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BUSINESS VOCABULARY Self-study and classroom use IN USE Third Edition Intermediate Bill Mascull with answers BUSINESS VOCABULARY Self-study and classroom use IN USE Third Edition Intermediate Bill Mascull
University Printing House, Cambridge CB2 8BS, United Kingdom
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Cambridge University Press is part of the University of Cambridge.
It furthers the University’s mission by disseminating knowledge in the pursuit of
education, learning and research at the highest international levels of excellence. www.cambridge.org
Information on this title: www.cambridge.org/9781316629987
© Cambridge University Press 2017
This publication is in copyright. Subject to statutory exception
and to the provisions of relevant collective licensing agreements,
no reproduction of any part may take place without the written
permission of Cambridge University Press. First published 2002 Second Edition 2010 Third Edition 2017
20 19 18 17 16 15 14 13 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
Printed in Malaysia by Vivar Printing
A catalogue record for this publication is available from the British Library
ISBN 978-1-316-62998-7 Book with Answers
ISBN 978-1-316-62997-0 Book with Answers and Ebook
Cambridge University Press has no responsibility for the persistence or accuracy
of URLs for external or third-party internet websites referred to in this publication,
and does not guarantee that any content on such websites is, or will remain,
accurate or appropriate. Information regarding prices, travel timetables, and other
factual information given in this work is correct at the time of first printing but
Cambridge University Press does not guarantee the accuracy of such information thereafter. Contents INTRODUCTION 8
9 Managers, executives and directors 26 JOBS, PEOPLE AND ORGANIZATIONS A Managers and executives: UK B Managers and executives: US 1 Work and jobs 10
10 Businesspeople and business A What do you do? leaders 28
B Word combinations with ‘work’
C Types of job and types of work
A Businesspeople and entrepreneurs B Leaders and leadership 2 Ways of working 12 C Magnates, moguls and tycoons A Working hours 11 Organizations 1 30 B Nice work if you can get it C Nature of work A Business and businesses B Commerce
3 Recruitment and selection 14 C Enterprise A Recruitment 12 Organizations 2 32 B Applying for a job C Selection procedures
A Self-employed people and partnerships B Limited liability
4 Skills and qualifications 16 C Mutuals D Non-profit organizations A Education and training B Skilled and unskilled PRODUCTION C The right person
13 Manufacturing and services 34 5 Pay and benefits 18 A Manufacturing and services A Wages, salary and benefits
B Countries and their industries B Compensation 1 C Compensation 2
14 The development process 36
6 People and workplaces 20 A Market research B Development and launch A Employees and management
B Management and administration
15 Innovation and invention 38 C Labour D Personnel and HRM A Innovation and invention B Research and technology
7 Companies and careers 22
C Patents and intellectual property A Career paths
16 Products and services 40 B Company structure
C In-house staff or freelancers? A Products D Leaving a company B Mass production C Capacity and output 8 Problems at work 24 A Discrimination B Bullying and harassment C Health and safety
Business Vocabulary in Use Intermediate 3
17 Materials and suppliers 42 25 Promotion 58 A Inputs A Advertising B Suppliers and outsourcing B The sales force C Just-in-time C Promotional activities
18 Business philosophies 44 26 E-commerce 60 A Mass customization A B2C, B2B and B2G B Wikinomics B Web 2.0 C The long tail C E-commerce companies D Benchmarking
D Word combinations with ‘online’ MARKETING MONEY
19 Buyers, sellers and the 27 Sales and costs 62 market 46 A Sales A Customers and clients B Costs B Buyers, sellers and vendors C Margins and mark-ups C The market 28 Profitability and
20 Markets and competitors 48 unprofitability 64 A Companies and markets
A Profitable and unprofitable products
B More word combinations with ‘market’ B Budgets and expenditure C Competitors and competition
C Economies of scale and the learning curve
21 Marketing and market orientation 50 29 Getting paid 66 A Marketing A Shipping and billing B The four Ps B Trade credit C The market orientation C Accounts 22 Products and brands 52
30 Assets, liabilities and the balance sheet 68
A Word combinations with ‘product’ B Goods A Assets C Brands and branding B Depreciation C Liabilities 23 Price 54 D Balance sheet A Pricing 31 The bottom line 70
B Word combinations with ‘price’ C Upmarket and downmarket A Accounts D Mass markets and niches B Results C Financial reporting 24 Place 56
32 Share capital and debt 72
A Distribution: wholesalers, retailers and customers A Capital B Shops B Share capital C Direct marketing C Loan capital D Security E Leverage 4
Business Vocabulary in Use Intermediate 33 Success and failure 74 DOING THE RIGHT THING A Cash mountains
40 Wrongdoing and corruption 88 B Debt and debt problems C Turnarounds and bailouts A Wrongdoing D Bankruptcy B Bribery and corruption C Fraud and embezzlement
34 Mergers, takeovers and 41 Business ethics 90 sell-offs 76 A Professional behaviour A Stakes and joint ventures B Social issues B Mergers and takeovers C Environmental issues C Conglomerates PERSONAL SKILLS FINANCE AND THE ECONOMY 35 Personal finance 78 42 Time and time management 92 A Traditional banking B Internet banking A Timeframes and schedules C Personal investing
B Projects and project management C Time tips 36 Financial centres 80 43 Stress and stress A Financial Centres management 94 B Stock markets C Other financial markets A When work is stimulating D Derivatives
B When stimulation turns to stress C Downshifting 37 Trading 82
44 Leadership and management A Market indexes styles 96
B Market activity: good times … C … and bad A Leadership B Modern management styles 38 Indicators 1 84 C Empowerment A Finance and economics CULTURE B Inflation and unemployment C Trade
45 Business across cultures 1 98 D Growth and GDP A Cultures and culture 39 Indicators 2 86 B Power and distance A Going up
46 Business across cultures 2 100 B Going down C Peaks and troughs A Individualism D Boom and bust B Time C Cross-cultural communication
Business Vocabulary in Use Intermediate 5 TELEPHONING AND WRITING
54 Interns, trainees and apprentices 116
47 Telephoning 1: phones and numbers 102 A Interns B Experience or exploitation? A Telephones and beyond C Trainees and apprentices
B ‘Phone’, ‘call’ and ‘ring’ C Numbers BUSINESS SKILLS D Doing things over the phone
55 Meetings 1: types of
48 Telephoning 2: trying to meeting 118 get through 104
A Word combinations with ‘meeting’ A Asking to speak to someone B Types of meeting B Voicemail 1 C How was the meeting? C Voicemail 2
Meetings 2: the chair 56 Meetings 2: the chair 120
49 Telephoning 3: getting through 106
A The role of the chair: before the meeting A Getting through
B The role of the chair: running the B Giving and taking messages meeting C Spelling names C Follow-up
D Taking messages: checking information
57 Meetings 3: points of view 122
50 Telephoning 4: arrangements and ending calls 108 A Opening the meeting
B Asking for and expressing opinions A Phoning again B Making arrangements
58 Meetings 4: agreement and C Closing the conversation disagreement 124 D Changing arrangements A Agreeing
51 Business communication 1: B Disagreeing staying in touch 110
59 Meetings 5: discussion A Business cards 1 techniques 126 B Business cards 2 C Staying in touch
A Interrupting, referring back, checking
understanding, avoiding confrontation
52 Business communication 2:
B Agreement, consensus or compromise? email 112 C Concluding A Email
60 Presentations 1: key ideas 128 B Email expressions C Beginnings and endings A Types of presentation
B What makes a good presentation? 53 CVs, cover letters
C Presentation tools and visual aids and emails 114
61 Presentations 2: key steps 130 A CV tips B Parts of a CV A Key steps: introduction C Cover letters and emails B Key steps: main part C Key steps: closing 6
Business Vocabulary in Use Intermediate
62 Presentations 3: audience interaction 132
A Closing and dealing with questions B Intercultural aspects
63 Negotiations 1: situations and negotiators 134 A Types of negotiation
B Word combinations with ‘negotiations’ C Bargaining
64 Negotiations 2: preparing 136 A Preparing to negotiate B Opening the negotiation C Negotiating styles
65 Negotiations 3: win-win 138 A Probing B Positive positions C Negative positions D Concessions and trade-offs
66 Negotiations 4: reaching agreement 140 A Deadlock and mediators B Agreements and contracts C Checking the deal Answer key 142 Index 161 Also available 176
Business Vocabulary in Use Intermediate 7 Introduction Who is this book for?
Business Vocabulary in Use Intermediate is designed to help intermediate and upper-intermediate
learners of business English to improve their business vocabulary. It is for people studying
English before they start work and for those already working who need English in their job.
In addition to improving your business vocabulary, the book helps you to develop the language
needed for important business communication skills.
You can use the book on your own for self-study, with a teacher in the classroom, one-to-one or in groups. How is the book organized?
The book has 66 two-page units. The first 46 of these are thematic and look at the vocabulary of
business areas such as people, organizations, production, marketing and finance.
The other 20 units focus on the language of skills you need in business, such as those for
presentations, meetings, telephoning and negotiations.
The left-hand page of each unit explains new words and expressions, and the right-hand page
allows you to check and develop your understanding of the words and expressions, and how
they are used through a series of exercises.
There is cross-referencing between units to show connections between the same word or
similar words used in different contexts.
There is an Answer key at the back of the book. Most of the exercises have questions with only
one correct answer. But some of the exercises, including the Over to you activities at the end of
each unit (see below), are designed for writing and/or discussion about yourself and your own
organization or one that you know.
There is also an Index. This lists all the new words and phrases which are introduced in the book
and gives the unit numbers where the words and phrases appear. The Index also tells you how
the words and expressions are pronounced. The left-hand page
This page introduces new vocabulary and expressions for each thematic or skills area. The
presentation is divided into a number of sections indicated by letters: A, B, C, etc., with simple, clear titles.
In Business Vocabulary in Use Intermediate, explicit reference is made to the business
material in the Cambridge International Corpus (CIC) – business pages of
newspapers, business textbooks, and business meetings and discussions. The texts
are stored in a database, which is searchable in various ways to reveal the patterns of business
usage. The database has been exploited to identify typical word combinations found in the data,
and there are notes about their relative frequency.
As well as explanations of vocabulary, there is information about typical word combinations and
grammar associated with particular vocabulary, for example operative verbs – the verbs that
are typically used with particular nouns. Again, the CIC has been a prime source of information aboutthese. 8
Business Vocabulary in Use Intermediate
There are notes about differences between British and American English.
BrE: CV; AmE: résumé or resume The right-hand page
The exercises on the right-hand page give practice in using the new vocabulary and expressions
presented on the left-hand page. Some units contain diagrams to complete, or crosswords. ‘Over to you’ sections
An important feature of Business Vocabulary in Use Intermediate is the Over to you section at the
end of each unit. There are sometimes alternative Over to you sections for learners who are in
work and for those who are studying pre-work. The Over to you sections give you the chance
to put into practice the words and expressions in the unit in relation to your own professional
situation, studies or opinions.
Self-study learners can do the section as a written activity. In many Over to you sections,
learners can use the internet to find more information.
In the classroom, the Over to you sections can be used as the basis for discussion with the whole
class, or in small groups with a spokesperson for each summarizing the discussion and its outcome
for the class. The teacher can then get students to look again at exercises relating to points that have
caused difficulty. Students can follow up by using the Over to you section as a written activity, for example as homework.
The Answer key contains sample answers for the Over to you questions.
How to use the book for self-study
Find the topic you are looking for by using the Contents page or the Index. Read through the
explanations on the left-hand page of the unit. Do the exercises on the right-hand page. Check
your answers in the Answer key. If you have made some mistakes, go back and look at the
explanations and the exercise again. Note down important words and expressions in your notebook.
How to use the book in the classroom
Teachers can choose units that relate to their students’ particular needs and interests, for
example areas they have covered in coursebooks, or that have come up in other activities.
Alternatively, lessons can contain a regular vocabulary slot, where students look systematically
at the vocabulary of particular thematic or skills areas.
Students can work on the units in pairs, with the teacher going round the class assisting and
advising. Teachers should get students to think about the logical process of the exercises,
pointing out why one answer is possible and the others are not (where this is the case).
We hope you enjoy using Business Vocabulary in Use Intermediate.
Business Vocabulary in Use Intermediate 9 1 Work and jobs A What do you do?
To find out what someone’s job is, you ask ‘What do you do?’ Kerstin talks about her job:
‘I work for a large European car maker. I work on car design. In fact, I run the design
department and I manage a team of designers: 20 people work under me. It’s very
interesting. One of my main responsibilities is to make sure that new model designs are
finished on time. I’m also in charge of design budgets.
‘I deal with a lot of different people in the company. I’m responsible for coordination
between design and production: I work with managers at our manufacturing plants.’ Note in charge of + noun
responsible for + verb + -ing
responsibility + infinitive / -ing
One of my responsibilities is to make sure that …
One of my responsibilities is making sure that …
You don’t say: ‘I’m a responsible.’ B
Word combinations with ‘work’ If you wor
k or have work, you have a job. But you don’t say that someone has ‘a work’. Wor k is
also the place where you do your job. You don’t say for example, ‘at the work’ or ‘to the work’.
Here are some phrases with ‘work’.
The economy is growing fast and
more people are in work – have
a job – than ever before. The
percentage of people out of
work – without a job – has fallen
to its lowest level for 30 years. Frank talks about his job:
‘I work in a bank in New York
City. I leave for work at 7.30
every morning. I go to work
by train and subway. I get to /
arrive at work at about 9. I’m
usually at work till 6. Luckily, I
don’t get ill very much so I don’t
often take time off work – away from work due to illness.’ C
Types of job and types of work
A full-time job is one for the whole of the normal working week; a part-time job is for less
time than that. You say that someone works full-time or part-time.
A permanent job does not finish after a fixed period; a temporary job finishes after a fixed period.
You talk about temporary work and permanent work. 10
Business Vocabulary in Use Intermediate Exercises 1.1
Look at A opposite. Margaux is talking about her work. Correct the expressions in italics.
‘I work for a large French supermarket company. It is
an international company and (1) I work about the
development of new supermarkets abroad. (2) In fact,
I running the development department and (3)
I am manage for a team looking at the possibilities in
different countries. It’s very interesting. (4) One of my
main is to make sure that new supermarkets open on
time. (5) I’m also charged with financial reporting. (6)
I deal at a lot of different organizations in my work. (7)
I’m responsible of planning projects from start to finish.
(8) I work closely near our foreign partners, and so I travel a lot.’ 1.2
Complete each gap in the text with one of the prepositions from B opposite.
Rebecca lives in London and works in public relations. She leaves home for work at 7.30 am. She drives (1)
work. The traffic is often bad and she worries about getting (2) work
late, but she usually arrives (3)
work at around 9. She finishes work quite late, at about 8.
‘Luckily, I’m never ill,’ she says. ‘I could never take time (4) work.’
She loves what she does and is glad to be (5)
work. Some of her friends are not so lucky: they are (6) of work. 1.3
What is being advertised in each of these job advertisements (1–6)? Use an expression from C
opposite, including the words in brackets. The first one has been done for you. 1
Librarian required for public library, a part-time job afternoons 2 till 6. (job) Apply now 2 4 Personal assistant needed
Teacher needed for summer course, for busy office, 9 am to 1 to 31 August. (job) Apply now 5.30 pm. (work) Apply now 5
Salesman required for showroom – 3 good prospects for right
Experienced barman wanted, 8 pm person. (work) Apply now until midnight. (work) Apply now 6
Lawyer wanted for law firm – long hours,
4 weeks holiday per year. (job) Apply now Over to you
If you work, answer these questions.
If you don’t work, answer these
• What do you do? What are you in charge of? questions.
What are your responsibilities?
• What sort of job would you like
• What time do you leave for work? How long does to do?
it take you to get to work? What time do you
• What sort of routine would you
arrive at work? Do you take a lot of time off work? like to have?
• Why do some people prefer to work part-time or to have temporary jobs?
Business Vocabulary in Use Intermediate 11 2 Ways of working A Working hours
‘I’m an office worker in an insurance company. It’s a
nine-to-five job with regular working hours. I need my swipe
card to get into the office. The work isn’t very interesting, but
I like to be able to go home at a reasonable time.’ You can also say clock BrE: flexitime
in and clock out. Note AmE: flextime Note
‘I’m in computer programming. There’s a system of flexitime
in my company, which means we can work when we want, Swiping a card
within certain limits. We can start at any time till 11, and
finish as early as 3 – as long as we do enough hours each
month. It’s ideal for me as I have two young children.’
‘I work in a car plant. I work in shifts and I have to clock on and clock off at the beginning
and end of every shift. I may be on the day shift one week and the night shift the next
week. It’s difficult changing from one shift to another. When I change shifts, I have problems
changing to a new routine for sleeping and eating. When the company is selling lots of cars,
they ask us to work overtime – more hours than usual for more money.’
‘I’m a commercial artist in an advertising agency. Unlike most other people in my
department who commute to work every day, I work from home and avoid the long
journeys that some commuters experience every day. That’s the benefit of teleworking or
telecommuting – working from home and using the computer and phone to communicate with other people.’ B Nice work if you can get it
All these words are used in front of job and work.
satisfying, stimulating, fascinating, exciting – the work is interesting and gives you positive feelings
dull, boring ,uninteresting, unstimulating – the work is not interesting repetitive r
, outine – the work involves doing the same things again and again
tiring, tough ,hard ,demanding – the work is difficult and makes you tired C Nature of work + noun human contact long hours My work involves teamwork
I like / dislike / prefer / enjoy + -ing working with figures dealing with customers solving problems 12
Business Vocabulary in Use Intermediate Exercises 2.1
Look at the six expressions (a–f) from A opposite. Which person (1–6) is most likely to do each of the things described? a work in shifts
1 A designer in a website design company. Has to be in the office, b work under
but can decide when she wants to start and finish work each day. a flexitime
2 A manager in a department store in a large city. Lives in the system country. c telecommute
3 A construction worker on a building site where work goes on d commute to 24 hours a day. work
4 A worker in a chocolate factory in the three months before e clock in and out Christmas. at the same time
5 A technical writer for a computer company. Lives in the country every day
and visits the company offices once a month. f work overtime
6 An office worker in a large, traditional manufacturing company. 2.2
Look at the words and expressions in B and C opposite. Five people describe their jobs. Match
the jobs (1–5) with the descriptions (a–e) and put the words in brackets into the correct grammatical forms.
1 accountant 2 postwoman 3 flight attendant 4 software developer 5 teacher
a ‘Obviously, my work involves
(travel) a lot. It can be quite physically (demand), but I enjoy
(deal) with customers, except when
they become tired and anxious about arriving. This doesn’t happen often, but it can be very
frustrating for us and the other passengers.’
b ‘I love my job. It’s very (stimulate) and not at all (repeat): no
two days are the same. The children are fine: you see them learn and develop. The parents can be more of a problem.’
c ‘I was good at maths at school and I like
(work) with figures. But my job is much less
(bore) and routine than people think. The work
(involve) a lot of human contact and teamwork, working with other managers.’
d ‘You’ve got to think in a very logical way. There’s a lot of teamwork between the developers. The work can be mentally
(tire), but it’s very satisfying to write a program that works.’
e ‘Of course, it involves getting up quite early in the morning. But I like (be) out in
the open air. And you get a lot of exercise. I walk two or three miles every day.’ Over to you
If you work, answer these questions.
If you don’t work, answer these questions.
• Do you have a nine-to-five job? Do you have
• What sort of working hours would you like
to clock on and off? Is there a flexitime
to have when you start working?
system in your organization? Are there people
• Would you like to work from home?
who do shiftwork in your company?
• What kind of job would you like? Complete
• Could you do your job working from home? If
this sentence in five ways to talk about so, would you like to? yourself.
• What do you like most about your job? What do you like least?
I’d like a job that involves …
Business Vocabulary in Use Intermediate 13
3 Recruitment and selection A Recruitment
The process of finding people for particular jobs is recruitment or, especially in American
English, hiring. Someone who has been recruited is a recruit, or in AmE, a hire. The
company employs or hires them and they join the company.
A company may recruit employees directly or use outside recruiters, recruitment agencies
or employment agencies. Outside specialists called headhunters may be used to find
people for very important jobs and to persuade them to leave the organizations they already
work for. Key people recruited like this are headhunte
d in a process of headhunting. B Applying for a job
Fred is an accountant, but he was fed up with his old job. He looked
in the situations vacant pages of his local newspaper, where a local
supermarket was advertising for a new accountant’s position. He applied
for the job by completing an application form and sending it in.
Harry is a building engineer. He’d been working for the same company
for ten years, but he wanted a change. He looked at jobs with different
engineering companies on a jobs website. He made an application,
sending in his CV (curriculum vitae – a document describing your
education, qualifications and previous jobs, that you send to a An application form
prospective employer) and a covering letter explaining why he
wanted the job and why he was the right person for it. Note
Situation, post and position are formal words often used in job advertisements and applications.
BrE: CV; AmE: résumé or resume
BrE: covering letter; AmE: cover letter C Selection procedures
Dagmar Schmidt is the head of recruitment at a German
telecommunications company. She talks about the selection
process, the methods that the company uses to recruit people.
‘We advertise in national newspapers and on the internet. We look
at the backgrounds of applicants – their experience of different
jobs and their educational qualifications. Note
Internet is sometimes written with a capital letter when it is a noun. A job interview
internet (noun): mostly BrE
Internet (noun): mostly AmE
‘We invite the most interesting candidates to a group discussion. Then we have individual
interviews with each candidate. The head of the department is also present. We also give
the candidates written psychometric tests to assess their intelligence and personality.
‘After this, we shortlist three or four candidates. We check their references by writing to
their referees – previous employers, teachers, and so on that candidates have named in
their applications. If the references are OK, we ask the candidates to come back for more
interviews. Finally we offer the job to someone, and if they turn it down we have to think
again. (Some applicants may get other job offers at the same time as ours.) If they accept
it, we hire them. We appoint someone only if we find the right person ’. 14
Business Vocabulary in Use Intermediate Exercises 3.1
Complete the crossword with the correct form of words from A, B and C opposite. 1 2 Across
5 I phoned to check on my application, but they 3 said they’d already someone. (9) 4
6 This job is so important; I think we need to someone. (8)
8 The selection procedure has lasted three months, but we’re going to someone next 5 week. (7) Down 1 and 2 I hope she the job, because if 6 7 she it , we’ll have to start looking again. (7, 5, 4)
3 The last applicant was very strong, but 8
I understand he’d had two other job already. (6) 4 They’ve finally a new receptionist. She starts work next week. (5)
7 Computer programmers wanted. Only those with UNIX experience should . (5) 3.2
Now divide the words in 3.1 into two groups.
1 what a company personnel department does
2 what a person looking for work does 3.3
Replace the underlined phrases with correct forms of words and expressions from A, B and C opposite.
Fred had already (1) refused two job off ers when he went for (2) a discussion to see if he was
suitable for the job. They looked at his accountancy degree and contacted (3) previous employers
Fred had mentioned in his application. A few days later, the supermarket (4) asked him if he
would like the job and Fred (5) said yes.
Harry didn’t hear anything for six weeks, so he phoned the company. They told him that they
had received a lot of (6) requests for the job. Aft er looking at the (7) document describing his
education, qualifications and previous jobs of the (8) people asking for the job and looking at
(9) what exams they had passed during their education, the company had (10) chosen six people
to interview and then given them (11) tests on their personality and intelligence. They had then given someone the job. Over to you
If you work, answer these questions.
If you’re a student, answer these questions.
• Where did you see the jobs advertised?
• When you applied for your course did you
• What did you send to apply for the job?
use an online application form or send an application in?
• What was the selection procedure?
• Did you need to provide referees? • Did you have an interview?
