. Bạn tiết kiệm được đáng kể thời gian gõ từng từ vào từ điển và tra. Chắc chắn
những bạn thuộc dạng “không được chăm chỉ lắm trong việc tra từ vựng” sẽ thích điều này.
2. Tập trung bộ nhớ vào các từ quan trọng
Mặc dù cuốn sách không tra hết các từ giúp bạn nhưng sách đã chọn ra các từ quan
trọng và phổ biến nhất giúp bạn. Như vậy, bạn có thể tập trung bộ nhớ vào các từ này,
thay vì phải mất công nhớ các từ không quan trọng. Bạn nào đạt Reading từ 7.0 trở lên
đều sẽ thấy rất nhiều trong số các từ này thuộc loại hết sức quen thuộc
3. Học một từ nhớ nhiều từ
Rất nhiều từ được trình bày theo synonym (từ đồng nghĩa), giúp các bạn có thể xem lại
và học thêm các từ có nghĩa tương đương hoặc giống như từ gốc. Có thể nói, đây là
phương pháp học hết sức hiệu quả vì khi học một từ như impact, bạn có thể n ớ h lại
hoặc học thêm một loạt các từ nghĩa tương đương như significant, vital, imperative,
chief, key. Nói theo cách khác thì nếu khả năng ghi nhớ của bạn tốt thì cuốn sách này
giúp bạn đấy số lượng từ vựng lên một cách đáng kể.
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BOOST YOUR VOCABULARY CAMBRIDGE IELTS 8 2 HƯỚNG D N Ẫ S
Ử DỤNG SÁCH
ĐỐI TƯỢNG SỬ DỤNG SÁCH
Nhìn chung các bạn cần có mức độ t
ừ vựng tương đương 5.5 trở lên (theo thang điểm 9
của IELTS), nếu không có thể sẽ gặp nhiều khó khăn trong việc sử dụng sách này. CÁC BƯỚC S Ử DỤNG
CÁCH 1: LÀM TEST TRƯỚC, HỌC TỪ VỰNG SAU
Bước 1: Bạn in cuốn sách này ra. Nên in bìa màu để có thêm động lực học. Cuốn
sách được thiết kế cho vi c
ệc đọ trực tiếp, không phải cho việc đọc online nên bạn nào
đọc online sẽ có thể thấy khá bất tiện khi tra cứu, đối chiếu từ vựng
Bước 2: Tìm mua cuốn Cambridge IELTS (8 cuốn mới nhất từ 6-14) của Nhà xuất bản
Cambridge để làm. Hãy cẩn thận đừng mua nhầm sách lậu. Sách của nhà xuất bản
Cambridge được tái bản tại Việt Nam thường có bìa và giấy dày, chữ rất rõ nét.
Bước 3: Làm một bài test hoặc passage bất kỳ trong bộ sách trên. Ví dụ passage 1,
test 1 của Cambridge IELTS 13.
Bước 4: Đối chiếu với cuốn sách này, bạn sẽ lọc ra các từ vựng quan trọng cần học.
Ví dụ passage 1, test 1 của Cambridge IELTS 13, bài về Tourism New Zealand Website: Bạn sẽ thấy
4.1 Cột bên trái là bản text gốc, trong đó bôi đậm các từ học thuật - academic word
4.2 Cột bên phải chứa các từ vựng này theo kèm định nghĩa (definition) hoặc từ
đồng nghĩa (synonym)
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BOOST YOUR VOCABULARY CAMBRIDGE IELTS 8 3
CÁCH 2: HỌC TỪ VỰNG TRƯỚC, ĐỌC TEST SAU
Bước 1: Bạn in cuốn sách này ra. Nên in bìa màu để có thêm động lực học. Cuốn
sách được thiết kế cho vi c
ệc đọ trực tiếp, không phải cho việc đọc online nên bạn nào
đọc online sẽ có thể thấy khá bất tiện khi tra cứu, đối chiếu từ vựng
Bước 2: Đọc cột bên trái như đọc báo. Duy trì hàng ngày. Khi nào không hiểu từ nào
thì xem nghĩa hoặc synonym của từ đó ở cột bên phải. Giai đoạn này giúp bạn phát triển
việc đọc tự nhiên, thay vì đọc theo kiểu làm test. Bạn càng hiểu nhiều càng tốt. Cố gắng
nhớ từ theo ngữ cảnh.
