Comprehensive Review Questions for Final Exam | Môn Business research method - Trường Đại học Quốc tế, Đại học Quốc gia Thành phố Hồ Chí Minh

lOMoAR cPSD| 59078336 BRM Final exam
1. Essay question (50pts) - with 3 questions inside 2. Case study
a. Write an abstract (200 words) Abstract:
Introduction: Although clinical use of dexmedetomidine (DEX), an alpha2-adrenergic
receptor agonist, has increased, its role in patients admitted to intensive care units
secondary to toxicological sequelae has not been well established.
Objectives: The primary objective of this study was to describe clinical and adverse
effects observed in poisoned patients receiving DEX for sedation.
Methods: This was an observational case series with retrospective chart review of
poisoned patients who received DEX for sedation at an academic medical center. The
primary endpoint was incidence of adverse effects of DEX therapy including bradycardia,
hypotension, seizures, and arrhythmias. For comparison, vital signs were collected
hourly for the 5 h preceding the DEX therapy and every hour during DEX therapy until
the therapy ended. Additional endpoints included therapy duration; time within target
Richmond Agitation Sedation Score (RASS); and concomitant sedation, analgesia, and vasopressor requirements.
Results: Twenty-two patients were included. Median initial and median DEX infusion
rates were similar to the commonly used rates for sedation. Median heart rate was lower
during the therapy (82 vs. 93 beats/minute, p < 0.05). Median systolic blood pressure
before and during therapy was similar (111 vs. 109 mmHg, p = 0.745). Five patients
experienced an adverse effect per study definitions during therapy. No additional adverse
effects were noted. Median time within target RASS and duration of therapy was 6.5 and
44.5 h, respectively. Seventeen patients (77%) had concomitant use of other sedation
and/or analgesia with four (23%) of these patients requiring additional agents after DEX
initiation. Seven patients (32%) had concomitant vasopressor support with four (57%) of
these patients requiring vasopressor support after DEX initiation.
Conclusion: Common adverse effects of DEX were noted in this study. The requirement
for vasopressor support during therapy warrants further investigation into the safety of
DEX in poisoned patients. Larger, comparative studies need to be performed before the
use of DEX can be routinely recommended in poisoned patients. lOMoAR cPSD| 59078336
Keywords: Adverse effects; Alpha2-adrenergic receptor agonist; Overdose; Safety.
● Key objective of the research ( Intro part)
● Methods (Methodology part)
● Findings (conclusion part) b. With 4 questions inside
1. Quantitative research or qualitative research (nghiên cứu định lượng hay nghiên cứu định tính) — > Data analysis part
● Trong nghiên cứu định tính lượng collect inf chỉ VÀI CHỤC NGƯỜI
● Định lượng là A FEW HUNDRED respond
● Kéo xuống phần Methodology phần Sampling —> nhiều bảng số liệu —> Nghiên cứu định lượng (Quanti research)
● 2 ways collect data idea, thoughts/opinion —> tìm ra findings —> Nghiên cứu định tính (Quali research)
2. Background theories used by the research (Lit review) 3. How many valid responses
4. How many hypotheses are supported by the research?
REVIEWQUESTIONSFORBRMFINALEXAM
1) What is research? What are the keywords of research? Explain the criteria for a good research.
Research is a systematic investigation or inquiry into a particular subject or topic in
order to discover new knowledge or to enhance existing understanding. The keywords of
research typically involve the process of inquiry, such as investigation, exploration, study, analysis, or examination.
Criteria for good research include the following:
- Clear objective: A good research must have a well-defined and specific objective.
This helps to focus the study and guide the research process.
- Relevance: The research should be relevant to the current knowledge and
understanding in the field. It should address significant gaps in knowledge or
address important research questions.
- Methodological rigor: The research should employ appropriate and reliable
methods and techniques to collect and analyze data. This ensures the validity and reliability of the findings. lOMoAR cPSD| 59078336 - Ethical considerations: Good research must adhere to ethical
guidelines, respecting the rights and privacy of participants, obtaining
informed consent, and ensuring the research does no harm.
- Validity and reliability: The research should produce valid and reliable results.
Validity refers to the accuracy and truthfulness of the findings, while reliability
refers to the consistency and replicability of the results.
- Logical structure: A good research should have a logical and coherent structure,
with clear organization and flow of ideas. This helps readers understand and follow
the research process and findings.
- Contribution to knowledge: Good research should contribute to the existing body of
knowledge by presenting new insights, theories, or practical applications. It should
add value to the research field and have implications for further research or practical applications.
- Clear communication: The research should be effectively communicated through
well-written and coherent research reports, articles, or presentations. This ensures
that the research findings can be understood and evaluated by other researchers or interested parties.
By meeting these criteria, a research study is considered to be of good quality and trustworthy.
2) Explain the differences between applied research (practical research) and basic
research (academic research). Please provide examples of research questions for each of them.
Applied research, also known as practical research, aims to solve specific practical
problems or address real-world issues. It is conducted with the intention of providing
immediate solutions or implementing practical applications. The primary focus of applied
research is to contribute to practical knowledge through the development or improvement
of existing products, processes, or systems.
Example research question for applied research: “How can we optimize the energy
efficiency of solar panels to make them more cost-effective for residential use?” lOMoAR cPSD| 59078336
On the other hand, basic research, also referred to as academic research or pure research,
is conducted primarily to expand knowledge and understanding in a particular field of
study. It often explores fundamental concepts, theories, or phenomena without any direct
intention of immediate application or solving specific problems. Basic research serves as
the foundation for applied research and contributes to the overall body of knowledge in a specific discipline.
Example research question for basic research: “What is the underlying mechanism
responsible for the phenomenon of quantum entanglement?”
In summary, the main difference between applied research and basic research lies in their
objectives. Applied research focuses on practical problem-solving and immediate
applications, while basic research intends to deepen understanding and expand knowledge
in a specific field without immediate practical implications.
3) Describe the exploratory research and descriptive research. Based on your
research topic, describe which research problems should be examined by an exploratory research.
Exploratory research is a type of research that aims to explore and gain a better
understanding of a particular topic or problem. It is often used when the topic is not well-
defined or when there is little existing information about it. Exploratory research helps
researchers to identify potential variables and factors that may influence the problem and
to develop more specific research questions.
Descriptive research, on the other hand, is used to describe the characteristics of a
population or phenomenon. It aims to provide a detailed and accurate portrayal of the
subject under study. Descriptive research is often used to answer questions about who, what, when, where, and how.
In summary, exploratory research is about exploring and understanding a topic, while
descriptive research is about describing and portraying the characteristics of a subject. Both
types of research are important in gaining a comprehensive understanding of a research topic. lOMoAR cPSD| 59078336
In the context of the research topic "Factors Affecting Intention to Consume Viral Food and
Beverages: Case of Generation Z in Vietnam," exploratory research can be used to examine
the following research problems: 1.
Understanding the attitudes and behaviors of Generation Z in Vietnam towards viral food and beverages. 2.
Identifying the factors that influence the intention of Generation Z in Vietnam to
consume viral food and beverages. 3.
Exploring the impact of social media and online influencers on the consumption
patterns of Generation Z in Vietnam. 4.
Investigating the cultural and societal factors that may affect the consumption of
viral food and beverages among Generation Z in Vietnam.
By conducting exploratory research on these research problems, researchers can gain
insights into the attitudes, behaviors, and influences that shape the consumption patterns
of Generation Z in Vietnam. This can then inform the development of more specific research
questions and hypotheses for further study using descriptive research methods.
4) Briefly describe the steps in a research process.
The steps in a research process typically include:
Identify the research problem or question: This involves understanding the area or topic
of interest and identifying a specific research problem or question that needs to be addressed.
Review existing literature: Conduct a thorough review of existing literature and
research related to the problem or question to gain a comprehensive understanding of what
has already been studied and discovered.
Develop a research plan or design: Create a detailed plan or design for the research
study, including selecting the appropriate research methods, defining variables, and
outlining the data collection and analysis procedures. lOMoAR cPSD| 59078336
Collect data: Gather relevant data through various methods such as surveys, interviews,
experiments, observations, or through analyzing existing datasets.
Analyze the data: Analyze and interpret the collected data using appropriate statistical
or qualitative analysis techniques to identify patterns, trends, correlations, or relationships.
Draw conclusions and make recommendations: Based on the data analysis, draw
conclusions or make recommendations that address the research problem or question. This
may involve highlighting significant findings, limitations, implications, or potential areas for further research.
Communicate the research findings: Share the research findings through various means
such as writing research reports, presenting at conferences, publishing in academic
journals, or sharing with relevant stakeholders.
Evaluate and reflect on the research process: Reflect on the research process, including
the strengths, weaknesses, and limitations of the study, and consider any ethical
considerations or potential biases that may have influenced the results. This can inform
future research or improvements in methodology.
5) What are the differences between quantitative and qualitative research?
Quantitative research and qualitative research are two different approaches to gathering and analyzing data.
Quantitative research involves the collection of numerical data that can be analyzed using
statistical methods. It aims to measure and quantify the relationships between variables,
making it useful for testing hypotheses and establishing trends or patterns. This type of
research typically uses structured surveys, questionnaires, or experiments to collect data.
The findings are often presented in the form of tables, charts, and statistics.
Qualitative research, on the other hand, focuses on understanding and interpreting more
subjective information, such as individual experiences, beliefs, and opinions. It aims to
gain deeper insights into social phenomena and explore the meanings behind human
behavior. Qualitative research uses methods like interviews, observations, and focus groups lOMoAR cPSD| 59078336
to collect data. The findings are typically presented through written narratives or quotations
and often involve thematic analysis.
Key differences between quantitative and qualitative research include:
Data type: Quantitative research deals with numerical data, whereas qualitative research
deals with non-numerical data.
Analysis method: Quantitative research uses statistical analysis to describe trends,
patterns, and correlations, while qualitative research uses interpretive techniques to identify
themes, meanings, and contexts.
Sample size: Quantitative research generally involves larger sample sizes to ensure
statistical significance, while qualitative research often relies on smaller sample sizes due to in-depth analyses.
Objectivity vs. subjectivity: Quantitative research aims for objectivity by using
standardized data collection methods and statistical procedures, while qualitative research
acknowledges the role of subjectivity in interpreting data and relies on researchers' insights and perspectives.
Generalizability: Quantitative research seeks to generalize findings to a larger population,
while qualitative research focuses more on contextual understanding and may not aim for generalizability.
Both quantitative and qualitative research approaches have their strengths and limitations,
and their choice depends on the research question, objectives, and practical constraints.
6) What are the differences between positivism and interpretivism? What are the
research methodologies associated with positivism?
Positivism and interpretivism are two contrasting paradigms within the field of social science research.
Differences between Positivism and Interpretivism: lOMoAR cPSD| 59078336
Ontology and Epistemology: Positivism assumes an objective reality that can be
observed and measured, aiming to uncover universal laws and objective truths.
Interpretivism, on the other hand, acknowledges the subjective nature of reality shaped by
individual interpretations and focuses on understanding social phenomena from the
perspective of those involved.
Research Approach: Positivism emphasizes a deductive approach, starting with a theory
or hypothesis that is tested through empirical observation and measurement. Interpretivism
adopts an inductive approach, where theories are developed based on careful observation
and interpretation of social phenomena.
Role of Researcher: Positivism values researcher objectivity and separation from the
research process, aiming to remove personal biases and interpretations. Interpretivism
recognizes the researcher's subjectivity and active involvement as they interpret and make sense of social phenomena.
Research Focus: Positivism concentrates on quantitative data and statistical analysis,
aiming to uncover generalizable patterns and causal relationships. Interpretivism focuses
on qualitative data, including interviews, observations, and textual analysis, aiming to
understand the meanings, experiences, and contexts of individuals involved in the research.
Research Methodologies associated with Positivism:
Experimental Research: Positivism often utilizes controlled experiments to test
hypotheses and identify cause-and-effect relationships. This approach involves
manipulating independent variables and measuring their impact on dependent variables.
Survey Research: Positivism frequently employs surveys to collect data from large
samples, aiming to generalize findings to the larger population. These surveys typically use
closed-ended questions with standardized response options.
Statistical Analysis: Positivism relies on quantitative data analysis, including
descriptive statistics (mean, median, mode, etc.) and inferential statistics (hypothesis
testing, regression, correlation, etc.), to uncover patterns, relationships, and generalizable conclusions. lOMoAR cPSD| 59078336
Positivist researchers often strive for objectivity, replicability, measurability,
generalizability, and theory verification.
It's important to note that there are various alternative methodologies and paradigms
within social science research, and researchers may use a combination of positivist and
interpretivist approaches based on their research questions and objectives.
7) Explain the difference between research methodology and research method.
Research methodology refers to the overall approach or strategy that a researcher uses
in conducting a study. It involves the theoretical and philosophical assumptions underlying
the research and provides a framework for designing the study. Research methodology
encompasses the entire research process, including the selection of research questions, data
collection and analysis methods, and the interpretation and presentation of findings.
On the other hand, research method refers to the specific techniques or tools that a
researcher employs to gather and analyze data. It focuses on the practical details of data
collection and includes procedures, instruments, or protocols used to obtain and analyze
data. Research methods can encompass both quantitative and qualitative techniques, such
as surveys, interviews, experiments, case studies, content analysis, or statistical analysis.
In essence, research methodology outlines the overall plan and approach, while
research methods encompass the specific techniques and tools used to gather and analyze data within that plan.
8) What are the four types of data? What are their characteristics? Provide an
example for each type of data.
a. Qualitative data (categorical data)
It describes the data that fits into the categories. Qualitative data are not numerical. ●
Nominal data is one of the types of qualitative information which helps to label the
variables without providing the numerical value. Nominal data (nominal scale) cannot be
ordered and measured. The nominal data are examined using the grouping method. In this
method, the data are grouped into categories, and then the frequency or the percentage of
the data can be calculated. These data are visually represented using the pie charts. lOMoAR cPSD| 59078336
Examples: male/female (albeit somewhat outdated), hair color, nationalities, names of people
● Ordinal data is a type of data that follows a natural order. The significant feature of the
nominal data is that the difference between the data values is not determined. This variable
is mostly found in surveys, finance, economics, questionnaires, and so on. Example:
measuring economic status using the hierarchy: 'wealthy', 'middle income', or 'poor’.
b. Quantitative data (numerical data)
It represents the numerical value (i.e., how much, how often, how many). Numerical data
gives information about the quantities of a specific thing.
Some examples of numerical data are height, length, size, weight, and so on. ● Discrete
data A variable with a countable number of distinct values is discrete. Often, such data are integers.
Example: The number of customers who bought different items//The number of computers
in each department//The number of items you buy at the grocery store each week
● Continuous data A numerical variable that can have any value within an interval is
continuous. This would include things like physical measurements (e.g., distance, weight,
time, speed) or financial variables (e.g., sales, assets, price/earnings ratios, inventory turns)
Example: Height, weight, temperature, and length
9) What information should be included in the reference list and the in-text
citation, according to popular reference style (APA or Harvard)?
According to popular reference styles such as APA (American Psychological
Association) and Harvard referencing, the reference list should include the following information for each source:
- Author(s) or editor(s) - Last name followed by initials.
- Year of publication - Enclosed in parentheses.
- Title of the work - Italicized or underlined.
- Publication information - Includes the name of the publisher, journal title, or URL (depending on the source). lOMoAR cPSD| 59078336
In-text citations should include the author's last name and the year of publication in
parentheses. For direct quotations, page numbers should be included as well. The specific
format and punctuation may vary slightly between APA and Harvard styles, but the core information remains the same.
10)Explain the criteria for a good literature review.
A good literature review should meet several criteria to be considered effective and well-
conducted. These criteria include:
Relevance: The literature review should be focused on the specific research topic or
question being investigated. It should include sources that directly relate to the subject
matter and contribute to the understanding of the research problem.
Coverage: The review should encompass a broad range of relevant literature, including
studies, books, articles, and other sources. It should provide a comprehensive overview of
the existing knowledge and ideas on the topic, giving readers a clear understanding of the current state of research.
Quality of sources: The literature review should include high-quality, credible sources.
These sources should be published in reputable journals or books, written by
knowledgeable scholars or experts in the field. Peer-reviewed articles are generally
considered to be more reliable.
Depth and critical analysis: The review should go beyond summarizing the existing
literature. It should critically analyze and evaluate the sources, comparing and contrasting
different perspectives and findings. This analysis should provide insight into the strengths
and weaknesses of previous studies and identify any gaps in the literature.
Organization and structure: A well-structured literature review should have a clear
organization, with a logical flow of ideas. It should begin with an introduction to the topic,
followed by the main body that presents the sources, and conclude with a concise summary
and identification of areas for further research. lOMoAR cPSD| 59078336
Clarity of writing: The review should be written in a clear and concise manner, using
appropriate academic language. It should avoid excessive jargon and explain complex
concepts in a way that is accessible to readers.
Critical synthesis: A good literature review should not simply summarize individual
studies or sources but should synthesize the findings and ideas from multiple sources. It
should identify common themes, patterns, and connections, presenting a coherent and
integrated understanding of the topic.
Objectivity: The literature review should be objective and unbiased. It should avoid
personal opinions or biases and present an impartial evaluation of the existing research.
Currency: The review should include recent and up-to-date sources, particularly in
rapidly evolving fields. Including older sources can be appropriate to provide historical
context, but the focus should be on recent contributions to the literature.
Cititions and referencing: A good literature review should properly cite and reference
all sources used. This ensures that credit is given to the original authors and maintains academic integrity.
Overall, a good literature review should demonstrate a thorough understanding of the
topic, provide a comprehensive overview of the existing literature, critically analyze
sources, and identify gaps or areas for future research.
11)Explain the difference between cross-sectional research and longitudinal research.
Cross-sectional research is a type of observational study that examines a population at
a specific point in time. It aims to gather data on a particular variable or group of variables
from different individuals or groups within a population simultaneously. This research
design allows researchers to analyze data and make comparisons between different groups
or individuals at the same time, providing a snapshot of the population at a given moment.
However, cross-sectional research does not capture any changes or developments that may occur over time.
On the other hand, longitudinal research is a type of study that follows a group of
individuals or cohort over an extended period. It involves collecting data at multiple points lOMoAR cPSD| 59078336
in time to examine changes, trends, or patterns over time. Longitudinal research allows
researchers to analyze individual and group trajectories, understand the development of
certain phenomena, and explore cause-and-effect relationships more effectively. This type
of research design is often used in developmental psychology, medical studies, and social
sciences to explore changes in behavior, health, attitudes, or opinions over a longer period.
In summary, cross-sectional research focuses on data collected from different
individuals or groups at a specific moment in time, while longitudinal research tracks the
same individuals or groups over a period, allowing for the examination of changes over time.
The number of people in a population with diabetes who are obese and the number of people in a population
with diabetes who are not obese could be assessed using a cross-sectional design, this would be an example
of an analytical cross- sectional study. One cross-sectional study example in medicine is a data collection
of smoking habits and lung cancer incidence in a given population. A cross-sectional study like this cannot
solely determine that smoking habits cause lung cancer, but it can suggest a relationship that merits further investigation.
12)What is a semi-structural interview?
A semi-structured interview is an interview method that falls between a structured
interview and an unstructured interview. In a semi-structured interview, the interviewer has
a predetermined set of questions or topics to cover, but the order and wording of the
questions may vary. There is also flexibility for the interviewer to ask follow-up questions
or explore certain areas in more depth based on the applicant's responses. This type of
interview allows for a mix of standardized questions and more open-ended discussion,
providing some structure while still allowing for flexibility and exploration of specific areas of interest.
13) Describe and provide examples of four types of scales.
1. Nominal Scale: This is the simplest type of scale where data is categorized into
different groups or categories. These categories do not have any numerical or quantitative
value attached to them. Examples of nominal scales include gender (male, female), eye
color (blue, brown, green), or marital status (single, married, divorced). lOMoAR cPSD| 59078336
2. Ordinal Scale: In an ordinal scale, data is ranked or ordered in a specific way. While
the differences between the ranks may not be equal, there is a clear order or hierarchy
among the categories. An example of an ordinal scale is a Likert scale, where respondents
are asked to rate their agreement with a statement on a scale of 1 to 5 (strongly disagree,
disagree, neutral, agree, strongly agree).
3. Interval Scale: Interval scales have equal intervals between values and also have a
zero point, but the zero point is arbitrary and does not represent the absence of the measured
attribute. An example of an interval scale is temperature measured in Celsius or Fahrenheit.
While zero degrees doesn't mean the absence of temperature, equal intervals between
degrees can be assumed (e.g., the difference between 10 and 20 degrees is the same as the
difference between 30 and 40 degrees).
4. Ratio Scale: Ratio scales have equal intervals between values and a true zero point
that represents the absence of the measured attribute. This type of scale allows for
meaningful mathematical operations such
14)Define validity and reliability in research. Provide examples of validity and
reliability in survey and/or interview research.
+Validity in research refers to the extent to which a research study accurately measures or
assesses what it claims to measure. It is about the soundness of the research design and the
accuracy of the results obtained. There are several types of validity, including content
validity (the extent to which a measure represents all facets of a given construct), criterion-
related validity (the extent to which a measure is related to an external criterion), and
construct validity (the extent to which a measure assesses the theoretical construct it is supposed to measure).
+Reliability, on the other hand, refers to the consistency and stability of the results
obtained from a research study. It is about the repeatability and consistency of the
measurements or observations. A reliable research study should yield consistent results
when replicated under similar conditions.
Examples of validity and reliability in survey and interview research: lOMoAR cPSD| 59078336 Survey Research: -
Content Validity: In a survey designed to measure customer satisfaction with a
product, ensuring that the questions cover all relevant aspects of satisfaction, such as
product quality, customer service, and pricing. This ensures that the survey has content
validity by representing all facets of customer satisfaction. -
Criterion-related Validity: If a survey is used to measure job performance,
comparing the survey results with actual job performance ratings can demonstrate the
relationship between the survey scores and employees' actual performance, establishing criterion-related validity. -
Reliability: In survey research, reliability can be assessed through test-retest
reliability, where the survey is administered to the same group of participants at two
different times, and the results are compared to ensure consistency. For example, if a job
satisfaction survey yields similar results when administered to the same group of
employees at different points in time, it demonstrates the survey's reliability. -
Construct Validity: In a survey designed to measure attitudes towards environmental
conservation, ensuring that the questions and response options align with established
theories of environmental attitudes and behaviors to measure the intended construct of environmental concern. Interview Research: -
Reliability: In interview research, inter-rater reliability can be assessed when
multiple interviewers are used. This involves comparing the consistency of the data
collected by different interviewers when interviewing the same participants. Consistent
findings across interviewers indicate high inter-rater reliability. -
Construct Validity: In an interview study examining leadership styles, ensuring that
the interview questions and protocols align with established theories of leadership to
measure the intended constructs of leadership styles. For example, questions may be
designed to capture behaviors associated with transformational, transactional, and laissez-
faire leadership styles, aligning with established theoretical frameworks. lOMoAR cPSD| 59078336 -
Content Validity: In an interview study exploring job satisfaction, ensuring that the
interview questions cover all relevant aspects of job satisfaction, such as work
environment, relationships with colleagues, and opportunities for professional growth.
This ensures that the interview protocol has content validity by representing all facets of job satisfaction. -
Criterion-related Validity: If interview data are used to assess employee
performance, comparing interview ratings with actual job performance evaluations can
demonstrate the relationship between interview assessments and employees' actual
performance, establishing criterion-related validity.
These examples illustrate how validity and reliability are important considerations in
interview research to ensure that the data collected accurately represents the intended
constructs and that the results are consistent and dependable.
In both survey and interview research, establishing validity and reliability is crucial to
ensure that the findings accurately represent the concepts being studied and that the
measurements are consistent and dependable.
15) Provide examples of probability and nonprobability sampling. Probability sampling:
1. Simple random sampling: In a classroom of 50 students, the teacher selects
10 students by assigning each student a number and then using a random number
generator to choose the sample.
2. Systematic sampling: In a hospital with a patient list of 500, every 10th
patient is selected to be part of the sample. lOMoAR cPSD| 59078336
3. Stratified sampling: A market researcher wants to study the purchasing habits
of different age groups in a city. The city is divided into three age groups - 18-30,
31-45, and 46-60. A random sample of 100 individuals is selected from each age group.
Nonprobability sampling:
1. Convenience sampling: A researcher stands outside a shopping mall and
approaches shoppers to ask them about their opinions on a new product.
2. Snowball sampling: A researcher is studying a small population of
professionals in a niche industry. By starting with one participant, the researcher
asks for referrals to other professionals to participate in the study.
3. Purposive sampling: A researcher wants to study the experiences of survivors
of a specific traumatic event. The researcher intentionally selects individuals who
have self-identified as survivors and are willing to share their experiences.
16) What is sampling in qualitative and quantitative research? How are they different?
Sampling in research refers to the process of selecting a subset of individuals or elements
from a larger population for study. This subset represents the larger population and is used
to gather data and draw conclusions about the entire population.
In qualitative research, sampling involves purposefully selecting participants who can
provide in-depth and rich information on the research topic. Qualitative sampling focuses
more on the quality and characteristics of participants rather than their representativeness
of a larger population. Common qualitative sampling methods include purposeful
sampling, snowball sampling, and theoretical sampling.
In contrast, in quantitative research, sampling aims to achieve representativeness of the
larger population. The goal is to select a sample that is statistically representative of the
entire population to generalize findings to a broader context. Common quantitative
sampling methods include random sampling, stratified sampling, and cluster sampling. lOMoAR cPSD| 59078336
Overall, the main difference between sampling in qualitative and quantitative research
lies in their objectives. Qualitative research focuses on obtaining in-depth insights from a
smaller sample, aiming for rich and detailed information. Conversely, quantitative research
strives for generalizability by selecting a larger sample that represents the broader
population to obtain statistically significant conclusions.
1. What is research? What are the keywords of research? Explain the criteria for good research.
A process of determining, acquiring, analyzing, synthesizing, and disseminating relevant business
data, information, and insights to decision makers in ways that mobilize the organization to take
appropriate business actions that, in turn, maximize business performance
Clearly defined purpose Detailed research process Thoroughly planned design High ethical standards Limitations addressed Adequate analysis Unambiguous
presentation Conclusions justified Credentials 2. Explain the differences between applied research (practical research) and basic research
(academic research). Please provide examples of research questions for each of them.
Applied research (Practical Research) - designed to apply its findings to solving a specific, existing
problem – Eg Will it be cost effective to outsource some of the IT applications in the
organisation? • Basic research (Academic Research) is designed to make a contribution to
general knowledge and theoretical understanding, rather than solve a specific problem – Eg How
can business travellers be encouraged to reduce their carbon footprint?
3. Describe the exploratory research and descriptive research. Based on your research
topic, describe which research problems should be examined by an exploratory research.
Exploratory research – used to gain an initial understanding where there is little or no existing
knowledge (rarely provides conclusive answers but offers guidance for future research) –
Eg What is the value of social media in organisations? Does it add value to marketing or customer
service. How does it increase organisational productivity? •
Descriptive research – used to describe phenomena as they exist. Identify and obtain information on
characteristics of the problem/issue –
Eg How often should the social media used for marketing be evaluated for performance
and upgraded or replaced? research questions that have not previously been studied in- depth. lOMoAR cPSD| 59078336
4. Briefly describe the steps in a research process.
5. What are the differences between quantitative and qualitative research?
6. What are the differences between positivism and interpretivism? What are the research
methodologies associated with positivism? Positive: survey Inter: interview
7. Explain the difference between research methodology and research method.
8. What are the four types of data? What are their characteristics? Provide an example for each type of data.
Observation, interview, survey, data base: primary or seconsary? Quali or quanti? Cách lấy
d li u nh thế nào? Observation: làm gì đ lấy data ể Interview: index, focus group
Database: fnancial lấấy d li u t báo cáo tài chính,…. Observation:
Primary Data Characteristics: Involves firsthand data collection by observing subjects directly.
Secondary Data Characteristics: May involve using existing observational data collected by someone else.
Example (Primary): Conducting on-site observations of customer behavior in a store.
Example (Secondary): Using published observational data about consumer trends from a
market research report. Interview:
Primary Data Characteristics: Direct interaction with respondents to gather information.
Secondary Data Characteristics: Using existing interview transcripts or recorded data.
Example (Primary): Conducting face-to-face interviews with customers to understand their preferences.
Example (Secondary): Analyzing interview data from a previous research study available
in published articles. Survey:
Primary Data Characteristics: Collecting firsthand data through structured questionnaires or surveys.
Secondary Data Characteristics: Utilizing survey data collected by others for a different purpose.
Example (Primary): Administering a survey to a sample of employees to gather feedback on workplace satisfaction.
Example (Secondary): Using survey data from a government agency's report on public health. lOMoAR cPSD| 59078336 Database:
Primary Data Characteristics: Creating and maintaining a database with original data.
Secondary Data Characteristics: Using data from an existing database that was collected for a different purpose.
Example (Primary): Creating a customer database with information collected directly from sales transactions.
Example (Secondary): Extracting demographic data from a publicly available database like
the U.S. Census for research purposes.
It's important to note that the distinction between primary and secondary data depends on
how the data is used in a specific context. If you collect data for your own research, it's
primary; if you use existing data collected by others, it's secondary.
9. What information should be included in the reference list and the in-text citation,
according to popular reference style (APA or Harvard)?
Reference list, in text citation,tến tac gia, nam xuat ban, ten sach or tai lieu, 10.
Explain the criteria for a good literature review.
Definition, th hi n đ c theory ch đ o, discussion c a các nghiến c u tr c đấy, framework t các nghiến c u trcư ứ
Cấn phi identify dc research problem ko viết lan man, đ m b o các reference citation ph iả
đầy đ chính xác và phù h p (nh c p nh p t các nghiến c u m i nhất (quá 10 năm là cũ rồi ko nến dùng))
11. Explain the difference between cross-sectional research and longitudinal research.
Thu nh p d li u t i 1 th i đi m (2 tuần or 1 tháng), phù thu c vào tnh huốngNhiếầu th i đi m khác nhau đ quan sát Nến có ví dụ
12. What is a semi-structured interview?
Thiết kế danh m c g i ý, linh hoat thay đi câu h i cho phù 13. Describe and provide examples of four types of scales.
14. Define validity and reliability in research. Provide examples of validity and reliability
in survey and/or interview research.
Khi thu th p d li u seẽ x y ra sai khác nh : ng ph n hồầi, tnh huồấng mồi tr ng, ng đo nguồầnậ ữ ệ ả ư ả ườ
thồng tin khác nhau, questionnaire khi survey or rotocon khi interview