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Giáo án điện tử Khoa học tự nhiên 7 Chân trời sáng tạo : Bảng tuần hoàn các nguyên tố hóa học

Bài giảng PowerPoint Khoa học tự nhiên 7 Giáo án điện tử Khoa học tự nhiên 7 Chân trời sáng tạo : Bảng tuần hoàn các nguyên tố hóa học hay nhất, với thiết kế hiện đại, dễ dàng chỉnh sửa giúp Giáo viên có thêm tài liệu tham khảo để soạn Giáo án Khoa học tự nhiên 7. Mời bạn đọc đón xem!

Chủ đề: Bài giảng điện tử Khoa học tự nhiên 7 858 tài liệu

Môn: Khoa học tự nhiên 7 1.5 K tài liệu

Sách: Chân trời sáng tạo

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[2ic

Chọn các thẻ thông

tin cần tìm hiểu

Tài liệu

tham khảo & Tác giả

Tài liệu

tham khảo & Tác giả

*%JKH

YG]:dG

Nguyên tử 

 !!"#$%

&'()*+,-./010(p)

 *2(1+) ! (n),3

"425/0()*$%

&6#!!70/0!! (e) (1-)

8,9:(

),3!1;<:%

Nguyên tử 2/=0=!>?0!

@A=số protonxác định lênnguyên tố hóa học vàsố

neutronxác địnhđồng vịcủa nguyên tố đó.

Phân tử =*BC>?

()(,-D8E

 @<%



*%JKH

2. Chất

Đơn chất ==2/4HI=()=JH=(?

@<%Ví dụ:

KAK

FAF

L M:!AM

MO!AM

Đơn chất ==2/4HI=()=JH=(?

@<%Ví dụ:

KAK

FAF

L M:!AM

MO!AM

Hợp chất =H=2/4N=(?=,(BDQ

0E?79%Ví dụ:

R2DA'

M

FASM

T?UARF

V25 AF

Hợp chất =H=2/4N=(?=,(BDQ

0E?79%Ví dụ:

R2DA'

M

FASM

T?UARF

V25 AF



*%JKH

Kim loại =(?=@825!!=

*2="$@=(,-,%

Kim loại =(?=@825!!=

*2="$@=(,-,%

Tính chất vật lí chung:

W *XB *YB *YB ,%

Tính chất hóa học chung:

1. Kim loại + Phi kim  Oxide / Muối

 GKZPM

[NK

NKZPF

[NKF



2. Kim loại (trước H

) + Acid thông thường  muối + H

↑

 NKZ\'F[NKF

ZP'

↑

3. Kim loại + dd muối  muối + kim loại

 NKZPF"RM

[NK"RM

ZPF]

4. Kim loại (Li, K, Ba, Ca, Na) + H

O  dd Base + H

↑

NRZN'

M[RM'Z'

↑

5. Kim loại + H

đặc nóng

/HNO

 muối + sản phẩm khử + H

NKZ\'



^@

[K

"SM

ZPSM

↑Z\'

KZG'RM



_

[K"RM

ZRM↑ZN'

Dãy hoạt động hóa học của kim loại

TK`a!RSb[H] F'KbK

Dãy hoạt động hóa học của kim loại

TK`a!RSb[H] F'KbK



*%JKH

Phi kim=(?=@87!!=="$

Tính chất vật lí chung: WCIB,3@,B

E-,3*YB*Y,c"4F&dBSB%%%$

Tính chất hóa học chung:

1. Phi kim + Kim loại  Oxide / Muối

 M

ZNT[NTMF

ZT[TF



2. Phi kim + H

 Hợp chất khí / hơi

 F

Z'

[N'F R

ZP'

PR'

3. Phi kim + O

 Oxide (F

, Cl

, Br

, I

không phản ứng)

 FZM

[FM

 GbZeM

[Nb



4. Phi kim + H

đặc nóng

/ HNO



FZN'



^@

[FM

↑ZNSM

↑ZN'

M↑

bZe'RM



^@

['

ZeRM

↑Z'

5. Một số phản ứng đặc biệt của nhóm halogen (F

,Cl

, Br

, I

)

F

ZNRf[NRFZf

F

ZNRM'

_

[RFZRFMZ'

PF

Z\LM'

^



@

[eLFZLFM

ZP'

F

ZF"M'$

[FMF

N

Z'

M(chloride vôi)

6. Các phi kim mạnh: F

, Cl

, Br

, O

Sg



*%JKH

Khí hiếm=^=khí trơB@=(?@<=@(

?>?HhB"6iiiK$=E%=fCj(?A

'!B=R!B=KB=L0B=k!B=l*==M!>>

Khí hiếm=^=khí trơB@=(?@<=@(

?>?HhB"6iiiK$=E%=fCj(?A

'!B=R!B=KB=L0B=k!B=l*==M!>>

Tính chất hóa học chung: 'E2,30@<%

(Trước đây, khái niệm khí trơ được công nhận rất rộng. Nhưng hiện tại nhiều nhà

khoa học đã bác bỏ tên gọi khí trơ của chúng. Bởi họ cho rằng thuật ngữ đó không

có tính chính xác chặt chẽ. Bởi vì những loại khí trơ chúng ta đã biết đến đều có

những phản ứng hóa học nhất định nếu gặp điều kiện phù hợp.)



Tính chất vật lí chung: VI, B,3BC*()%

m>, -

?0@,3

m>, -

?0@,3

*%JKH

Oxide/0CN(?<B@@(?M:!%R

- Basic oxide *nD**K*?2DB25M:*!,

2Df>!%

- Acidic oxide*nD**f>!?2DB 25M:*!0

,2DK*%

- Oxide lưỡng tính *nD**f>!^**K*?

2D%25M:*!,2D'*:*!2o %"K

B

F

B`MBbMBf!MBp$

- Oxide trung tính (Oxide không tạo muối) ,3*nD**f>!^*

*K*%"FMBRMBR

MBp$

Tính chất hóa học chung:

I. Basic oxide

1. (Li

O, K

O, BaO, CaO, Na

R

MZ'

M[NRM' FMZ'

M[F"M'$



2. Basic oxide + dd Acid → muối + nước

a!

Z\'F[Na!F

ZP'

M a!MZN'F[Na!F

Z'

M

3. Basic oxide + Acidic oxide→ muối (Li

O, K

O, BaO, CaO, Na

R

MZSM

[R

P 

FMZFM

[FFM





*%JKH

II. Acidic oxide

1. Acidic oxide + nước → dd Acid(trừ SiO

)

SM

Z'

M['

 SM

Z'

M['



2. Acidic oxide + dd Base → muối + [nước]

FM

ZF"M'$

[FFM

]Z'

M NFM

ZF"M'$

[F"'FM



3. Acidic oxide + Basic oxide → muối (Li

O, K

O, BaO, CaO, Na

FM

ZR

M[R

P 

ZPL

M[NL

III. Oxide lưỡng tính

1. Oxide lưỡng tính + dd Acid → muối + H

K

Z\'F[NKF

ZP'

M `MZ'

[`SM

Z'

2. Oxide lưỡng tính + dd Base → muối + H

K

ZNRM'[NRKM

Z'

M `MZNLM'[L

`M

Z'

IV. Một số phản ứng đặc biệt của Oxide

SM

Zf

ZN'

M['

ZN'f(mất màu dd Br

→ nhận biết SO

)

eSM

ZNLTM

ZN'

M[L

ZNTSM

ZN'

(→ nhận biết SO

)

FMZFM[FZFM

N

(CO khử được Oxide từ ZnO trở về sau)



PFMZa!

[Na!ZPFM



q -I@<

Acid/0HI()'(,-D?K*%H

&Acid mạnh: 'FB'fB'iB'

B'RM

B'FM

& Acid trung bình-yếu: 'aB'

SB'FMB'FM

B'

B'RM

B'

SM

Br'

sB

sBK*1'FMM'BF'

FMM'Bp

&Acid có tính oxi hóa mạnh ":@,30'

$A'RM

B'

^%

Quay lại

Tính chất vật lí chungAK*,t2D**K*@@

,U*Y"$

CTHH Tên Acid

'F

'*K*

'*gK*

'RM

RK*

Sg>K*

SgK*

FK*

b>0K*

CTHH Tên gốc Acid

&F

F*!

a*!

Sg*!

&RM

R!

uSM

Sg!

uSM

Sg!

uFM

F!

CTHH Tên gốc Acid

vbM

b>0!

&'FM

'*!!

&'SM

'*!>g!

&'SM

'*!>g!

u'bM

'*!0>0!

w*!0>0!

&KM

K!

*%JKH

Tính chất hóa học chung:

1. Acid làm quỳ tím chuyển màu đỏ (màu hồng với Acid yếu)

2. Acid + kim loại(trước H

)  muối(hóa trị thấp) + H

↑

N'FZa!a!F

Z'

x(hóa trị thấp)  'FZFkhông phản ứng.



_

ZTTSM

Z'

x '



_

ZKkhông phản ứng.

3. Acid + Basic oxide  muối(cùng hóa trị) + nước

'



_

ZTMTSM

Z'

M P'





Za!

a!

"SM

ZP'

4. Acid + Base  Muối + nước

'FZRM'RFZ'

M P'RM

Za!"M'$

a!"RM

ZP'

M

5. Acid + muối  muối mới + Acid mới (↓,↑, điện li yếu)

N'FZFFM

FF

Z'

MZFM

x '

G

ZfF

fSM

]ZN'F

6. Một số tính chất của H

đặc và HNO













 !"#$%&'()*+ (thụ động hóa học).

,-.$$/0









- Phân hủy các hợp chất hữu cơ: C

12C + 11H

- Làm khô các chất không phản ứng với nó: H

, O

, N

, Cl

, SO

, CO

, ....