Business Vocabulary in Use Intermediate 15
4 Skills and qualifications A Education and training
Two company managers, Kasia Gutowska and Nils Olsen, are talking. KG:
The trouble with graduates – people who’ve just left university – is that their paper
qualifications are good. They might have qualifications in interesting subjects, but
they have no work experience. They just don’t know how business works. NO:
I disagree. Education should teach people how to think, not train them for a particular
job. One of last year’s recruits graduated from Oxford University wit
h a degree in
philosophy and she’s doing very well! KG:
Philosophy’s an interesting subject, but for our company, it’s more useful to do
training in a practical subject: it’s better for us if you train as a scientist, and qualify
as a biologist or a doctor, for example. NO:
Yes, but we don’t just need scientists. We also need good managers, which we can
achieve through in-house training – courses within the company. You know we put
a lot of money into management development, where managers regularly go on
specialized courses in leadership (see Unit 10), finance (see Unit 38), etc. You need to
acquire experience – get knowledge through doing things – for that. It’s not the sort
of thing you can learn when you’re 20! Note Note
In AmE, you can also say that someone
A master’s degree is a qualification you can get
graduates from high school – the
after one or two years of graduate study.
school that people usually leave when
A Master’s of Business Administration (MBA) is they are 18.
a master’s degree in advanced business studies. B Skilled and unskilled
A skill is a particular ability to do something well, especially because you have learned and practised it.
Jobs, and the people who do them, can be described as:
highly skilled, e.g. car designer
semi-skilled, e.g. taxi driver
skilled, e.g. car production manager
unskilled, e.g. car cleaner You can say that someone is:
You can also say that someone is: + noun + -ing computers skilled at customer care communicating good with figures or skilled in electronics using Excel people C The right person
These words are often used in job advertisements. Companies look for people who are:
a methodical, systematic and organized – working in a planned, orderly way
b computer-literate – good with computers
c numerate – good with numbers
d motivated – very keen to do well in their job because they find it interesting
e talented – very good at what they do
f self-starters; they must be proactive, self-motivated, or
Self-starter and team player
self-driven – good at working on their own Note are nouns. The other words in
g team players – people who work well with other people bold are adjectives. 16
Business Vocabulary in Use Intermediate Exercises 4.1
Look at A opposite. Complete each sentence with the correct word. 1 Ravi graduated Mumbai University a degree philosophy and politics.
2 He taught for a while, but didn’t like it. He wanted to get a qualification
accountancy and decided to train
an accountant at evening classes. 3 He qualified
an accountant and joined a big
accountancy firm in its Mumbai office.
4 After he had acquired some experience, he went
a number of management courses to get training
team-building and other skills. 4.2
Look at B opposite. Are these jobs generally considered to
be highly skilled, skilled, semi-skilled or unskilled? Use each expression twice. 1 teacher 2 software engineer
3 car worker on a production line 4 cleaner 5 office cleaner 6 airline pilot 7 bus driver 8 office manager 4.3
Complete these extracts from job advertisements using words from C opposite. 1
You’ll be researching developments on the internet, so you have to be
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _-_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ . You must be _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ , able to work
on your own initiative, and a _ _ _ _-_ _ _ _ _ _ _ . But as part of
a team of researchers, you’ll need to be a good _ _ _ _-_ _ _ _ _ _ too. 2 3 4 You’ll need to be As part of our sales team, We’re looking for _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ , as you’ll be working someone who can you’ll be working independently, so you have to work on ten projects on financial be self-_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ at once, without being budgets. and self-_ _ _ _ _ _ . told what to do. You must be a _ _ _ _-_ _ _ _ _ _ _ – 5 _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ , _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ and
We need _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ journalists who are very good at _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ .
their job and extremely _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ – very keen to find
out as much as they can about news stories. Over to you
Write an extract from a job advertisement for your job or one you would like to have, using words from C opposite.
Business Vocabulary in Use Intermediate 17 Exercises 63.1
Match these headlines (1–7) with the 4
situations (a–g) in A opposite.
PHARMACEUTICALS GIANTS SAY THAT COMBINING
WOULD BE ‘TO THEIR MUTUAL ADVANTAGE’ 1 CAR WORKERS IN TWO-YEAR PAY DEAL TALKS WITH FORD 5 AIRLINES ATTACK AIRBUS FOR LATE AIRCRAFT DELIVERIES 2 FRANCE BANS US FILMS FOLLOWING TALKS BREAKDOWN 6 EMPLOYERS REFUSE TO NEGOTIATE WITH STRIKING MINERS 3 WORLD TRADE ORGANIZATION MEMBERS IN WIDE-RANGING 7 DISCUSSIONS EDUCATION MINISTRY AND HP IN
‘COMPUTER ON EVERY DESK’ TALKS 63.2
Match the two parts of these extracts containing expressions from B opposite. 1 After 48 hours of intensive a
negotiations between the hijackers and air traffic control in
Cyprus, the plane was allowed to land at Larnaca airport. 2 After tense b
negotiations between the US, the European Union and Japan. 3 The agreement on limiting c
negotiations in which he slept for only one hour,
television violence represents
Mr Prescott said, ‘It has been both tough and the climax of several months incredibly complicated.’ of intense 4 Then violence broke out and d
negotiations to put the process back on track. it took six months of delicate 5 The deal was struck only e
negotiations between television executives after eleventh-hour
and the National Parent-Teacher Association. 63.3
Complete what an employee representative says with expressions from C opposite.
1 Last night, we were talking with employers until 3 am, but it wasn’t really necessary – they were
trying to tire us out. It was just a .
2 When unemployment is low, we can be more demanding. We have more .
3 When neither side is aggressive, things go much better. It improves the whole .
4 The most difficult area is negotiating what employees are going to be earning next year, what’s called (3 expressions).
5 It’s good when you have a piece of information that the other side don’t have. It can turn out to be a useful (2 expressions).
6 I usually get what I want. I’m a pretty good . Over to you
• Do you have to negotiate? Do you like it? Why? / Why not?
• What qualities make a good negotiator?
Business Vocabulary in Use Intermediate 135 64 Negotiations 2: preparing A Preparing to negotiate
When you’re going to negotiate, it’s important not
e Perhaps you are in a position to influence the to rush into things.
choice of venue6. If so, decide whether you
a Get as much information as possible about the prefer:
situation. If you are dealing with people from – to be on your own ground7
another culture, find out about its negotiating
– to go and see the other side on their
styles1 and etiquette2, and so on. The more ground8 you can find out, the better!
– to meet on neutral ground9, for example in a
b Work out what your needs and objectives3 are. hotel.
This gives you your initial bargaining position4.
f If you are negotiating as part of a negotiating
c Try to estimate the needs and objectives of
team10, consult the other members of the team the other side.
about the points above. Allocate roles and
d Prepare a fallback position5. responsibilities11. 1the way they negotiate
6the place where you are going to meet
2what they consider to be acceptable and 7in your own offices unacceptable behaviour 8in their offices
3the things that you want to achieve
9neither your office nor their office
4conditions that you will accept 10team that is negotiating
5conditions that you will accept if the aims you have 11who is going to do what at the beginning are not met B Opening the negotiation
Linhas Transatlanticas (LT) is negotiating to buy a number of D740 planes from EPA. Frederica
Ramos, LT’s chief executive, is talking to Tom Lang, EPA’s chief salesman. Here are some of the things she says:
a Mr Lang, good to see you again. How are you? Let me introduce my colleagues: Sandra Lopes,
our head of finance, and this is Fernando dos Santos, head of operations here at LT.
b Would you like some coffee or tea, or would you prefer juice? How was the flight?
c Shall we go to the conference room and make a start?
d You told me you’re flying back on Friday evening, so
that gives us three days. I think two days should be
enough to cover all the points. On the third day, Friday,
if we have an agreement, I’ll ask our lawyers to check it.
e As you all probably know, Mr Lang and I met at the
Aerospace Trade Fair in Frankfurt last year and we had a
very interesting discussion about the possibility of
buying a number of D740s from EPA.
f Well, we’ve looked at the potential requirements for
the new plane and it looks as if we may need 100 new
planes over the next five years. C Negotiating styles
When you’re negotiating with people from other cultures, it’s important to think about what they
consider as ‘normal’ behaviour. Think about these areas:
a body language – the way you hold your body, the gestures you make, etc.
b conversational rules – the acceptability of silence, interrupting others, etc.
c hierarchy – awareness of and respect for the relative importance of people on both sides
d physical contact – the degree to which it’s acceptable to touch someone’s shoulder, for example, to make a point
e relationship building – how important it is for participants to get to ‘know’ the other side
f attitude to time – do you get down to business immediately, or do you spend some time on ‘small talk’? 136
Business Vocabulary in Use Intermediate Exercises 64.1
Tom Lang is EPA’s chief salesman. He is hoping to sell a number of 740s to Linhas Transatlanticas (LT)
over the next few years. He and his colleagues are meeting LT executives soon, and he is preparing
for the negotiations. Match each point in the preparation notes he makes (1–6) with one of the points (a–f) in A opposite.
1 Organize preparatory meeting with our
4 Rumours that airlines are having
head of manufacturing and head of
problems borrowing money from banks
financing to discuss strategy.
for plane purchases – find out more
2 Agree to go to LT’s offices in about this. Rio de Janeiro. 5 Will accept price of 260 € million
3 Principal objective: delivery of first
per aircraft if order is for 30 or
20 planes in 2 years, not earlier; more.
other objectives: get full price on
6 Find out more about Brazilian each of 270 € million. business etiquette! 64.2
Match these points (1–6) with what Frederica Ramos says (a–f) in B opposite. 1 Go to the meeting room 5 Start the actual and suggest that you get negotiations, down to business. perhaps by finding out more about the 2 Have a clear agenda and
priorities of the other side – the a timetable. things they think are most
important – or talking about your own requirements. 3 Offer coffee and small talk. Try to create a
6 Greet representatives of the other relaxed atmosphere. company, introducing your 4 Give the background to colleagues. the negotiations. Just Everybody should talking about the be clear about who situation is a good way everyone is. of reminding people of key facts and issues. 64.3
Alonso, a representative of Alpha Ltd, is in another country in order to try to get a multimillion-dollar
order from Beta Inc, represented by Brian (the most senior), and Belinda and Birgit (who work under
Brian). Match each problem with one of the headings in C opposite.
1 Alonso wanted to start the negotiations immediately, but Brian suggested
a sightseeing tour of the city where Beta is based, and the next day, a game of golf.
2 At the start of the meeting, Brian asked Alonso about his flight and the hotel.
3 When Alonso made an important point, Brian was silent for two minutes before replying.
This made Alonso very nervous.
4 When he was talking, Alonso looked directly at Brian, Belinda and Birgit in turn,
giving them equal attention. Brian started to look annoyed.
5 During a coffee break, Alonso put his arm around Brian’s shoulders in order to be ‘friendly’.
6 When Belinda or Birgit were talking, Brian frequently tapped his fingers on the table. Over to you
• What are the normal ‘rules’ in your country for a buyer–customer negotiation?
• Give one or two tips to a business person visiting your country in order to negotiate.
Business Vocabulary in Use Intermediate 137 65 Negotiations 3: win -win A Probing
The idea with win-win is that in negotiations there shouldn’t be winners and losers. The negotiators
try to reach a win-win solution – an agreement of equal benefit to them both.
One way of starting out is probing – asking the right questions and listening carefully to the answers
– to find out more about the objectives of the other side, in order to build on the information you
collected before the negotiation.
a What is the situation on production at
d What did you have in mind regarding your plant at the moment? specifications?
b What sort of quantities are you looking
e What were you thinking of in terms of for? delivery dates?
c What are we looking at in the way of
f How important to you is the currency a discount? for payment? B Positive positions
Through a series of proposals or offers and counter-proposals or counter-offers from the other
side, the two sides work towards an agreement that will benefit them both.
1 If you offer more attractive financing, we will be able to increase our order.
2 As long as the planes are delivered on time, we could consider ordering more in the future.
3 On condition that you deliver 20 planes by May, we will start negotiating a second order then.
4 Supposing that you provide good technical support, we may be prepared to pay a higher price.
5 Provided you understand our immediate needs, we might agree to later delivery of some of the planes.
Notice that you use the -ing form after consider. You can also use the -ing Note
form (as well as the infinitive) after start.
You can say provided (that) and providing (that): that is optional with both. C Negative positions
These can be expressed with ‘if’ or ‘unless’. 1 If you don’t
reduce the price, we will go elsewhere. Unless you 2 If you fail to
deliver on time, we will go to a commercial court for Unless you compensation. 3 If you can’t
sort out the technical problems, we will cancel our order. Unless you
4 If you refuse to take account of the issues we’ve mentioned, we won’t Unless you continue these negotiations. D Concessions and trade-offs
When you offer to change your position to one that is less favourable to yourself, you concede
something or make a concession. A series of concessions in exchange for concessions from the other
side is a series of trade-offs.
Even in a friendly negotiation, there may be horse-trading, with each side making a series of
concessions. (This expression is often used to show disapproval.) 138
Business Vocabulary in Use Intermediate Exercises 65.1
Match the replies (1–6) with the probing questions (a–f) in A opposite.
1 In the long term, perhaps 100 units per year over five years.
2 We can offer 10 per cent if the quantities are right.
3 We’d like to see a 10 per cent improvement in performance 4 We’d prefer US dollars.
5 We’ll need the first 30 planes in 18 months.
6 We’re operating at full capacity. 65.2
The EPA–LT negotiations in 64.1 and 64.2 have reached a stage where each side is making proposals
and counter-proposals. Use expressions and structures from the item with the same number in B
opposite to complete the phrases below, using the correct form of the words in brackets. The first one has been done for you.
1 offer more flexible payment conditions / be able / (pay) / higher price
If you offer more flexible payment conditions, we will be able to pay a higher price.
2 guarantee increased fuel economy / could consider / (pay) 2 € 5.5 million per unit
3 you sign the agreement today / will / start / (deliver) the planes / July (2 expressions)
4 send us your personnel for training / may / prepared (add) special features / to the planes that you order
5 accept our conditions / might agree / (work) / you / future (2 expressions) 65.3
Change these expressions from C opposite and others so that they begin with ‘Unless’. The first one has been done for you.
1 If you don’t reduce the price, we will contact Boeing to see what they have to offer.
Unless you reduce the price, we will contact Boeing to see what they have to offer.
2 If you fail to consider our particular requirements, we will end these discussions.
3 If you can’t deal with our order as a priority, we will cancel it.
4 If you are unable to offer more environmentally friendly versions, we will go to see your competitor.
5 If you don’t stop using unfair techniques, we will break off negotiations. 65.4
Use appropriate forms of expressions from D opposite to complete these extracts. Use each expression once only. 1 Management has made
in return for the withdrawal of the shareholders’
proposal to fire the entire board of directors.
2 Diplomats and oil executives believe a compromise could be reached through intensive horse .
3 The contract negotiating strategy will be based on the between time, cost and quality, and attitude to risk.
4 Parkside had been passing on price increases to customers, but in May was forced to
a 10 per cent cut to its largest customer. Over to you
• Is every negotiation potentially a win-win one?
• Have you ever needed to make concessions? When, and how?
Business Vocabulary in Use Intermediate 139
66 Negotiations 4: reaching agreement A Deadlock and mediators
was a retired politician. His role was not to impose8 an
B A S E B A L L S T R I K E agreement. He recommended a cooling-off period9.
Every year in the US there are negotiations between the
The players ended their strike, for the time being at least.
baseball players’ union and the baseball team owners
Another month passed, and still there was no progress.
about pay and conditions for the coming season. One
The two sides said they would accept an agreement
year, after months of negotiations, there was deadlock1 imposed by an arbitrator1 . 0 A judge, who also loved
and the negotiations broke down2. Some
baseball, was chosen. She looked at the claims of each
commentators said there was stalemate3; others, an
side and imposed a settlement1 1 or a resolution1 1to
impasse4. There were irreconcilable differences5
the dispute, fixing the salaries and the working
between the two sides and it was impossible to reach
conditions of the players for the coming season. The
an agreement. The baseball players went on strike.
public was glad that arbitration1 2 had settled the
The two sides agreed to bring in a mediator6 and the
dispute. Baseball matches continued and life returned
process of mediation7 began. The person they chose to normal.
1the situation was completely stuck
7helping the two sides to agree
2failed because there was a problem 8force
3a situation in which neither group of people can win
9a period where each side would take no action
4a situation where no progress could be made
against the other for a certain period of time
5it was impossible to find agreement between the two
10a person who has been chosen to make a decision sides
11an arrangement to end the disagreement
6someone from outside to help restart the
12the process of solving a disagreement between two
negotiations and bring the two sides closer together groups of people B Agreements and contracts
An agreement of any kind is a deal. When you reach an Close a deal is more
agreement, you can talk about closing a deal or clinching Note frequent than clinch a deal. a deal.
A bargain is also an agreement reached through negotiation. People who get what they want in a
negotiation and make few concessions are said to drive a hard bargain.
An agreement may be in the form of a contract. employment
is about what someone has to do in their job, or about what a labour
particular group of employees have to do. commercial
relates to a business agreement. oral A/An contr act is not written down. verbal (legally)
forces both sides by law to carry out the actions that they had binding promised to carry out. lucrative
is very profitable for a supplier or employee. C Checking the deal
It’s important to check the points of an agreement to avoid misunderstandings. You could say:
Let me just go/run over – repeat and summarize – the main points. On A, we agreed that …
As far as B is concerned, – In relation to B, – we agreed …
We still have the question of C to settle – decide and agree on.
And there’s still the outstanding – remaining undecided – issue of D.
We’ll send you a written proposal.
We’ll draw up – write – a contract based on those points.
I think that covers everything. 140
Business Vocabulary in Use Intermediate Exercises 66.1
Look at the words from A opposite and say if
these statements are true or false.
1 Someone who helps two sides to reach an agreement is an arbitrator.
2 If two sides in a dispute use arbitration, no outsiders are involved.
3 It’s not usual for mediators to impose agreements.
4 If you’re in an impasse, you think that progress is possible.
5 If negotiations break down, they stop, at least for a time.
6 Irreconcilable differences are not important.
7 If the two sides agree on a cooling-off period
of one week, negotiations continue the next day. 66.2
Complete these extracts using words that can come in front of ‘contract’ from B opposite. 1
Buyer and seller enter into a legally
contract once an offer has been accepted. 2 DAF is bidding for a
contract to supply trucks to the British army. 3
If two people agree on something and sign a sheet of paper, is that a contract? 4
Peters claimed that Schaffer was an employee in real estate ventures of Peters’s company, but Schaffer asserted that an unwritten, contract made them partners. 5 She had an
contract due to expire later in the year and wanted to take time off work. 66.3
The EPA–LT negotiations are ending. Arrange the phrases that Frederica Ramos uses to close the
negotiations into the correct order. The first one is a.
a I’ll just run over the main points. On the issue of the numbers of planes we wish to order, 1
b I think that covers everything. That’s it for today.
c If we agree to the proposal, you’ll draw up a contract based on those points.
d payment to settle, and there is also still the outstanding issue of documentation.
e we agreed that you would install the most economical Rolls-Royce engines now available.
f we agreed that you would supply us with 120 planes over four years. As far as fuel economy is concerned,
g We still have the question of the currency for
h You agreed to send us a written proposal on these last two issues. Over to you
• When would you drive a hard bargain?
• If there were irreconcilable differences in negotiations that you were involved in, what would you do to help resolve them?
Business Vocabulary in Use Intermediate 141 Answer key 1.1 1 I work on 4 d tiring 2 In fact, I run 5 b stimulating, repetitive 3 I manage
4 One of my main responsibilities Over to you (sample answers) 5 I’m also in charge of If you work: 6 I deal with
• Yes, I have a nine-to-five job in a bank. I don’t 7 I’m responsible for
have to clock on and clock off. We have a swipe 8 I work closely with
card we use when we enter the building. There is
no flexitime system – we have to be there before 1.2 1 to 2 to 3 at 4 off
the bank opens until after it closes. There are 5 in 6 out
people who do shiftwork – taking calls from customers in our call centres. 1.3 2 full-time work
• I deal with bank customers, so it would be 3 part-time work
difficult to do my job working from home! 4 a temporary job
• I like my colleagues, but I don’t like some of 5 permanent work
our customers, who can be very rude! 6 a permanent job If you don’t work:
• I’d like to have regular hours. I wouldn’t like Over to you (sample answers)
any kind of shiftwork – it would be too If you work: stressful for me.
• I’m a pilot for a regional airline. I’m in charge
• I wouldn’t like to work from home: I need
of flying small planes (30 passengers) on short to be with other people.
flights. My main responsibility is for the safety
• I’d like a job that involves teamwork,
of the passengers, of course. My other
working with figures, solving problems,
responsibilities include leaving and arriving on
working outdoors and helping other
time, and not using too much fuel. people.
• I usually leave home at 4.30 in the morning.
The first flight is at 6 and I usually arrive at 3.1 Across Down
the airport at 5. I don’t take a lot of time off 5 recruited 1 accepts
work – I like flying too much! 6 headhunt 2 turns down If you don’t work: 8 appoint 3 offers
• I’d like to do something that involves 4 hired working with other people. 7 apply
• I’d like to work in a job with a regular
routine, where I can leave home at 8 and
3.2 1 recruit, headhunt, appoint, offer, hire
know that I’ll get back at 6. A nice 2 accept, turn down, apply
comfortable office job would be nice! 3.3 1 turned down
• Some people prefer to work part-time 2 an interview
because they have children to look after, or 3 his referees
because they have other things that 4 offered him
interest them. Some people like temporary 5 accepted
jobs because they don’t want to work for 6 applications
the same organization all the time. Other 7 CVs
people like them because they want to take 8 applicants
regular breaks so that they can travel, for 9 their qualifications example. 10 shortlisted six people 11 psychometric tests 2.1 1 b 2 d 3 a 4 f 5 c 6 e Over to you (sample answers)
2.2 1 c working, boring, involves If you work: 2 e being / to be
I work as a laboratory technician, and the
3 a travelling, demanding, dealing
recruitment process was quite long. I replied to 142
Business Vocabulary in Use Intermediate
an advertisement on a jobs website – I sent them 5 company car
my CV with references and a covering letter. I was 6 pension
interviewed twice, first by the head of the 7 benefits package
laboratory and then by some of the people who
worked with her. They checked my references,
5.2 1 compensation payment, severance payment
offered me the job, and I accepted it.
2 compensation package, severance package If you’re a student: 3 performance-related bonus 4 fat cats Dear Sir/Madam
I saw the advertisement for gardeners on the Over to you (sample answers)
Bristol City Council jobs website, and I would
I’m a senior manager in a construction
like to apply. I’m currently finishing a degree in
company. My basic salary is the most important
garden design at University College Falmouth,
thing. The benefits in order of importance are:
and I would like to start a career in this area. I
1 The performance-related bonuses that we
attach a CV, and I can provide references from
get when we finish projects on time.
my lecturers at University College.
2 The share options that I get, based on the profits made by the company.
I can travel at any time to Bristol for an
3 I hope to retire when I’m 55 or 60, and my interview.
pension is very important – so this is next.
