Business ethic - Tài liệu tham khảo | Đại học Hoa Sen

Sai : hhh Đúng: hhh
According to utilitarian ethics, the right action is the one that:
A. Creates a lot of net happiness.
B. Creates the least unhappiness.
C. Does not use anyone as a means to an end. D. Can be universalised.
E. Creates the most net happiness compared to any other alternative action.
During the COVID-19 pandemic, some medical companies working to
develop a vaccine have argued that it would be ethical to undertake trials
that are more risky to trial participants than is usually accepted because
the need is so urgent. Which of the following is true:
A. Kantian ethics would suggest this might be unethical because it is using
some individuals (the trial participants) as a means to an end.
B. Corporate Social Responsibility would not apply here because there is so
much profit to be gained from a successful vaccine.
C. Carroll’s pyramid of Corporate Social Responsibility suggests any
company in this area only has economic and legal responsibilities.
D. Utilitarian ethics would probably say this is the right thing to do even if it
causes suffering for the trial participants because a vaccine would reduce
so much suffering by billions of other people who might otherwise be affected. E. A and D
When we discussed the brownies case in weeks 1 and 2, some of us believed
that the most serious ethical issue was that people have the right to know
what they are eating (even if it makes them upset to find out afterwards).
Which of the normative theories does this fit best with and why: A. None of these.
B. Kantian ethics, because it is all about the consequences of actions.
C. Kantian ethics because it includes concern for the rights of individuals
instead of consequences such as happiness and unhappiness.
D. Virtue ethics because food is central to virtue ethics.
E. All of them because rights not happiness are the basis of all three normative theories.
You read a politician suggesting that lowering taxes is good because it will
create more jobs, which means more people will have more income. Which
of the following ideas covered in the unit so far is this closest to?
A. The ‘outcomes’ moral justification of capitalism (where aspects of the
economy are morally justified if they produce better outcomes).
B. That businesses are only responsible for making a profit. C. The tragedy of the commons. D. All of these.
E. The rights justification of capitalism.
Which of the following are features of capitalism?
A. Competition prevents prices from escalating.
B. Individuals and companies have private property that they use to make
profit, subject to market forces.
C. That consumers make free, rational, market based choices in their own self- interest. D. A, B, and C E. A and B only
The ‘Invisible Hand’:
A. Is another name for Kant’s Formula from the Universal Law.
B. Is a term used by Adam Smith to describe the unintended social benefits of
individual self-interested actions
C. Is one of the key concepts in virtue ethics.
D. Describes the Tragedy of the Commons.
E. Is another name for the rights based moral justification of capitalism.
The highest level of Carroll’s ‘Pyramid of Social Responsibility’ (that is, the top of the pyramid) is: A Legal . B. Social C. Philanthropic D Ethical . E. Moral
The ‘two tests’ from Kantian ethics are:
A The Formula from the Universal Law and the Formula from Humanity .
B. The Golden Rule and the Categorical Imperative
C. The Categorical Imperative and the Utilitarian Calculus
D The Formula from Humanity and the Golden Rule .
E. The Formula from the Universal Law and the Golden Rule
The main moral justifications of capitalism covered in this unit are:
A. The tragedy of the commons and the original position
B. The rights view and the outcomes view
C. The moral and the efficiency views D. Both based in virtue ethics E. None of these
Which of the following is a common misunderstanding of virtue ethics?
A. That the virtues lie between the vices of excess and deficiency.
B. That our character matters a lot.
C. That the virtues are subjective, in other words they vary a lot between individuals.
D. That wisdom is central to virtue ethics.
E. That the virtues serve flourishing.
You hear an economist say in an interview that ‘consumers increasingly
expect that businesses will contribute to the community, not just focus on
making a profit for shareholders’. Which of the following views is this closest to? A The tragedy of the commons. . B. Carr’s views.