-/1'23+(4562$73+84%#$95:$;





FZN'



^@

[FSM

ZSM

xZ'

M

a!ZG'RM

[a!"RM

ZRMxZN'

M

Pa!FM

ZHy'RM

[Pa!"RM

ZRMxZPFM

xZe'

𝐻

𝑆 𝑂

→



q -I@<

Base/00)@C@(),(,-D

HI@'*:*!"&M'$%R(OH)

&Base mạnh (Base tan hay còn goi là :<5): qM'BLM'Bf"M'$

BF"M'$

BRM'Bp

& Base yếu (Base không tan): T"M'$

Ba!"M'$

BF"M'$

Bp

Quay lại

Tính chất vật lí chungA>?f>!,t2D**f>!@+B

5@,U*Y"$

Tính chất hóa học chung:

1. Dung dịch Base làm quỳ tím chuyển màu xanh.

Dung dịch Base làm dung dịch phenolphtalein không màu chuyển hồng.

2. Base + Acid  muối + nước

f"M'$

ZN'FfF

ZN'

M a!"M'$

ZP'Fa!F

ZP'

M

3. dd Base + Acidic oxide  muối + [nước]

NRM'ZFM

R

Z'

M RM'ZFM

R'FM



\LM'Zb

NL

ZP'

M NLM'Zb

Z'

MNL'

4. dd Base + dd muối  Base + Muối (↓,↑, điện li yếu)

NRM'ZFSM

F"M'$

]ZR

 F"M'$

ZR

RM'ZFFM

]

*%JKH

5. Base không tan bị nhiệt phân  Oxide + nước

Na!"M'$

a!

ZP'

M F"M'$

FMZ'

M

a!"M'$

a!MZ'

M",3@M

$ Ga!"M'$

ZM

Na!

ZG'

M"@M

6. Một số phản ứng đặc biệt của Base

NRM'ZNKZN'

MNRKM

ZP'

x F"M'$

ZNKZN'

MF"KM

ZP'

NRM'Z`R

`M

Z'

x f"M'$

Z`f`M

Z'

NRM'

^

ZSZ'

MR

SM

ZN'

x

F"M'$

ZK

F"KM

Z'

M

RM'ZR'FM

R

Z'

M F"M'$

ZF"'FM

FFM

]Z'

1RM'Z1F"'FM

FFM

]ZR'FM

Z'

2RM'Z1F"'FM

FFM

]ZR

ZN'

7. Màu của một số kết tủa Base



2X;-a

3.X;-a

[

84X;-a

[

q -I@<

Muối/0C,"^R'

$(,-D?K*%

Muối/0C,"^R'

$(,-D?K*%

&Muối trung hòa ?@?K*không có ()'0'

A

RFBR

BKRM

BL

'bM

%%%

&Muối Acid ?@?K*có()'0'

AR'FM

BL'

B%%%

Quay lại

Tính chất hóa học chung:

1. dd muối + Kim loại  Muối + [kim loại] (KL mạnh tác dụng với muối của KL yếu)

FSM

Za!a!SM

ZF] NKRM

ZTT"RM

ZNK]

Na!F

Z\RZ\'

M\RFZNa!"M'$

]ZP'

FSM

ZfZN'

MfSM

]ZF"M'$

]Z'

2. Muối + Acid  muối + Acid (↓,↑, điện li yếu)

KRM

Z'FKF]Z'RM

 FFM

ZN'FFF

ZFM

xZ'

M

3. dd muối + dd Kiềm  muối + Base (↓,↑, điện li yếu)

TF

ZF"M'$

FF

ZT"M'$

] R

Zf"M'$

fSM

]ZNRM'

4. dd muối + dd muối  muối mới + muối mới (↓,↑, điện li yếu)

R

ZfF

fSM

]ZNRF LFZKRM

KF]ZLRM



*%JKH

5. Một số muối bị nhiệt phân hủy

NLTM

L

TM

ZTM

ZM

x NLFM

NLFZPM

x

R'

F'FxZR'

x R'

'FM

'

MxZR'

xZFM

x

R'

N'

MxZR

Mx R'

N'

MxZR

x

NR'FM

R

Z'

MZFM

x F"'FM

FFM

]Z'

MZFM

x

R

",30$ FFM

FMZFM

x

NLRM

NLRM

ZM

x NF"RM

NFMZGRM

xZM

Ga!"RM

Na!

ZhRM

xZM

x NKRM

KZNRM

xZM

Ga!"RM

%'

MNa!

ZHNRM

xZPM

xZG'

Mx

6. Một số phản ứng đặc biệt của muối

a!F

ZF

a!F

Na!F

Za!Pa!F

Na!F

ZTTF

ZNa!F

 a!F

ZTTF

Za!]

Na!F

ZFNa!F

ZFF

"SM

ZFNa!SM

ZFSM



Hya!SM

ZNLTM

Zh'

ea!

"SM

ZL

ZNTSM

Zh'

a!"RM

ZKRM

a!"RM

ZK]

a!F

ZPKRM

a!"RM

ZK]ZNKF]

NL'SM

ZNR'FM

L

ZR

ZFM

xZ'

M

L'SM

ZfF

fSM

]ZLFZ'F



q -I@<

Hydroxide lưỡng tính /00)@4@8!,8

f>!B4@8!,8K*%

→ Hydroxide lưỡng tính vừa tác dụng với Base, vừa tác dụng với Acid tạo ra muối và nước

Ví dụ: K"M'$

BF"M'$

B`"M'$

Bb"M'$

Bf!"M'$

Bp

Hydroxide lưỡng tính /00)@4@8!,8

f>!B4@8!,8K*%

→ Hydroxide lưỡng tính vừa tác dụng với Base, vừa tác dụng với Acid tạo ra muối và nước

Ví dụ: K"M'$

BF"M'$

B`"M'$

Bb"M'$

Bf!"M'$

Bp

Quay lại

 K"M'$

  'KM

Aluminium Hydroxide Acid aluminic

 K"M'$

K

ZPM'

'KM

'

ZKM



K"M'$

ZP'F→ KF

ZP'

M K"M'$

ZRM'→ RKM

ZN'

F"M'$

ZP'F→ FF

ZP'

M F"M'$

ZLM'→ LFM

ZN'

`"M'$

Z'

→ `SM

ZN'

M `"M'$

ZLM'→ L

`M

ZN'

M

Chú ý: KB`Ba!"RM

,302o %

Chú ý: KB`Ba!"RM

,302o %

q -I@<

>?-)@00A-BC

Quay lại

1. Theo khối lượng: (m ↔ n ↔ M)

2. Theo thể tích (đktc): (n ↔ V

đktc

)

3. Theo nồng độ mol (C

↔ n ↔ V

)

4. Theo nồng độ phần trăm (C% ↔ m

↔ m

)

5. Theo khối lượng riêng (D ↔ m ↔ V

)

6. Theo tỉ khối khí (d)

dd sau

= m

dd trước

+ Σm

cho vào

– Σm

thoát ra

(↓,↑)

bình sau

= m

bình trước

+ Σm

cho vào

– Σm

thoát ra

(↑)

rắn sau

= m

rắn trước

+ Σm

kết tủa

– Σm

bị hòa tan (phản ứng)

Sự thay đổi khối lượng dd: Δm

dd sau

= Σm

cho vào

– Σm

thoát ra

(↓,↑)

Sự thay đổi khối lượng bình: Δm

bình sau

= Σm

cho vào

– Σm

thoát ra

(↑)

Sự thay đổi khối lượng chất rắn: Δm

rắn sau

= Σm

kết tủa

– Σm

bị hòa tan

>?-)@00A-BC

Quay lại

10. Độ tan bão hòa

F

'NM



Su %Hyy



Quay lại
Quay lại
Tài liệu  tham khảo & Tác giả
Tài liệu tham khảo & Tác giả
1. Sách giáo khoa Hóa học 8, 9, 10, 11, 12.
2. The Royal Society of Chemistry: 0>Azz{{{%>%z0!*&!z
3. National Center for Biotechnology Information="NCBI$A
0>Azz0!%%%%z0!*&!z
4. Kênh Youtube: 
|Li}RW'~FW'•6€Mgg•B|R25R‚W-•%
5. Oxford Learner's Dictionaries: 
0>Azz{{{%:g*!!>*!>%z
Tác giả: Hà Duy Trường 
Trường THCS Phan Chu Trinh – Krông Buk – Đăk Lăk.
W|fE(?@<3•d@>)*n>?d*!
(!!,2:0c0ƒ>13I,%R-@0:
t(8J-%
'<|fE(?@<3•>„…0 <>BƒE
3d('@<%
W0(D"-6z†?-$A^
Fanpage: '@'<L3F‡qTT3'<A
R-@ _d<cˆˆ‰
 3$=>-+3$&3+?'@/1ABC
T<…0@(981*n
Dt)Ifiw6A\PHHyyyyPŠGŠPP%



DÃY ĐIỆN HÓA HỌC KIM LOẠI



BẢNG ĐỘ ÂM ĐIỆN

Có thể coi độ âm điện tỉ lệ thuận với 'nh phi kim



BẢNG BÁN KÍNH NGUYÊN TỬ

Có thể coi bán kính nguyên tử (nhóm A) tỉ lệ thuận với tính kim loại

9j>(k-(8



1. Element (nguyên tố)

Quay lại

5. Tên nhóm nguyên tố/ion

2. Oxide (oxit)

4. Acid (axit)

3. Base / Hydroxide (Bazo / Hidroxit)

6. Salt (muối)

7. Tên một số chất / quặng thường gặp

Hỗ trợ phát âm danh pháp Quốc tế

R-.%

'_JI

'^3

R-.%

'_JI

'^3

Quay lại

Hỗ trợ đọc danh pháp Quốc tế

Y'*!

f'!

[q

\f!

lf

mF

`R!

ZM:!

^a!

Y_R!

YYS*

HN%T!>

HP%K

HG%S

He%b>0>

H\%Sg

Hj%F!

Hh%K

HŠ%b>>

Ny%F

fYS*

ffW

f[6*

f\F

flT!>!

fmi

f`F

fZR,!

f^F00!

[_`

[Y‹

PN%‹!

PP%K>!

PG%S!!

Pe%f!

P\%L0

Pj%l*

Ph%S

PŠ%Œ

Gy%`

'_,

3(?

DE*-F2--)2-3G

Quay lại

Hỗ trợ đọc danh pháp Quốc tế

\YR

'_,

3(?

\fT*!

\[W!!

\\l!

\ll*

\mb*

\`S!