Looking forward to hearing from you,
4 And of course, the company car is a nice
perk to have – I have a Jaguar. Yours sincerely,
5 The health plan that the company 4.1 1 from, with, in 3 as
contributes to is another nice perk. 2 in, as 4 on, in 6.1 Across Down 4.2 1 skilled 5 unskilled 2 white 1 payroll 2 highly skilled 6 highly skilled 5 staff 2 workforce 3 semi-skilled 7 semi-skilled 6 manual 3 unions 4 unskilled 8 skilled 7 strike 4 blue 9 employee 5 shopfloor
4.3 1 computer-literate, proactive, self-starter, 10 outs 8 stoppage team-player 12 personnel 11 slow 2 numerate 13 labour 14 go 3 motivated, driven 15 collar
4 self-starter, methodical, systematic, organized 6.2 1 office 5 talented, motivated 2 head office 3 headquarters Over to you (sample answer) 4 open-plan
The job of sports shop manager requires someone 5 administrative staff
who is good at sport, preferably good at three 6 support
sports or more, so that they can advise customers 7 human resources department
on the right equipment to buy. Someone in this 8 HRD
position has to be a self-starter, methodical and
organized. You have to be computer-literate so Over to you (sample answers)
that you can control stock and order new stock on
• Henkel has its head office in Dusseldorf,
time, and be good with people, as you will manage
Germany. It has about 55,000 employees a staff of up to 15 people.
worldwide. It is a very large company with
three main activities, and people work on 5.1 1 salary
different sites depending on the activity 2 overtime, commission
they work in. Some employees, for example 3 bonus
administrative and support staff, work in 4 perks open-plan offices.
Business Vocabulary in Use Intermediate 143
• Personally, I would prefer to have my own 8.2 1 b 2 a 3 f 4 e 5 d
office, rather than work in an open-plan 6 c 7 g office. 7.1 Over to you (sample answer) Noun Verb
There are many health and safety hazards retirement retire
in the chemical industry. There are demotion demote
hazardous substances everywhere, and lay-off layoff
in some areas of the industry there is a dismissal dismiss
risk of explosions. Activities have to be termination terminate
managed very carefully to avoid industrial accidents. Noun Adjective seniority senior 9.1 1 marketing director freelance(r) freelance 2 research director redundancy redundant 3 finance director insecurity insecure 4 human resources director flexibility flexible 5 customer services manager 6 sales manager 7.2 1 b 2 d 3 e 4 c 5 a
9.2 1 President and CEO – Maria Montebello 7.3 1 reviews 6 flatter
2 Non-executive director – George Gomi 2 off 7 leaner
3 Non-executive director – Julia Jones 3 contracts 8 redundant 4 CFO – Stan Smith 4 freelancers 9 outplacement
5 VP Marketing – Clarissa Chang 5 laying
6 VP Research – Richard Roberts
7 VP Personnel – Deirdre Dawes Over to you (sample answers)
• Performance reviews are designed to help Over to you (sample answers)
employees understand their weak and Management Organigram
strong points, and to help them change the
way that they work in order to improve CEO their performance.
• An organization often restructures in order Sales & Financial Production & Customer service &
to become more efficient and profitable. Marketing & HR Purchase Projects
Perhaps the structure that existed before is R & D Customer
no longer suitable for new activities or Marketing IT manager Engineering service objectives. Event & Accounting Project
• The main advantage of outsourcing is that Production Exhibition department management
it allows an organization to concentrate on Sport &
what it does best, rather than having to Leisure
manage a range of activities that it does Logistics & not do so well. Industrial
• People are dismissed for all sorts of reasons Rental
– perhaps because they have behaved in an Companies
unacceptable way, or because their
performance is not as good as it should be If you don’t work:
and they have not reached their objectives.
I think I would be a very good lawyer.
Even when I was at school, I was good at 8.1 1 bullying
solving disagreements between people. 2 sexual harassment, harassed
I like speaking in public, and defending
3 glass ceiling, sex discrimination
people Wwho have been badly affected
4 racial discrimination, racist, discriminated
by the actions of others. I’d like to work
5 Affirmative action, affirmative action
in a law firm, working with other lawyers. 144
Business Vocabulary in Use Intermediate 10.1 1 entrepreneurs 5 grow Over to you (sample answers) 2 entrepreneurial 6 leadership
• In France, the public sector is very big. 3 founded 7 empire
Public sector workers have good conditions: 4 start-up
a short working week, and earlier retirement
than in the private sector. But they are paid
10.2 Güler Sabancı: banking entrepreneur
less than they would be in the private sector.
Cath Kidston: retail entrepreneur
However, public sector workers’ conditions
are slowly changing and becoming more like Jack Ma: e-commerce mogul those in the private sector.
Elon Musk: electric car entrepreneur
• Among the industries mentioned, electricity Zhang Xin: property tycoon
supply and rail transport are in the public
Mark Zuckerberg: social media website
sector. Telephone services have been founder
privatized in the last few years. Over to you (sample answers) 12.1 1 partnership
• In the UK, one famous entrepreneur is 2 plc
Richard Branson. He has founded all 3 corporation
sorts of businesses. They form the
4 freelancer / sole trader / sole owner
Virgin group of companies. The group 5 limited company
contains everything from a transatlantic 12.2
airline to cable television services. 1 demutualization 4 demutualized 2 building society 5 demutualize Some of the companies are more 3 members 6 mutual
successful than others. He likes to get
into businesses that previously he knew 12.3 1 b 2 c 3 e 4 a 5 d
nothing about. Branson is famous for
his casual clothes, his long hair and Over to you (sample answer) his beard.
In my country, a lot of charities work on
• Entrepreneurs are born, in my opinion.
social problems such as poverty or
They seem to have unusual curiosity and
homelessness. Others work abroad to help
enthusiasm. They are not easily
people in poverty there, or to help them after
discouraged when they don’t succeed the
natural disasters such as hurricanes. There
first time. They are often good at knocking
are also charities which work on medical
on doors and finding the right people to problems such as cancer. help them develop their ideas.
13.1 1 computer software 5 cars 11.1 1 d 2 c 3 a 4 f 5 b 6 e 2 computer hardware 6 media 3 pharmaceuticals 7 financial services
11.2 1 state-owned companies, government-owned 4 aerospace 8 retail
companies, nationalized companies 2 commercial airline 13.2 1 property 4 defence 3 bureaucracy 2 tourism 5 pharmaceuticals 4 commercial land 3 financial services 5 commercial television 6 enterprise 13.3 Across Down 7 commercial artist 1 aerospace 1 automobile 8 commercial disaster 3 steel 2 defence 4 service 5 catering 11.3 1 free enterprise 6 manufacturing 7 health 2 private enterprise 8 media 10 light 3 enterprise economy 9 industrial 4 enterprise culture 11 emerging 5 enterprise zone 12 growth 13 pharmaceuticals
Business Vocabulary in Use Intermediate 145 Over to you (sample answers) 15.2 1 j 2 i 3 d 4 e 5 a
• A wide range of goods is manufactured in my 6 b 7 h 8 g 9 c 10 f
country, Turkey: everything from
pharmaceuticals to trucks. There are a lot of Over to you (sample answers)
plants in cities around Istanbul, and also in
• Word processors like Amstrad and Wang
places such as Izmir and Bursa.
became obsolete when personal computers
• The economy is quite diversified.
appeared, and word processing – as well as
many other things – could be done on a PC. 14.1 2 observations 5 low response rates
• Companies try to prevent illegal 3 surveys 6 field trials
downloading by using technical devices 4 moderator
such as copy protection, and by taking
legal action against people who download 14.2 a Market research
material in large quantities, perhaps in b beta version
order to sell it. Downloading is so common c product launch
that companies will find it very difficult to d researchers stop it completely. e focus groups f safe
16.1 1 manufacture / manufacturing / production, g industrial scale
make(s) / manufacture(s) / produce(s), h designers
maker / manufacturer / producer i testing/trialling 2 provider, services j CAD/CAM 3 producer, production 4 provider 14.3 1 market 5 launch 5 producer, produced 2 groups 6 design 6 provision 3 consumer 7 recall 4 surveys 16.2 1 c 2 b 3 d 4 g 5 a 6 f 7 e 8 h Over to you (sample answers)
• Before it can release a new drug, a 16.3 1 a 2 d 3 c 4 b
pharmaceutical company needs to do a lot
of trials to make sure the drug is effective Over to you (sample answer)
and safe. It then needs to get agreement
It depends. Tailor-made – hand-made –
from the authorities before the drug can be
clothes may fit better than mass-produced sold.
clothes, but entirely hand-made cars, put
• I once took part in a survey where I had to
together without the help of computers and
taste a new brand of cola. The cola
advanced machines, may not be such a good
company who had organized the survey idea!
wanted to make sure that the taste of the
new cola was more acceptable than the 17.1 1 capital 6 parts
existing brands among young cola drinkers. 2 knowledge 7 labour
• If a company finds a problem in a product
3 stocks / inventories 8 work-in-progress
after the launch, they may have to recall the 4 raw materials 9 stocks / inventories
product in order to fix it. If this involves 5 components 10 finished goods
recalling tens of thousands of cars, for
example, it can be very expensive, and some 17.2 1 c 2 a 3 d 4 e 5 f 6 b
owners may not be aware of the recall. 17.3 1 just-in-time 15.1 1 innovation 6 developed 2 warehouses 2 state-of-the-art 7 technology 3 finance 3 development 8 develop 4 store 4 cutting edge 9 release 5 efficient 5 technologies
6 lean manufacturing/production 146
Business Vocabulary in Use Intermediate Over to you (sample answers) Over to you (sample answers)
• The advantage of outsourcing is that
• In the UK, Marks and Spencer has a very
your company can concentrate on what
large customer base, especially among the
it does best. But critics say that if you middle class.
know enough about an activity to
• The purchasing manager in a large office is
outsource it and to stay in control of it,
responsible for buying furniture, computer
then you might be able to do it just as
equipment and supplies, stationery, etc. well yourself.
• The advantage of asking for components 20.1 1 penetrate 4 monopolized
‘just-in-time’ is that the customer does not 2 cornered 5 penetrate
have to stock them and finance them 3 entering
before they are used. The disadvantage is
that if they don’t arrive on time, production 20.2 1 are the market leader has to stop.
2 have a 55 per cent market share 3 Market growth is 18.1 1 Wikinomics 4 market segments 2 benchmarking 5 market segmentation 3 the long tail 4 mass customization 20.3 1 500 4 A and B 2 yes 5 B, C, D and E 18.2 1 e 2 a 3 d 4 b 5 f 6 c 3 A 6 no 18.3 Over to you (sample answer) 1 model 4 long tail
In the UK mobile phone market, there are five 2 benchmarking 5 catalogue
competitors. Competition is very strong. The 3 industrial secrets
two market leaders are EE, with 32.9 per cent
of the market, and O2, with 20.9 per cent. The Over to you (sample answer)
other key players are Vodafone with 18.2 per
My organization is trying to improve efficiency
cent and 3 Mobile with 10 per cent. The fifth,
by improving the flow of information between
much smaller, competitor is Tesco Mobile,
departments. It’s difficult when people in one with 8.5 per cent.
department don’t know what those in another department are doing. 21.1 2 features 7 the price 19.1 1 b 2 c 3 f 4 e 5 d 6 a 3 benefits 8 marketing mix 4 the product 9 the packaging
19.2 1 buyer, consumer, customer, purchaser
5 the promotion 10 marketers, marketeers 2 customer base 6 the place 3 client 21.2 4 client base, clientele 1 f 2 d 3 a 4 e 5 g 5 seller 6 b 7 c 6 seller, vendor Over to you (sample answer) 7 buyer, purchaser
Disney theme parks are famous for being 8 street vendor
market-oriented. They have the knowledge
9 buyer, purchaser, buying manager, purchasing
and understanding of customer needs that manager
allow them to keep visitors happy: everything 10 user, end-user
from supplying special raincoats when it 19.3
rains, managing the queues for the different 1 market-place
attractions, to serving the right food in the 2 market reforms restaurants. 3 Market prices
4 market forces / market pressures 22.1 1 placement 4 lifecycle
5 market forces / market pressures 2 mix 5 positioning 6 market economy 3 lines 6 portfolio
Business Vocabulary in Use Intermediate 147 22.2 1 consumer durables
24.1 1 distribution channel 4 resellers 2 raw materials 2 wholesalers 5 customer 3 consumer durables 3 retailers 6 retailers / resellers 4 fast-moving consumer goods 5 fast-moving consumer goods 24.2 1 shopping mall 4 discounter 2 shopping centre 5 department store 22.3 1 c 2 a 3 g 4 h 3 convenience store 6 hypermarket 5 b 6 d 7 e 8 f 24.3 1 junk mail 4 cold calling Over to you (sample answers) 2 call centre 5 direct marketing
• James Bond films provide possibilities for 3 mailshot 6 telemarketing
product placement for everything from cars to clothes to plasma TVs. Over to you (sample answers)
• The most famous brands of chocolate in the
• City centre shops can be good: there are
UK: Nestlé, Cadbury; soft drinks: Coca-Cola,
some good department stores where I live.
Pepsi-Cola; breakfast cereal: Kellogg’s; fast
But it can be difficult to park. With out-of-
food: McDonald’s, Kentucky Fried Chicken
town shops, parking is free, but you have
to drive there, and they can be a bit ‘soul- 23.1 less’ – without character. 1 true 4 true
• In the UK, wine companies often advertise 2 false 5 false by direct mail. 3 false 6 true
• As a consumer, telemarketing can be 23.2
very annoying. The phone rings at 1 hike
inconvenient times, like mealtimes. 2 boom
I don’t think I’ve ever bought anything 3 cuts
following a telemarketing call. 4 controls 23.3 25.1 Across Down 1 It had an upmarket image. 4 promotions 1 hoarding
2 No, this added to its appeal. 6 displays 2 loyalty
3 No, it also bought competitors, and 7 samples 3 commercials
launched products in addition to coffee. 10 prizes 5 territory 4 It has improved a lot. 11 agency 7 sign
5 No, it’s squeezed from below by fast food 14 force 9 manager chains and from above by more 15 gifts 12 medium
sophisticated coffee shop chains. 16 advertisers 13 area 17 women Over to you (sample answers)
• In France, most people buy their cars
through dealers. Other sources such as the 25.2 1 d 2 e 3 a 4 c 5 b internet are not much used.
• The lowest costs for home furniture are Over to you (sample answers)
found at large specialized furniture shops
• Manchester United are currently sponsored
on the edge of towns. As in many places, by Adidas, a German sportswear
IKEA is increasing its number of shops.
manufacturer, in a ten-year £750 million
• There are some supermarkets in town agreement.
centres, but they do not usually have low
• Many supermarket chains offer loyalty
prices. People go to out-of-town supermarkets
cards. Some coffee-shop chains do too:
like Casino and Intermarché, but there are
if you buy nine coffees, you get a tenth
even cheaper chains such as Lidl. one free.
• The immediate advantage might be
increased sales, but the long-term 26.1 1 B2C 3 3 B2B 5 B2C
disadvantage might be damage to the 2 B2G 4 4 B2G company’s brand image. 148
Business Vocabulary in Use Intermediate 26.2 1 fashion products 28.2 1 overspending 4 spend / expenditure 2 no 2 under budget 5 budget 3 no 3 budget for
4 She can get information about buying
things that she previously knew nothing 28.3 1 emerging markets about.
2 more users ready to buy second phones
5 Because the general economic situation with more features is so bad. 3 no 6 a) yes, b) yes 4 60 per cent 5 economies of scale 26.3 1 travel 4 brokerage 2 banking 5 gambling Over to you (sample answers) 3 fundraising
• The money spinners are electronic gadgets
of all kinds: mobile phones, iPods, games Over to you (sample answers) consoles …
Some of the potential problems of shopping
• The biggest advertisers are food and drink online:
companies: there are a lot of advertisements
• the goods you see on the website may not be
for snacks and soft drinks, and the
the ones that are actually available
supermarkets also have expensive campaigns.
• the goods you want to order are out of stock
• Economies of scale allow companies to
• the goods you order might not arrive or
reduce costs: with some products, the more
might not arrive on time, or at all
that is produced and sold, the cheaper
• fraud: your credit card details may be taken each product is. to make unauthorised purchases 29.1 27.1 1 b 2 f 3 d 4 c 5 e 6 a 1 e 2 f 3 d 4 a 5 b 6 a 7 c 29.2 1 Cashflow 4 discount 2 upfront 5 credit policy, 27.2 1 costings 3 trade credit payment terms 2 expenses 3 the sales 29.3 1 key accounts 4 bad debts 4 sales 2 debtors 5 write them off 5 variable, fixed, fixed 3 creditors 6 overheads Over to you (sample answers) 27.3 1 indirect cost 4 overhead cost
• The standard delivery time for ordering 2 fixed cost 5 variable cost
books online is 3–4 days, by ordinary post. 3 COGS 6 direct cost
But on some sites you can order books to 27.4 be delivered overnight. 1 €14 3 25 per cent
• Car dealers offer discounts all the time. 2 1 € 0 4 20 per cent
People say that you should never pay the
official price for a car, but should always Over to you (sample answer)
negotiate. There are times of year when car
McDonald’s Big Mac has the highest sales of
dealers can offer particularly low prices in
all its products. The company’s main costs are order to keep selling.
its restaurants, staff and raw materials (food supplies). 30.1 1 fixed assets 5 current asset 28.1 2 current assets 6 not an asset
1 armchairs, sofas, dining tables 3 fixed asset 7 intangible asset 2 armchairs 4 not an asset 8 not an asset 3 chairs 4 coffee tables
30.2 2 amortization, book value 5 armchairs 3 current liabilities
Business Vocabulary in Use Intermediate 149 4 depreciated / amortized
can be high, and it’s not possible to control the 5 wrote down
‘owners’ of the company when shares change 6 long-term liabilities
hands. Companies can also borrrow money
from banks, but there have been periods 30.3 1 false 3 false 5 false
recently when banks are unwilling to lend. 2 true 4 true 33.1 1 b 2 a 3 f 4 e 5 d 6 c Over to you (sample answer)
The Clifton Building Company’s main assets 33.2 1 collapse, burden 4 bailout, crisis
are its vans and other equipment. (Another 2 repayment 5 turning, ailing
asset is the knowledge and skill of its builders, 3 Recovery
but these are not shown on its balance sheet.)
Its main liabilities are the money it owes to 33.3 1 administration 5 wind up
suppliers, and to the tax authorities. 2 protection 6 ceases trading 3 creditors 7 liquidation 31.1 Across Down 4 goes into 1 profit and loss 2 account receivership 6 standards 3 statement 7 exceptional 4 results Over to you (sample answers) 8 report 5 pretax
• If a company defaults on its debt 11 bottom line 9 rule
repayments, it may try to restructure its 10 loss debts, or it may go bankrupt.
• General Motors may go bankrupt. 31.2 1 false 4 true
• The US government has bailed out ailing car 2 false 5 true
manufacturers, but many economists say 3 false 6 true
that this is not a good way of using money.
Supporters of bailouts say that in difficult Over to you (sample answers)
economic times it’s better that people are
• Airlines and other transport companies
not laid off but that they continue working,
are likely to bleed red ink if the price of
rather than being unemployed and receiving oil rises. money from the government.
• Creative accounting that is not illegal should
be identified by auditors, who should tell the 34.1 1 b 2 c 3 e 4 a 5 d
company’s accountants to present the
information in a more acceptable way. 34.2 1 bid 4 predators
Creative accounting that is illegal could be 2 restructure 5 merger
punished by a fine or even by time in prison. 3 hostile bid 6 joint venture 32.1 1 b 2 a 3 d 4 e 5 c 34.3 1 diversified into 5 refocusing 2 subsidiaries 6 disposals
32.2 1 loan capital / borrowing 3 parent 7 non-core assets 2 collateral / security company 8 divestments 3 leverage / gearing 4 demerging 9 core
4 highly geared, highly leveraged 5 overleveraged Over to you (sample answers)
• Companies form joint ventures to combine Over to you (sample answers)
their different skills so that they can make
• I’ve thought of opening a restaurant. Family and
a product or provide a service that neither
friends could supply the capital, and I might of them could do by itself. also go to a bank for a loan.
• In the UK, Lloyds TSB has merged with
• Existing companies normally get capital on the
HBOS. The UK government encouraged
stockmarket: the stockmarkets are dynamic,
them to merge as the banking crisis meant
but they are not always ready to support a
that they might not have been able to
good business idea. The cost of issuing shares survive on their own. 150
Business Vocabulary in Use Intermediate
• The biggest company in the Czech Republic 37.2 1 blue chips 5 bull market
is Škoda Auto and its core activity is making 2 trading 6 bearish cars. 3 high turnover 7 barrier 4 bullish 35.1 1 false 4 true 2 false 5 false 37.3 1 c 2 d 3 b 4 a 3 true 6 true Over to you (sample answers) 35.2 1 c 2 a 3 b 4 d 5 f 6 e
• It would be good to buy shares in Google,
as the company will probably continue to 35.3 1 a, b grow and grow. 2 b, c
• Panic selling might start on the stock
3 mortgages, travel and health insurance
market if investors think that the economy
4 increased: loan payment protection
is going to slow down very fast, and many insurance, current accounts;
companies’ sales are going to fall quickly.
decreased: travel and health insurance
• In a bull market share prices are rising, and
people expect them to continue to rise. In a Over to you (sample answers)
bear market share prices are falling, and
• The main advantage of online banking is
people expect them to continue to fall.
convenience: not having to drive to the
bank, etc. The main disadvantage is the 38.1 2 economics 6 uneconomical potential for fraud. 3 economic 7 economics
• BNP Paribas is the biggest bank in France. 4 uneconomic 8 finances It’s an international bank. 5 economical 9 financial 36.1 1 brokers 5 financial institutions 38.2 1 growth rate 5 exports 2 traders 6 centres 2 out of work 6 trade gap 3 speculators 7 City
3 labour shortages 7 trade deficit 4 Wall Street 8 Square Mile 4 trade balance 8 widen 36.2 1 gone public 38.3 2 raise, flotations China growth rate 3 oversubscribed 4 raising capital 12 11 5 stockmarkets 109 6 listed or floated 8 7 % 6 36.3 5 1 securities house 6 bonds 4 2 futures contract 7 securities 3 2 3 commodities 8 commodities 1 0 4 currencies exchange 30 20 10 this years ago years ago years ago year 5 commercial 9 options contract paper China GDP Over to you (sample answers) services
• Zurich is Switzerland’s main financial centre.
• In the US, many commodities are traded, industry
including, for example, farm products on the Chicago Board of Trade. agriculture 37.1 China GDP China GDP 1 Hong Kong 5 London 30 years ago this year 2 Nikkei 6 CAC 40 3 Dow Jones 7 Frankfurt 4 Nasdaq
Business Vocabulary in Use Intermediate 151 Over to you (sample answers)
Another is writing programs that contain
• If a country has a trade surplus, it exports
viruses and infecting other computers
more than it imports. If it has a trade deficit, it with them. imports more than it exports.
• Inflation here in Italy is about 2 per cent per 41.1 Across Down year, and falling. 4 affirmative 1 responsible
• The three countries with the highest GDP are 7 sweatshop labour 2 carbon emissions
the US ($18.558 trillion in 2016), China 9 discrimination 3 offset
($11.383 trillion), Japan ($4.412 trillion). 12 code of ethics 5 ethical 13 exploit 6 green
39.1 1 false 2 true 3 true 4 false 5 true 14 action 8 environmental 6 true 7 false 15 stake 10 minority 39.2 16 issues 11 moral Across Down 1 depression 2 recession 5 peaks 3 slump Over to you (sample answers) 9 levels off 4 negative
• One UK company that has a reputation for 11 bottoms out 6 stagflation
social responsibility is the Cooperative 7 stagnation
Bank. For example, it does not invest in 8 steady
companies that have unethical activities. 10 boom
• In my country, there are a number of
companies with affirmative action Over to you (sample answers)
programs. They are keen to employ people
• Here in Italy, banks have cut interest
from ethnic minorities. Women are fairly rates this year.
represented at all levels of management,
• Stagnation is when the economy grows
and half their board members are women.
slowly, or not at all. Stagflation is when prices
are rising during a period of stagnation. 42.1 1 timescale / timeframe 2 schedule 40.1 1 price fixing 3 longer than planned 2 bribery 4 overlapped 3 sleaze 5 make up
4 insider dealing / insider trading; Chinese 6 behind walls 7 stage / phase / step / task
5 bribe / kickback / sweetener / backhander; 8 delays bribery / corruption / sleaze 9 downtime 6 identity theft
42.2 2 You should avoid interruptions.
40.2 embezzlement, embezzler, embezzles,
3 You should avoid distractions. embezzlement, embezzled
4 You shouldn’t aim for perfectionism when it
faking, faker, fakes, a fake, fake isn’t necessary.
forgery, forger, forges, a forgery, forged
5 You should plan your day in advance.
money laundering, money launderer,
6 You should go on a time management course. launders, –, –
racketeering, racketeer, –, a racket, – Over to you (sample answers)
• If a company is behind schedule on a Over to you (sample answers)
project, it can employ more people on the
• Someone who is guilty of bribing a politician
project. But this may not always be a good
should go to prison. The politician should
idea, as the new people have to be told
lose his job, and should also go to prison.
what to do. For example, software-writing
• On the internet, one common kind of
projects that are behind schedule are often
wrongdoing is hacking into computers,
still not completed on time even if new
gaining access to confidential information. programmers are found. 152
Business Vocabulary in Use Intermediate
• My best personal tip on time management
everyone is involved in the decision-
is to concentrate on one task at a time and
making process. And once the decision has
to finish it before starting another one.
been taken, people tend to accept it, even
if they disagreed with it before. 43.1 1 d 2 a 3 b 4 e 5 c 45.1 1 macho culture 4 company / corporate 43.2 1 rat race, treadmill culture 2 overwhelmed, stressed out
2 long-hours culture 5 business culture 3 downshift, rebalance 3 learning culture 6 sales culture 4 quality of life 5 stress-induced 45.2 1 a ABC 6 quality time b SBC 7 stress, pressure 2 a SBC 8 demands b ABC 9 overwork 3 a ABC 10 burned out b SBC Over to you (sample answers) Over to you (sample answer)
• I sometimes get stressed at work. I play
Here in Greece, students show quite a lot of
basketball and go swimming to reduce this.
deference to teachers, and employees are
• Symptoms of stress include headaches, a
quite deferential towards managers. The
tendency to get angry for no reason,
attitude is that teachers are the ones with the feelings of helplessness, etc.
knowledge, and should teach it. Managers are
• Some people who downshift complain of
the ones who know what to do, and
boredom and of feeling that they are not employees should obey them. part of the modern world.
46.1 1 collectivist, individualist
44.1 1 drive, dynamism, energy 2 connections 2 vision 3 trust 3 subordinates 4 loyalty 4 leadership skills 5 individualism, collectivism 5 command and control 6 independent entities 44.2 Across Down 46.2 1 c 2 e 3 b 4 a 5 d 1 decision 2 empower 5 authoritarian 3 bureaucratic 46.3 1 h 2 e 3 g 4 f 8 distant 4 initiative 5 d 6 a 7 c 8 b 9 approach 6 consensual 11 consult 7 making Over to you (sample answers) 12 top 10 imposed 13 delegate Working hours 14 decentralized
In the US, people start work at 8 or 8.30 and
officially finish at 5, though many managers
start later and stay at work much longer. Over to you (sample answers)
• I think the CEO of my last company was Holidays
really charismatic – everybody admired him.
There are not a lot of public holidays during
• During a process of consultation, the
the year. Many employees only have two
decision maker talks to everyone who will
weeks’ holiday a year. Trade fairs and
be affected by the decision so that they can
conferences (what Americans call influence it.
‘conventions’) are very important, as they
• Here in Denmark, the management style is
allow people to get away from their desks
quite democratic. There are typically not without using holiday time.
that many management layers, and
Business Vocabulary in Use Intermediate 153 Meals and entertaining
who answered the phone was very
The lunch break is usually quite short, but
pleasant and put me through to the
some business is done over restaurant
department I wanted. They dealt with my
lunches. The working breakfast is an
enquiry very efficiently – it was about a late
important occasion for discussions. There are
delivery. The person I spoke to gave me
lots of snacks between meals, and coffee.
their extension number and said that
I could phone again the next day if the Punctuality
goods still hadn’t arrived then.
Punctuality is extremely important. Don’t be late for meetings! 48.1 1 you put me through 2 One moment Boundaries 3 putting you through
It’s OK to phone people at home about work, 4 the line’s busy but not late in the evening. 5 want to hold 47.1 6 call back later 1 VoIP 7 hold, please 2 videoconferencing 8 busy 3 mobile phone 9 again later 4 cordless phone 10 the number of 5 public telephone / payphone 11 direct line 6 voicemail / text message 7 webcam and microphone 48.2 (sample answers) 47.2
1 You’re through to Steve Fox’s voicemail. I’m on
1 It would be good to see Anna soon. I’ll
holiday till Monday the 12th and I won’t be
phone to her and see when she’s free.
picking up messages. I will respond when I get 2 3
back. If your enquiry is urgent, please contact 3 Why don’t you ring t o Pizza Palace and
my colleague Rob Timmins on extension 8359. order some takeaway pizza?
If you’d like to leave a message, please leave it 4 3 after the tone.
5 Call me up next time you’re in New York.
2 You’re through to the voicemail of Sue 6 3
Leighton. I’m away on a business trip till
7 I’ll give her a bell and we’ll go out for a meal.
Thursday. I will pick up any messages, so
8 When you get some news, give me a call.
please leave a message after the tone and 47.3
I’ll get back to you as soon as possible. a press 4 c press 6 e press 5
3 Hello. You’re through to Rod Baxter’s b press 3 d press 2
voicemail. I’m on a training course until the
20th of January. I won’t be picking up my Over to you (some ideas)
voicemail. You can leave a message and I will
• Advantages of using call centres:
respond when I get back. If you have any
1 You can talk to a human being who can
urgent queries, please call my PA, Jill Salford. offer advice, etc. Her direct line is 8466.
2 You don’t need computer knowledge.
4 You’re through to Tina Preston’s voicemail. I’ll
3 You can be more sure that the transaction
be in meetings all day today, Friday. If you’d like
has been successful and has gone through.
to leave a message, I’ll get back to you on
Advantages of using the internet:
Monday morning. If there are any urgent
1 You can see all the information available
matters, please call my colleague Keith Samson
and have time to look at different options on extension 8521. and to think about it.
2 You don’t have to worry about the mood 48.3
of the person you’re dealing with at the 1 is 3 to 5 on 7 on 2 from 4 at 6 on call centre!
• The last time I phoned an organization was
when I called Xara last week. The person 154
Business Vocabulary in Use Intermediate Over to you (sample answers)
6 M for Mike, A for Alpha, C for Charlie, P for
• I think it’s difficult on the phone in English
Papa, H for Hotel, E for Echo, R for Romeo,
when people talk too fast and I have to ask
S for Sierra, O for Oscar, N for November.
them politely to slow down. It’s difficult to
7 john hyphen smith at cambridge dot ac dot
remember ‘specific’ telephone expressions. UK.
It’s also hard to end calls without seeming rude. 49.3 1 g 2 d 3 b 4 f
• You’re through to Maria Karlovski’s voicemail. 5 c 6 e 7 a 8 h
I’m on holiday until Tuesday the 20th and Over to you (sample answers)
I won’t be picking up messages. I will respond
• Cambridge: C for Charlie, A for Apple, M for
when I get back. If your enquiry is urgent,
Mike, B for Bravo, R for Romeo, I for India,
please contact my colleague Pavel Schmidt
D for Delta, G for Golf, E for Echo.
on extension 242. If you’d like to leave a
• My email address is rosariogonzalez@
message, please speak after the tone.
hotmail.com: rosariogonzalez – all one word –
• I prefer voicemail because it’s easier to use –
at hotmail dot com. My company’s website is
you don’t need to go to a computer. But
http://peo.cambridge.org: h t t p colon slash
putting your message across clearly and
slash p e o dot cambridge dot org.
politely can be difficult. At least with
modern systems you can go back and 50.1 1 f 2 b 3 j 4 a 5 h 6 d
‘improve’ it. However, email gives you time 7 k 8 e 9 i 10 c 11 g
to think about what you want to say! 49.1 50.2 1 natural 1
2 illogical: A gives a definite time when they
A: I’d like to speak to Ms Sangster, please.
will next meet (tomorrow), but B says just
B: I’m afraid she’s not available.
that they will talk ‘soon’. A: It’s Sven Nyman here. 3 natural
B: May I ask what it’s about?
4 illogical: A gives a definite time (this
A: I’m calling about her order.
afternoon) when they will actually meet but B
B: I’ll ask her to call you when she’s free.
says just that they will be ‘back in touch soon’. 2 5 natural
A: Hello. Is Jack Bronson available?
B: No, I’m afraid he’s not available. May I ask 50.3 1 e 2 c 3 b 4 a 5 d
who’s calling? Which company are you calling from? Over to you (sample answers)
A: This is Rosario Gonzalez calling from
• I prefer to use email because it gives people
Excelsior Media Services. Could I leave a
time to think about their response before
message for him? I’m calling to confirm replying to me.
that I’ve received his cheque.
OR I prefer to use the phone because that
B: I’ll give him your message.
way you get immediate answers to questions, queries, etc.
49.2 2 V for Victor, A for Alpha, L for Lima,
• It can be difficult to end calls without
L for Lima, A for Alpha, D for Delta,
seeming rude. The best way to do this is to
O for Oscar, L for Lima, I for India,
confirm the things that have been decided D for Delta.
during the call and say when the next
3 W for Whisky, E for Echo, B for Bravo,
contact will be: an email for example, or E for Echo, R for Romeo. another phone call.
4 h t t p colon slash slash www dot,
britishcouncil all as one word dot org
51.1 1 George should have taken the card with slash courses. both hands.
5 P for Papa, E for Echo, T for Tango,
2 He shouldn’t have written on it.
E for Echo, R for Romeo, new word,
3 He did not read it carefully.
H for Hotel, O for Oscar, U for Uniform, S for Sierra, E for Echo.
Business Vocabulary in Use Intermediate 155
4 He should have treated it with more care 52.1 1 subject
and respect, and put it somewhere such as
2 contact details / contact information his briefcase. 3 blind copy
5 He should have ensured that he had 4 bcc
enough business cards of his own. 5 bcc 6 forwarded 51.2 7 forwarding Future textiles 8 reply to all Wolfgang1 H.2 Schmidt3 5 9 reply MBA Future textiles Technology consultant4 52.2 (sample answer) 33 Hauptbahnhofstrasse From: wu.lee@sinophone.com 60433 Frankfurt, Germany
To: gunilla.madsen@norgequip.com Tel +49 69 453 2100 cc: lin.weng@sinophone.com Email: wolfgang.schmidt@ futuretextiles.de7 22 June 2016 Dear Gunilla,
It was very nice meeting you too at the trade M
fair last week. I hope you had a smooth trip via Lamborghini, 21
back to Oslo. Please find attached a 20154 Milano, Italy oda
document with information about Tel +39 81 532 7000
Sinophone. Lin Weng is our purchasing Email: frossi@modac21.it7
manager: I’m copying him in on this. I will C
also forward your details to Shu Bao, our Francesca1 Rossi3 PhD5, IPM6 21
finance director. Please don’t hesitate to Textiles Purchasing Manager4
contact me if you require any further information. Best regards Wu Lee 51.3 1 email address 2 attachment 52.3 1 Hi Jim; Best 3 get back to me 2 Dear Sir/Madam; Best regards 4 to give me a call 3 Dear Ms Preston; Regards 5 by courier 4 Dear Mike; All the best
5 Dear Mr Collins; Best regards Over to you (sample answer) 6 Dear Madam; Best regards Dear Leila, Over to you (sample answers)
It was very nice meeting you at the IT
• In my view, email doesn’t save time. It
conference in San Antonio. Hope you got
creates more work, because people send
back to Beirut OK. Please find attached, as
messages that they wouldn’t bother
promised, some information about my
sending if they had to write a letter or
institution, Heriot-Watt University, and its phone.
Department of Information Technology. We
• Company employees shouldn’t be allowed
offer PhD courses, with a large number of
to send and receive personal emails at
overseas students. The university is just
work, or surf the internet, because it wastes
outside Edinburgh, and an ideal place to
the company’s time and costs the company
study – I hope the attached information is money.
useful. Please don’t hesitate to get in touch
if you require any further information. 53.1 1 i 2 c 3 b 4 h 5 a Best regards, 6 d 7 f 8 g 9 e Daniella 156
Business Vocabulary in Use Intermediate 53.2 1 Qualifications 8 learn from 2 Career goal 9 develop our network 3 Skills 10 exploited 4 Experience 5 Contact details 54.2 1 traineeships, trainees 2 entry-level jobs 53.3 1 As you will see 3 part-time study 2 attached CV
4 apprenticeships, apprentices 3 I am writing with reference 5 vocational qualification
4 I would now like to relocate 6 job-specific skills
5 I look forward to hearing from you 6 I am available Over to you (sample answer)
I have just graduated with a law degree and Over to you (sample answer)
I found a law firm that specializes in
commercial law. The internship that they offer DAVID MARCOS
sound very interesting. They allow interns to
work with more senior lawyers on the writing Contact details
of contracts. It all sounds good − no menial
7050 Fairmount Drive, San Jose, CA 95148
email: dmarcos1980@hotmail.com mobile: +408 972 3792
tasks. What’s more, the internship is paid − about €500 a month. Career goal
Looking for a more senior management role in a
55.1 1 arranged / set up / fixed telecommunications company
2 to bring forward the meeting / the meeting Skills to be brought forward Good management skills
3 put back / put off / postponed Team leader
4 put back / put off / postponed
Combined technical and business knowledge of mobile phone 5 chaired / ran networks 6 did not attend / missed Qualifications
1999−2002 University of the East, Manila − Electrical 55.2 1 AGM engineering degree 2 brainstorming
2002−2003 University of Sydney, Australia – Master’s
3 department/departmental meeting degree in Electronics 4 meeting with suppliers
2010−2011 Wharton Business School, United States – MBA 5 chat
(Masters in Business Administration) 6 meeting with a customer Experience 7 project meeting
2003−2006 Electrical engineer, Samsung, Seoul, S. Korea. 8 EGM or AGM
Worked on development of mobile network technology 9 board meeting
2007−2010 Team Leader, ZTE Corp. Managed a team of 20 mobile network specialists 55.3 1 c 2 f 3 e 4 a 5 d 6 b
2011−Present Department Manager, Cisco Systems, San
Jose, California. Managing a group of 50 engineers Over to you (sample answer)
working with business clients on next-generation mobile
In my organization, I go to monthly sales
technology. Involved in both technical and financial issues.
meetings with the other sales people, to
discuss our results for the month. These are
quite useful, as I can see how much I’m selling 54.1 1 graduated from in relation to my colleagues. 2 unpaid 3 hands-on experience 56.1 1 true 5 true 4 menial 2 false 6 false 5 range of tasks 3 true 7 false 6 professional skills 4 false 7 build our confidence
Business Vocabulary in Use Intermediate 157 56.2 1 takes 5 move on
3 Of course not. Everyone in the company 2 appoints 6 avoid works hard. 3 circulate 7 agree
4 I’m sorry, but that’s out of the question. Some 4 allocate
of the accommodation is really bad.
5 I’m afraid I can’t agree with you there. Over to you (sample answers)
People need to get away from their offices
• I think I’m quite good at chairing meetings sometimes.
because people feel that I give everyone
6 I don’t really agree. Other advertising
an equal opportunity to speak and the
agencies are doing well, despite the
decisions we take are based on a full economy. discussion of the facts.
7 I can’t go along with you there. The agency
• What I find annoying in meetings is people
is at its most creative right now.
who don’t stick to the point and people
who talk too much – they’re often the same Over to you (sample answers) people!
• People are encouraged to disagree – as
long as they are polite to each other. Our 57.1 1 How
boss thinks that disagreements can lead to about you? What
interesting new ideas, and she thinks that
forcing people to keep quiet makes 2 called potential problems worse. I’ve organized this meeting to …
• No, I’m happy to have arguments if they arranged resolve problems. 3 Let’s begin, shall we?
59.1 A: If I can just stop you for a moment, you … get down to business.
B: I understand what you’re saying, but … get started.
C: To go back to what I was just saying, there make a start. are …
A: Sorry to interrupt you, but … 4 objective of this meeting C: Are you suggesting that … The (main) purpose is to …
59.2 agreement: yes, agree, come to / reach / find 5 looks (an) agreement It to me as if … seems
disagreement: yes, disagree, have a disagreement 57.2 1 c 2 a 3 b 4 e 5 d
compromise: yes, compromise, come to / reach / find (a) compromise Over to you (sample answers)
consensus: yes, –, come to / reach / find (a)
• In my organization, people are free to consensus express their feelings.
• People at every level are encouraged to 59.3 1 b 2 d 3 c 4 e 5 a
express their feelings and opinions – the
management is very interested in what Over to you (sample answers) they have to say.
In my organization, decisions are imposed
• Even the opinions of new employees are
from above. For example, recently we were highly valued.
told that the company was going to move its 58.1
offices from the city centre to the suburbs, 1 e–f 2 g–j 3 a–d 4 k–n
about 20 kilometres away. The announcement 58.2
was made without any discussion or 1 d 2 a 3 f 4 e 5 c 6 b consultation with employees.
58.3 1 That’s ridiculous. We need to stay in the creative heart of London. 60.1 1 d 2 e 3 a 4 c 5 b
2 That’s absurd. We would lose employees to
our competitors if we cut salaries. 158
Business Vocabulary in Use Intermediate
60.2 1 confident and relaxed look, speed that you
3 No. The presenter says the presentation is speak at, visual aids
finished and then says he/she will talk 2 clear structure about something else.
3 No. It can sound formal and stiff.
4 Yes. The presenter gives his/her own
4 Use phrases such as ‘What would you think
opinions and says that there will naturally
if …’. Encourage the audience to ask be other opinions.
questions or get them to join in by looking
friendly and smiling. Make eye contact and Over to you (sample answers)
don’t stay behind your desk. Show that
• My last presentation was about a new
you’re enjoying giving your presentation.
product my company was about to launch.
5 Visit the venue beforehand. Avoid coffee
• I had prepared clearly structured ideas and
before you speak. Keep visual aids simple.
visuals and I was also very confident and 6 Enthusing your audience. relaxed.
7 ‘… if your presentation does not have a
• My presentation had a very strong
structure, your audience will create its own.’
introduction that led to a good main part (para 2)
in a clear way, but the closing was slightly
sudden and I’m not sure the audience Over to you (sample answers) understood my message.
• I’m in research and development, and I give
• Next time, I would make sure my closing
a lot of demonstrations of the products we
sums up the main idea of my presentation,
are developing. These can be to the
so that people go away with a single, clear
company’s employees or to customers. message in their minds.
• A good presenter is someone who knows
their audience and is able to adjust what 62.1 1 d 2 c 3 a 4 b 5 f 6 e
they say to the audience. Also, enthusiasm
is good, but it is not enough. The presenter 62.2 1 c 2 a 3 f 4 i 5 e 6 b
must know what they are talking about. Over to you (sample answers) 61.1 1 b 2 a 3 e 4 c 5 d
• My last presentation was about a new
product my company was about to launch.
61.2 1 To begin with, let’s look at the most basic
• I had prepared clearly structured ideas product in our range.
and visuals and I was also very confident
2 Of course, you will certainly have lots of and relaxed. questions in relation t o the product
• My presentation had a very strong
specifications of our basic model.
introduction that led to a good main part
3 That’s all I have time for on product
in a clear way, but the closing was slightly specifications.
sudden and I’m not sure the audience
4 Let’s move on to our mid-range model. understood my message.
5 As this transparency shows, there are two
• Next time, I would make sure my closing
key features I want to talk about in relation
sums up the main idea of my presentation, to our mid-range model.
so that people go away with a single, clear 6 I think that cover s everything on our mid- message in their minds. range model.
7 Our top-of-the-range product is the third 63.1 1 b 2 h 3 d 4 c 5 f
and most important model I want to talk 6 g 7 a about. 63.2 1 c 2 a 3 e 4 d 5 b
61.3 1 No. The presenter asks if the audience has
any questions, which usually happens at 63.3 1 bargaining ploy
the end of a presentation, and then goes on 2 bargaining power
to discuss the topic of the presentation. 3 bargaining process
2 Yes. The presenter says he/she is going to
4 collective bargaining / pay bargaining /
sum up and gives his/her reasons. wage bargaining
Business Vocabulary in Use Intermediate 159
5 bargaining chip / bargaining tool
4 Unless you are able to offer more 6 bargainer
environmentally friendly versions, we will go to see your competitor. Over to you (sample answers)
5 Unless you stop using unfair techniques, we
• I sometimes have to negotiate with suppliers of will break off negotiations.
equipment. I quite like this – it’s interesting to
see how we reach agreement on prices, 65.4 1 concessions 3 trade-off
quantities, etc. and to see how each side’s 2 trading 4 concede requirements are met.
• A good negotiator is someone who can keep Over to you (sample answers)
an objective view of the overall situation,
• There are some negotiations where the two
while being sensitive to and aware of the
sides are unequal and win-win is difficult. For
priorities and goals of each side.
example, the owner of a house or flat who
wants to rent it out in a recession may have to 64.1 1 f 2 e 3 b 4 c 5 d 6 a
accept a much lower rent than the one they originally wanted. 64.2 1 c 2 d 3 b 4 e 5 f 6 a
• I needed to make concessions when I went to
my boss to ask for a rise. I had to accept much 64.3 1 e 2 f 3 b 4 c 5 d 6 a
less than I originally asked for! Over to you (sample answers) 66.1 1 true 5 true
• A business person visiting India should not 2 false 6 false
be surprised if there is a lot of small talk 3 true 7 false
before the beginning of the actual 4 false
negotiation. People want to get to know
the contacts that they are dealing with. 66.2 1 binding
• Don’t be surprised if questions can be quite 2 commercial
personal – about your family, children, and 3 binding / legally binding so on. 4 oral / verbal 5 employment 65.1 1 b 2 c 3 d 4 f 5 e 6 a 66.3 1 a 2 f 3 e 4 g
65.2 1 If you offer more flexible payment 5 d 6 h 7 c 8 b
conditions, we will be able to pay a higher price. Over to you (sample answers)
2 As long as you guarantee increased fuel
• I would try to drive a hard bargain with a
economy, we could consider paying €25.5
car salesman who has a lot of unsold cars million per unit. in stock.
3 On condition that you sign the agreement
• I would try to resolve seemingly
today, we will start delivering /
irreconcilable differences by allowing a to deliver the planes in July.
cooling-off period, where the two sides
4 Supposing that you send us your personnel for
would have time to think about their
training, we may be prepared to add special
position and any concessions they might
features to the planes that you order. be willing to make.
5 Provided (that) / Providing (that) you
accept our conditions, we might agree to work with you in the future.
65.3 2 Unless you consider our particular
requirements, we will end these discussions.
3 Unless you can deal with our order as a priority, we will cancel it. 160
Business Vocabulary in Use Intermediate Index
The numbers in the Index are Uni tnumbers, not page numbers. abandon a market /@ b nd@n AGM (annual general meeting) available /@ veIl@bl/ 49 @ mA:kIt/ 20 (BrE) / eIdZi: em/ 55 axe (verb) / ks/ 39 absurd /@b sÆ:d/ 58 agree /@ gri:/ 58
academic qualifications / k@ demIk agree about /@ gri: @ baUt/ 59 background / b kgraUnd/ 3 kwÁlIfI keIS@nz/ 51 agree on /@ gri: Án/ 59
backhander (BrE) / b k h nd@/ 40 accept /@k sept/ 3 agreement /@ gri:m@nt/ 59 bad debt /b d det/ 29 accessible /@k ses@bl/ 44, 45 ahead of schedule /@hed @v bad working environment /b d account /@ kaUnt/ 29, 31, 35 Sedju:l/ 42 wÆ:kIÎ In vaIr@nm@nt/ 8 account balance /@ kaUnt ailing / eIlIÎ/ 33 bail out /beIl aUt/ 33 b l@nts/ 35 All the best /O:l D@ best/ 52
balance of payments / b l@nts @v
accountancy (BrE) /@ kaUnt@ntsi/ 31 alliance /@ laI@ns/ 34 peIm@nts/ 38
accountancy firm /@ kaUnt@ntsi allocate / l@keIt/ 56
balance sheet / b l@nts Si:t/ 30 fÆ:m/ 31
amortization /@ mO:tI zeIS@n/ 30 ban (verb) /b n/ 40 accountant /@ kaUnt@nt/ 31 amortize /@ mO:taIz/ 30 bank /b Îk/ 35 accounting /@ kaUntIÎ/ 31 annual / nju@l/ 31
bank holiday / b Îk hÁlIdeI/ 46 accounting rules /@ kaUntIÎ
annual general meeting (AGM) (BrE) bar (verb) /ba:/ 40 ru:lz/ 31 /
nju@l dZen@r@l mi:tIÎ / 55 bargain (noun) / bA:gIn/ 66
accounting standards /@ kaUntIÎ annual meeting (AmE) / nju@l bargain (verb) / bA:gIn/ 63 st nd@dz/ 31 mi:tIÎ / 55 bargainer / bA:gIn@/ 63
accounts payable (AmE) /@ kaUnts annual report /
nju@l rI pO:t/ 31 bargaining chip / bA:gInIÎ tSIp/ 63 peI@bl/ 29 applicant / plIk@nt/ 3
bargaining ploy / bA:gInIÎ plOI/ 63 accounts receivable (AmE) application form / plI keIS@n bargaining point / bA:gInIÎ /@ kaUnts rI si:v@bl/ 29 fO:m/ 3 pOInt/ 63 accurate record / kjUr@t apply for /@ plaI fO:/ 3
bargaining position / bA:gInIÎ rekO:d/ 56
apply for a personal loan /@ plaI p@ zIS@n/ 64 achievement /@ tSi:vm@nt/ 53 f@r @ pÆ:s@n@l l@Un/ 35 bargaining power / bA:gInIÎ acquire /@ kwaI@/ 34 appoint /@ pOInt/ 3 paU@/ 63 acquire experience /@ kwaI@r apprentice /@ prentIs/ 54
bargaining process / bA:gInIÎ Ik spI@rI@nts/ 4
apprenticeship /@ prentIsSIp/ 54 pr@Uses/ 63 acquisition / kwI zIS@n/ 34
approachable /@ pr@UtS@bl/ 44, 45 bargaining tactic / bA:gInIÎ action point / kS@n pOInt/ 56 arbitration / A:bI treIS@n/ 66 t ktIk/ 63 address book /@ dres bUk/ 52 arbitrator / A:bItreIt@/ 66
bargaining tool / bA:gInIÎ tu:l/ 63 admin / dmIn/ 6 area code / e@ri@ kaUd/ 47 barrier / b ri@/ 37 administration arrange a meeting /@ reIndZ basic / beIsIk/ 23 / d mInI streIS@n/ 6 @ mi:tIÎ/ 55
basic salary / beIsIk s l@ri/ 5 administrative staff as long as /@z lÁÎ @z/ 65 bcc / bi:si: si:/ 52 / d mInIstr@tIv stA:f/ 6
as you will see /@z ju: wIl si:?/ 53 be in touch / bi: In tötS/ 51
administrator /@d mInIstreIt@/ 33
assembly line /@ sembli laIn/ 16 bear market / be@ mA:kIt/ 37 advance /@d vA:nts/ 39 asset / set/ 12, 30 bearish / be@rIS/ 37 advertise / dv@taIz/ 25 attach /@ t tS/ 51, 52 become stressed out /bIköm advertiser / dv@taIz@/ 25 attached /@ t tSt/ 52 strest aUt/ 43 advertising agency / dv@taIzIÎ
attached CV /@ t tSt si: vi:/ 53 behind schedule /bI haInd eIdZ@ntsi/ 25 attachment /@ t tSm@nt/ 51, 52 Sedju:l/ 42 advertising campaign attend a meeting /@ tend belief /bI li:f/ 45 / dv@taIzIÎ k m peIn/ 25 @ mi:tIÎ/ 55
benchmarking / bentS mA:kIÎ/ 18 aerospace / e@r@UspeIs/ 13 attitude to time / tItju:d tU: benefit / benIfIt/ 21
affirmative action (AmE) /@ fÆ:m@ tAIm/ 64 benefits package / ben@fIts tIv kS@n/ 8, 41 auction site / O:kS@n saIt/ 26 p kIdZ/ 5
affirmative action program (AmE) audit / O:dIt/ 31 Best /best/ 52 /@ fÆ:m@tIv kS@n pr@ auditor / O:dIt@/ 31
best practice / best pr ktIs/ 18 Ugr m/ 41
authoritarian / O:TÁrI te@ri@n/ 44 Best regards /best rI gA:dz/ 52 agenda /@ dZend@/ 56
automobile (AmE) / O:t@m@bi:l/ 13 Best wishes /best wISIz/ 52
Business Vocabulary in Use Intermediate 161
beta version / bi:t@ vÆ:Z@n/ 14 breakthrough / breIkTru:/ 15 call up /kO:l öp/ 14, 47 bid /bId/ 26 bribe (noun) /braIb/ 40 cancel a meeting / k nts@l @ big business /bIg bIznIs/ 11 bribery / braIb@ri/ 40 mi:tIÎ/ 55 bilingual /baI lIÎgw@l/ 53
bring forward a meeting / brIÎ candidate / k ndId@t/ 3 billing / bIlIÎ/ 29 fO:w@d @ mi:tIÎ/ 55 capacity /k@ p sIti/ 16 binding / baIndIÎ/ 66 broker / br@Uk@/ 36 capital / k pIt@l/ 17, 32
bleed red ink /bli:d red IÎk/ 31 budget for / bödZIt fO:/ 28
capital market / k pIt@l mA:kIt/ 36 blog /blÁg/ 26 bug /bög/ 14
captains of industry / k ptInz @v blue chip / blu: tSIp/ 37 build confidence /bIld Indöstri/ 10 board /bO:d/ 9 kÁnfId@ns/ 54 car (BrE) /kA:/ 13
board meeting / bO:d mi:tIÎ/ 55 build up /bIld öp/ 33 carbon emissions / kA:b@n boardroom / bO:drUm/ 9 building society / bIldIÎ @ mIS@nz/ 41
boardroom row / bO:dru:m raU/ 5 s@ saI@ti/ 12, 35 carbon footprint / kA:b@n
body language / bÁdi l ÎgwIdZ/ 64 bull market / bUl mA:kIt/ 37 fUtprInt/ 41 bond /bÁnd/ 32, 36 bullish / bUliS/ 37
carbon offset / kA:b@n Áfset/ 41 bonus / b@Un@s/ 5 bullish sentiment / bUliS carbon-neutral / kA:b@ bonus payment / b@Un@s sentim@nt/ 37 n nju:tr@l/ 41 peIm@nt/ 42 bully / bUli/ 8 career goal /k@ rI@ g@Ul/ 53 book value / bUk v lju:/ 30 bullying / bUliIÎ/ 8 career ladder /k@ rI@ l d@/ 7 booking (BrE) / bUkIÎ/ 47 bureaucracy /bjU@ rÁkr@si/ 11 career path /k@ rI@ pA:T/ 7
bookings line (BrE) / bUkIÎz lain/ 47 bureaucratic cash cow / k S kaU/ 28 book-keeper / bUkki:p@/ 31 / bjU@r@ kr tIk/ 11, 44
cash mountain / k S maUntIn/ 33 boom /bu:m/ 39 burn out / bÆ:n aUt/ 43 cash pile / k S paIl/ 33
boom and bust / bu:m @n böst/ 39 business / bIznIs/ 11 cashflow / k Sfl@U/ 29 boring / bO:riÎ/ 2
business card / bIznIs kA:d/ 51 catalogue / k t@lÁg/ 18 born leader /bO:n li:d@/ 44 business contact / bIznIs catering / keIt@rIÎ/ 13 borrower / bÁr@U@/ 32 kÁnt kt/ 51 cc /si: si:/ 52 borrowing / bÁr@UIÎ/ 32
business culture / bIznIs költS@/ 45 cease trading / si:s treIdIÎ/ 33 boss /bÁs/ 9 business empire / bIznIs cellphone (AmE) / selfeUn/ 47 bottom line / bÁt@m laIn/ 31 empaI@/ 10 CEO (chief executive officer) bottom out / bÁt@m aUt/ 39
business leader / bIznIs li:d@/ 10 / si:i: @U/ 9 bottom-end / bÁt@m end/ 23 business year / bIznIs jI@/ 31 CFO (chief financial officer) boundaries between work and businessman / bIznIsm@n/ 10 / si:ef @U/ 9
private life /baUndriz bItwi:n
businessperson / bIznIspÆ:s@n/ 10 chain store / tSeIn stO:/ 24 wÆ:k @n praIvIt laIf/ 46 business-to-business (B2B) chair (noun) / tSe@/ 56 bourse /bO:s/ 36 / bIznIst@ bIznIs/ 26
chair a meeting / tSe@r @ mi:tIÎ/ 55
brainstorming / breIn stO:mIÎ/ 55 business-to-consumer (B2C) chairman / tSe@m@n/ 9, 56 branch /brA:ntS/ 35 / bIznIst@k@n sju:m@/ 26 chairperson / tSe@pÆ:s@n/ 56 brand /br nd/ 22, 30 business-to-government (B2G) chairwoman / tSe@ wUm@n/ 9, 56 brand awareness /br nd / bIznIst@ göv@nm@nt/ 26 challenging / tS lIndZIÎ/ 43 @ we@n@s/ 22
businesswoman / bIznIs wUm@n/ 10 change hands / tSeIndZ h ndz/ 37
brand identity /br nd aI dentIti/ 22 busy / bIzi/ 48 charge (noun) /tSa:dZ/ 30, 35 brand image /br nd ImIdZ/ 22 buyer / baI@/ 18, 19 charge (verb) /tSA:dZ/ 23 brand manager / br nd buying manager / baIIÎ charisma /k@ rIzm@/ 44 m nIdZ@/ 22 m nIdZ@/ 19 charismatic / k rIz m tIk/ 44
brand name / br nd neIm/ 15, 22 charity / tS rIti/ 12 brand recognition /br nd CAD/CAM /k dk m/ 14, 16 chase an invoice / tSeIs @n rek@g nIS@n/ 22 calendar (AmE) / k lInd@/ 42 InvOIs/ 29 branded / br ndId/ 22 call (verb) /kO:l/ 47 chat (noun) /tS t/ 55 branding / br ndIÎ/ 22 call back /kO:l b k/ 48 cheap /tSi:p/ 23 breach /bri:tS/ 41
call centre (BrE) /kO:l sent@/ 13, chief executive officer (CEO) break down / breIk daUn/ 66 24, 35, 47 /tSi:f Ig zekjUtIv ÁfIs@/ 9 break even / breIk i:v@n/ 28
call off a meeting /kO:l Áf @ chief financial officer (CFO) breakdown/ breIk daUn/ 43 mi:tIÎ/ 55 /tSi:f faI n nS@l ÁfIs@/ 9 162
Business Vocabulary in Use Intermediate
chief operating officer /tSi:f company culture / kömp@ni contract dispute / kÁntr kt Áp@reItIÎ ÁfIs@/ 9 költS@/ 45 dI spju:t/ 63 child labour /tSaIld leIb@/ 41 company doctor / kömp@ni contractor /k@n tr kt@/ 7
Chinese walls / tSaIni:z wO:lz/ 40 dÁkt@/ 33
contribution / kÁntrI bju:S@n/ 35 churn out / tSÆ:n aUt/ 16 company hierarchy / kömp@ni
convenience store /k@n vi:ni@nts circulate / sÆ:kjUleIt/ 56 haI@rA:ki/ 7 stO:/ 24 the City /D@ sIti/ 36 company pension scheme conversational rules clearly / klI@li/ 60 / kömp@ni penS@n ski:m/ 35 /kÁnv@ seIS@n@l ru:lz/ 64 client / klaI@nt/ 19
compensation / kÁmpen seIS@n/ 5 cooling-off period / ku:lIÎ Áf client base / klaI@nt beIs/ 19 compensation package pI@ri@d/ 66 clientele / kli:Án tel/ 19 / kÁmpen seIS@n p kIdZ/ 5 copy in on / kÁpi In Án/ 52 climate change / klaIm@t compensation payment copyright / kÁpiraIt/ 15 tSeIndZ/ 41
/ kÁmpen seIS@n peIm@nt/ 5 copyright infringement / kÁpiraIt
clinch a deal / klIntS @ di:l/ 66 compete /k@m pi:t/ 20 In frIndZm@nt/ 15
clinical trial / klInIk@l traI@l/ 14
competition / kÁmp@ tIS@n/ 20, 25cordless / kO:dl@s/ 47 clock in /klÁk In/ 2 competitor /k@m petIt@/ 20
cordless phone / kO:dl@s f@Un/ 47 clock off /klÁk Áf/ 2 completion /k@m pli:S@n/ 42
core activities / kO: k tIvItiz/ 34 clock on /klÁk Án/ 2 component /k@m p@Un@nt/ 17
corner a market / kO:n@ @ mA:kIt/ 20 clock out /klÁk aUt/ 2 compromise / kÁmpr@maIz/ 59 corporate / kO:p@r@t/ 11, 41 close (noun) /kl@Uz/ 37 computer hardware /k@m pju:t@ corporate culture / kO:p@r@t close a deal /kl@Uz @ di:l/ 66 hA:dwe@/ 13 költS@/ 11, 45 close down /kl@Uz daUn/ 37 computer software /k@m pju:t@
corporate social responsibility close up /kl@Uz öp/ 37 sÁftwe@/ 13 (CSR) / kO:p@r@t seUS@l
co-creation / k@Ukri: eIS@n/ 18 computer-aided design and rIspÁnsI bIlIti/ 41 code of conduct / k@Ud @v
manufacturing /k@m pju:t@reIdId
corporation / kO:p@r eIS@n/ 11, 12 kÁndökt/ 41
dI zAIn @n m nj@ f ktS@rIÎ/ 16 corrupt (adj) /k@ röpt/ 40
code of ethics / k@Ud @v eTIks/ 41computer-assisted design corruption /k@ röpS@n/ 40 cold call /k@Uld kO:l/ 24 and manufacturing cost /kÁst/ 42
collaboration /k@ l b@ reIS@n/ 18 /k@m pju:t@r@sIstId dI zAIn
cost of goods sold / kÁst @v gUdz
collaborative site /k@ l b@r@tIv @n m nj@ f ktS@rIÎ/ 16 s@Uld/ 27 saIt/ 26 computer-literate
cost-effective / kÁstI fektIv/ 16 collapse (noun) /k@ l ps/ 37 /k@m pju:t@ lIt@r@t/ 4 costing / kÁstIÎ/ 27 collapse (verb) /k@ l ps/ 33 concede /k@n si:d/ 65 costings / kÁstIÎz/ 27 collateral /k@ l t@r@l/ 32 concern /k@n sÆ:n/ 11 costs /kÁsts/ 27
collective bargaining /k@ lektIv concise /k@n saIs/ 53 counterfeit / kaUnt@fIt/ 40 bA:gInIÎ/ 63
confident look / kÁnfId@nt lUk/ 60 counterfeit notes / kaUnt@fIt
collectivism /k@ lektIvIz@m/ 46
confidential / kÁnfI dentS@l/ 62 n@Uts/ 40 collectivist /k@ lektIvIst/ 46
conglomerate /k@n glÁm@r@t/ 34 counterfeiting / kaUnt@fItIÎ/ 40
come to (an) agreement / köm tu: connection /k@ nekS@n/ 46
counter-offer / kaUnt@r Áf@/ 65 (@n) @ gri:m@nt/ 59 consensual / k@n sensU@l/ 44 counter-proposal command and control /k@ mA:nd consensus /k@n sents@s/ 44, 59 / kaUnt@pr@ p@Uz@l/ 65 @n k@n tr@Ul/ 44
consolidation /k@n sÁlI deIS@n/ 34country code / köntri k@Ud/ 47 commerce / kÁmÆ:s/ 11
construction /k@n strökS@n/ 13 courier / kUrI@/ 51
commercial (adj) /k@ mÆ:S@l/ 11 consultation / kÁnsöl teIS@n/ 44 course /kO:s/ 4 commercial paper /k@ mÆ:S@l consumer /k@n sju:m@/ 19 cover / köv@/ 61 peIp@/ 36 consumer durables /k@n sju:m@
cover a lot of ground / köv@r @ lÁt commission /k@ mIS@n/ 5, 26 djU@r@blz/ 22 @v graUnd/ 55 commodities exchange consumer goods /k@n sju:m@
cover an item / köv@r @n aIt@m/ 56 /k@ mÁd@tiz Iks tSeIndZ/ 36 gUdz/ 22 cover email / köv@ i:meIl/ 53 commodity /k@ mÁd@ti/ 36 contact details / kÁnt kt
cover letter (AmE) / köv@ let@/ 3, 53 commute /k@ mju:t/ 2 di:teIlz/ 51, 52, 53
covering letter (BrE) / köv@rIÎ commuter /k@ mju:t@/ 2
contact information / kÁnt kt let@/ 3 company / kömp@ni/ 11 Inf@ meIS@n/ 52
craft industry / krA:ft Ind@stri/ 16 company car / kömp@ni ka:/ 5
contract (noun) / kÁntr kt/ 63, 66 crash (noun) /kr S/ 37
Business Vocabulary in Use Intermediate 163
creative accounting /kri: eItIv debenture /dI bentS@/ 32 designer /dI zaIn@/ 14, 15 @ kaUntIÎ/ 31 debt /det/ 32 develop /dI vel@p/ 15 creativity / krieI tIvIt 6i/ 53 debt burden / det bÆ:d@n/ 33 develop a network /dI vel@p @ credit card / kredIt kA:d/ 35 debt crisis / det kraIsis/ 33 netwÆ:k/ 54
credit card company / kredIt kA:d
debt default / det dI fO:lt/ 33 developer /dI vel@p@/ 14, 15 kömp@ni/ 35 debt repayment / det development /dI vel@pm@nt/ 15
credit crunch / kredIt kröntS/ 35 rI peIm@nt/ 33 diary (BrE) / daI@ri/ 42
credit policy / kredIt pÁlIsi/ 29 debt rescheduling / det
dignity at work policy / dIgnIti @t
creditor (BrE) / kredIt@/ 29, 33 rI SedjUlIÎ/ 33 wÆ:k pÁl@si/ 8 cross-promotion debt restructuring / det digression /daI greS@n/ 56 / krÁspr@ m@US@n/ 25 rI ströktS@rIÎ/ 33
direct costs / daIrekt kÁsts/ 27 CSR (corporate social
debt servicing / det sÆ:vIsIÎ/ 33 direct line /daIrekt laIn/ 48 responsibility) / si:es a:/ 41 debtor (BrE) / det@/ 29 direct mail /daIrekt meIl/ 24
cultural difference / költS@r@l
decentralized /di: sentr@laIzd/ 44 direct marketing /daIrekt dIf@r@nts/ 45 decision making mA:kItIÎ/ 24
cultural dimension / költS@r@l /dI sIZ@n meIkIÎ/ 44, 45
direct production costs /daIrekt daI menS@n/ 45 decline (noun) /dI klaIn/ 37 pr@ dökS@n kÁsts/ 27 culture / költS@/ 45 defence (BrE) /dI fens/ 13 disagree / dIs@ gri:/ 59 currency / kör@ntsi/ 36 deference / def@r@nts/ 45, 52
discount (noun) / dIskaUnt/ 23,
current account (BrE) / kör@nt degree /dI gri:/ 4 25, 29 @ kaUnt/ 35 delay /dI leI/ 42 discounter / dIskaUnt@/ 24 current assets /kör@nt sets/ 30 delayer /di: leI@/ 7 discounting / dIskaUntIÎ/ 23 current liabilities /kör@nt delayering /di: leI@rIÎ/ 45 discriminate against laI@ bIlItiz/ 30 delegate (verb) / delIgeIt/ 44 /dI skrImIneIt @ genst/ 8 curriculum vitae (CV) (BrE) delegation / delI geIS@n/ 44 discrimination / /k@ rIkjUl@m vi:taI/ 3, 53 delete /dI li:t/ 48, 52 dI skrImI neIS@n/ 41
custom-built / köst@m bIlt/ 18
delicate negotiations / delIk@t diseconomies of scale customer / köst@m@/ 19, 24 n@ g@USi eIS@nz/ 63 /dIsI kÁn@mIz @v skeIl/ 28
customer base / köst@m@ beIs/ 19 deliver /dI lIv@/ 60 dismiss /dI smIs/ 7 customer needs / köst@m@
demand (noun) /dI mA:nd/ 37, 39, 43 dispatch (verb) /dI sp tS/ 29 ni:dz/ 21 demanding /dI mA:ndIÎ/ 2 disposal /dI sp@Uz@l/ 34
customer–supplier negotiations demerge /dI mÆ:dZ/ 34 distance / dIst@nts/ 46 / köst@m@ s@ plaI@ demonstration distant / dIst@nt/ 44, 45 n@ g@USi eIS@nz/ 63 / dem@n streIS@n/ 60 distraction /dI str kS@n/ 42 cut (verb) /köt/ 39 demote /dI m@Ut/ 7
distribute /dI strIbju:t/ 21, 33
cut out the middleman /köt aUt D@ demutualization distributor /dI strIbjUt@/ 24 mIdlm n/ 24 /di: mju:tSU@laIzeIS@n/ 12 dive (verb) /daIv/ 39 cutting edge / kötIÎ edZ/ 15
demutualize /di: mju:tSU@laIz/ 12, diversified /daI vÆ:sIfaId/ 13 CV (curriculum vitae) (BrE) 35
diversify into /daI vÆ:sIfaI Intu:/ 34 / si: vi:/ 3, 53 department meeting divest /daI vest/ 34 /dI pA:tm@nt mi:tIÎ/ 55 divestment /daI vestm@nt/ 34
dangerous machinery / deIndZ@r@s department store /dI pA:tm@nt dividend / dIvIdend/ 32 m@ Si:n@ri/ 8 stO:/ 24
DoB (date of birth) / di:@U bi:/ 54 date of birth (DoB) / deIt @v departmental meeting
dominate a market / dÁmIneIt @ bÆ:T/ 54 /di:pA:t ment@l mi:tIÎ/ 55 mA:kIt/ 20 day shift / deI SIft/ 2 deposit account /dI pÁzIt donate /d@U neIt/ 12 deadlock / dedlÁk/ 66 @ kaUnt/ 35 donation /d@U neIS@n/ 12 deal (noun) /di:l/ 66 depreciate /dI pri:SieIt/ 30
don’t hesitate /d@Unt hezIteIt/ 51 deal with / di:l wID/ 1
depreciation /dI pri:Si eIS@n/ 30
dot-com bust / dÁtkÁm böst/ 26 dealer / di:l@/ 24, 36 depression /dI preS@n/ 39
downmarket (BrE) /daUn mA:kIt/ 23 Dear /dI@r/ 53 derivative /dI rIvItIv/ 36
downscale (AmE) / daUnskeIl/ 23
Dear Sir or Madam /dI@r sÆ:r @r design /dI zaIn/ 15, 21 downshifter / daUnSIft@/ 43 m d@m/ 53
design defect /dI zaIn di:fekt/ 14 downshifting / daUnSIftIÎ/ 43
design fault /dI zaIn fO:lt/ 14 downsize / daUnsaIz/ 7 164
Business Vocabulary in Use Intermediate downsizing / daUnsaIzIÎ/ 7
enterprise culture / ent@praIz fair point /fe@ pOInt/ 62 downtime / daUntaIm/ 42 költS@/ 11 fake (adj) /feIk/ 15 dress (verb) /dres/ 62
enterprise economy / ent@praIz fake (noun) /feIk/ 40 drive (noun) /draIv/ 44 I kÁn@mi/ 11 fake (verb) /feIk/ 40
drive a company out of a market
enterprise zone / ent@praIz zeUn/ 11 fall (noun) /fO:l/ 37 / draIv @ kömp@ni aUt @v @ enthusiastic /In Tju:zi stIk/ 60 fallback position / fO:lb k mA:kIt/ 20