C. The importance of efficiency.
D The broad view of Corporate Social Responsibility. . E. The Formula from Humanity.
When we discussed the brownies case in weeks 1 and 2, some of us believed
that the most serious ethical issue was that people have the right to know
what they are eating (even if it makes them upset to find out afterwards).
Which of the normative theories does this fit best with and why:
A. Kantian ethics because it includes concern for the rights of individuals
instead of consequences such as happiness and unhappiness.
B. All of them because rights not happiness are the basis of all three normative theories.
C. Kantian ethics, because it is all about the consequences of actions. D. None of these.
E. Virtue ethics because food is central to virtue ethics.
During the COVID-19 pandemic some people argued that while keeping
borders and businesses open meant that some people would die from the
virus, this was a reasonable sacrifice for the good of many others. This
reasoning is closest to which of the normative theories?
A. All of the theories but for different reasons.
B. Kantian ethics – because it allows us to use some as a means to an end.
C. Virtue ethics – because it is the wise thing to do.
D. Utilitarianism – because the net happiness created is likely to be high. E. None of these.
The narrow view of CSR is that:
A. Businesses have a set of social and ethical responsibilities in addition to
responsibilities to make a profit. B. None of these.
C. Business does not need to follow the law.
D. Business only has the responsibility to make a profit.
E. Business bluffing is unethical.
A friend of yours tells you that she believes that ultimately ‘the ends justify
the means’. This would most closely fit with which of the three normative
theories covered in this unit? A. Virtue ethics B. Utilitarian ethics C. Kantian ethics D. None of them E. B and C
Which of the following is / are true?
A. Capitalism can only be justified by its outcomes
B. One of the main criticisms of Carr’s position that business is a game is
that business affects many who have not chosen to play that game.
C. The Invisible Hand is equivalent to Rawls’ Veil of Ignorance
D. Virtue ethics tells us that the good will is central to ethical action
E. Utilitarian ethics tells us that the right thing to do is that which produces a lot of happiness
Imagine that a friend tells you that they think it is morally OK to buy
products that are made in unsafe conditions in poorer countries because
any job is better than no job. Which of the following is true about what the
normative theories of ethics would say about this?
A. Kantian ethics would suggest that your friend’s reasoning is OK because the consequences are good.
B. Utilitarian ethics would suggest that your friend’s reasoning is not OK
because we don’t know if the jobs in question are creating more happiness than not having a job.
C. Virtue ethics would ask if your friend really believes this or is just using
poor judgment and perhaps lacking compassion for the workers in question.
D. Utilitarian ethics would ask us to apply the Golden Mean in this situation. E. B and C
Which of the following is true?
A. Only Kantian ethics takes consequences into account to decide the right thing to do.
B. Only utilitarian ethics takes consequences into account to decide the right thing to do.
C. Only virtue ethics takes consequences into account to decide the right thing to do.
D. None of the normative theories take consequences into account to decide the right thing to do.
E. All three of the normative theories take consequences into account to decide the right thing to do. According to only if:
Kantian ethics, an action is ethical
It is done by a person of good character
The maxim / principle of action is in accordance with the moral law All of these It produces good outcomes
It is done with honest intentions
Which of the following are reasons we have considered in this unit for why
Carr might be wrong about business being a game with its own set of rules?
A. Even games have moral limits on their rules.
B. Unlike games, business also affects those who have not chosen to ‘play’ the game.
C. Unlike most games, business has enormous potential to do harm (or good). D. A and C only E. A, B, and C
You hear an economist say in an interview that ‘consumers increasingly
expect that businesses will contribute to the community, not just focus on
making a profit for shareholders’. Which of the following views is this closest to? A The tragedy of the commons. .
B. The broad view of Corporate Social Responsibility. C. Carr’s views.
D The importance of efficiency. . E. The Formula from Humanity.
The ‘Invisible Hand’ is the argument that:
A. Government regulation should be invisible.
B. We should establish the rules of society by imagining what we would agree
to if we did not know what position we would be in in that society.