Bước 3: Làm một bài test hoặc passage bất kỳ trong bộ sách Cambridge IELTS. Ví
dụ bạn đọc xong cuốn Boost your vocabulary 13 này thì có thể quay lại làm các test
trong cuốn 10 chẳng hạn. Làm test xong thì cố gắng phát hiện các từ đã học trong
cuốn 13. Bạn nào có khả năng ghi nhớ tốt chắc chắn sẽ gặp lại rất nhiều từ đã học. Bạn
nào có khả năng ghi nhớ vừa phải cũng sẽ gặp lại không ít từ.
Bước 4: Đọc cuốn Boost your vocabulary tương ứng với test bạn vừa làm. Ví dụ trong
cuốn Boost your vocabulary 10.
Tóm lại, mình ví dụ 1 chu trình đầy đủ theo cách này
B1. Đọc hiểu và học từ cuốn Boost your vocabulary 13
B2. Làm test 1 trong cuốn Boost your vocabulary 10
B3. Đọc hiểu và học từ cuốn Boost your vocabulary 10 & tìm các từ lặp lại mà bạn đã đọc trong cuốn Boost your vocabulary 13
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BOOST YOUR VOCABULARY CAMBRIDGE IELTS 8 4 TEST 1 READING PASSAGE 1 O
chronicle = a written record, history, story of
ur conception of time depends on the way we historical events. ˈkrɒnɪkl
timekeeping = the activity of recording the time measure it.
something takes ˈtaɪmˌkiːpɪŋ A
advent = coming, start, arrival, the time when
According to archaeological evidence, at least 5,000 something first begins to be widely used. ˈædvent
years ago, and long before the advent of the
co-ordinate = organize, manage, direct, to make
various, separate things work together. kəʊˈɔːdnɪt
Roman Empire, the Babylonians began to measure
communal = shared, common, public, relating or
time, introducing calendars to co-ordinate
belonging to al the people living in a particular.
communal activities, to plan the shipment of goods ˈkɒmjʊnl
regulate= control, adjust, standardize. ˈreɡjʊleɪt
and, in particular, to regulate planting and
solar = relating to the Sun ˈsəʊlə
harvesting. They based their calendars on three
axis = alignment, centre line, (the imaginary line natural cycles: the
around which a large round object, such as the
solar day, marked by the
Earth). ˈæksɪs
successive periods of light and darkness as the
lunar = relating to the Moon. ˈluːnə
earth rotates on its axis; the lunar month, fol owing
orbit = circle, revolve around, travel around, go around, ˈɔːbɪt
the phases of the moon as it orbits the earth; and
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BOOST YOUR VOCABULARY CAMBRIDGE IELTS 8 5
the solar year, defined by the changing seasons that accompany= go together with, come with, be
accompany our planet's revolution around the sun. associated with, happen with, appear with. əˈkʌmpəni B
Before the invention of artificial light, the moon had artificial= man-made, synthetic, non-natural. ɑːtɪˈfɪʃl
greater social impact. And, for those living near the
equator = an imaginary line drawn around the
equator in particular, its waxing and waning was
middle of the Earth. ɪˈkweɪtə
more conspicuous than the passing of the
wax and wane = to increase and decrease over
seasons. Hence, the calendars that were developed time. ˈwæks ənd weɪn
conspicuous = obvious, clear, noticeable.
at the lower latitudes were influenced more by the kənˈspɪkjʊəs
lunar cycle than by the solar year. In more northern
latitude = the distance north or south of the
climes, however, where seasonal agriculture was
equator, measured in degrees. ˈlætɪtjuːd clime =
practised, the solar year became more crucial. As
zone, region, a place that has a particular type of climate. klaɪm
the Roman Empire expanded northward, it
crucial = vital, fundamental, essential, important,
organised its activity chart for the most part around necessary, key. ˈkruːʃl the solar year. C
Centuries before the Roman Empire, the Egyptians
formulate = invent, create, make, develop.
had formulated a municipal calendar having 12 ˈfɔːmjʊleɪt
months of 30 days, with five days added to
municipal = civic, public, community, #private.
approximate the solar year. Each period of ten days mjuːˈnɪsɪpl
was marked by the appearance of special groups of decan= The decans (Egyptian) are 36 groups
stars cal ed decans. At the rise of the star Sirius just of stars (smal constel ations) used in
before sunrise, which occurred around the al -
the Ancient Egyptian astronomy. ˈdɛk(ə)n
important annual flooding of the Nile, 12 decans
cosmic = relating to space or the universe.
could be seen spanning the heavens. The cosmic ˈkɒzmɪk
significance the Egyptians placed in the 12 decans
interval= intermission, interlude, break. ˈɪntəvl
led them to develop a system in which each interval temporal hours = a unit of time used in the
of darkness (and later, each interval of daylight) was past that divided the daylight into an equal
divided into a dozen equal parts. These periods
number o fhours, ˈtempərəl ˈaʊəz
became known as temporal hours because their
duration = the length of time that something
duration varied according to the changing length of lasts. djʊˈreɪʃn
days and nights with the passing of the seasons.
equinox = solstice, o
ne of the two times in a
Summer hours were long, winter ones short; only at year when night and day are of equal length.
the spring and autumn equinoxes were the hours of ˈiːkwɪnɒks
daylight and darkness equal. Temporal hours, which adopt = accept, approve, implement, apply,
were first adopted by the Greeks and then the #reject əˈdɒpt
Romans, who disseminated them through Europe, disseminate = spread, publish, distribute.
remained in use for more than 2,500 years. dɪˈsemɪneɪt D
In order to track temporal hours during the day,
track = fol ow, trace, pursue. træk
inventors created sundials, which indicate time by
sundial = an object used in the past for tel ing the
the length or direction of the sun's shadow. The time. ˈsʌndaɪəl
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BOOST YOUR VOCABULARY CAMBRIDGE IELTS 8 6
sundial's counterpart, the water clock, was
counterpart = equal, col eague, equivalent.
designed to measure temporal hours at night. One ˈkaʊntəpɑːt
drip = drop, come out, leak, #stream. drɪp
of the first water clocks was a basin with a smal
denote = indicate, represent, refer to, #connote
hole near the bottom through which the water dɪˈnəʊt
dripped out. The fal ing water level denoted the
dip = dunk, immerse, to put something into a
passing hour as it dipped below hour lines
liquid for a very short time and take it out again. dɪp
inscribed on the inner surface. Although these
inscribed = engrave, carve, to careful y cut, print
devices performed satisfactorily around the or write on smt ɪnˈskraɪbd
Mediterranean, they could not always be depended
satisfactory = pleasing, reasonable, acceptable,
on in the cloudy and often freezing weather of
adequate, #unsatisfactory sætɪsˈfæktəri northern Europe. E
The advent of the mechanical clock meant that
arise = rise, ascend, appear, # r etire əˈraɪz
although it could be adjusted to maintain temporal
hours, it was natural y suited to keeping equal ones. evolve = change, grow, advance, to develop
With these, however, arose the question of when to and change gradual y over a long period of
begin counting, and so, in the early 14th century, a time. ɪˈvɒl v
number of systems evolved. The schemes that
scheme= plan, idea, method. skiːm
divided the day into 24 equal parts varied according divide= split, separate, distribute, al ocate,
to the start of the count: Italian hours began at #join. dɪˈvaɪd
sunset, Babylonian hours at sunrise, astronomical
astronomical = relating to the scientific study
hours at midday and 'great clock' hours, used for
of the stars. æstrəˈnɒmɪkl
some large public clocks in Germany, at midnight.
supersede = replace, supplant, displace.
Eventual y these were superseded by 'smal clock', suːpəˈsiːd
or French, hours, which split the day into two 12-
commence = start, begin, originate. kəˈmens
hour periods commencing at midnight. F
The earliest recorded weight-driven mechanical
weight-driven mechanical clock = a clock using
clock was built in 1283 in Bedfordshire in England.
a pendulum weɪt - ˈdrɪvən mɪˈkænɪkl ˈklɒk
The revolutionary aspect of this new timekeeper was
neither the descending weight that provided its
descend= downward, fal , drop, go down. dɪˈsend
motive force nor the gear wheels (which had been
escapement = a piece of machinery in a clock
around for at least 1,300 years) that transferred the
from the spring or weight to a wheel. ɪˈskeɪpmənt
power; It was the part cal ed the escapement. In the
early 1400s came the invention of the coiled spring
mainspring = the most important spring in a
or fusee which maintained constant force to the gear watch or clock. ˈmeɪnsprɪŋ
wheels of the timekeeper despite the changing
pendulum = a long metal stick with weight at the
tension of its mainspring. By the 16th century, a
bottom that swings regularly from side to side to
pendulum clock had been devised, but the
control the working of a clock. ˈpendjʊləm
pendulum swung in a large arc and thus was not very efficient.
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BOOST YOUR VOCABULARY CAMBRIDGE IELTS 8 7 G
To address this, a variation on the original
the anchor escapement = a type of
escapement was invented in 1670, in England. It
escapement used in pendulum clocks ði
was cal ed the anchor escapement, which was a
ˈæŋkər ɪˈskeɪpmənt
lever-based device shaped like a ship's anchor. The escape wheel = a toothed wheel in the
motion of a pendulum rocks this device so that it
catches and then releases each tooth of the escape escapement of a watch or clock. ɪˈskeɪp ˈwiːl
wheel, in turn al owing it to turn a precise amount.
precise = exact, correct, accurate. prɪˈsaɪs
Unlike the original form used in early pendulum
original = initial, earliest (existing or
clocks, the anchor escapement permitted the
happening first). əˈrɪdʒnəl
pendulum to travel in a very smal arc. Moreover,
permit= al ow, enable, facilitate. pəˈmɪt
this invention al owed the use of a long pendulum
which could beat once a second and thus led to the
development of a new floor standing case design,
which became known as the grandfather clock. H
Today, highly accurate timekeeping instruments set accurate= correct, precise, exact. ˈækjərət
a quartz-crystal clock = is a clock that uses an
the beat for most electronic devices. Nearly al
electronic oscil ator that is regulated by a quartz
computers contain a quartz-crystal clock to
crystal to keep time. ə kwɔːts- ˈkrɪstl ˈklɒ k
beam down = to transport somebody to or from
regulate their operation. Moreover, not only do time
a spaceship using special electronic equipment.
signals beamed down from Global Positioning biːm daʊn
calibrate = standardize, a
djust, regulate. ˈkælɪbreɪt
System satel ites calibrate the functions of
precision= accuracy, exactness, correctness. prɪˈsɪʒn
precision navigation equipment, they do so as wel navigation = routing, d irection-finding
for mobile phones, instant stock-trading systems
the science or job of planning which way you need
to go when you are travel ing from one place to
and nationwide power-distribution grids. So integral another nævɪˈɡeɪʃn
have these time-based technologies become to day- integral = connected, central, internal, forming
a necessary part of something. ˈɪntɪɡrəl
to-day existence that our dependency on them is
dependency = reliance, enslavement, craving.
recognised only when they fail to work. dɪˈpendənsi
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BOOST YOUR VOCABULARY CAMBRIDGE IELTS 8 8 READING PASSAGE 2 A
n accident that occurred in the skies over the
establishment = founding, launch, creation. ɪˈstæblɪʃmənt
Grand Canyon in 1956 resulted in the
federal Aviation Administration (FAA) of
the United States = a national authority with
establishment of the Federal Aviation Administration
(FAA) to regulate and oversee the operation of aircraft
powers to regulate al aspects of flying in aircraft. n stre  (FAA)
in the skies over the United States, which were ˈfedərəl ˌeɪviˈeɪ n ʃ  ədˌmɪ ɪˈ ɪʃn
becoming quite congested. The resulting structure of air congested = ful of traffic, overfil ed, blocked,
traffic control has greatly increased the safety of flight in crowded, #empty, #clear kənˈdʒestɪd
the United States, and similar air traffic control
procedure = process, way, method.
procedures are also in place over much of the rest of prəˈsiːdʒə the wor B
rudimentary = basic, elementary, simple,
Rudimentary air traffic control (ATC) existed wel before fundamental # advanced ruːdɪˈmentri
the Grand Canyon disaster. As early as the 1920s, the
manually = by hand, physical y, # m ental
earliest air traffic control ers manually guided aircraft in ˈmænjʊəli
the vicinity of the airports, using lights and flags, while
vicinity (of something) = neighborhood,
beacons and flashing lights were placed along cross-
locality, surrounding area vɪˈsɪnɪti
country routes to establish the earliest airways. beacon = signal, s
ign, warning light, ˈbiːkən
However, this purely visual system was useless in bad
purely = entirely, whol y, total y, completely, #
weather, and, by the 1930s, radio communication was partly ˈpjʊəli
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coming into use for ATC. The first region to have
something approximating today’s ATC was New York
City, with other major metropolitan areas fol owing
metropolitan= urban, municipal, civic metrəˈpɒlɪtən soon after. C
In the 1940s, ATC centres could and did take advantage regulation = control, guideline, adjustment,
of the newly developed radar and improved radio rule. reɡjʊˈleɪʃn
communication brought about by the Second World
fortuitous = lucky, fortunate, miraculous.
War, but the system remained rudimentary. It was only fɔːˈtjuːɪtəs
advent = arrival, beginning, initiation, #
after the creation of the FAA that ful -scale regulation of departure ˈædvent
America’s airspace took place, and this was fortuitous, jet engine = an engine that pushes out
for the advent of the jet engine suddenly resulted in a
a stream of hot air and gases behind it, used
large number of very fast planes, reducing pilots’
in aircraft ˈdʒet ˈendʒɪn
margin of error and practical y demanding some set of margin of error = the degree to which
rules to keep everyone wel separated and operating
a calculation might or can be wrong ˈmɑːdʒɪn əv ˈerə safely in the air. D
consist of = comprise, be made up of, be
Many people think that ATC consists o f a row of
compose of, comprise, make up. kənˈsɪst ɒ v
control ers sitting in front of their radar screens at the
nation’s airports, telling arriving and departing traffic
what to do. This is a very incomplete part of the picture. realise = recognize, understand,
The FAA realised that the airspace over the United
comprehend, # misunderstand ˈrɪəlaɪ z
States would at any time have many different kinds of
planes, flying for many different purposes, in a variety of
weather conditions, and the same kind of structure was
accommodate = adapt, acclimatize, adjust.
needed to accommodate al of them. əˈkɒmədeɪt E
To meet this chal enge, the fol owing elements were put put into effect = to make a plan or idea
into effect. First, ATC extends over virtually the entire
happen ˈpʊt ˈɪntə ɪˈfekt
United States. In general, from 365m above the ground
and higher, the entire country is blanketed by control ed virtually = almost, nearly, near. ˈvɜːtʃʊəli
airspace. In certain areas, mainly near airports,
blanket = to cover something with a
control ed airspace extends down to 215m above the thick layer. ˈblæŋkɪt
ground, and, in the immediate vicinity of an airport, al
regulation= rule, guideline, directive.
the way down to the surface. Control ed airspace is that reɡjʊˈleɪʃn
airspace in which FAA regulations apply. Elsewhere, in bind = require, force, oblige. baɪnd
uncontrol ed airspace, pilots are boun d by fewer
recreation = fun, enjoyment, pleasure,
regulations. In this way, the recreational pilot who
good/great time, a blast, entertainment,
simply wishes to go flying for a while without al the
relaxation, leisure. rekrɪˈeɪʃn
restrictions imposed by the FAA has only to stay in
impose= force, require, obey, make rules.
uncontrol ed airspace, below 365m, while the pilot who ɪmˈpəʊz
does want the protection afforded by ATC can easily
afford= give, offer, provide, al ow. əˈfɔːd
enter the control ed airspace. F
The FAA then recognised two types of operating
meteorological = atmospheric, climatic,
environments. In good meteorological conditions, flying weather. miːtjərəˈlɒdʒɪkl
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would be permitted under Visual Flight Rules (VFR),
reliance = dependence, rely on, hinge on.
which suggests a strong reliance on visual cues to rɪˈlaɪəns
maintain an acceptable level of safety. Poor visibility
necessitate = essential, r equire, need,
necessitated a set of Instrumental Flight Rules (IFR),
demand. nɪˈsesɪteɪt
under which the pilot relied on altitude and
cue = signal, indication, clue. kjuː
navigational information provided by the plane’s
altitude = height above sea level. ˈæltɪtjuːd
instrument panel to fly safely. On a clear day, a pilot in
navigation= direction-finding, steering,
control ed airspace can choose a VFR or IFR flight plan, routing. nævɪˈɡeɪʃn
and the FAA regulations were devised in a way which
devise = plan, develop, create, set up.
accommodates both VFR and IFR operations in the dɪˈvaɪz
same airspace. However, a pilot can only choose to fly
possess = own, have, hold, keep, #lack
IFR if they possess an instrument rating which is above pəˈzes
and beyond the basic pilot’s license that must also be held. G
Control ed airspace is divided into several different
types, designated by letters of the alphabet.
designate= elect, label, entitle, define.
Uncontrol ed airspace is designated Class F, while ˈdezɪɡneɪt
control ed airspace below 5,490m above sea level and
not in the vicinity of an airport is Class E. Al airspace
above 5,490m is designated Class A. The reason for the stem from= arise from, originate from, come
division of Class E and Class A airspace stems from from. stem frɒm
the type of planes operating in them. General y, Class E
airspace is where one finds general aviation aircraft (few
of which can climb above 5,490m anyway), and
turboprop= an aircraft that gets power from
commercial turboprop aircraft. Above 5,490m is the
this type of engine. tɜːbəʊˈprɒp
realm of the heavy jets, since jet engines operate more
realm = area, space, range, field. relm
efficiently at higher altitudes. The difference between
Class E and A airspace is that in Class A, al operations instrumentation= the set of instruments
are IFR, and pilots must be instrument-rated, that is,
used to help in control ing a machine ɪnstrʊmenˈteɪʃn
skil ed and licensed in aircraft instrumentation. This is
because ATC control of the entire space is essential.
correspond = realate, tal y, link, match up.
Three other types of airspace, Classes D, C and B, kɒrɪˈspɒnd
govern the vicinity of airports. These correspond
municipal= civic, public, c ommunity,
roughly to smal municipal, medium-sized metropolitan #private mjuːˈnɪsɪpl
and major metropolitan airports respectively, and
encompass = include, cover, contain,
encompass an increasingly rigorous set of regulations. #exclude ɪnˈkʌmpəs
For example, al a VFR pilot has to do to enter Class C
rigorous= precise, careful, accurate ˈrɪɡərə s
airspace is establish two-way radio contact with ATC. explicit = clear, p recise, exact, #implicit.
No explicit permission from ATC to enter is needed, ɪkˈsplɪsɪt
although the pilot must continue to obey al regulations
govern= rule, oversee, manage, c ontrol,
governing VFR flight. To enter Class B airspace, such regulate. ˈɡʌvn
as on approach to a major metropolitan airport, an
cruise = fly, travel, take off, voyage. kruːz
explicit ATC clearance is required. The private pilot who
cruises without permission into this airspace risks losing license = certificate, pass, card, permit. ˈlaɪsns their license.
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telepathy= mind-reading, thought
an human beings communicate by thought alone? transference, extrasensory perception tɪˈlepəθi
For more than a century the issue of telepathy has
spark = provoke, cause, trigger. spɑːk
controversy= argument, disagreement,
divided the scientific community, and even today it stil
debate, public discussion. ˈkɒntrəvɜːsi
sparks bitter controversy among top academics.
academic = a teacher in a col ege or university. ækəˈdemɪk
Since the 1970s, parapsychologists at leading
parapsychology = the scientific study
of mysterious abilities that some people claim
universities and research institutes around the world
to have, such as knowing what will happen in
have risked the derision of sceptical col eagues by
the future. pærəsaɪˈkɒlədʒi
derision= laughter, ridicule, contempt.
putting the various claims for telepathy to the test in dɪˈrɪʒn
sceptical = doubtful, untruthful, suspicious.
dozens of rigorous scientific studies. The results and ˈskeptɪkl
their implications are dividing even the researchers
implication = suggestion, insinuation,
association. ɪmplɪˈkeɪʃn who uncovered them.
uncover = discover, reveal, expose ʌnˈkʌvə
Some researchers say the results constitute
constitute = make up, establish, create. ˈkɒnstɪtjuːt
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compelling evidence that telepathy is genuine. Other
compelling = forceful, convincing,
persuasive, very interesting and exciting.
parapsychologists believe the field is on the brink of kəmˈpelɪŋ
the brink of something = a situation when
collapse, having tried to produce definitive scientific
you are almost in a new situation, usual y a
proof and failed. Sceptics and advocates alike do
bad one ðə brɪŋk əv ˈsʌmθɪŋ
collapse = fail, en , d break down. kəˈlæps
concur on one issue, however: that the most impressive definitive= ultimate, perfect, best. dɪˈfɪnətɪ v
evidence so far has come from the so-cal ed 'ganzfeld'
sceptic= cynic, doubter, questioner #believer. ˈskeptɪk
experiments, a German term that means 'whole field'.