entrepreneur / Ántr@pr@ nÆ:/ 10 p@ zIS@n/ 64 dull /döl/ 2 entrepreneurial familiar /f@ mIli@/ 45 dynamism / daIn@mIz@m/ 44 / Ántr@pr@ nÆ:ri@l/ 10 family name / f m@li neIm/ 51
entry-level / entri lev@l/ 23, 54 fascinating / f sIneItIÎ/ 2
early retirement / Æ:li rI taI@m@nt/ 7 environmental issues fast-moving consumer goods earn /Æ:n/ 5 / InvaI@r@n ment@l ISu:z/ 41 (FMCG) /fA:stmu:vIÎ earnings / Æ:nIÎz/ 31, 33
e-procurement / i:pr@ kjU@m@nt/ 26 k@n sju:m@ gUdz/ 22 ease /i:z/ 39
equal opportunities (BrE) / i:kw@l fat cat / f t k t/ 5
e-commerce / i: kÁmÆ:s/ 11, 26 Áp@ tju:nItiz/ 8 feature (noun) / fi:tS@/ 21 economic /i:k@ nÁmIk/ 38 equity / ekwIti/ 32 feel /fi:l/ 60
economic indicators /i:k@ nÁmIk establish /I st blIS/ 10, 53 fend off /fend Áf/ 34 IndIkeIt@z/ 38
establishment /I st blISm@nt/ 10 field /fi:ld/ 62 economic output /i:k@ nÁmIk ethical / eTIk@l/ 41 field trial / fi:ld traI@l/ 14 aUtpUt/ 38 ethical investing / eTIk@l fierce competition / fI@s
economic problems /i:k@ nÁmIk In vestIÎ/ 41 kÁmp@ tIS@n/ 20 prÁbl@mz/ 38 ethnic minority / eTnIk
file for bankruptcy protection / faIl economical / i:k@ nÁmIk@l/ 38 maI nÁrIti/ 41 f@ b Îkröptsi pr@ tekS@n/ 33 economics / i:k@ nÁmIks/ 38 etiquette / etIket/ 51, 64 finance (noun) / faIn nts/ 38
economies of scale /I kÁn@mIz @v event /I vent / 42 finance (verb) / faIn nts/ 17 skeIl/ 18, 28
exaggeration /Ig z dZ@ reIS@n/ 53finances / faIn ntsIz/ 38 economy /I kÁn@mi/ 13, 38 examples and stories financial /faI n ntS@l/ 38 educational qualification /Ig za:mp@lz @n stO:rIz/ 60 financial centre (BrE) / edZu keIS@n@l exceptional loss /Ik sepS@n@l /faI n ÎS@l sent@/ 36 kwÁlIfI keIS@n/ 53 lÁs/ 31 financial crime /faI n nS@l effective /I fektIv/ 14
exceptional profit /Ik sepS@n@l kraIm/ 40 efficiency /I fIS@ntsi/ 7 prÁfIt/ 31
financial institution /faI n nS@l efficient /I fIS@nt/ 17 exciting /Ik saItIÎ/ 2 InstI tju:S@n/ 35, 36 EGM (extraordinary general exclusive /Ik sklu:sIv/ 23 financial market /faI n nS@l meeting) / i:dZi: em/ 55 exec /Ig zek/ 9 mA:kIt/ 36
electronics /I lek trÁnIks/ 13 executive /Ig zekjUtIv/ 9
financial problems /faI n nS@l eleventh-hour negotiations expenditure /Ik spendItS@/ 28 prÁbl@mz/ 38 /I lev@nT aU@ n @ g@USi eIS@nz/ 63 expenses /Ik spentsIz/ 27 financial product /faI n nS@l email / i:meIl/ 51 expensive /Ik spentsIv/ 23 prÁdökt/ 35, 36, 54
email address / i:meIl @ dres/ 51, 52 experience (noun)
financial reporting /faI n nS@l embezzle /Im bezl/ 40 /Ik spI@ri@nts/ 3, 53 rI pO:tIÎ/ 31 embezzlement /Im bezlm@nt/ 40
experience curve /Ik spI@ri@nts financial results /faI n nS@l
emerging industry /I mÆ:dZIÎ kÆ:v/ 28 rI zölts/ 31 Ind@stri/ 13 exploit /Ik splOIt/ 41, 54
financial services /faI n nS@l employ /Im plOI/ 3
exploitation / eksplOI teIS@n/ 54 sÆ:vIsIz/ 13, 54 employee /Im plOIi:/ 6 export (noun) / ekspO:t/ 38
financial year /faI n nS@l jI@/ 30, employment agency extension /Ik stentS@n/ 47, 48 31 /Im plOIm@nt eIdZ@ntsi/ 3 extraordinary general meeting
find (an) agreement / fAInd (@n) empowerment /Im paU@m@nt/ 44 (EGM) (BrE) / IkstrO:d@n@ri @ gri:m@nt/ 59 end-user /endju:z@/ 19 dZen@r@l mi:tIÎ/ 55 fine (verb) /faIn/ 40 energy / en@dZi/ 44 eye contact / aI kÁnt kt/ 46
finish on time / fInIS Án taIm/ 56
enter a market / ent@r @ mA:kIt/ 20
finished goods /fInISd gUdz/ 17, 22 enterprise / ent@praIz/ 11 face the audience / feIs Di fire (verb) /faI@/ 7 O:di@nts/ 62 fire hazards / faI@ h z@dz/ 8
Business Vocabulary in Use Intermediate 165 firm /fÆ:m/ 11 futures contract / fju:tS@z go into the red / g@U Int@ D@ first aid / fÆ:st eId/ 8 kÁntr kt/ 36 red/ 35 first name / fÆ:st neIm/ 51 fwd / fO:w@d/ 52
go out of business / g@U aUt @v first thing / fÆ:st TIÎ/ 48 bIznIs/ 33
first-half results / fÆ:sthA:f gain /geIn/ 37 go overdrawn / g@U @ rI zölts/ 31 Gantt chart / g nt tSA:t/ 42 Uv@ drO:n/ 35 fiscal year / fisk@l jI@/ 31 GDP (gross domestic product) go public /g@U pöblIk/ 36
fix a meeting / fIks @ mi:tIÎ/ 55 / dZi:di: pi:/ 38
going concern / g@UIÎ k@n sÆ:n/ 30 fixed assets /fIkst sets/ 30
GDP per capita /dZi:di: pi: pÆ:
good organizer / gUd O:g@naIz@/ 56 fixed costs / fIkst kÁsts/ 27 k pIt@/ 38 good timekeeper / gUd flatter / fl t@/ 7 gearing (BrE) /gI@rIÎ/ 32 taImki:p@/ 56 flexibility / fleksI bIlIti/ 7 generic product /dZ@ nerIk good with / gUd wID/ 4
flexitime (BrE) / fleksitaIm/ 2 prÁdökt/ 22 goodbye /gUd baI/ 46 flextime (AmE) / flekstaIm/ 2 generics /dZ@ nerIks/ 22 goods /gUdz/ 16, 17, 22 flipchart /flIptSA:t/ 60 gesture / dZestS@/ 46, 62 goodwill /gUd wIl/ 30 float /fl@Ut/ 36 get back in touch /get b k In go-slow / g@U sl@U/ 6 flotation /fl@U teIS@n/ 36 tötS/ 50 government-owned company FMCG (fast-moving consumer
get back to someone /get b k t@ /göv@nm@nt @Und kömp@ni/ 11 goods) / ef em si: gi/ 22 sömwön/ 48, 51
graduate (noun) / gr dZuw@t/ 4, 54 focus group / f@Uk@s gru:p/ 14
get down to business /get daUn t@ graduate (verb) / gr dZueIt/ 54
follow the etiquette / fÁleU Di bIznIs/ 57 graduate leadership programme etIket/ 51
get off the point / get Áf D@ / gr dZu@t li:d@SIp
food processing /fu:d pr@UsesIÎ/ 13 pOInt/ 56 pr@Ugr m/ 54 foreign exchange / fÁrIn
get out of a market /get aUt @v @
graduate from / gr dZuweIt fr@m/ 4 Iks tSeIndZ/ 36 mA:kIt / 20 green issues / gri:n ISu:z/ 41 forex / fÁreks/ 36
get the ball rolling /get D@ bO:l greeting / gri:tIÎ/ 46, 48 forge / fO:dZ/ 40 r@UlIÎ/ 57 gross domestic product (GDP) forgery / fO:dZ@ri/ 40
give someone a bell (BrE) / gIv /gr@Us d@ mestIk prÁdökt/ 38
form of address /fO:m @v @ dres/ 45 sömwön @ bel/ 47
gross margin / gr@Us mA:dZIn/ 27 formality /fO: m l@ti/ 52
give someone a buzz (BrE) / gIv gross national product (GNP) forward / fO:w@d/ 52 sömwön @ böz/ 47 /gr@Us n Sn@l prÁdökt/ 38 found /faUnd/ 10
give someone a call (BrE) / gIv
gross profit /gr@Us prÁfIt/ 31 founder / faUnd@/ 10 sömwön @ kO:l / 47 group discussion / gru:p 4G /fO: dZi:/ 47
give someone a ring (BrE) / gIv dIs köS@n/ 3 the four Ps /D@ fO: pi:z/ 21 sömwön @ rIÎ/ 7 grow /gr@U/ 10, 38 franchise / fr ntSaIz/ 24
give someone the sack (BrE) /gIv growth /gr@UT/ 38 franchisee / fr ntSaI zi:/ 24 sömwön D@ s k/ 47
growth industry / gr@UT Ind@stri/ 13 franchisor / fr ntSaIz@/ 24
glass ceiling /glA:s si:lIÎ/ 8 growth rate / gr@UT reIt/ 38 fraud /frO:d/ 40 global warming / gl@Ub@l fraud squad / frO:d skwÁd/ 40 wO:mIÎ/ 41 halve /hA:v/ 18
free enterprise /fri: ent@praIz/ 11 glut /glöt/ 16
hand in your notice / h nd In j@ free gift /fri: gIft/ 25 GNP (gross national product) n@UtIs/ 7
the free market /D@ fri: mA:kIt/ 19 / dZi:en pi:/ 38 handle (verb) /h ndl/ 17 free sample /fri: sA:mp@l/ 25
go along with /g@U @ lÁÎ wID/ 58 handout / h ndaUt/ 60
freelance (adj) / fri:lA:nts/ 12, 53
go bankrupt /g@U b Îkröpt/ 12, hand-made / h ndmeId/ 16
freelance (noun) / fri:lA:nts/ 7 33
hands-on experience / h nd zÁn freelancer / fri:lA:nts@/ 7 go bust /g@U böst/ 33 Ik spI@ri@ns/ 54 freephone number / fri:f@Un
go into administration / g@U Intu: hang up /h Î öp/ 48 nömb@/ 47 @d mInIstreIS@n/ 33 harass / h r@s/ 8 friendly bid / frendli bId/ 34
go into liquidation / g@U Int@ hard /hA:d/ 2
fringe benefits / frIndZ ben@fIts/ 5 lIkwI deiS@n/ 33 harmony / hA:m@ni/ 46
full-time job / fUltaIm dZÁb/ 1
go into receivership / g@U Int@
have a disagreement about /h v @
fundraising / fönd reIzIÎ/ 12 rI si:v@SIp/ 33 dIs@ gri:m@nt @baUt/ 59
future-proof / fju:tS@pru:f/ 15 166
Business Vocabulary in Use Intermediate
hazardous substances / h z@d@s human resource management
industrial goods /In döstri@l söbst@ntsIz/ 8 (HRM) / hju:m@n rI zO:s gUdz/ 22 head (noun) /hed/ 9 m nIdZm@nt/ 6
industrial robot /In döstri@l head (up) /hed (öp)/ 9
human resources (HR) / hju:m@n r@UbÁt/ 16 head office / hed ÁfIs/ 6 rI zO:sIz/ 6
industrial scale /In döstri@l headhunt / hedhönt/ 3 human resources department skeIl/ 14 headhunter / hed hönt@/ 3 (HRD) / hju:m@n rI zO:sIz
industrial secret /In döstri@l headhunting / hed höntIÎ/ 3 dI pa:tm@nt/ 6 si:kr@t/ 18
headquarters (HQ) /hed kwO:t@z/ 6 human rights / hju:m@n raIts/ 41 industrialize /In döstri@laIz/ 13
health and safety inspector / helT
humour (noun) (BrE) / hju:m@/ 46 industry / Ind@stri/ 13 @n seIfti In spekt@/ 8 hypermarket / haIp@ mA:kIt/ 24 inflation /In fleIS@n/ 38
health and safety issue / helT @n
inflation rate /In fleIS@n reIt/ 38 seIfti ISu:/ 8
I am available /aI @m @ veIl@b@l/ 53inflationary /In fleIS@n@ri/ 38 health plan / helT pl n/ 5
I am writing with reference /aI @m information line /Inf@ meIS@n healthcare / helTke@/ 13 raItIÎ wID ref@r@ns/ 53 laIn/ 47 heating and air-conditioning
I look forward to hearing from you in-house / In haUs/ 7, 17 / hi:tIÎ @n e@k@n dIS@nIÎ/ 8
/aI lUk fO:w@d tU hI@rIÎ fr@m in-house training /In haUs
heavy industry / hevi Ind@stri/ 13 ju:/ 53 treInIÎ/ 4 helpline / helplaIn/ 47
I would now like to relocate /aI w@d
initial public offering /I nIS@l
hierarchical / haI@ rA:kIk@l/ 45 naU laIk tU ri:l@U keIt/ 53 pöblIk Áf@rIÎ/ 36 hierarchy / haI@rA:ki/ 51, 64 idea /aI dI@/ 60 initiative /I nIS@tIv/ 44 high finance /haI faIn nts/ 38
identity theft /aI dentIti Teft/ 40 innovate / In@UveIt/ 15
high power–distance culture /haI illegal downloading /I li:g@l innovation / In@U veIS@n/ 15 paU@ dIst@nts költS@/ 45 daUnl@UdIÎ/ 15 innovative / InÁv@tIv/ 15
high turnover /haI tÆ:n@Uv@/ 37 impasse / Imp s/ 66 innovator / In@UveIt@/ 15 high-end /haI end/ 23 import (noun) / ImpO:t/ 38 in-person survey /In pÆ:s@n
highest bidder /haIIst bId@/ 26 impose /Im p@Uz/ 44, 66 sÆ:veI/ 14 highly geared / haIli gI@d/ 32 in charge of /In tSA:dZ @v/ 1 input (noun) / InpUt/ 17 highly leveraged / haIli in stock /In stÁk/ 17
insider dealing /In saId@ di:lIÎ/ 40 li:v@rIdZd/ 32
in the black / In D@ bl k/ 31, 35 insider trading /In saId@ treIdIÎ/ 40
highly skilled / haIli skIld/ 4 in the red / In D@ red/ 31 insolvent /In sÁlv@nt/ 33 high-priced /haI praIst/ 23 inbox / InbÁks/ 52 insurance policy /In SO:r@nts hire (verb) /haI@/ 3 Inc (incorporated) /IÎk/ 12 pÁlIsi/ 35 hi-tech / haI tek/ 15
income statement (AmE) / IÎköm
intangible assets /In t ndZIbl hold (verb) /h@Uld/ 48 steItm@nt/ 31 sets/ 30 hold shares /h@Uld Se@z/ 32 incorporated (Inc) intellectual property holding / h@UldIÎ/ 41 /In kO:p@reItId/ 12 /Int@lektju@l prÁp@ti/ 15
holding in a company / h@UldIÎ In indebtedness /In detIdn@s/ 32 intense competition /In tens @ kömp@ni/ 34 independent entity kÁmp@ tIS@n/ 20 holiday (BrE) / hÁlIdeI/ 46 / IndI pend@nt entIti/ 46 intense negotiations /In tens
horse-trading / hO:streIdIÎ/ 65 index / Indeks/ 37 n@ g@USi eIS@nz/ 63 host /h@Ust/ 26
indirect costs / IndaIrekt kÁsts/ 27
intensive negotiations /In tensIv hostile bid / hÁstaIl bId/ 34
individual savings account (ISA) n@ g@USi eIS@nz/ 63 hotline / hÁtlaIn/ 47 (BrE) /IndI vIdju:@l seIvIÎz interest / Intr@st/ 32, 35, 53 household goods / haUsh@Uld @kaUnt/ 35
interest in a company / Intr@st In gUdz/ 13
individualism / IndI vIdju@lIz@m/ 46 @ kömp@ni/ 34
HQ (headquarters) / eItS kju:/ 6
individualist / IndI vIdju@lIst/ 46
interest rate / Intr@st reIt/ 35
HR (human resources) / eItS a:/ 6 industrial /In döstri@l/ 13
interested in / Intr@stId In/ 60 HRD (human resources
industrial accident /In döstri@l interesting / Intr@stIÎ/ 60 department) / eItSa: di:/ 6 ksId@nt/ 8 intern /In tÆ:n/ 54 HRM (human resource
industrial action /In döstri@l internet banking / Int@net management) / eItSa: em/ 6 kS@n/ 6 b ÎkIÎ/ 35
industrial buyer /In döstri@l
internet seller / Int@net sel@/ 26 baI@/ 19
internet selling / Int@net selIÎ/ 26
Business Vocabulary in Use Intermediate 167 interrupt / Int@ röpt/ 59 laptop / l ptÁp/ 60
the long tail /D@ lÁÎ teIl/ 18
interruption / Int@ röpS@n/ 42
last but not least / lA:st böt nÁt
long-hours culture /lÁÎ aU@z interview (noun) / Int@vju:/ 3 li:st/ 61 költS@/ 45 invent /In vent/ 15 last name / la:st neIm/ 51
long-term liabilities / lÁÎtÆ:m invention /In ventS@n/ 15 last-minute negotiations laI@ bIlItiz/ 30 inventor /In vent@/ 15
/ lA:st mInIt n@ g@USi eIS@nz/ 63
loss-leader / lÁsli:d@/ 23, 28 investment /In vestm@nt/ 32 latecomer / leIt köm@/ 56 loss-making / lÁs meIkIÎ/ 28 investment company lay off /leI Áf/ 7 loud enough / laUd I nöf/ 60 /In vestm@nt kömp@ni/ 35 layout / leIaUt/ 53 low (noun) /l@U/ 37 investor /In vest@/ 32, 36 lead time / li:d taIm/ 42
low power–distance culture /l@U invoice (noun) / InvOIs/ 29 leadership / li:d@SIp/ 44 paU@ dIst@nts költS@/ 45 invoicing / InvOIsIÎ/ 29 leadership skills / li:d@SIp low pricing /l@U praIsIÎ/ 23 involved /In vÁlvd/ 60 skIlz/ 10, 44, 53
low response rate /l@U rI spÁns
ISA (individual savings account) leading edge / li:dIÎ edZ/ 15 reIt/ 14 (BrE) / aIs@/ 35 lean manufacturing /li:n low-end / l@Uend/ 23 issue (verb) / ISu:/ 32, 36 m njU f ktS@rIÎ/ 17 low-key / l@U ki:/ 20 lean production /li:n low-priced /l@U praIst/ 23
job insecurity / dZÁb InsI kjU@rIti/ 7 pr@ dökS@n/ 17 low-tech / l@U tek/ 15 job offer / dZÁb Áf@/ 3 leaner /li:n@/ 7 loyalty / lOI@lti/ 46
job placement /dZÁb pleIsm@nt/ 54 leap (verb) /li:p/ 39
loyalty card / lOI@lti kA:d/ 25
job-specific skills /dZÁb sp@ sIfIk learn from /lÆ:n fr@m/ 54
Ltd (limited company) / lImItId/ 12 skIlz/ 54
learning culture / lÆ:nIÎ költS@/ 45 lunch break / löntS breIk/ 46 job title / dZÁb taItl/ 51
learning curve / lÆ:nIÎ kÆ:v/ 18, 28 (the) jobless /D@ dZÁbl@s/ 38
leave a market / li:v @ mA:kIt/ 20 macho culture / m tS@U költS@/ 45
jobs website / dZÁbz websaIt/ 3
leave a message / li:v @ mesIdZ/ 49 magnate / m gn@t/ 10 join /dZOIn/ 3
leave a voice message /li:v @ vOIs mail survey / meIl sÆ:veI/ 14
joint account / dZOInt @ kaUnt/ 35 mesIdZ/ 47 mailing / meIlIÎ/ 24
joint venture / dZOInt ventS@/ 34 (legally-)binding mailshot / meIlSÁt/ 24 jump (verb) /dZömp/ 39 /( li:g@li) baIndIÎ/ 66 majority holding /m@ dZÁrIti junk mail / dZöÎk meIl/ 24 leisure / leZ@/ 13 h@UldIÎ/ 34
just-in-time / dZöstIn taIm/ 17 lender / lend@/ 32
majority interest /m@ dZÁrIti lending / lendIÎ/ 32 Intr@st/ 34
keep things moving / ki:p TIÎz level / lev@l/ 37
majority stake /m@ dZÁrIti steIk/ 34 mu:vIÎ/ 55 level off / lev@l Áf/ 39 make (noun) /meIk/ 22 key account /ki: @ kaUnt/ 29 level out / lev@l aUt/ 39 make (verb) /meIk/ 16 key area / ki: e@ri@/ 61 leverage / li:v@rIdZ/ 32 make a concession / meIk @ key player /ki: pleI@/ 20 liabilities / laI@ bIlItiz/ 30 k@n seS@n/ 65 keyword / ki:wÆ:d/ 53
life insurance / laIf In SO:r@nts/ 35 make a loss /meIk @ lÁs/ 28, 31 kick off /kIk Áf/ 57 life insurance company /laIf
make a profit /meIk @ prÁfIt/ 28, 31 kickback / kIkb k/ 40 In SO:r@nts kömp@ni/ 12 make acquisitions /meIk knowledge / nÁlIdZ/ 17 lifestyle / laIfstaIl/ 43 kwI zIS@nz/ 33
light industry /laIt Ind@stri/ 13 make an application / meIk @n
labor union (AmE) / leIb@ ju:ni@n/ 6limited company (Ltd) / lImItId plI keIS@n/ 3
laboratory /l@ bÁr@tri/ 14, 15 kömp@ni/ 12 make redundant / meIk labour (BrE) / leIb@/ 6, 17 limited liability / lImItId rI dönd@nt/ 7 labour costs / leIb@ kÁsts/ 6 laI@ bIlIti/ 12
make up time / meIk öp taIm/ 42
labour dispute / leIb@ dIs pju:t/ 6 ,63 limited liability partnership (LLP) make your point / meIk jO: labour leader / leIb@ li:d@/ 6
/ lImItId laI@bIlIti pA:tn@SIp/ 12 pOInt/ 56
labour relations / leIb@ rI leIS@nz/ 6line /laIn/ 47 maker / meIk@/ 16
labour shortage / leIb@ SO:tIdZ/ 6, 38list /lIst/ 36 mall /mO:l/ 24
labour unrest / leIb@r ön rest/ 6 list price / lIst praIs/ 23 manage / m nIdZ/ 1 labour-intensive
LLP (limited liability partnership) management / m nIdZm@nt/ 6 / leIb@rIn tensIv/ 16 / elel pi:/ 12 management development landline / l ndlaIn/ 47
loan capital / l@Un k pIt@l/ 32 / m nIdZm@nt dI vel@pm@nt/ 4 168
Business Vocabulary in Use Intermediate management layer marketing mix / mA:kItIÎ mistaken /mI steIk@n/ 58 / m nIdZm@nt leI@/ 45 mIks/ 21 mobile Internet / m@UbaIl management style marketing plan / mA:kItIÎ Int@net/ 47 / m nIdZm@nt staIl/ 44 pl n/ 21 mobile phone (BrE) / m@UbaIl mannerism / m n@rIz@m/ 62 market-led / mA:kIt led/ 21 f@Un/ 47
manufacture / m njU f ktS@/ 16 market-oriented
model (noun) / mÁd@l/ 18, 22, 23
manufacturer / m njU f ktS@r@/ 16 / mA:kIt O:rI@ntId/ 21 moderator / mÁd@reIt@/ 14 manufacturing market-place / mA:kItpleIs/ 19 mogul / m@Ug@l/ 10 / m njU f ktS@rIÎ/ 16 mark-up / mA:köp/ 27 money laundering / möni manufacturing factory mass collaboration / m s lO:nd@rIÎ/ 40 / m njUf ktS@rIÎ f kt@ri/ 16 k@ l b@ reIS@n/ 18
money spinner / möni spIn@/ 28 manufacturing industry mass customization / m s monopolize a market /m njU f ktS@rIÎ Ind@stri/ 13 köst@maI zeIS@n/ 18 /m@ nÁp@laIz @ mA:kIt/ 20 manufacturing operation mass market /m s mA:kIt/ 23