C. Capitalism protects the rights of individuals through the efficiency of markets.
D. Individuals and businesses indirectly serve the overall and common good
(without meaning to) when they pursue their own self-interest.
E. We do not know where the virtues lie.
You read a politician suggesting that lowering taxes is good because it will
create more jobs, which means more people will have more income. Which
of the following ideas covered in the unit so far is this closest to? A. All of these.
B. The rights justification of capitalism.
C. That businesses are only responsible for making a profit. D. The tragedy of the commons.
E. The ‘outcomes’ moral justification of capitalism (where aspects of the
economy are morally justified if they produce better outcomes). Albert Carr says that:
A. Sometimes success in business requires breaking some ordinary ethical rules.
B. Regardless of circumstances, the Golden Rule always applies.
C. There are no ethical rules that apply in business.
D. The business of business is to make a profit for shareholders.
E. Most of the usual ethical rules also apply in business.
Which of the following is a starting assumption of this unit?
Ethical judgments (that is, opinions about right or wrong) should be supported
with reasons that we can share with others and use to engage in dialogue with
them about what is the right thing to do.
Ethical judgments about right or wrong can only ever be subjective, and instinctive.
Ethical judgments about right or wrong are simple and easy.
Learning the right ethical judgments about past cases such a advertising
cigarettes to children can teach us all we need to know about ethics.
We are unlikely to face new and emerging ethical issues in the next 20 years.
Which of the following do Grace and Cohen say describe ethical reasons for acting:
A. They coincide with self-interest.
B. They require going beyond self-interest.
C. They can be defended with reasons. D. A and C E. B and C
During the COVID-19 pandemic, many countries saw so-called ‘panic
buying’ of items such as toilet paper and hand sanitiser after fears of
scarcity, despite supply chains and stock levels being secure. Which of the
following is true of this situation:
A It is an example of the ‘tragedy of the commons’ .
B. It suggests that as consumers we do not always make rational choices.
C. It suggests that as consumers we always make rational choices. D All of these. .
E. It shows the Invisible Hand always works to ensure good outcomes.
In the brownies case that we discussed in Module 1 and Module 2, some of
us thought that the main issue of concern was that someone might get sick
or harmed (for example if there were diseases or allergens in the milk).
Which of the following is true?
A. This is closest to Kantian ethics.
B. This is closest to virtue ethics.
C. This is closest to utilitarian ethics.
D. None of the three normative theories we have covered in class would agree with this view.
E. All of the three normative theories we have covered in class would agree with this view.
Imagine that a friend of yours tells you that they do not buy chocolate that
contains palm oil because they are concerned about the effect on
endangered animals. Which of the following is true?
A. Kantian ethics tells us that the Formula from Universal Law means we
should only accept this if everyone in the world would actually agree to it.
B. Utilitarian ethics would say that using palm oil is only wrong if it causes
more suffering to the animals than happiness for people eating the
chocolate and shareholders profiting from it compared to any other potential action.
C. Utilitarian ethics would say creating any suffering is wrong.
D. Utilitarian ethics would say that we need to take into account the effect
on future generations who will not be able to see those animals if they become extinct. E. B and D
Which of the following do Grace and Cohen say describe ethical reasons for acting:
A.They are impartial and universal – they apply to all of us.
B. They require going beyond self-interest.
C. They are ‘action –guiding’, that is they put limits on us. D.A and C only. E. A, B and C.
In ‘Is Business Bluffing Ethical’, Albert Carr argues that:
A. Sound business strategy sometimes runs counter to ethical ideals.
B. Those in business need only follow the golden rule
C. Sound business strategy almost always runs counter to ethical ideals.
D. Sound business strategy always runs counter to ethical ideals.
E. Sound business strategy never runs counter to ethical ideals.
The utilitarian calculus requires us to: