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THE PASSIVE AND ACTIVE SENTENCES
(CÂU CHỦ ĐỘNG CÂU BỊ ĐỘNG) QUAN SÁT:
- Câu chủ động (Active sentences): Mr. Smith teaches English.
- Câu bị động (Passive sentences): English is taught by Mr. Smith. QUY TẮC:
Muốn chuyển một câu chủ động sang câu bị động, ta thực hiện các buớc sau: A: S VA O P: S VP by + agent
1. Tân ngữ chủ động => chủ ngữ bị động
Lấy tân ngữ của câu chủ động làm chủ ngữ của câu bị động.
Ex: My father built the house. The house was built by my father.
- Nếu động từ chủ động có hai tân ngữ thì một trong hai tân ngữ có thể dùng làm chủ ngữ trong câu
bị động. Tuy nhiên tân ngữ về người được sử dụng nhiều hơn.
Ex: I’m writing her a letter.
She is being written a letter.
A letter is being written to her.
2. Động từ bị động BE + PAST PARTICIPLE
- Nếu động từ chủ động ở thì simple present hoặc simple past thì động từ trong câu bị động sẽ là: AM, IS, ARE + PAST PARTICIPLE WAS, WERE
Ex: John delivers the newspapers every morning.
The newspapers are delivered by John every
morning. My mother wrote that letter.
That letter was written by my mother.
- Nếu động từ chủ động ở thì present continuous hoặc past continuous thì động từ trong câu bị động sẽ là: 1
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+ BEING + PAST PARTICIPLE WAS, WERE
Ex: He is asking me a lot of questions.
I am being asked a lot of questions.
She was doing her homework at that time.
Her homework was being done at that time.
- Nếu động từ chủ động ở thì present perfect hoặc past perfect thì động từ trong câu bị động sẽ là: HAVE, HAS
+ BEEN + PAST PARTICIPL E HAD
Ex: My mother has made that cake.
That cake has been made by my mother.
They had prepared a dinner before we came.
A dinner had been prepared before we came.
- Nếu động từ chủ động dùng với các động từ như can, may, must, will, shall, have to, used to, ...
thì động từ trong câu sẽ là:
CAN, MAY,... + BE + PAST PARTICIPLE
Ex: My friend can answer this question. This
question can be answered by my friend. The
manager should sign these contracts today.
These contracts should be signed by the manager today.
3. Chủ ngữ chủ động => BY + tân ngữ bị động
Ex: My mother made this cake. This cake was made by my mother.
- Me, you, him, them, people, someone, ... thường được bỏ trong câu bị động nếu không muốn nêu rõ tác nhân.
Ex: Someone has sent me the flowers. I have been sent the flowers.
- Nếu tân ngữ trong câu bị động chỉ sự vật, sự việc thì ta dùng giới từ with thay by trước tân ngữ ấy.
Ex: Smoke filled the room. The room was filled with smoke.
4. Vị trí của trạng từ hoặc trạng ngữ trong câu bị động.
- Trạng từ/ trạng ngữ chỉ nơi chốn đứng trước by + tân ngữ bị động.
Ex: The police found him in the forest.
He was found in the forest by the police.
- Trạng từ/ trạng ngữ chỉ thời gian đứng sau by + tân ngữ bị động.
Ex: My parents are going to buy a car tomorrow.
A car is going to be bought by my parents tomorrow.
- Trạng từ chỉ thể cách (adverbs of manner) thường đứng giữa be và quá khứ phân từ.
Ex: The scientists have studied the problem carefully.
The problem has been carefully studied by the scientists.
■ Một số dạng câu bị động: 2
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1. Thể sai khiến (Causative form): HAVE, GET
Active : Subject + HAVE + object (person) + bare-infinitive + object
Passive : Subject + HAVE + object (thing) + past participle (+ by + object (person))
Ex: I had him repair my bicycle yesterday.
I had my bicycle repaired yesterday.
Active : Subject + GET + object (person) + to infinitive + object (thing)
Passive : Subject + GET + object (thing) + past participle (+ by + obj. (person))
Ex: I get her to make some coffee. I get some coffee made.
2. Động từ chỉ giác quan (Verbs of perception): see, watch, hear, look, taste, … Active : Subject +
verb + object + bare infinitive/ V-ing + ...
Passive : Subject + be + past participle + to infinitive/ V-ing +... Ex: They saw her come in. She was seen to come in.
They saw the lorry running down the hill.
The lorry was seen running down the hill.
3. Động từ chỉ ý kiến (Verbs of opinion): say, think, believe, report, rumour, … Active :
Subject + verb + (that) + clause (S2 + V2 + O2...) Passive:
It + be + verb (past participle) + (that) + clause
S2 + be + verb (past participle) + to infinitive...
+ to have + past participle
Ex: People say that he is a famous doctor.
It is said that he is a famous doctor.
He is said to be a famous doctor.
Ex: They thought that Mary had gone away.
It was thought that Mary had gone away.
Mary was thought to have gone away.
4. Câu mệnh lệnh (Imperative sentences)
Active : Verb + object + adjunct.
Passive : Let + object + be + past participle + adjunct.
Ex: Write your name here. Let your name be written here.
Active : (Subject) + let + sb + do + sth
Passive : Subject + be + let/ allowed + to-infinitive 3
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Ex: He let me go out. I was let/ allowed to go out. 4
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