moral issues / mÁr@l ISu:z/ 41
/m njU f ktS@rIÎ Áp@ reIS@n/ 17 mass production / m s mortgage / mO:gIdZ/ 35 manufacturing plant pr@ dökS@n/ 18 motivated / m@UtIveItId/ 4 / m njU f ktS@rIÎ plA:nt/ 16 matters arising / m t@z move downmarket /mu:v manufacturing sector @ raIzIÎ/ 56 daUn mA:kIt/ 23 /m njU f ktS@rIÎ sekt@/ 13 MBA (Master of Business move on /mu:v Án/ 61 manufacturing works Administration) / embi: eI/ 4
move on to the next point /mu:v / m njU f ktS@rIÎ wÆ:ks/ 16
meals and entertaining / mi:lz Án t@ D@ nekst pOInt/ 56 marker / mA:k@/ 60 @nd ent@ teInIÎ/ 46 move upmarket /mu:v market / mA:kIt/ 19, 20, 21 media / mi:di@/ 13 öp mA:kIt/ 23
market abuse / mA:kIt @ bju:s/ 40 mediator / mi:dieIt@/ 66 multinational (noun)
market capitalization / mA:kIt mediation / mi:dieIS@n/ 66 / mölti n S@n@l/ 11 k pIt@laI zeIS@n/ 37 medium (noun) / mi:di@m/ 25 mutual (noun) / mju:tSu@l/ 12 market economy / mA:kIt
meeting with a customer / mi:tIÎ mutual advantage / mju:tSu@l I kÁn@mi/ 19 wID @ köst@m@/ 55 @d vA:ntIdZ/ 63
market forces / mA:kIt fO:sIz/ 19 meeting with suppliers / mi:tIÎ
market growth / mA:kIt gr@UT/ 20 wID s@ plaI@z/ 55 narrow (verb) / n r@U/ 38
market leader / mA:kIt li:d@/ 20 member / memb@/ 12 nationalized / n S@n@laIzd/ 11 market orientation / mA:kIt membership of professional nationalized company O:rIen teIS@n/ 21 organizations / memb@SIp @v / n S@n@laIzd kömp@ni/ 11 market pressures / mA:kIt
pr@ feS@n@l O:g@naI zeIS@nz/ 51 needs /ni:dz/ 18 preS@z/ 19 menial / mi:ni@l/ 54
needs and objectives / ni:dz @nd
market price / mA:kIt praIs/ 19 merge /mÆ:dZ/ 34 @b jektIvz/ 64 market reforms / mA:kIt merger / mÆ:dZ@/ 34 negative equity / neg@tIv rI fO:mz/ 19 merger negotiations / mÆ:dZ@ ekwIti/ 35
market research / mA:kIt rI sÆ:tS/ 14 n@ g@USi eIS@nz/ 63 negative growth / neg@tIv
market rigging / mA:kIt rIgIÎ/ 40 methodical /m@ TÁdIk@l/ 4 gr@UT/ 39 market segment / mA:kIt microphone / maIkr@f@Un/ 47 negotiate /n@ g@USi eIt/ 63 segm@nt/ 20
middle initial /mIdl I nIS@l/ 51
negotiating style /n@ g@USieItIÎ market segmentation / mA:kIt middleman / mIdlm n/ 24 staIl/ 64 segm@n teIS@n/ 20 mid-priced /mId praIst/ 23
negotiating team /n@ g@USieItIÎ market share / mA:kIt Se@/ 20 mid-range /mId reIndZ/ 23 ti:m/ 64
market-driven / mA:kIt drIv@n/ 21 minimum wage / mInImöm
negotiations /n@ g@USi eIS@nz/ 63 marketeer /mA:kI tI@/ 21 weIdZ/ 5 negotiator /n@ g@USi eIt@/ 63 marketer / mA:kIt@/ 21 minority holding /maI nÁrIti net margin / net mA:dZIn/ 27 marketing / mA:kItIÎ/ 21 h@UldIÎ/ 34 net profit /net prÁfIt/ 31 marketing concept / mA:kItIÎ
minority interest /maI nÁrIti neutral ground / nju:tr@l kÁnsept/ 21 Intr@st/ 34 graUnd/ 64
marketing department / mA:kItIÎ
minority stake /maI nÁrIti steIk/ 34 niche /ni:S/ 23 dI pA:tm@nt/ 21 minute-taker / mInIt teIk@/ 56 night shift / naIt SIft/ 2
miss a meeting /mIs @ mi:tIÎ/ 55 nine-to-five /naInt@ faIv/ 2
Business Vocabulary in Use Intermediate 169 non-core assets / nÁnkO:
sets/ 34 outplacement / aUtpleIsm@nt/ 7 peer collaboration /pI@ non-executive director output / aUtpUt/ 16 k@ l b@ reIS@n/ 18 /nÁnIg zekjUtIv daI rekt@/ 9 outside supplier / aUtsaId penalty / pen@lti/ 42 non-profit organization (BrE) s@ plaI@/ 17
penetrate a market / penItreIt @
/nÁn prÁfIt O:g@naI zeIS@n/ 12 outsource / aUtsO:s/ 7 mA:kIt/ 20 note /n@Ut/ 42 outsourcing / aUt sO:sIÎ/ 17 pension / penS@n/ 5
not-for-profit organization (AmE) / over budget / @Uv@ bödZIt/ 28
pension fund / penS@n fönd/ 35
nÁtf@ prÁfIt O:g@naI zeIS@n/ 12overdraft / @Uv@drA:ft/ 35
perfectionism /p@ fekS@nIz@m/ 42 number / nömb@/ 47
overdraft facility / @Uv@drA:ft
performance /p@ fO:m@nts/ 5, 18 numerate / nju:m@r@t/ 4 f@ sIlIti/ 35 performance review
overhead costs / @Uv@hed kÁsts/ 27 /p@ fO:m@nts rI vju:/ 7 objective /@b dZektIv/ 57 overheads / @Uv@hedz/ 27 performance-related bonus observation / Ábz@ veIS@n/ 14 overlap (verb) / @Uv@ l p/ 42
/p@ fO:m@nts rIleItId b@Un@s/ 5 obsolete / Ábs@ li:t/ 15
overleveraged / @Uv@ li:v@rIdZd/ 32 perk /pÆ:k/ 5 obviously / Ábvi@sli/ 57 overproduction permanent job / pÆ:m@n@nt of course /@v kO:s/ 57 / @Uv@pr@ dökS@n/ 16 dZÁb/ 1 offer (noun) /Áf@/ 65 overspend / @Uv@ spend/ 28 personal assets / pÆ:s@n@l offer (verb) /Áf@/ 3, 7 oversubscribed sets/ 12 office / ÁfIs/ 6 / @Uv@s@b skraIbd/ 36
personal interview / pÆ:s@n@l
office worker / ÁfIs wÆ:k@/ 2 overtime / @Uv@taIm/ 2, 5 Int@vju:/ 14 0800 number /@UeIt höndr@d overtime ban / @Uv@taIm b n/ 6
personal organizer / pÆ:s@n@l nömb@/ 47 overwhelmed /@Uv@ welmd/ 43 O:g@naIz@/ 42
on condition that /Án kÁn dIS@n overwork / @Uv@wÆ:k/ 43 personnel / pÆ:s@n el/ 6 D@t/ 65 own-brand product (BrE)
personnel department /pÆ:s@n el on schedule /Án Sedju:l/ 42 /@Un br nd prÁdökt/ 22 dI pa:tm@nt/ 6
on your own ground /Án jO: @Un own-label product (AmE) pharmaceutical / graUnd/ 64 /@Un leIb@l prÁdökt/ 22 fa:m@ sju:tIk@l/ 13
1-800 number /wön eIt höndr@d phase /feIz/ 42 nömb@/ 47 packaging / p kIdZIÎ/ 21 phone /f@Un/ 46, 47
online banking /ÁnlaIn b ÎkIÎ/ 26
paid internship /peId IntÆ:nSIp/ 54 phone number / f@Un nömb@/ 51 online brokerage / ÁnlaIn
panic selling / p nIk selIÎ/ 37 phonecard / feUnka:d/ 47 br@Uk@rIdZ/ 26 paper qualifications / peIp@ physical contact / fIzIkl
online dating / ÁnlaIn deItIÎ/ 26 kwÁlIfI keIS@nz/ 4 kÁnt kt/ 46, 64 online fundraising / ÁnlaIn parent company / pe@r@nt pick up /pIk öp/ 48 föndreIzIÎ/ 26 kömp@ni/ 34 piracy / paIr@si/ 15 online gambling / ÁnlaIn part /pA:t/ 17 place /pleIs/ 21 g mblIÎ/ 26 part-time study / pA:t taIm
place an order / pleIs @n O:d@/ 29
online gaming / ÁnlaIn geImIÎ/ 26 stödi/ 54 plan /pl n/ 21
online selling / ÁnlaIn selIÎ/ 26 partner / pA:tn@/ 12, 17 plastic / pl stIk/ 35
online survey / ÁnlaIn sÆ:veI/ 14 partnership / pA:tn@SIp/ 12, 17 PLC (public limited company)
online travel / ÁnlaIn tr v@l/ 26 passive smoking / p sIv / pi:el si:/ 12 open / @Up@n/ 37 smeUkIÎ/ 8 plummet / plömIt/ 39
open the discussion / @Up@n D@ patent / peIt@nt/ 15 point (noun) /pOInt/ 37 dI sköS@n/ 57 pay and conditions /peI @n poison pill / pOIz@n pIl/ 34 open-plan office / @Up@n pl n k@n dIS@nz/ 5 pool /pu:l/ 14 ÁfIs/ 6
pay bargaining /peI bA:gInIÎ/ 63
position (noun) /p@ zIS@n/ 3, 53
operating expenses / Áp@reItIÎ pay off /peI Áf/ 35 positive attitude / pÁz@tIv Ik spentsIz/ 27 pay out /peI aUt/ 35 tItju:d/ 60 options contract / ÁpS@nz payables (AmE) / peI@blz/ 29
positive discrimination / pÁz@tIv kÁntr kt/ 36
payment terms / peIm@nt tÆ:mz/ 29 dIskrImI neIS@n/ 8 order (verb) / O:d@/ 29 payphone / peIf@Un/ 47 post (noun) /p@Ust/ 3 organize / O:g@naIz/ 60 payroll / peIr@Ul/ 6
postal address / p@Ust@l @ dres/ 51 organized / O:g@naIzd/ 4 peak /pi:k/ 39
postpone a meeting /p@Ust p@Un @
out of work /aUt @v wÆ:k/ 1, 38 mi:tIÎ/ 55 170
Business Vocabulary in Use Intermediate
power–distance /paU@ dIst@nts/ 45 product portfolio / prÁdökt
purchasing manager / pÆ:tS@sIÎ predator / pred@t@/ 34 pO:t f@Uli@U/ 22 m nIdZ@/ 19 premium (adj) / pri:mi@m/ 23
product positioning / prÁdökt purpose / pÆ:p@s/ 57 present (noun) / prez@nt/ 46 p@ zIS@nIÎ/ 22 put back /pUt b k/ 50
presenteeism /pr@z@n ti:Izm/ 46
product range / prÁdökt reIndZ/ 22 put off /pUt Áf/ 50 presenter /prI zent@/ 60 production /pr@ dökS@n/ 16 put through /pUt Tru:/ 48 president (AmE) / prezId@nt/ 9 production line /pr@ dökS@n
put up money / pUt öp möni/ 32 press conference / pres laIn/ 16, 18 kÁnf@r@nts/ 60 productive /pr@ döktIv/ 55 qualifications pressure / preS@/ 43
productivity / prÁdök tIvIti/ 16 / kwÁlIfI keIS@nz/ 3, 4
pre-tax loss / pri:t ks lÁs/ 31 professional /pr@ feS@n@l/ 41 qualify / kwÁlIfaI/ 4
pre-tax profit / pri:t ks prÁfIt/ 31 professional guidelines quality / kwÁl@ti/ 42 prey /preI/ 34 /pr@ feS@n@l gaIdlaInz/ 41
quality of life / kwÁl@ti @v laIf/ 43 price /praIs/ 21 professional qualification
quality time / kwÁl@ti taIm/ 43 price boom / praIs bu:m/ 23
/pr@ feS@n@l kwÁlIfI keIS@n/ 53 quarter / kwO:t@/ 31 price controls / praIs
professional skills /pr@ feS@n@l questioner / kwestS@n@/ 62 k@n tr@Ulz/ 23 skIlz/ 54 price cut / praIs köt/ 23 profit (noun) / prÁfIt/ 7
R&D (research and development)
price fixing / praIs fIksIÎ/ 40 profit and loss account (BrE) / a:r@n di:/ 15 price hike / praIs haIk/ 23 / prÁfIt @n lÁs @kaUnt/ 31
racial discrimination / reIS@l price tag / praIs t g/ 23
profit margin / prÁfIt mA:dZIn/ 27 dIskrImI neIS@n/ 8 price war / praIs wO:/ 23 profitable / prÁfIt@bl/ 28 racism / reIsIz@m/ 8 principal / prIns@p@l/ 32
profit-making / prÁfIt meIkIÎ/ 28 racist / reIsIst/ 8 prioritize /praI ÁrItaIz/ 42 project (noun) / prÁdZekt/ 42 racket / r kIt/ 40 priority /praI ÁrIti/ 42
project management / prÁdZekt racketeer / r k@ tI@/ 40 prison / prIz@n/ 40 m nIdZm@nt/ 42
raise capital /reIz k pIt@l/ 32, 36 private enterprise / praIv@t project meeting / prÁdZekt rally / r li/ 37 ent@praIz/ 11 mi:tIÎ/ 55 ramble (verb) / r mbl/ 55 private pension / praIv@t projector /pr@ dZekt@/ 60
range of tasks /reIndZ @v tA:skz/ 54 penS@n/ 35 promote /pr@ m@Ut/ 21 rapport /r pO:/ 60 privatization
promotion /pr@ m@US@n/ 7, 21, 25rat race / r t reIs/ 43 / praIv@taI zeIS@n/ 11 property (BrE) / prÁp@ti/ 13 raw material / rO: privatize / praIv@taIz/ 11 proposal /pr@ p@Uz@l/ 65 m@ tI@ri@l/ 17, 22 prize /praIz/ 25 proprietary /pr@ praI@tri/ 15
reach (an) agreement / ri:tS (@n) proactive / pr@U ktIv/ 4 prosumer /pr@U sju:m@/ 18 @ gri:m@nt/ 59 probe (verb) /pr@Ub/ 65 prototype / pr@Ut@taIp/ 14
reach break-even point / ri:tS produce / prÁdju:s/ 16 protracted negotiations breIk i:v@n pOInt/ 28 producer /pr@ dju:s@/ 16
/pr@ tr ktId n@ g@USi eIS@nz/ 63
real estate (AmE) / ri:l I steIt/ 13 product / prÁdökt/ 16 provide /pr@ vaId/ 16
realistic plan /rI@ lIstIk pl n/ 42
product catalogue (BrE) / prÁdökt
provided that /pr@ vaIdId D@t/ 65 rebalancing /rI: b l@ntsIÎ/ 43 k t@lÁg/ 22 provider /pr@ vaId@/ 16 recall (verb) /rI kO:l/ 14 product category / prÁdökt
providing that /pr@ vaIdIÎ D@t/ 65 receivables (AmE) /rI si:v@blz/ 29 c t@g@ri/ 22 provision /pr@ vIZ@n/ 16 receiver /rI si:v@/ 33
product endorsement / prÁdökt
psychometric test /saIk@ metrIk recession /rI seS@n/ 39 In dO:sm@nt/ 25 test/ 3 recommended retail price product launch / prÁdökt public holiday / pöblIk /rek@ mendId ri:teIl praIs/ 23 lO:ntS/ 14, 60 hÁlIdeI/ 46 record high / rekO:d haI/ 37 product lifecycle / prÁdökt public limited company (PLC) recover /rI köv@/ 33 laIfsaIk@l/ 22 /pöblIk lImItId kömp@ni/ 12 recruit /rI kru:t/ 3
product line / prÁdökt laIn/ 22 public telephone / pöblIk recruiter /rI kru:t@/ 3
product mix / prÁdökt mIks/ 22 telIf@Un/ 47 recruitment /rI kru:tm@nt/ 3 product placement / prÁdökt punctuality / pönktju lIti/ 46 recruitment agency pleIsm@nt/ 22, 25 purchaser / pÆ:tS@s@/ 19 /rI kru:tm@nt eIdZ@ntsi/ 3 red ink /red IÎk/ 31
Business Vocabulary in Use Intermediate 171 referee / ref@ ri:/ 3 retire /rI taI@/ 7
second-half results / sek@ndhA:f reference / ref@r@nts/ 3 retirement /rI taI@m@nt/ 7, 35 rI zölts/ 31 refocus /ri: f@Uk@s/ 34 revenue / rev@nju:/ 27 securities /sI kjU@rItiz/ 36 Regards /rI gA:dz/ 52 rewarding /rI wO:dIÎ/ 43
securities house /sI kjU@rItiz regulate / regjUleIt/ 40 ridiculous /rI dIkjUl@s/ 58 hAUs/ 36 related to /rI leItId tU/ 61 right now /raIt naU/ 49 security /sI kjU@rIti/ 32 relationship building
ring (up) (BrE) /rIÎ (öp)/ 47 selection process /sI lekS@n /rI leIS@nSIp bIldIÎ/ 64 rival (noun) / raIv@l/ 20 pr@Uses/ 3 relaxed look /rI l kst lUk/ 60
role of silence / r@Ul @v saIl@nts/ 46self-starter /self stA:t@/ 4
release (verb) /rI li:s/ 14, 15, 51
roles and responsibilities / r@Ulz self-driven /self drIv@n/ 4 relocate / ri:l@U keIt/ 53 @n rI spÁntsI bIlItiz/ 64
self-employed / selfIm plOId/ 11, 12 remain standing /rI meIn rollout / r@UlaUt/ 14
self-motivated / self m@UtIveItId/ 4 st ndIÎ/ 62 routine (adj) /ru: ti:n/ 2 sell your holding / sel jO: remote /rI m@Ut/ 44, 45 royalties / rOI@ltiz/ 15 h@UldIÎ/ 41 remote control /rI m@Ut
RSI (repetitive strain injury)
sell your stake / sel jO: steIk/ 41 k@n tr@Ul/ 60 / a:res aI/ 8 seller / sel@/ 19
remuneration /rI mju:n@r eIS@n/ 5 rules of conversation / ru:lz @v
selling price / selIÎ praIs/ 27 remuneration package kÁnv@ seIS@n/ 46 sell-off / selÁf/ 37
/rI mju:n@r eIS@n p kIdZ/ 5 run /rön/ 1 seminar / semInA:/ 60 repetitive /rI pet@tIv/ 2
run a meeting / rön @ mi:tIÎ/ 55 semi-skilled / semi skIld/ 4
repetitive strain injury (RSI)
run in parallel /rön In p r@lel/ 42 senior / si:ni@/ 7 /rI pet@tIv streIn IndZ@ri/ 8
run out of time /rön aUt @v taIm/ 59 senior executive / si:ni@r
replacement part /rI pleIsm@nt Ig zekjUtIv/ 9 pA:t/ 17 sack (BrE) /s k/ 7 service / sÆ:vIs/ 13, 16 reply (noun) /rI plaI/ 52 safe (adj) /seIf/ 14 service industry / sÆ:vIs
reply to all /rI plaI tU O:l/ 52 salary / s l@ri/ 5 Ind@stri/ 13 report /rI pO:t/ 31 (the) sales /D@ seIlz/ 27
service sector / sÆ:vIs sekt@/ 13
report results /rI pO:t rI zölts/ 31 sales area / seIlz e@ri@/ 25 set up a meeting /set öp @
requirements /rI kwaI@m@nts/ 18
sales culture / seIlz költS@/ 45 mi:tIÎ/ 55 rescue / reskju:/ 33 sales department / seIlz
settle a dispute / setl @ dIs pju:t/ 63
research and development (R&D) dI pA:tm@nt/ 27
settle an invoice / setl @n InvOIs/ 29
/rI sÆ:tS @n dI vel@pm@nt/ 15 sales director / seIlz daI rekt@/ 27 settlement / setlm@nt/ 66
research centre (BrE) /rI sÆ:tS
sales figures / seIlz fIg@z/ 27 severance package / sev@r@nts sent@/ 15 sales force / seIlz fO:s/ 25 p kIdZ/ 5 researcher /rI sÆ:tS@/ 14
sales forecast / seIlz fO:kA:st/ 27 severance payment / sev@r@nts reseller / ri:sel@/ 24 sales growth / seIlz gr@UT/ 27 peIm@nt/ 5 reservation / rez@ veIS@n/ 47
sales manager / seIlz m nIdZ@/ 25 sex discrimination / seks
reservations line /rez@ veIS@nz
sales meeting / seIlz mi:tIÎ/ 27 dIskrImI neIS@n/ 8 laIn/ 47
sales outlet / seIlz aUtlet/ 24 sexual harassment / seksS@l reserves /rI zÆ:vz/ 33 sales team / seIlz ti:m/ 27 h r@sm@nt/ 8 resign /rI zaIn/ 7
sales territory / seIlz ter@t@ri/ 25 share /Se@/ 32, 36 resolution / rez@lu:S@n/ 66
sales volume / seIlz vÁlju:m/ 27
share capital / Se@ k pIt@l/ 32 resolve /rI zÁlv/ 56 salesman / seIlzm@n/ 25 share options (BrE) / Se@r respect /rI spekt/ 62 salesperson / seIlzpÆ:s@n/ 25 ÁpS@nz/ 5
responsibility /rI spÁntsI bIlIti/ 1 saleswoman / seIlzwUm@n/ 25 share price / Se@ praIs/ 37
responsible for /rI spÁntsIbl fO:/ 1 sample / sA:mpl/ 14
shareholder / Se@ h@Uld@/ 12, 32
restructure / ri: ströktS@/ 7, 34 satisfying / s tIsfaIIÎ/ 2 shift /SIft/ 2
restructuring / ri: ströktS@rIÎ/ 7 saver / seIv@/ 35 ship (verb) /Sip/ 29 results /rI zölts/ 31 savings account / seIvIÎz shop (noun) (BrE) /SÁp/ 24 résumé (AmE) / rezju:meI/ 3 @ kaUnt/ 35
shopping centre / SÁpIÎ sent@/ 24 retail / ri:teIl/ 13 scam /sk m/ 40
shopping mall / SÁpIÎ mO:l/ 24
retail outlet / ri:teIl aUtlet/ 24 schedule (noun) / Sedju:l/ 42 shortage / SO:tIdZ/ 16 retained earnings /rI teInd scope /sk@Up/ 62 shortlist (verb) / SO:tlIst/ 3 Æ:nIÎz/ 33 screen /skri:n/ 60 show off /S@U Áf/ 55 172
Business Vocabulary in Use Intermediate sick /sIk/ 33 standard (adj) / st nd@d/ 18 take downmarket /teIk
simultaneous / sIm@l teIni@s/ 42 standardization daUn mA:kIt/ 23 site /saIt/ 6 / st nd@daI zeIS@n/ 18
take longer than planned /teIk situation / sItju eIS@n/ 3 standpoint / st ndpOInt/ 57 lÁÎg@ D@n pl nd/ 42
situations vacant / sItju eIS@nz start-ups / stA:töps/ 10 take part in /teIk pA:t In/ 14 veI k@nt/ 3
state pension / steIt penS@n/ 35 takeover / teIk@Uv@ bId/ 34 skill /skIl/ 4, 53
state-of-the-art / steIt@vDi: A:t/ 15 takeover bid / teIk@Uv@ bId/ 34 skilled /skIld/ 4 state-owned / steIt @Und/ 11
takeover negotiations / teIk@Uv@ Skype /skaIp/ 47 steady (adj) / stedi/ 39 n@ g@USi eIS@nz/ 63
skyrocket (verb) / skaI rÁkIt/ 39 steel /sti:l/ 13 talented / t l@ntId/ 4 slash (verb) /sl S/ 39 step /step/ 42 target (noun) / tA:gIt/ 27 sleaze /sli:z/ 40 stereotype / steri@taIp/ 45 target (verb) / tA:gIt/ 24 slide /slaId/ 60
stick to the point / stIk t@ D@ task /tA:sk/ 42 slump (noun) /slömp/ 39 pOInt/ 55
team meeting / ti:m mi:tIÎ/ 55
small investor /smO:l In vest@/ 35 stiff competition / stIf
team of equals / ti:m @v i:kw@lz/ 45
small or medium enterprise (SME) / kÁmp@ tIS@n/ 20 team player / ti:m pleI@/ 4
smO:l O: mi:di@m ent@praIz/ 11stimulating / stImjUleItIÎ/ 2, 43, 53 technical support / teknIkl smartphone /smAItf@Un/ 47 stock /stÁk/ 32, 36 s@ pO:t/ 6
SME (small or medium enterprise)
stock market / stÁk mA:kIt/ 36 technology /tek nÁl@dZi/ 15 / esem i:/ 11
stock options (AmE) / stÁk ÁpS@nz/ 5 telecommunications smiling / smaIlIÎ/ 62 stocks (BrE) /stÁks/ 17, 36 / telIk@ mju:nI keIS@nz/ 13 snowed under /sn@Ud önd@/ 50 stoppage / stÁpIdZ/ 6
telecommuting / telIk@ mju:tIÎ/ 2 soar /sO:/ 39 store (noun) (AmE) /stO:/ 24
telemarketing / telI mA:kItIÎ/ 24
social issues / s@US@l ISu:z/ 41 store (verb) /stO:/ 17 telephone / telIf@Un/ 47 social marketing / s@US@l
store brand (AmE) / stO: br nd/ 22 telephone survey / telIf@Un mA:kItIÎ/ 21
street vendor / stri:t vend@/ 19 sÆ:veI/ 47 social networking / s@US@l stress (noun) /stres/ 43 teleworking / telI wÆ:kIÎ/ 2 netwÆ:kIÎ/ 26 stressful / stresf@l/ 43
temporary contract / temp@r@ri
socially responsible / s@US@li
stress-induced / stresIndju:st/ 43 kÁntr kt/ 7 rI spÁnsIbl/ 41 stretched /stretSt/ 43
temporary job / temp@r@ri dZÁb/ 1 sole owner / s@Ul @Un@/ 12 strike (noun) /straIk/ 6 tense negotiations sole proprietor / s@Ul structure / ströktS@/ 60 / tens n@ g@USi eIS@nz/ 63 pr@ praI@t@/ 12 subcontracting / söbk@ terminate / tÆ:mIneIt/ 7
sole trader (BrE) / s@Ul treId@/ 12 n tr ktIÎ/ 17 test (verb) /test/ 14
sophisticated /s@ fIstIkeItId/ 23 subject / söbdZekt/ 52 text (noun) /tekst/ 47 spare part / spe@ pA:t/ 17 subordinate /s@ bO:dIn@t/ 44
text message / tekst mesIdZ/ 47
special offer / speS@l Áf@/ 25 subsidiary /s@b sIdi@ri/ 34 textile / tekstaIl/ 13
specifications / spesIfI keIS@nz/ 18 sum up /söm öp/ 59 3G /Tri: dZi: / 47 speculator / spekjUleIt@/ 36 supermarket / su:p@ mA:kIt/ 24 time /taIm/ 42, 46 speed / spi:d/ 60 supplier /s@ plaI@/ 17 time management / taIm spend /spend/ 28
support staff /s@ pO:t stA:f/ 6 m nIdZm@nt/ 42 sponsor (verb) / spÁns@/ 25
supposing that /s@ p@UzIÎ D@t/ 65 timeframe / taImfreIm/ 42 sponsorship / spÁns@SIp/ 25 surge /sÆ:dZ/ 39 timescale / taImskeIl/ 42
the Square Mile /D@ skwe@ maIl/ 36 surname / sÆ:neIm/ 51 timetable / taIm teIbl/ 42 stable (adj) / steIbl/ 39 surplus / sÆ:pl@s/ 16 tip (noun) /tIp/ 5 staff /stA:f/ 6 survey / sÆ:veI/ 14 tiring / taI@rIÎ/ 2 stage /steIdZ/ 42 sweatshop labour / swetSÁp toll-free number / t@Ul fri: stagflation /st g fleIS@n/ 39 leIb@/ 41 nömb@/ 47 stagnation /st g neIS@n/ 39 sweetener / swi:tn@/ 40 tone /t@Un/ 48 stake /steIk/ 32, 41 swipe card /swaIp kA:d/ 2
tone of voice / t@Un @v vOIs/ 60
stake in a company / steIk In @ systematic / sIst@ m tIk/ 4 top-down / tÁp daUn/ 44 kömp@ni/ 34 top-end /tÁp end/ 23 stakeholder / steIk haUld@/ 41 tactfully / t ktf@li/ 56
total costs / t@Ut@l kÁsts/ 27 stalemate / steIlmeIt/ 66 tailor-made / teIl@ meId/ 18 tough /töf/ 2
Business Vocabulary in Use Intermediate 173 tough competition / töf
uninteresting /ön Int@restIÎ/ 2 What do you do? / wÁt d@ j@ kÁmp@ tIS@n/ 20 unit sales / ju:nIt seIlz/ 27 du: / 1 tough negotiator /töf
unit trust (BrE) /ju:nIt tröst/ 35 whiteboard / waItbO:d/ 60 n@ g@USi eIt@/ 63 unpaid /ön peId/ 54 white knight /waIt naIt/ 34 tourism / tU@rIz@m/ 13
unprofessional / önpr@ feS@n@l/ 41widen / waId@n/ 38
trade balance / treId b l@nts/ 38 unprofessional conduct Wikinomics /wIkI nÁmIks/ 18 trade credit /treId kredIt/ 29
/ önpr@ feS@n@l kÁndökt/ 41 wind up /waInd öp/ 33
trade deficit / treId defIsIt/ 38 unskilled /ön skIld/ 4 windfall / wIndfO:l/ 35
trade dispute /treId dIs pju:t/ 63
unstimulating /ön stImjUleItIÎ/ 2 window dressing / wInd@U trade down /treId daUn/ 23 unstressful /ön stresf@l/ 43 dresIÎ/ 31 trade gap / treId g p/ 38 upfront /öp frönt/ 29 win-win /wIn wIn/ 65 trade negotiations /treId upmarket (BrE) /öp mA:kIt/ 23 win-win solution /wIn wIn n@ g@USi eIS@nz/ 63 useful discussion / ju:sf@l s@lu:S@n/ 65
trade surplus / treId sÆ:pl@s/ 38 dIs köS@n/ 55 wipe off /waIp Áf/ 37
trade union (BrE) /treId ju:ni@n/ 6 user / ju:z@/ 19 withdraw from a market trade up /treId öp/ 23 /wID drO: fr@m @ mA:kIt/ 20 trademark / treIdmA:k/ 15 vacation (AmE) /veI keIS@n/ 46 work /wÆ:k/ 1 trade-off / treIdÁf/ 65 values / v lju:z/ 45 work environment trader / treId@/ 36
variable costs / ve@ri:@bl kÁsts/ 27 /wÆ:k In vaIr@nm@nt/ 54 trading / treIdIÎ/ 37 variety /v@ raI@ti/ 60 work experience /wÆ:k train (verb) /treIn/ 4 vending machine / vendIÎ Ik spI@ri@nts/ 4 trainee /ˌtreIˈni:/ 54 m@ Si:n/ 19 work placement /wÆ:k
traineeship /ˌtreIˈni:SIp/ 54 vendor / vend@/ 19 pleIsm@nt/ 54 training / treInIÎ/ 4, 54 venue / venju:/ 56 worker / wÆ:k@/ 6 transaction /tr n z kS@n/ 35 vice president (VP) (AmE) workforce / wÆ:kfO:s/ 6
transparency /tr n sp r@ntsi/ 61 / vaIs prezId@nt/ 9
working at full capacity /wÆ:kIÎ @t treadmill / tredmIl/ 43 videoconferencing fUl k@ p sIti/ 16 trial /traI@l/ 14 / vIdi@U kÁnf@r@ntsIÎ/ 47 working breakfast / wÆ:kIÎ troubled / tröbld/ 33
video-sharing / vIdi:@U Se@rIÎ/ 26 brekf@st/ 46 trough /trÁf/ 39 vision / vIZ@n/ 44 working conditions / wÆ:kIÎ
true and fair view /tru: @n fe@ visionary / vIZ@nri/ 44 k@n dIS@nz/ 5 vju:/ 31 visual aid / vIZu@l eId/ 60
working from home / wÆ:kIÎ fr@m trust /tröst/ 46 vocational qualification h@Um/ 2 try out /traI aUt/ 14
/v@U keIS@n@l kwÁlIfI keIS@n/ w 5 o 4
rking hours / wÆ:kIÎ aU@z/ 2, 46 turn down /tÆ:n daUn/ 3 voicemail / vOIsmeIl/ 47 work-in-progress (BrE) turn round /tÆ:n raUnd/ 33 VoIP /vOIp/ 47 / wÆ:kIn pr@Ugres/ 17 turn to / tÆ:n tU/ 61
voluntary sector / vÁl@ntri sekt@/ 12work–life balance /wÆ:klaIf
turnover (BrE) / tÆ:n @Uv@/ 27, 37volunteer / vÁl@n tI@/ 12 b l@nts/ 43 tycoon /taI ku:n/ 10
VP (vice president) (AmE) / vi: pi:/ 9 workshop / wÆ:kSÁp/ 16, 60 write down /raIt daUn/ 30
under budget / önd@ bödZIt/ 28 wage bargaining /weIdZ
write off (verb) /raIt Áf/ 29, 30 under licence (BrE) / önd@ bA:gInIÎ/ 63
write-off (noun) / raIt Áf/ 30 laIs@nts/ 15 wage negotiations / weIdZ wrongdoer / rÁÎ du:@/ 40 under stress / önd@ stres/ 43 n@ g@USi eIS@nz/ 63 wrongdoing / rÁÎ du:IÎ/ 40 undercut /önd@ köt/ 23 wages / weIdZIz/ 5
underlying shares /önd@ laIIÎ walk-out / wO:kaUt/ 6 Yours /jO:z/ 52 Se@z/ 36 Wall Street / wO:l stri:t/ 36 Yours faithfully (BrE) / jO:z underspend / önd@ spend/ 28
wander off the point / wÁnd@r Áf feITf@li/ 52
uneconomic /ön i:k@ nÁmIk/ 38 D@ pOInt/ 55
Yours sincerely (BrE) / jO:z sIn sI@
uneconomical /ön i:k@ nÁmIk@l/ 38warehouse / we@haUs/ 17 li/ 52, 53 (the) unemployed /Di
waste of time / weIst @v taIm/ 55 önIm plOId/ 38 Web 2.0 / web tu: pOInt @U/ 26
unemployment /ö nIm plOIm@nt/ 38 webcam / webk m/ 47 unethical / ön eTIk@l/ 41 174
Business Vocabulary in Use Intermediate Acknowledgements
The author would like to thank Liz Driscoll, and Chris Capper, Chris Willis and Neil Holloway at Cambridge University Press for
guiding the book smoothly through the editorial process.
The authors and publishers acknowledge the following sources of copyright material and are grateful for the
permissions granted. While every effort has been made, it has not always been possible to identify the sources of all
the material used, or to trace all copyright holders. If any omissions are brought to our notice, we will be happy to
include the appropriate acknowledgements on reprinting and in the next update to the digital edition, as applicable.
Key: B = Below, C = Centre, L = Left, R = Right, T = Top. Text
The Financial Times for the text on pp. 19, 71 and 76 adapted from ‘Kevin Davis Quits as MF Global Chief’ by Hal Weitzman,
The Financial Times 30.10.2008. Copyright © The Financial Times. Reproduced with permission; The Guardian for the text on
p. 19 adapted from ‘Underachieved? Have a performance-related bonus’ by Richard Watchman, The Guardian 23.04.2006
Copyright © The Guardian. Reproduced with permission; The Guardian for the text on p. 19 adapted from ‘When old
dogmas die, there is room for all kinds of radical new thinking’ by Jonathan Freedland, The Guardian 15.10.2008. Copyright
© The Guardian; The Independent for the text on p. 55 adapted from ‘Starbucks chokes on its latte’ by Louise Dransfield,
The Independent 01.08.2017. Copyright © The Independent; Cellular News for the text on p. 65 adapted from ‘Nokia says
replacement phone sales key in emerging markets’ by Adam Ewing and Dow Jones. Copyright © 01.04.2008 Cellular News.
Reproduced with kind permission of Cellular News via the Copyright Clearance Centre; Lonrho Limited for the text on the
p. 76 from ‘History’, http://www.lonrho.com/About_Lonrho/History/Default.aspx?id=744. Copyright © 2016 Lonrho Ltd.
Reproduced with kind permission; Daily Mail for the text on p. 129 from ‘Make sure you get the message across’ by Lynn
Bateson, Daily Mail 27.01.2000. Copyright © Daily Mail. Reproduced with permission. Photographs
All the photographs are sourced from GettyImages.
p. 10: Mario Tama/Getty Images News; p. 11: Ezra Bailey/Taxi; p. 12: PhotoTalk/E+; p. 14 (T): AndreyPopov/iStock/Getty Images
Plus; p. 14 (B): bowdenimages/iStock/Getty Images Plus; p. 17: Ron Krisel/The Image Bank; p. 18: Alistair Berg/DigitalVision;
p. 23: Tetra Images/Brand X Pictures; p. 28: Hero Images; p. 29 (Gular): Anadolu Agency; p. 29 (Cath Kidston): Fred Duval/
FilmMagic; p. 29 (Jack Ma): Lintao Zhang/Getty Images News; p. 29 (Elon Musk): Bill Pugliano/Getty Images News; p. 29
(Zhang Xin): Bloomberg; p. 29 (Mark Zuckerberg): Miquel Benitez/WireImage; p. 32: jacoblund/iStock/Getty Images Plus; p. 34
(L): Dmitri Kessel/The LIFE Picture Collection; p. 34 (C): Bloomberg; p. 34 (R): Dabldy/iStock Editorial/Getty Images Plus;
p. 36 (T): Sturti/E+; p. 36 (B): Compassionate Eye Foundation/Hero Images/Taxi; p. 40: Marin Tomas/Moment; p. 41:
Bloomberg; p. 42 (T): Bruno Vincent/Getty Images News; p. 42 (B): Jetta Productions/The Image Bank; p. 44 (T): LEON NEAL/
AFP; p. 44 (B): Marga Buschbell Steeger/Photographer’s Choice; p. 46: Jason Hawkes/The Image Bank; p. 50: Photography
by Steve Kelley aka mudpig/Moment; p. 51: Yuri_Arcurs/E+; p. 52 (T): Urfinguss/iStock/Getty Images Plus; p. 52 (C):
Firmafotografen/iStock/Getty Images Plus; p. 52 (B): Victor Georgiev/iStock Editorial/Getty Images Plus; p. 57: AdrianHancu/iStock
Editorial/Getty Images Plus; p. 58 (Classified): Devonyu/iStock/Getty Images Plus; p. 58 (displays): Henrik Sorensen/Stone;
p. 58 (hoardings): Art Directors & TRIP/Alamy Stock Photo; p. 58 (commercial): Morrowind/Shutterstock; p. 58 (neon signs):
Marco wong/Moment; p. 62: Morsa Images/DigitalVision; p. 66 (L): Lane Oatey/Blue Jean Images/Collection Mix: Subjects; p.
66 (R): Hill Street Studios/Blend Images; p. 67: ImagesBazaar/Images Bazaar; p. 70: Jetta Productions/David Atkinson; p. 78:
YinYang/E+; p. 80: Spencer Platt/Getty Images News; p. 81: Christoph Wilhelm/Photographer’s Choice; p. 83: Bloomberg;
p. 90 (T): Bloomberg; p. 90 (B): Bernhard_Staehli/iStock/Getty Images Plus; p. 92 (T): MeePoohyaphoto/iStock/Getty Images
Plus; p. 92 (B): roman023/iStock Editorial/Getty Images Plus; p. 94 (T): PeopleImages/E+; p. 94 (B): amriphoto/E+; p. 96: John
van Hasselt - Corbis/Sygma; p. 103: AndreyPopov/iStock/Getty Images Plus; p. 104 (L): Jon Feingersh/Blend Images; p. 104
(R): GlobalStock/E+; p. 106: PeopleImages/DigitalVision; p. 108: Compassionate Eye Foundation/Hero Images/Taxi; p. 116 (T):
Image Source/DigitalVision; p. 116 (B): Caiaimage/Tommerton/Caiaimage; p. 117: Hero Images; p. 119: Portra Images/Taxi;
p. 120: Klaus Vedfelt/Taxi; p. 130: PeopleImages/DigitalVision; p. 131: KatarzynaBialasiewicz/iStock/Getty Images Plus; p. 132:
PeopleImages/DigitalVision; p. 134: gilaxia/E+; p. 136: Echo/Cultura; p. 141: Kelly Funk/All Canada Photos. Illustrations
eMC Design Ltd, John Goodwin (Eye Candy Illustration), Gavin Reece (New Division), Kathy Baxendale, Gecko Ltd, Laura
Martinez, Roger Penwill and Mark Watkinson.
Business Vocabulary in Use Intermediate 175 Also available
You can buy this book with or without an ebook. You can also buy the ebook separately in the Cambridge
Bookshelf app on an iPad or Android tablet. The ebook has the same vocabulary explanations and practice exercises as the printed book.
9 Managers, executives and directors A Managers and executives: UK BUSINESS Management FUN AND SUN organigram H O L I D A Y S non-executive directors chairman / chairwoman
chief executive / managing director senior executives / chief financial director / marketing human resources IT research top executives / finance director director director director director executive directors VOCABULARY accounts department sales customer services middle managers manager manager manager
line managers (in travel agency branches) Exercises
All the directors together are the board. They meet in the boardroom.
Non-executive directors are not managers of the company; they are outsiders, often directors
Look at the executives and managers listed in A opposite. Match each task (1–6) with the 9.1
of other companies with specialist knowledge of the industr y or of particular areas.
particular person most likely to be responsible for doing it. Self-study and
The marketing director is the head of marketing, the IT director is head of IT, etc.
1 Meet with advertising agency to discuss new advertisements for the company’s holidays.
These people head or head up their departments. Informally, the head of an activity, a
2 Study possible new holiday destinations in detail.
department or an organization is its boss.
3 Analyse last year’s profits in relation to the previous year’s. classroom use IN USE
An executive, or informally, an exec, is usually a high-level manager, as in senior executive.
4 Contact newspaper to advertise new jobs.
5 Deal with complaints from customers. Note
6 Discuss sales figures with sales team.
Who’s who on this company board? Look at B opposite and complete the diagram. Third Edition 9.2
Executive can be used in other contexts to suggest luxury – as in executive car and
executive home. It can even be used for things that are not actually used by executives.
My name’s Maria Montebello, and I’m president and CEO. B
We have some excellent people on our board, including Managers and executives: US
two who are not involved in day-to-day running of the president
company: George Gomi and Julia Jones. non-executive directors
chief executive off icer (CEO)
chief operating off icer (COO)
My name’s Stan Smith and it’s my job to look aft er the accounts.
chief financial off icer (CFO)
I work closely with Clarissa Chang and Richard Roberts, as senior executives / vice president (VP) marketing
they tell me what their departments need for marketing and top executives / Intermediate
vice president (VP) human resources
research, and I allocate them an annual budget. executive directors vice president (VP) research
In the US, the top position may be that of chairman, chairwoman or president. This job is
oft en combined with the position of chief executive off icer (CEO). Some companies have a
My name’s Deirdre Dawes and I head up personnel, on the
chief operating off icer to take care of the day-to-day running of the company. The finance
same level in the company as Clarissa Chang and Richard
director may be called the chief financial off icer (CFO). Roberts. Bill Mascull
In a US company, the senior managers in charge of particular areas are oft en called vice presidents (VPs). 26
Business Vocabulary in Use Intermediate 1 2 3 Non-executive director Maria Montebello 4 5 6 7 Deirdre Dawes with answers Over to you
If you work, draw an organigram of your
If you don’t work, think of a job you would like in
organization and practise describing it to a
an organization and write about why you would Includes ebook new colleague. be good at the job. with audio 27
Business Vocabulary in Use Intermediate 978-1-316-62997-0
More in Use books are available for this level, including the ones below. You can buy English Vocabulary in Use
with or without an ebook. English Pronunciation in Use includes free downloadable audio. ENGLISH VOCABULARY Vocabulary reference and practice IN USE ENGLISH Fourth Edition COLLOCATIONS Pre-intermediate and Intermediate How words work together for fluent and natural English IN USE ENGLISH Stuart Redman Self-study and classroom use Second Edition Intermediate IDIOMS Includes ebook with audio Michael McCarthy 62 units of vocabulary Felicity O’Dell reference and practice ENGLISH Self-study and classroom use IN USE 978-1-316-62831-7 Second Edition PHRASAL VERBS Intermediate 70 units of vocabulary reference and practice Self-study and IN USE Michael McCarthy ENGLISH Felicity O’Dell classroom use 978-1-316-62975-8 Second Edition Intermediate PRONUNCIATION Self-study and Michael McCarthy classroom use Second Edition IN USE Felicity O’Dell 978-1-316-62988-8 Intermediate Mark Hancock 978-1-316-62815-7 Free downloadable audio 978-1-108-40369-6 176
Business Vocabulary in Use Intermediate