advocate = supporter, promoter, believer. ˈædvəkeɪt
Reports of telepathic experiences had by people during
concur = agree, correspond, coincide #conflict kənˈkɜː
meditation led parapsychologists to suspect that
meditation=the practice o femptying
telepathy might involve 'signals' passing between people your mind of thoughts and feelings, in order
to relax completely or for religious reasons.
that were so faint that they were usual y swamped by medɪˈteɪʃn
suspect = doubt, distrust, disbelieve. səˈspekt
normal brain activity. In this case, such signals might be faint= pale, unclear, weak #strong feɪnt
more easily detected by those experiencing meditation-
swamp = overwhelm, inundate, drown swɒmp
tranquility = calm, quiet, silence, # bustle.
like tranquility in a relaxing 'whole field' of light, sound trænˈkwɪlɪti and warmth.
reclining = rest, lie down, lounge, #stand
The ganzfeld experiment tries to recreate these rɪˈklaɪnɪŋ
conditions with participants sitting in soft reclining
sealed = closed, to formal y approve an
chairs in a sealed room, listening to relaxing sounds agreement. siːld
while their eyes are covered with special filters letting in experiment = test, trial, research ɪkˈsperɪmənt
only soft pink light. In early ganzfeld experiments, the
identification = recognition,
telepathy test involved identification of a picture
classification. distinguishing
chosen from a random selection of four taken from a aɪˌdentɪfɪˈkeɪʃn
large image bank. The idea was that a person acting as attempt= try, make an effort, have a shot. əˈtempt
a 'sender' would attempt to beam the image over to the beam = send out, radiate, emit biːm
'receiver' relaxing in the sealed room.
Once the session was over, this person was asked to
identify which of the four images had been used.
Random guessing would give a hit-rate of 25 per cent; if analyze= examine, scrutinize, investigate.
telepathy is real, however, the hit-rate would be higher. ˈænəl ɪ a z
In 1982, the results from the first ganzfeld studies were
pioneer = creator, discoverer, inventor,
analysed by one of its pioneers, the American forerunner paɪəˈnɪə
parapsychologist Charles Honorton. They pointed to
typical= usual, normal, standard, average.
typical hit-rates of better than 30 per cent - a smal ˈtɪpɪkl
effect, but one which statistical tests suggested could
statistical= numerical, arithmetic, not be put down to chance.
arithmetical. stəˈtɪstɪkl
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The implication was that the ganzfeld method had
flaw= fault, error, mistake. flɔː
revealed real evidence for telepathy. But there was a
overlook= fail to notice, fail to see, miss.
crucial flaw in this argument - one routinely overlooked əʊvəˈlʊk
in more conventional areas of science. Just because
conventional =traditional, usual,
chance had been ruled out as an explanation did not
conservative. kənˈvenʃnəl
prove telepathy must exist; there were many other ways prove = show, confirm, demonstrate. pruːv
of getting positive results. These ranged from 'sensory
sensory = relating to the feelings of your
leakage' - where clues about the pictures accidental y
body rather than your mind. ˈsensəri
reach the receiver - to outright fraud. In response, the
leakage = escape, outflow, drip. ˈliːkɪdʒ
researchers issued a review of al the ganzfeld studies
outright = clear and direct, absolute,
done up to 1985 to show that 80 per cent had found
statistical y significant evidence. However, they also complete. ˈaʊtraɪt
agreed that there were stil too many problems in the
fraud= dishonesty, scam, deception. frɔːd
experiments which could lead to positive results, and
they drew up a list demanding new standards for future research.
After this, many researchers switched to autoganzfeld
tests - an automated variant of the technique which used
computers to perform many of the key tasks such as the
random selection of images. By minimising human
involvement = participation, connection,
involvement, the idea was to minimise the risk of contribution. ɪnˈvɒlv ə m n t
flawed results. In 1987, results from hundreds of
autoganzfeld tests were studied by Honorton in a 'meta-
impressive = imposing, inspiring,
analysis', a statistical technique for finding the overal striking. ɪmˈpresɪv
results from a set of studies. Though less compel ing
disturb = perturb, concern, worry,
than before, the outcome was stil impressive. bother. dɪˈstɜː
Yet some parapsychologists remain disturbed by the b
lack of consistency between individual ganzfeld
consistency= constancy, steadiness,
studies. Defenders of telepathy point out that stability. kənˈsɪstənsi
demanding impressive evidence from every study
ignores one basic statistical fact: it takes large samples
defender = protector, supporter, guard.
to detect smal effects. If, as current results suggest, dɪˈfendə
telepathy produces hit-rates only marginally above the
marginally = slightly, just over, a bit
25 per cent expected by chance, it's unlikely to be ˈmɑːdʒɪnəli
detected by a typical ganzfeld study involving around 40 detect= discover, find out, reveal, notice.
people: the group is just not big enough. Only when dɪˈtekt
many studies are combined in a meta-analysis wil the
apparent = obvious, clear, seeming.
faint signal of telepathy real y become apparent. And
that is what researchers do seem to be finding. əˈpærənt
What they are certainly not finding, however, is any
change in attitude of mainstream scientists: most stil
mainstream = normal, typical, conventional,
total y reject the very idea of telepathy. The problem
# unconventional ˈmeɪnstriːm
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stems at least in part from the lack of any plausible
plausible = reasonable, possible, believable. mechanism for telepathy. ˈplɔːzəbl
Various theories have been put forward, many focusing put forward = state, suggest, propose ˈpʊt
on esoteric ideas from theoretical physics. They include ˈfɔːwəd
'quantum entanglement', in which events affecting one esoteric = obscure, mysterious, cryptic,
group of atoms instantly affect another group, no matter (known and understood by only a few people
how far apart they may be. While physicists have
who have special knowledge about
demonstrated entanglement with special y prepared something). esəʊˈterɪk
atoms, no-one knows if it also exists between atoms
quantum = a unit of energy in nuclear
making up human minds. Answering such questions physics.
would transform parapsychology. This has prompted ˈkwɒntəm
some researchers to argue that the future lies not in
entanglement = a difficult situation or
col ecting more evidence for telepathy, but in probing
relationship that is hard to escape from.
possible mechanisms. Some work has begun already, ɪnˈtæŋɡlmənt
with researchers trying to identify people who are
atom = the smal est part of an element that
particularly successful in autoganzfeld trials. Early
can exist alone or can combine with other
results show that creative and artistic people do much
substances to form a molecule. ˈætəm
better than average: in one study at the University of
prompt = stimulate, provoke, motivate prɒmpt
Edinburgh, musicians achieved a hit-rate of 56 per cent. probing= inquisitive, analytical, penetrating.
Perhaps more tests like these wil eventual y give the ˈprəʊbɪŋ
researchers the evidence they are seeking and
trial = test, experiment, examination. ˈtraɪəl
strengthen the case for the existence of telepathy.
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Nếu học được một lượng từ vựng lớn thì các
bạn sẽ không phải quan tâm đến tip này hay
trick kia khi làm bài thi IELTS Reading. Mình tin
là có những bạn 1 tuần đọc liên tục được 2
cuốn Boost your vocabulary, thậm chí là hơn.
Truyện dài mấy trăm trang mà nhiều bạn có thể
đọc xong trong 1 đêm, còn 1 cuốn Boost your
vocabulary là khá mỏng, và lại toàn từ đã được
tra sẵn. Vậy nên hãy cố gắng đọc thật nhanh
nhé các bạn  Đinh Thắng
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BOOST YOUR VOCABULARY CAMBRIDGE IELTS 8 16 TEST 2 READING PASSAGE 1 G
lass, which has been made since the time of
mixture = combination, blend, hybrid,
the Mesopotamians and Egyptians, is little more than amalgam. ˈmɪkstʃə
molten = metal or rock has been made into a
a mixture of sand, soda ash and lime. When heated
liquid by being heated to a very high temperature.
to about 1500 degrees Celsius (°C) this becomes a ˈməʊltən
harden = solidify, freeze, consolidate, #soften
molten mass that hardens when slowly cooled. The ˈhɑːdn
first successful method for making clear, flat glass
involve= associate, engage, connect, link. ɪnˈvɒlv
involved spinning. This method was very effective as unblemished = flawless, perfect, untarnished, #
flawed, #imperfect ʌnˈblemɪʃt
the glass had not touched any surfaces between
labour = work, employment, hard work, manual
being soft and becoming hard, so it stayed perfectly labor ˈleɪbə
unblemished, with a 'fire finish'. However, the
intensive = concentrated, rigorous, thorough,
process took a long time and was
exhaustive, #easy (tens=strain, stretch .i.e tension,
labour intensive.
extension) ɪnˈtensɪv
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