\ZF*

\^i*

l_W

lYK

lfW!

l[i*!

l\k!

llF!>

lmf

l`q

lZF!

eŠ%b>!*

\y%R!*

mYb!

mfS

m[•0

m\‹*

mlW!

\\%w>0>

\j%'

\h%•

\Š%W

jy%Œ!

`Yq!

`f'g

`[W

`\W>!

`ll!

`mM>

``i*

`Zb

`^‹*

Z_T!

DE*-F2--)2-3G

Quay lại

Hỗ trợ đọc danh pháp Quốc tế

hH%W

'_,

3(?

ŠH%b

hN%q!*

hP%f>

hG%b

he%K>!

h\%l*

hj%a

hh%l*

hŠ%K

Šy%W

ŠN%Ž

ŠP%R!0

ŠG%b

Še%K!

Š\%F

Šj%f!,!

Šh%Fg

ŠŠ%•>!

Hyy%a!

HyH%T!*!!

HyN%R!

HyP%q{!

HyG%l!g*

Hye%w

Hy\%S!

Hyj%f

Hyh%'>>

HyŠ%T!!

HHy%w>*

HHH%l!!

HHN%F0!

HHP%R

HHG%a!

HHe%T>

HH\%q!

HHj%W!!>>!

HHh%M!>>

R-.%

'_JI

'^3

R-.%

'_JI

'^3

DE*-F2--)2-3G

Quay lại

ASg"i6$:*!

R

MAS*:*!

R

MAS*:*!

'_,

3(

2. Oxide

FHA W((?Z"@-(?@I@$Z:*!

FNA S?2/()ZW((?ZS?2/():!Z:*!

ASg*:*!

ASg"6i$:*!

ASg:*!

FMAF"ii$:*!

FMAF:*!

AF"i6$:*!

AF*:*!

Ab>0>"6$:*!

Aw0>0>0!:*!

K

AK:*!

K

AK:*!

a!MAi"ii$:*!

a!MAa!>:*!

Ai"iii$:*!

Aa!:*!

F

MAF00!"i$:*!

F

MAF00!"i$:*!

F

MAF0>:*!

F

MAF0>:*!

FMAF00!"ii$:*!

FMAF0:*!

F

A"iii$:*!

F

A"iii$:*!

F

A:*!

F

A:*!

FM

AF:*!

FM

AF:*!

Aa!:*!>

Hỗ trợ phát âm danh pháp Quốc tế

Quay lại

'_,

3(

3. Base

RM'AS**:*!

Hydroxide

LM'Ab>>*:*!

F"M'$

AF*:*!

F"M'$

AF*:*!

f"M'$

Af*:*!

f"M'$

Af*:*!

K"M'$

AK*:*!

K"M'$

AK*:*!

T"M'$

AT!>*:*!

T"M'$

AT!>*:*!

a!"M'$

Ai"ii$*:*!

a!"M'$

Ai"ii$*:*!

a!"M'$

Aa!>*:*!

a!"M'$

Aa!>*:*!

a!"M'$

Ai"iii$*:*!

a!"M'$

Ai"iii$*:*!

a!"M'$

Aa!*:*!

a!"M'$

Aa!*:*!

F"M'$

AF00!"ii$*:*!

F"M'$

AF00!"ii$*:*!

F"M'$

AF0*:*!

F"M'$

AF0*:*!

Hỗ trợ phát âm danh pháp Quốc tế

Quay lại

'FA'**

'_,

3(

4. Acid

'kA'**

'aA'*g*

SA'*>gK*

ASg*

ASg>*

'RM

AR*

'RM

AR*

'RM

AR>*

'RM

AR>*

AF*

Ab>0*

'FMA'0>*

Ab>0>*

'FM

AF>*

'FM

AF>*

'FM

AF*

'FM

AF*

'FM

Ab!*

'FM

Ab!*

Hỗ trợ phát âm danh pháp Quốc tế

Quay lại

'_,

3(

•aAa*!

5. Tên nhóm nguyên tố/ion

•FAF*!

•fAf*!

•iAi**!

uSASg*!

uFAF*!

vRAR*!

vbAb>0*!

uSM

ASg!

uSM

ASg!

uSM

ASg!

uSM

ASg!

•RM

AR!

•RM

AR!

•RM

AR!

•RM

AR!

vbM

Ab>0!

vbM

Ab>0!

uFM

AF!

uFM

AF!

•FM

AF!

•FM

AF!

vFRAF*!

•'SM

A'*!>g!

•'SM

A'*!>g!

•'SM

Af>g!

•'SM

Af>g!

•'FM

A'*!!

•'FM

A'*!!

•'FM

Af!

•'FM

Af!

u'bM

A'*!0>0!

u'bM

A'*!0>0!

•'

Aw*!0>0!

•'

Aw*!0>0!

•R'

AK

•R'

AK

•KM

AK!

•KM

AK!

Hỗ trợ phát âm danh pháp Quốc tế

Quay lại

RaAS*g*!

'_,

3(?

$DF93G

FF

AF00!"ii$*!

FF

AF00!"ii$*!

FF

AF0*!

FF

AF0*!

a!f

Ai"iii$*!

a!f

Ai"iii$*!

a!f

Aa!*!

a!f

Aa!*!

KiAS!**!

bSAq!*>g*!

K

AK*!

K

AK*!

FF

AF*!

FF

AF*!

q

RAq*!

q

RAq*!

`

A`0>0*!

`

A`0>0*!

LFRAb>>*!

R

AS*>g!

R

AS*>g!

L'SM

Ab>>*!>g!

L'SM

Ab>>*!>g!

L'SM

Ab>>>g!

L'SM

Ab>>>g!

FSM

AF>g!

FSM

AF>g!

Hỗ trợ phát âm danh pháp Quốc tế

Quay lại

KRM

AS!!

KRM

AS!!

'_,

3(?

R-.%

'_JI

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Hỗ trợ phát âm danh pháp Quốc tế

Quay lại

Hỗ trợ phát âm danh pháp Quốc tế

'_,

3(

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IV. Điều chế

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Phân hủy khí thiên nhiên:

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   W(  F!*> 2/ ^ =bt F!*>==

V<F*!B    L 67 ƒ  W( U =V <

F*!=&1(E2D

K‘2-DI”97ƒ%

Henry Cavendish="HyHy=U=HjPH=&=NGP=U=HhHy$=

7ƒB=@<=25K=25_0='*!B 2/

“>?0*Y 2/,?2/WV%=

   W(  F!*> 2/ ^ =bt F!*>==

V<F*!B    L 67 ƒ  W( U =V <

K‘2-DI”97ƒ%

• Henry Cavendish?

- Helium 2/@<S* William Ramsay dU

HhŠe 70@<WnV8Per Teodor Cleve và Nils

Abraham Langlet. W('!=+C4=•Heliumos"B(E

T^W5=E'q0B(?2/

d=0‚=(T^W5%

- Hóa trị: & NTK: '!uGF PTK: &

I. TCVL: F, B,3B,3JB 2DB





u&NjN



FB

u&N\h



II. TCHH

&'!@6iiiKA, -B, 25C*()%

&W9-'!@((?@6iiiK@,@

0@<(…,trơI^@<%

III. Ứng dụng:

'!2/*J8=@,3==, E=#@#8

=>(*Y%

q<@(‚"($

S)*n_<AR@@*n?D125+

!>–%R125/^125*2D

>D25*J./0C'!M:!

HIDXY0K

)rA%(A%iY]fs-.4#

("$:=b

'd^5d

'!(4

—'!>—B4'q0@

”^5%'!_

2/0^5

“0‚

@IU2D,@

2/d(W%



-.4#



'^5

-e24A

 !



Vq

- Lithium 2/0,7<25WnV8Johan

August Arfwedson  U HhHh% W( q + C 4 -

q=lithos @”=•|%

- Hóa trị: i NTK: qujF

HD>IJK2MtI#tbI##IX: a UI

4A#4buM



nYZ_



2I

nY[[_



2I'n_Il[v#

[

I

II. TCHH

1. Li tác dụng với O

→ Oxide GqZM

[Nq

2. Li tác dụng với phi kim2:$/



4→ Muối NqZF

[NqF

(Li là kim loại duy nhất tác dụng với N

ở đk thường.) \qZR

[Nq

3. Li tác dụng với nước→ dd Base + H

↑ NqZN'

M[NqM'Z'

↑

4. Li tác dụng với dd Acid→ Muối + H

↑ NqZN'F[NqFZ'

↑

5. Li tác dụng với dd Muối→ Base + Muối + H

↑

NqZFSM

ZN'

M[F"M'$

]Zq

Z'

↑

III. Ứng dụng: 6d=*(=D@"D>?+$B

q2/>)*n*nI%R@‘7

<-=9*2=pind,U@<@%

HIDXY0Kg:dK!:MO*#

f*24f*o24



*

*#



q2/04

,B,,

,I325,2/

04(97%

VI2/8 

C?((?˜4

—>—"-'q0@”

——$%'d*9(8

2/,%

dpnc

  

Z +(*  ! :  x   H  ' ! 0q  S +:

0[ZJ[I\-.4H4yKz#Y`^`

Z4(]K?? TK9.n^2

HD>IJK2MtI#t=#IiI{IuINI

A UI

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D+10:L-);7M

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NMS: f9.o;

f9.;

D+10:L-);7O*2:$/

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4N93 9.o24

9.24

D+10:L-);7::60: N93U

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^ 9.of-24|9.24

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!D+10:L-);7::93F[+G N93UT*}

f9.o2/;

|9./;

o2}

III. Ứng dụng:

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&S)*n‘, %

&S)*n30,3B‘nB%%%

HIDXY0K)G9.44#34'.~.0#A#4b

9.3

o3

o9.

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Chú ý: f!,3*nD2D,dI,%

f!2/>)*n

U

UB^

,3%

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Boron2/370@<25b0Louis-Joseph Gay-

Lussac Louis-Jacques Thenard UHhyh%F/0f

"buraq)=_2/--4dU2D%

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9

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I. TCVL: F+B!B(?@>

,c*_%



uNyj\



FB

uPŠNj



II. TCHH (Boron có thể coi là một á kim)

1. B tác dụng với O

→ Oxide GfZPM

Nf

2. B tác dụng với H

→ hợp chất khí  NfZP'

Nf'

3. B tác dụng với phi kim2:$/



4→ Muối NfZPF

NfF

(Boron nitride (BN) có độ cứng nhưkim cương) NfZR

NfR

4. B tác dụng với kim loại→ Muối fZPRR

III. Ứng dụng:

&wJD0#0BS*?%

&f2/>)*n?(()n0%

&'/0f"=K*B:M:*!$2/>)*n0@

30B?>J™B^!B%%%

IV. Điều chế: f,-,3*–I-%

&f(@82/I-“,)/0

f=!*–“'*!%

Td0E

<2,

E-C%F

1,,•

@—08—4d

@?—(—

(?%

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Z>('-4:ci\&yA4 !2!:

MO2bK#H4b$0L0(gMI4

KO•J2'bT$I:cM4[

'bT$€#2•$I:.X$aA# J

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2

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HD>IJK2MtI0ƒ.I

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o(T$A# JMiXY_#aI'„

o(T$•$XbNaAKzM::yMA%

M''•I{'A…AG#T

HHD>F>4PV$4V'G

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NMS: f2o;

f2;

D>10:L-);7



NP0QOR  2of-

2-

D>10:L-);7O*N93 [2o\8484

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D>10:L-);7MS:F[6GNT*U>M 2o7;7o2;

!D>10:L-);7P0QNDDDDD 2o2;

f2;

2o/;

f2;o/

(Đất đèn (CaC

) với rất nhiều ứng dụng) [2o2;22

o2;

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* (?

9(

F—6

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 

HHHDV-):L-)K

Z24:#H0L0A$0L0

#PeA€b

]g€•2]Y\0G'y: J::định tuổi #„RIAKc

]>:A!:UM0†b‡$‡0G'y4bP$

])# J !0G'y#y%0i#&A

](bN !0G'y

]2i'yiu4qL#U

HIDXY0K

2O !Ar#ˆv#ˆA# JLU

ID>(_->('-

(A(gMI0L

r##

A4M#CTRI#4 !2

(gM4AcCI"$0G

'y2:Kyx#JK

x#JA•#2'

# Sb#

$H4$2



Video: S/

Video: V‚“CF&HG

- Nitrogen", $2/0>”@<25S*

Daniel Rutherford UHjjN%R!(?-,jh’=, 

8WV=0E<8>?(=K*

==R!*=%R!E-97%

- Hóa trị: I, II, III, IV, V.NTK: N = 14đvC PTK: N

= 28đvC





.



HD>IJK2MA%IA#IA#TI% UI

A'$0LIA



n]fY_



2I

n]Y^m



HHD>(N

khó tham gia các phản ứng hóa học vì có liên kết ba N≡N bền vững.)

D



10:L-);7M



NMS: 

o;

f;

D



10:L-);7



NP0QOR  

o[-

f-

[

D



10:L-);7O*N93 

o[

[



(Li là kim loại duy nhất tác dụng với N

ở đk thường) 

f

om*f*

[



III. Ứng dụng:

- R

 (‚/0R'

4@>:'RM

B0B?‚B%%%%

&R

32590š^>:@*YB3B

&R

#*J8Y7><%

IV. Điều chế:

&WFRAF20,3, #

&WbWRAR'

R

ZN'

M

R'

FZRRM

RFZR

ZN'

M

f82/…dD0

0E<

R!?D>7%

R!<?D>9

0897@8

2/—?—“>c^(

0@%

 

Pyyy

  

B B

  

 

t xt p

 

“Lúa chiêm lấp ló đầu bờ,

Hễ nghe !ếng sấm phất cờ mà lên”

&w,3, @›hy’, R

=›Ny’, M

B,@>>c")$

R

=M

,3, >„0D%

b2d@<A R

=ZM

===NRM

&L RM4>>„700DM

,3, %

b2d@<A RMZM

===[==RM

&L RM

=*nD2D2'RM

"C#$:?

*nD@?R!%

b2d@<A GRM

=ZN'

MZM

=[G'RM

'RM

=Zl

Z

=[l"RM



=Z'

%=

&T?R!0(?R(đạm)…"$08%



Pyyy

  

EF 2/0  70 *2/>”@<25Wn

V8Carl-Wilhelm Scheele UHjjHB>”@<25

KJoseph Priestley UHjjG%M:!(?0‚-!

,?2/=#WV%M

-,NH’ I8 =,3, %

;

;=.

$

II. TCHH (O

…ƒdI ^)

1. O

tác dụng với phi kim → Oxide M

ZSSM

2. O

tác dụng với kim loại → Oxide M

Za!a!

3. O

tác dụng với hợp chất →

M

ZNSM

NSM

  M

ZGFMFM

HHM

ZGa!S

Na!

ZhSM

M

ZGa!"M'$

ZN'

M[Ga!"M'$

PM

ZN'

SNSM

N

ZN'

M NM

ZF'

FM

ZN'

PM

ZF

M'NFM

ZP'

M\M

Z"F



\FM

Ze'

M

ZF

M'F'

FMM'Z'





HD>IJK2MA%IA#IA#TI% UI'$0LI

M:OLR



n]fY^



2I

n]YZ[



&M

252/<=dưỡng khíd@*d>9>?825%

&M:!@NJd AO

-khí Oxygen O

-Ozone

- Hóa trị: II.NTK: O = 16đvC PTK: O

= 32đvC

'd8E

<(?

M:!,3, 

,(,-D*!

2D%

-e24A

 !



Vq

 

 

 

xt t

 

  

men

 

HHHDV-):L-)K

ZKhí Oxygen(O

) 0LM:O SR‰$b

z4 !'$0L0(%$I•x[:P

]/G'y4#M=

4b4bz4 !

]/G'y0K=M†:

M

]/G'yA

HIDXY0K

](+(p•!:M;=.'Q•:dO

f);

\

)

;

o;

o;

f

f-

;

f-

;o;



f)24;

[

f)24o[;



](2p

o:d U

f-

;f-

o;



o M:dbAA%4ˆ

(sơ đồ)





  

MnO t

 

ñieänphaân

   

IDM`-FM



ZM`-X;

[

a4#'bT$O=I:dGOi

G=$  S

](A:0M…I;

[

4#MA%#=

b;

[

4ˆ#=„#x]YYfŠ2It#=„#x]Y^[Š2

];‹.N=#bJ=I'AI'Q'•:dO

=:dG=G;

[

|;

o;Œ 

;

[

of8|;

o8

; M

=ZNLiZ'

M[i

=ZM

=ZNLM'

[

4#M…#''•)?€=a

IHD.-)M`-

]((lớp) ;‹.4#4U:A%"#ƒ(gMR:#

4 !;‹.~#x$4 

];‹. !$'M:yi=bE@]9XLN#aI

S#ngăn chặn Ja UV-B có hại =#ƒM

[;

f;

[



Sự suy giảm tầng Ozone 4 !K#

4 !;‹.$4 'bO

A%K p232X<.aI224



-$y:4WO;‹.4UMx#2L

r U^z#f___



 

Fluorine"@”•S9*•$*2/>”,(@<25b0

Henri Moissan D 2/ 3 70 U Hhh\% a!  =!= 

(?0,@ :@%

Hóa trị: I. NTK: F= 19đvC PTK: F

= 38đvC



34.



HD>IJK2MA%I#4ybIMI:Ki#e4U UI

dˆƒA:=PL:



n]ff_



2I

n]YZZ



2

HHD>(F

có 'nh oxi hóa và hoạt động hóa học mạnh nhất trong tất cả các nguyên tố)

tác dụng được với tất cả kim loại và hầu hết các phi kim(trừ O

và N

)

Da



10:L-);7



Na 3

o-

f-3(nổ mạnh)

Da



10:L-);7



MNDDDDDD  f3

of-

;\-3o;



Da



10:L-);7O*N93 \3

of8f83

[

of;-f3o-

;o;3

 \3

of3.f3.3

[

III. Ứng dụng:

& a!2/>)*n>:*X>02=W!g%

&'*g*(HF) 2/>)*n8,+, B3%

&Ra?1>U%

&a

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&'/0a!&FaF"Fa

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$( =0EMO!W%

HIDXY0K(2p:dW!:)3of-3XKx`_Š2a

f)3f)o3



'd0

0_

(?

;:

 

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   

- Neon 2/@<25S*William Ramsay @<

25KMorris William Travers 0=UHhŠh%W(R!

+C4=neosB@”‘mới’%

- Hóa trị: & NTK: R!uNyF PTK: &

I. TCVL: F, B,3B,3JB,32DB

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](L.#@???8MA

#:KiH(…,trơI^@<%

III. Ứng dụng

&R!2/*Jœ, Bœ‡-B-?

>c%"Chất khí neon đựng trong một lọ borosilicate. Dây đồng mạ bạc quấn bên

ngoài cho dòng điện đi qua chất khí, làm cho nó phát sáng – đây là nguyên lí làm

việc của bóng đèn neon$

&R!#2/>)*n302

90@ ,-%

&R!'!2/>)*n8=>!=, %

HIDXY0

Z. !0K=MrAA%04b Mr:

rAA%4ˆ

%

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'dq>6!>

82/—3—“œ

!0>)*n

, ?>œ

!8%

- Sodium (Natri)2/@<B7 <25K='0w370

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( (^2D8%

Hóa trị: i NTK: RuNPFPTK: &

I. TCVL: F+B+BIB"02$2DB

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"Đốt cháy hợp chất của Sodium cho ngọn lửa màu vàng)

HHD>

D10:L-);7M

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;

D10:L-);7O*2:$/

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III. Ứng dụng: S*0E<‚/01B3%

- Vœ2525>)*nœS*B0>^2%

- S**!2/>)*n_8=?B=,)@U=%

&S*b>>‚t0%

HIDXY0Kg:dK!:MO

f24fo24

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m>?2

>250?S*

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(?%

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  

&Magnesium 2/@<25S*Joseph Black d

U Hjee% T  ( ? <97 7% W(

(?@C?4T!>B†7'q0%

&Hóa trị: ii NTK: TuNGF PTK: &

HD>IJK2MtI#t=#IiI{IuI

A UI

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II. TCHH

1. Mg tác dụng với O

→ Oxide NTZM

NTM

2. Mg tác dụng với phi kim2:$/



4→ Muối TZF

TF

TZR

T

N

TZFM

TMZF



3. Mg tác dụng với nước→ dd Base + H

↑ TZN'

MT"M'$

N



↑

4. Mg tác dụng với dd Acid→ Muối + H

↑ TZN'FTF

Z'

↑

5. Mg tác dụng với dd Muối(sau Mg)→ Muối + Kim loại]

NTZFSM

[TSM

ZF]

HHHDV-):L-)K(:%OM':4yX4:44a

]2b!:A#iIuI !0G'ye4qL

]/G'yc!:•JXJ.0#a

]/G'y•Ž0:KI:I#

HIDXY0Kg:dK#.0#4'.

24

o24





.0#



'd2/

4*0nB0)@

:…0…

/0%F*0n

()T!>

@%

 

dpnc

  

- Aluminium(Nhôm) _2/--5I>)%=RUHhNeB7ƒB

@<VTBHans Christian Oersted _3702/K,3

,-%K=(?0‚-P">=M==S$,0‚-

#WV%

- Hóa trị: iii NTK: KuNjFPTK: &

HD>IJK2MtI#tbI##IuI'„I

'„84## S !:Ox4U:;='.•U

# SIA U



nmm_



2I

nflY^



2I'nfI`v#

[



II. TCHH (Al là kim loại có Oxide và Hydroxide lưỡng tính)

1. Al tác dụng với O

→ Oxide GKZPM

NK

2. Al tác dụng với phi kim2:$/



4→ Muối NKZPF

NKF

3. Al tác dụng với Acid→ Muối + H

↑ NKZ\'FNKF

P



↑

4. Al tác dụng với dd kiềm→ Muối(Aluminate) + H

↑

NKZN'

MZNRM'NRKM

Z'

↑

5. Al tác dụng với dd Muối(sau Al)→ Muối + Kim loại]

NKZPFSM

K

"SM

ZPF]

6. Al tác dụng với Oxide kim loại(sau Al) → Al

+ Kim loại](pư nhiệt nhôm)

NKZa!

K

ZNa!]



84##





W

K‡

>?I>)*n

*(?

 

HHHDV-):L-)K(%.K04 !4„•I0G'y84## !MK

A#4bAXr?a{"HAU

]84##!:A#84##iIuI !0G'ye4qL

/G'yL:…#XMbaI'yy:

/G'y4#'dK

,G4% UX:•)

84

X/;

[

f\-

;a

-W!:(.#.X843.

;

[

a !'T S

g#0A#4bAK p2II

IV. Điều chế: V0@K

P

(từ quặng bauxite Al

.2H

O).

NK

NKZPM

ID9b[3PO*0c6*-*

-!:A#gp84•2•'Tb#I

-!:A#/4#p84•/'TP : ## 

-!:A#8#.4.p84••3.'Tb'd'„ 

-!:A#D4.p•84•'T4#ˆ4GI&yI dbI

)RO84##p1I0::.I'I:•



;:

dpnc

  

Silicon‘đá lửa’2/@<WnV8Jöns Jacob Berzelius 0

UHhNGB(?0‚-N#WV%L

9 3   =Fg=2/ ^ ( =Silicon Valley="W

‘S$2/^(!(?S%

Hóa trị: i6 NTK: SuNhFPTK: &

S

S

I. TCVL: F+B:>Y,B,32DB

*Y%



uHGHG



FB

>

uPN\e



FB*uNBejz

II. TCHH

1. Si tác dụng với O

→ Oxide NSZM

[NSM

2. Si tác dụng với phi kim(khác O

) → hợp chất SZNa

Sa

3. Si tác dụng với kim loại→ Muối SZNTT

S

4. Si tác dụng với dd kiềm → Muối + H

SZRM'Z'

M[R

SM

Z'



III. Ứng dụng: S9,•E-I30

&S:7*Y>)*n3-B)B0^5B%%%

&F30S!"/0S$CAWBVC?kU%

&'/0,K&S^a!&S"a!>$2/>)*n8-0

-0B,?BE:3n

HIDXY0K(nguyên liệu chính là cát mịn thạch anh SiO

)

](+(p/;

o;o/

Z(-)>K/;

o22;o/

'd*9(

%W

/0%F…^

.-…

2/“S

"S*:*!72D$%

 

- Phosphorus‘ánh sáng’2/370>”,25

VHennig Brand UH\\ŠB2/*‘nguyên tố của sự

sống và tư duy’. b>0> @  * J d    < 

b>0>#b>0>+%

- Hóa trị: iiiB6NTK: buPHF

!

+0:0



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t

A UIIdˆA:=P+

ˆ

P…##bI

'QK•'

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I'

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HHD>

Dd10:L-);7M

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NMS: \+ol;

f+

;

Dd10:L-);7O*F:$/M

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+24

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Dd10:L-);7P0QFS*-GNDDDD 

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[+

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f-

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;

HHHDV-):L-)K

]/K=M-

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IV. Điều chế: (nung quặng Phosphorite, cát và than cốc trong lò điện)

- Trong CN: F

"bM

ZPSM

ZeFPFSM

ZNbZeFM

'd3d0)

dE!

b>0>+%R@@

d*@3

b

 

- Sulfur(lưu huỳnh) 2/--45I>)%RUHhyŠB@

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 (?Sg%

Hóa trị: iiBi6B6iNTK: SuPNF

!

/4<



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f/;

D10:L-);7O*F:$/M

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/3

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D10:L-);7

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(có mùi trứng thối) /o-

-

!D10:L-);7P0QFS*-GNDDDD 

/om-;

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-

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of-

;

III. Ứng dụng: Sg@I*n30%

&Hy’2/S>:2/*J82@>B-*(Bš+

B*XB*2/0šB?97%%%%

&Šy’2/S>:2/*J8I-'

HIDXY0K(từ mỏ Sulfur hoặc từ các hợp chất chứa Sulfur)

-

/o;

f

|/o-

;-

/o/;

|/o-

;(thu hồi 90% khí thải độc)

f82/,

Sg2/8(

I—)*(>—%

 

- Chlorine 2/ 0   *2/ >”   @ < 25 Wn V8

Carl-Wilhelm Scheele UHjjG%W((?@C?4-

'q0—>—@”n%=

- Hóa trị: I,...NTK: Cl= 35,5đvC PTK: Cl

= 71đvC



24.

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HD>IJK2MA%I#4yI:Kir:K UI

MI:b##b SM:

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là phi kim có tínhoxi hóavà hoạt động hóa học mạnh4

1. Cl

tác dụng với H

→ HCl (1:1 nổ mạnh) F

Z'

N'F

2. Cl

tác dụng với H

O → ...... F

Z'

M'FZ'FM

 (nước Chlorine có mà vàng nhạt là hỗn hợp: HCl, HClO, Cl

, H

3. Cl

tác dụng với kim loại → Muối PF

ZNa!Na!F

4. Cl

tác dụng với hợp chất→ .....





F

ZF"M'$

FMF

Z'

M "FMF

F:*!$

F

ZNRM'RFZRFMZ'

M "'./0RFBRFMB'

M2D•&!$

PF

Z\RM'eRFZRFM

P

ZP'

F

ZNRfNRFZf

  F

ZNRiNRFZi







PF

ZNa!F

Na!F

PF

ZNFF

NFF



f82/^

0t%VI*

F!, 

_2/>)*n‘

, @<%F!@

nB2d%

;:

 

 

 

GHI

F

ZF'

F'

FZ'F 

F

ZF'

uF'

F'

F&F'

F

F

ZF'

uF'

F'

uF'FZ'F

F

ZF'vF'F'F

&F'F

(CH

=CHCl dùng để sản xuất P.V.C)

F

ZF'

uF'F'

F'

uF'F'

FZ'F

III. Ứng dụng:R(>:I/031DI*n%

& F!@<,-=2DB,)Jš+%

&S:=?F!B=FgB=F!*!B*XB%%%

&S)*n>:=f!"f

$i*!"i

HIDXY0K(+(p-24ƒ'yUM=#b(KMnO

, KClO

, MnO

)

\-24o;

24

o24

of-

;

Ym-24of);

f)24of24

ol24

oZ-

;

Y\-24o)

2

;

f)24of224

[

o[24

oZ-

;

](2pf24of-

;f;-o-

o24



eyy

  

coù maøng ngaên

ñieänphaân

    

 

Gey

  

 

- Argon"lười"2/@<25S*WilliamRamsay

7 ƒ 25K John William Strutt 2+ JF)$4 0  U

HhŠG%W(+C4=argos"'q0$@”=•25-•

- Hóa trị: & NTK: KuPŠBŠF

I. TCVL: F, B,3B,3JB,3

2DB



u&HhŠ



FB

u&Hh\



HHD>

]8#@???8pkhí hiếmIA%J S€bx'bJG

](L8#@???8MA

#:KiHPAJ#ƒH

III. Ứng dụng

&S)*nœBœ0>*@,30D*@

@œ%

&F-=0Y7=ž2>9=+#=>)*n#8(*

-=2%

&K2/>)*n2325, I3,^

3=8=S==‹!=30>:=*Y%

HIDXY0K8 !0K=Mr M:dbAA%4ˆ



8

8

&

John William Strutt?

'd0>)

*n(?

%K03

25,3, @

,>„,3

:@%

F,

82/

R(?

8-ƒ”

John William Strutt, Nam tước Rayleigh đệ tam=="HNzHHzHŠhN=&=Pyzy\zHŠHŠ$

 = 7 ƒ=25=K J D=Ÿ l>=_ 0   (

?=K% ‘25_02/<=W:l!=

*9>9C>@I^2/--=S@l!%

   6D 1 ? -  D  d   B  7 2/ '

2T!"HhŠG$˜‹R!7ƒ"HŠyG$I2ƒ

,%

John William Strutt, Nam tước Rayleigh đệ tam=="HNzHHzHŠhN=&=Pyzy\zHŠHŠ$

 = 7 ƒ=25=K J D=Ÿ l>=_ 0   (

*9>9C>@I^2/--=S@l!%

2T!"HhŠG$˜‹R!7ƒ"HŠyG$I2ƒ

,%

John William Strutt?

- Potassium ‘Ka li’2/@<25KHumphry Davy 370EE

(UHhyj%W(@C?4-K¡0>¢”-0%

Hóa trị: i NTK: LuPŠF

HD>IJK2MtI#tbI##IX: a

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XĐốt cháy hợp chất của Potassium cho ngọn lửa màu 'm)

HHD>(K là nguyên tố kim loại hoạt động hóa học mạnh )

DT10:L-);7M

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) N93 f)o24

|f)24

DT10:L-);7-<70 N::+[U

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HHHDV-):L-)K(Hợp chất của Potassium là thành phần thiết yếu trong dinh dưỡng động, thực vật.)

])K^ls4 !+00# !'T4#:dp)24I);

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HIDXY0Kg:dK!:MO)

 f)24f)o24

b>>

Humphry Davy ?

'd@82/

,7

b>>B4@

(?EE

(2/070%

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Humphry Davy 2KL $M35 34•=="HjzHNzHjjh=&=NŠzyezHŠNŠ$=

@<==025=KB25_0=œw=*

>D=œC=%= 25E(“>)*n*t

(điện phân) 3 70 2/ =( ?=A=b>>B S*B FB=SB

fB=T!>B=f%=

= (‚-593I0>ƒ

>?=, B@@|, 25•Nitrous oxide £R

 72/'2F0!"Hhye$B‹6"Hhyj$B'2

lg*"HhH\$B'2'"HhNj$%

Humphry Davy 2KL $M35 34•=="HjzHNzHjjh=&=NŠzyezHŠNŠ$=

@<==025=KB25_0=œw=*

(điện phân) 3 70 2/ =( ?=A=b>>B S*B FB=SB

fB=T!>B=f%=

>?=, B@@|, 25•Nitrous oxide £R

 72/'2F0!"Hhye$B‹6"Hhyj$B'2

lg*"HhH\$B'2'"HhNj$%

Humphry Davy ?

- Calcium 2/@<25KHumphry Davy 370EE(

UHhyh%W((?@C?q—:—@”3%=

- Hóa trị: Ii NTK: FuGyF

HD >IJK 2M tI # =# bI ##I X: a

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III. Ứng dụng: (Calcium là một thành phần quan trọng của khẩu phần dinh dưỡng.

Vitamin Dlà cần thiết để cơ thể hấp thụ Calcium tốt hơn)

&'/0F2/>)*n>::U1:>)*n_

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HIDXY0Kg:dK!:MO2

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F,

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Scandium 2/ 0    @ < Wn V8 Lars-Fredrik

NilsonUHhjŠ%W(+C4—S*—B(-q

S*d,>%

Hóa trị: iiiB%%% NTK: SuGeF

HD>IJK2MtI#tbI,:JAA%

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III. Ứng dụng

- ~*n !,?2/=/0,=K&S

30‘n-8

":!0B7@%%$

& S* i=2/ (  =œ  T!=8   C  >

>292>^5%

&VCS&G\2/>)*n2*d*t*-%

HIDXY0K/'#A !0K=M J#b~

AGScandium Fluoride xCalcium kim loại

[2of/24

[

 [224

of/



0

0-:*

!

II. TCHH

- S,Wf&-B2?I^@<%

&S@8*nDM:!B0,**K*%

W((?@C

?4(q

S*%'d0

ID

2/#25

S*‚1

(,+1l%

 

Titanium 2/0>”25KWilliam Gregor 

,7"a!WM

$UHjŠH%W(@C?4WB

1E‹E'q0%=

Hóa trị: iiiBi6%%%%NTK: WuGhF

HD>IJK2MtI#b=#]tbIiI#ƒ4

z#{X +4#a





nYmmZ



2I

n[fZ`



2I'n\IYYv#

[



III. Ứng dụng

- LŠe’2/W2/*J*=Titanium dioxide(TiO

)2A

SB9BB,!?+B:UBƒB%%%%

& ='/0 ,=W 2/ *J  - = ,3B=:! < c0B =

B=‘n==()B?B00BC>%%%%

&wJ8>:=ƒ=%

&S)*n=,D0B*nn-*nn=--90š%

IV. Điều chế: W2/>:2“,)WF

DT%

NTZWF

 NTF

ZW





-*



II. TCHH

- W,d&-B@D0

:*!I1(2?I^@<%

f82/*

WE

'q0B>,

(?2/^(%R@

*9(12/

#I5%

;:

 

HD>IJK2MtI#b]=#bI##Iz#{X 

+4#aIU''•A#8' S





nY^Y_



2I

n[mZ^



2I'nmI_v#

[



III. Ứng dụng

- Lhy’6*2/>:2/>)*n0nc0%

Wc06*<2/U=I,c%

&='/02<=6

2/*J

:…>:SgK*(H

)B?B 

=>:>(*Y%

IV. Điều chế:

6*(2/“,)=6

=B6F

D=FBT%%%

eFZ6

eFMZe6



I-:*

!

T?6*

ZN" $BZP"n$B

ZG"$BZe"$%

II. TCHH

- 6*,Wf&-B2?I^@<%

- Vanadium 2/ 0    >”   @ < 25 Wn V8

Nils-Gabriel Sefström  UHhPy% R(? 2/ ^! ( “ nữ

thần sắc đẹp Freyja(Vanadís)" Ef+¤%

- Hóa trị: iiiB6%%%%NTK: 6ueHFPTK: &

f82/2/*9(

2/#1ES*

a!¥-,QhB25

>@(?2/^(%R@

2/-70*9(U

4i!*

2/--,QHP%

 

HD>IJK2MtIbIiX)*iMaI4U:;='.KI

z#{



nY^_`



2I

nfm`Y



2I'n`IY^v#

[



HHHDV-):L-)(Chromium có nhiều ứng dụng thiết thực trong đời sống và sản xuất)

Z(4A#p2b†:A’X=aI0iI#b2##

Z/K=M#0J

Z/G'y0K=M€HXac!:

Zq:…:Ki

HIDXY0K

/G'y:Ki84##U2

;

[

2##^`]^^s

f84o2

;

[

84

;

[

of2



>(**

!

- Chromium 2/ 0   U HjŠj   @ <  *2/ >”

25 b0 Nicolas-Louis Vauquelin  3 70  U HjŠh% W( +

C4-'q0=chroma có nghĩa là=•>+•

- Hóa trị: iiB iiiB6iNTK: FueNF

HHD>(Cr là kim loại có Oxide(III) và Hydroxide(III) lưỡng 'nh)

D>(10:L-);7M



NMS: \2o[;

f2

;

[

D>(10:L-);7O*(:$/O

) N93f2o[24

f224

[

D>(10:L-);760: N93U



^2of-24224



-

'd0

,

¡,—@,

2/@%

 

HD>IJK2MtIt=#IiI{IrNA=G4%

ƒ



nYf\m



2I

nf_mY



2I'n`IfYv#

[



III. Ứng dụng (Manganese có nhiều ứng dụng thiết thực trong đời sống và sản xuất)

- T@t<>:ic0d@*n,)SB,)M

B%%%B

/0,c0T@IB,U?t>)*n

25:!)B,ciBJ>…25>iJ%

&F/0TALTM

BL

TM

BTM

BT

%%%%@I*n%

&'/0T2/>)*n8?B

0@%=

IV. Điều chế:

- T!>!,-2/“,)M:*!

T!>!DRBTBK^“0%

!

9-)-[

Manganese2/=@<25WnV8 Johan Gottlieb Gahn

EE(370UHjjG%W(<+C4=magnes=

-q@”=là=•|%

Hóa trị: iiB i6B6ii%%%NTK: TueeF

HHD>(Mn hoạt động tương đối mạnh, dễ bị oxi hóa)

D9-10:L-);7M



NMS: fo;

f;

D9-10:L-);7O*(:$/O

) N93o24

24

D9-10:L-);760: N93U



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t%R

*T!>!@8@(4-

q@”%

Ft0E<

(?2U

‚>7U#%

-e24A

 !



Vq

 

HD>IJK2MtIt=#I'“Icó 'nh nhiễm từ





nYl[Z



2I

nfZmf



2I'n`I^v#

[



$

a

H(-

- Iron 2N34 _2/--45I>)%Lƒa!@C?4

-q=ferrum=@”••%

- Hóa trị: iiB iii%NTK: a!ue\F

II. TCHH (Fe là kim loại hoạt động trung bình có nhiều hóa trị)

1. Fe tác dụng với O

→ Oxide Pa!ZNM

Na!

(FeO.Fe

)

2. Fe tác dụng với phi kim2:$/



4→ Muối Na!ZPF

Na!F

a!Zi

a!i

a!ZSa!S

3. Fe tác dụng với Acid→ Muối + H

↑ a!ZN'F a!F

N



'

↑

 



a!ZN'

G"_$

a!SM

G



'

↑

4. Fe tác dụng với Acid H

đặc nóng

/ HNO

→ Muối + H

O + .....

 Na!Z\'

G"^$

a!

"SM

G

P



PSM

↑ Z\'

M

a!ZG'RM

a!"RM

P



RM↑ ZN'

a!Z\'RM

"^$

a!"RM

P



PRM

↑ ZP'

Al, Fe, Cr ... Không phản ứng với dd H

, HNO

đặc nguội.

5. Fe tác dụng với dd muối→ Muối *+ KL* a!ZFSM

 a!F

N



F]

a!ZNa!F

 Pa!F

a!ZPKRM

P"*2$

a!"RM

P



PK]

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'd82/

,i%f82/

2/8(

c0™‡%

 

III. Ứng dụng: i,=<B2/>)*nIB-

,Šy’‚,?2/,>:(-D%S9,-/0

0^ ?I9B*XB@,3

8-2/%Wc0/0,‚-i%

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&i(?2/'!CE

HIDXY0K

*Sản xuất Gang: wJ2$M3:$;4:$;O+A

PFMZa!

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Na!ZPFM

*Sản xuất Thép: wJ

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FM

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ZS

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V. Một số hợp kim và quặng của Iron.

'/0,g!>Aa!£S%%%%%Wc0K*%

'/0,:Aa!£R£F%%%%Wc0?‡%

†^!!#Aa!

",$&†^!!Aa!

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 

III. Ứng dụng

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&F:…=30=*E, =@%

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R@t2/*8-:90š%

HD>IJK2MtItbIiIrN

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UHjPe%W(@C?4-V—,*—B@”(%=

- Hóa trị: iiB iii%NTK: FueŠF

HHD>(Có hoạt động trung bình – yếu có nhiều hóa trị)

IV. Điều chế: 'E-F2/d2>0š0n

d-R,!%b200>:J0E

^%NFSM

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MNFZM

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^—,*—"25

,-/#V

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W<$%§0 >>?

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*n(?F8

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ñieänphaân

   

III. Ứng dụng (phần lớn Ni được dùng để chế tạo hợp kim chống ăn mòn, chịu nhiệt... )

- W=,AWc0,3‡==/0,=?Ut%%%R@82/

",I$(,,8D00%=

-'/0,iAR£a!,3_!B*J,”73-%

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R,!2/02/>)*n:…8*@

1%=W(R,!@@:n%

IV. Điều chế: R,!2/>:4^:*!B*:*!B

>g*!R“0200==^%

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Frederik Cronstedt UHjeH%W(+C4-V=Nickel

@”"tinh thần nhỏ bé lừa dối”.

Hóa trị: iiB iii%NTK: RueŠF

II. TCHH

1. Ni tác dụng với O

→ Oxide NRZM

NRM

2. Ni tác dụng với phi kim2:$/



4→ Muối RZF

RF

3. Ni tác dụng với Acid→ Muối + H

↑ RZN'FRF

N

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3 đặc,

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2DB@2/

R,!,%

 

HD>IJK2MtIˆ#I'“I'„

X08a

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>(

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- Hóa trị: iB ii%NTK: Fu\GF

II. TCHH (Cu là kim loại hoạt động yếu)

1. Cu tác dụng với O

→ Oxide NFZM

NFM

2. Cu tác dụng với phi kim2:$/



4→ Muối FZF

FF

3. Cu không tác dụng với Acidthông thường(HCl, H

loãng

...)

4. Cu tác dụng với Acid(HNO

, H

đặc

nóng

) → Muối + Sản phẩm khử + H

FZN'

G"^$

FSM

G



SM

↑ ZN'

PFZh'RM

PF"RM

N



NRM↑ ZG'

FZG'RM

"^$

F"RM

P



NRM

↑ ZN'

5. Cu tác dụng với dd muối→ Muối + KL*

FZNa!F

 Na!F

N

ZFF

FZNKRM

F"RM

Z



NK]

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'dI8

2/,742/>)

*n8*(?

C%R@2/8(C

-,QHjS0B4@(?

2/^(%

 

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?"‡>S!$

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V…2/

VC*JB*nnd%%%

S:?,%

S:, B^, %

F/0@*n0 @<(dung dịch Fehling) .

w*?f@&3"f*:$AFSM

&F"M'$

>)*n30%

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S˜Fa!S

%%%$B

0E,2/-4C0-%

QD$I#$/#%M3=-="electrorefining$800!,-%

F

NZ

F

ID9b[3PO*;/\e-)0cXf-)D

]-!:A#@dp2•8i'y4#€0i

]-!:A#g€p2•/i'y:M

]-!:A#g€p2•7i'y4qL

]-!:A#g€bv20p2•i'yb=



 

Zinc(Kẽm) 2/@<25VAndreas Marggraf 0

UHjG\%

- Hóa trị: ii NTK: `u\eF

HD>IJK2MtI#b=#IiI{7 S !:O

x4U:;='.•U# SIA U

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n^`_

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2I'n`IY\v#

[



HHD>(Zn là kim loại có Oxide và Hydroxide lưỡng 'nh)

Dg-10:L-);7M



NMS: f7o;

f7;

Dg-10:L-);7O*(:$/O

) N937o24

724

Dg-10:L-);760: N93U



^7of-24724



Dg-10dụng với dd kiềm→ Muối(zincat) + H

↑

`ZNRM'R

`M

Z'

↑

`ZF"M'$

F`M

N

Z'

↑

!Dg-10:L-);7::93F[g-G N93UT*}

7o2/;

7/;

o2}

%

g-0

fI^,

“`



T82/,

`(I42/

47/0`%

 

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KBF00!= !2/>:U%

L`-2/*J?Ut*%

b`&F%

'/0,`2/>)*n_%

`@E-,š0EU0

*2o%

F@I/0`1<%

`(?E-8*d>9>?25B7B97

=>7%

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IV. Điều chế: Ljy’2/`(-D@C?4,#B

2/t4>)*n.

¨0200A N`MZFN`ZFM

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I. TCVL: F+B+Bt%w–@-

8t%

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- Gallium R@ 2/  @ < 25 b0 Paul-Emile Lecoq de

Boisbaudran 0  U Hhje% Tên có nguồn gốc từ tên Latinh

của Pháp, 'Gallia'%W2D,0@d0ED 

@_2/=D. I. Mendeleev=*9((gọi là "eka-Aluminium")%

- Hóa trị: iiB iii%NTK: ‹ujyFPTK: &

HHD>(Ga hoạt động rất yếu, hầu hết khó tham gia phản ứng hóa học)

>44#&:OAM:4UA#4bA~

A4 UA#4bOP

III. Ứng dụng (Trong công nghiệp bán dẫn và điện tử)

&‹/0@-S@I1 

30)%R@0E<I*YB>)

*nœq•wB0^5B@1*n3f&B

*Bp/0,@0%

&'/0,#‹2/>)*n_>?,-<8

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IV. Điều chế: ‹@82/“

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-C?((?%

Lecoq de Boisbaudran _^((

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-q$3Bd

q!B@”—?—*

—‹>—-q%T

?“,2/

8(IC‚b0%

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

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HD>IJK2MtIbtIiI4M'„

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0370UHhh\%W(@C?4(q

VB—‹!—% T!*!!!_(>9C‹!

UHhjH*2D*!,S%

Hóa trị: iiB i6%NTK: ‹!ujPF

HHD>(Ge hoạt động rất yếu, hầu hết khó tham gia phản ứng hóa học)

@#ƒHI>.##NM(

III. Ứng dụng (Chủ yếu trong công nghiệp bán dẫn và điện tử)

& ‹! M:*! @ ‡ >? ,… :  0  %=VI

  @ 0J /08>)*n ?, 

@7, , 8%

&'/0,S&‹!47*Y<%W(

B*Y,_-@%

&‹!‘2/>)*n/0,"(

H’‹!>„…0,3:‡$Bœ•

:…%

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@*Y

E292@*Y

82/%

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HHD>(As hoạt động rất yếu, hầu hết khó tham gia phản ứng hóa học)

@#ƒHI80.NM+0:0

III. Ứng dụng

&K>!2/I25--%=F/0 

K>!3,2/>)*n?*?*3

J2>)*n…2/,8>^„%

&S)*n,;7=C==0"ngọc lục bảo".

&F/0K>!@82/>)*n8^

.F!*00!>!!="FFK$=

- K>I/0@19,•%FE0

š7,>)*n%

IV. Điều chế: K>!2/4d:)ƒn^00!B*

d>:,(%



80.



W32/K>!

,%W(B*

K>!1(,3

>,#!%

HD>IJK2MtI.]=#]ˆ4M'„





nffY



2I

nmZl



2I'n\IZv#

[



- Selenium 2/ 0    @ < Wn V8 Jöns Jacob

BerzeliusUHhHj%W(@C?4—S!!!—B(-'q0

1ET^U%=

Hóa trị: iii%NTK: S!ujŠF

HHD>(Se hoạt động rất yếu, hầu hết khó tham gia phản ứng hóa học)

@#ƒHI/.4.#NM/

III. Ứng dụng (Se có nhiều ứng dụng trong sinh học và công nghiệp)

- ~*nDS!>:7?%

-S!!4@*nB@1 -

B0^500%=R@‘@88

‚:IIB*@2/>)*n

_‡2%

& S!!    ? D  * E    d 7 @

2/>)*n>?*E%=

- S!!   1,2/--@

8%

F@,U,)B?27d_@%

IV. Điều chế: S!!2/>:40n0š

00!>:SgK*.



/.4.#



R(?2/^!(

S!!!B1E^U

'q0%'d

^U2oI(I^

>E%

- Bromite 2/d70@<25VCarl Löwig 

@<*2/>”25b0Antoine-Jérôme Balard UHhN\%W(

:04-'q0—f>—@”J3?%=

&Hóa trị: I,...NTK: Br= 80 đvC PTK: Br

= 160đvC

!

9

9#.

I. TCVL: F#B#B,0_@^%

F@J^2B%



u&j



FB

ueŠ



F%*uPBHz

HHD>(Br

là phi kim có 'nh oxi hóa và hoạt động hóa học mạnh)

D+(



10:L-);7



N+( 9

o-

f-9

D+(



10:L-);7



MNDDDDDD  9

o-

;-9o-9;

D+(



10:L-);7O*N93[9

of3.f3.9

[

D9b[3,-@-)Be0'8K

 ♪ Vô cơ 

9

of?f9oi

N

(halogen mạnh đẩy halogen yếu hơn ra khỏi dung dịch muối)

9

of;-9o9;o-

;

[9

om;-l9o9;

[

o[-

;

[9

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;Y_-24of-9;

[



9

o/;

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;f-9o-

(khí SO

làm mất màu dd Bromite. Phân biệt SO

)

[9

of29

[

oYm;-f

2;

oYf9oZ-

;

[9

of2;

oZ;-f

2;

om9o\-

;

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'd@ƒ0

>+00…B 

J3?

(?%

;:

 

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 

III. Ứng dụng:f!2/>)*nI”92@3

0B?B?4>B*2/0š@<%

&Mf*!>2/>)*nd1%=Kf@

2/>)*nn00%

IV. Điều chế: RC I-f

42D8>,_

#RF% NRfZF

=NRFZf

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uF'

F'

f&F'

f(alkene(nối C=C, mạch hở) làm mất màu dd Bromite)

f

ZF'vF'F'f

&F'f

(alkyne(nối C≡C, mạch hở) làm mất màu dd Bromite)

f

ZF

F

f



Z'f(Benzene thế Br

nguyên chất khi đun nóng có mặt Fe)

f

ZF'

F'MZ'

MN'fZF'

FMM' (aldehyde làm mất màu dd Bromite)

f

N

ZF



">!$

ZN'

MN'fZF

(glucose làm mất màu dd Bromite)

f

Z'FMM'N'fZFM

 (Formic acid làm mất màu dd Bromite và có khí bay lên)



Pf

N



M'F

f

M']



ZP'f(phenols làm mất màu dd Bromite và có kết tủa trắng)

Pf

N



F

f

]



ZP'f(anilin làm mất màu dd Bromite và có kết tủa trắng)



 

  

Fe t

 

- Krypton 2/0,3, @#@<25

S* William Ramsay   @ < 25K Morris William

Travers UHhŠh%

- Hóa trị: & NTK: LuhGF

I. TCVL: F, B,3B,3JB,3

2D%



u&HejBG



FB

u&HePBG



II. TCHH

&L0@khí hiếm", $25C*()%

&W9-L@((?@6iiiK@,@

0@<%

III. Ứng dụng

L02/>)*n2, 0œ•-,U

2/%=R@‘2/>)*n>?œg>*J8n0?%

&L0a*!2/>)*n>?>!%

&S0!k=S,=>)*n,0š=?š=d%

IV. Điều chế: L0 2/ > : 4 ,3 , 

>(20,3, #%

$

)

):



•:A:

:0#t

William Ramsay ?

F@IC,

,0%f82/

*C

,0&h\%

William Ramsay "HheN=&=HŠH\$=@<=25S*% 25_

,0, - 3‘252…=E

(?@<%R5@@@0B3@<=S*

‘2=62?K=E(7‹R!'@<%

6D1?-Dd,<B 72/‹

R!'@<"HŠyG$˜'2T!"HŠyj$'2•

F!>>"HŠHP$%

William Ramsay "HheN=&=HŠH\$=@<=25S*% 25_

‘2=62?K=E(7‹R!'@<%

6D1?-Dd,<B 72/‹

R!'@<"HŠyG$˜'2T!"HŠyj$'2•

F!>>"HŠHP$%

William Ramsay ?

- Rubidium 2/ 0    @< 25V Robert Wilhelm

Bunsen7ƒ25VGustav-Robert Kirchoff UHh\H%

W(@C?4-q—l*>—B@”#7%=

- Hóa trị: i NTK: luheF

HD>IJK2MtI#tbI##I'“IX: a

 UI



n[^



2I

nmZZ



2I'nYIl[v#

[



II. TCHH (Rb là kim loại hoạt động(tính khử) rất mạnh)

1. Rb tác dụng với O

→ Oxide GlZM

[Nl

2. Rb tác dụng với phi kim2:$/



4→ Muối NlZF

[NlF

3. Rb tác dụng với nước→ dd Base + H

↑ NlZN'

M[NlM'Z'

↑

4. Rb tác dụng với dd Acid→ Muối + H

↑ NlZN'F[NlFZ'

↑

5. Rb tác dụng với dd Muối→ Base + Muối + H

↑

NlZFSM

ZN'

M[F"M'$

]Zl

Z'

↑

III. Ứng dụng: l* 2/>)*n((

%=R@_2/>)*n20E-B

8#*-:4?,38-

^%

&l*F!>@,UU>0^5b!>,!%

HIDXY0Kg:dK!:MO1(theo lí thuyết)

f124f1o24



1

1'#

'd—+—

2/4>)

*nl*-

"-0

>$%

dpnc

  

- Strontium2/0@<25i!*Adair Crawford 

U HjŠy% S 2/ ^ ! (  SB    # 

S*%•

- Hóa trị: ii NTK: SuhhFPTK: &

HD>IJK2MtI#=#I##IX: a

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III. Ứng dụng: ` ,3 0 n !B ,- @   7  ƒ

28>)*n%='Šy’`2/>)*n!

%==6DRB`>(*Y02/*J8-

>(*Y%&V`zF`"`*:*!£`M

$2/+ƒ

8>)*nC>^72ABp

IV. Điều chế: ='E-,`2/“

,)=`"i6$*!D=,=T==dL%

NTZ`F

 NTF

Z`

%

g(0-*



II. TCHH

&`,d%

&§*d`*–2*,?+d@,@+)%=

`@,U?Ut,IBK*B2D?

,  %



W (B @ >„ t    K* 2='*

K*==SgK*B^,@^=a!%

R25KF70‚>)*n

ƒOC>%V?

D25KF70‚B<

"*$82/

>9>>BI

1ƒ2I>9-‚B‚

D0n>%

 

- Niobium==Columbi= 2/  @ <   > : 25 K

Charles Hatchett 0    ,  ! 4F T;

UHhyH3<(?%

Hóa trị: iiiB6pNTK: RuŠPF

I. TCVL: F+BIB:@,

0,3, %

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uNGjj



FB

uGjGG



FB*uhBejz

III. Ứng dụng: R2/>)*n/0,Cc0,3

‡%=R@I/0,B^0%='/0,

R2/>)*n09()B*E*Et

,*EB25?*Y*E, ?%

&R(?‘@^ >(*Y%=R@2/>)*n>(*Y

?BcTli-RTl%

&F/0M:*!R2/(8U‡>?,…:B0c0-

, ‡D, #%

IV. Điều chế: ='E-,R2/

“,)=R"6$:*!D=,=K%



PR

ZHyKeK

Z\R



'

'*



II. TCHH

&R,@<-"29W$%

&§==0=RE2,30@<D%

F8

2/0>)

*nR/0

,@

,3%

 

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0UHjjh=@<WnV8Peter-Jacob Hjelm 370

EE(UHjhH%

Hóa trị: iBiiiBi6pNTK: TuŠ\F

I. TCVL: F+B:B@>?=_

=0%



uN\NP



FB

uG\PŠ



FB*uHyBNhz

III. Ứng dụng

- Molybdenum-2/>)*n/0,c0=^@

B?B?Ut%

&T*!*>g*!"TS

=$2/>)*n3%

&F*n,T2A:…30*E, B9

BB90@2/30%

IV. Điều chế: T*!,2/

“,):*!D*!A

TM

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

9

9':-*

$

II. TCHH

&T*!,@<d%

&§==25=T,30@<D2D^M:!%

'd^

d:!B0

>)*n/0,

T*!

C%

 

- Technetium(?E(2/>:%=R@2/Carlo

Perrier Emilio Segrè 370UHŠPj%W(@C?4-

'q0—!,!>—@”%=

- Hóa trị: i6B6iB6ii%NTK: WurŠhsF

I. TCVL: F+B:B(?0@:%



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uNHej

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FB

uGN\e



FB*uHHz

III. Ứng dụng

&W!!&ŠŠ0"@8*U$2/>)*n_(

š-%=T>?*@<2/>)*n8d07,

8%

&T2/#W!!@87>9Utc0%

&W‘_2/I:-)=0B:…

>?0@<%

IV. Điều chế: S?2/DW!!&ŠŠ2/>:.U4=

(_>)*n%S90Hyyy=Ž&NPe=

=t0=NjW&ŠŠ%

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II. TCHH

&W!!,@<-%

&W!!tR*B2D25Sg

K*7^B2,3t'*K*

f82/25

0>97“(

?2/

(@@”

——%

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- Hóa trị: iiiBpNTK: luHyHF

I. TCVL: F+B+%

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uGHey

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III. Ứng dụng: T2/#l!‘2/>)*n>?=>(

/0,=8%'/0,=l8--08

?t^0*%

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>U2/%

&l!"6iii$:*!£lM

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2/>)*n8=*=Iš“

8>*=lM

=z!,-0:…D*Eo^=c%

IV. Điều chế: l!2/3702“d@

<00>d-R,!%

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II. TCHH

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&l,30DK*2*n2/D,I

^^!%

4*'0O*Fdj-*GW

W((?@C

?4(qR%

F1F*9

(5Rq(k34

,UHŠNH%

NHÓM Platinum 2P$:54

Các kim loại nhóm Platinum=@(?,

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F(?I,8-00

@*%

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Các kim loại nhóm Platinum=@(?,

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F(?I,8-00

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I%

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III. Ứng dụng

&6>)*n l*8‚:…33

"hy’$%=R@M:*!R!, %

&l*1-@,

ƒB2/>)*n8-08BC>:…p

IV. Điều chế: † d ,  l*  3

0  0 0 d ^ 2/  D  , 

,% R@ 2/ d   ^ b  2/

-:2,+,@%

!

k

k:*

%

II. TCHH

&l*,@<-%

&l,30ED=K*=UtA@,3t

=R*=‡t…=2D25%

<700<l-)-W

f82/C

252/dD@

—wl>T!K0>—"'C

7$%R@2/>)*n

l>>B, -

,QHj%

Nước cường toan==Cường toan thủy=(nước hoàng gia) U

tB*#BB*–%

R@2/“Y**=R*=7^

**='*K*=7^B?2‡HAP%=

Nước cường toan==Cường toan thủy=(nước hoàng gia) U

tB*#BB*–%

R@2/“Y**=R*=7^

**='*K*=7^B?2‡HAP%=

Nước cường toan >? @@,Ut

=‹*==b%

6 *nA

KZ'RM

ZP'F[KF

ZRMZN'

PbZG'RM

ZHN'F[PbF

ZGRMZh'

Nước cường toan >? @@,Ut

=‹*==b%

6 *nA

KZ'RM

ZP'F[KF

ZRMZN'

PbZG'RM

ZHN'F[PbF

ZGRMZh'

Palladium 2/ 0    @ < 25K William Hyde

Wollaston UHhyP%W(<+C48D

^5b>%

Hóa trị: iiBi6pNTK: b*uHy\F

I. TCVL: F+B+BI*–?%





uHeeG



FB

uNŠ\P



FB*uHNByNPz

III. Ứng dụng

&b*-2/*J=8‚:…33%RBb*2/

>)*n8t:CCB*nn0Y7Bna!B-08B

U_UB:…?0'

&b**!"b*F

$B@80n2/D, FM:*!"FM$

2/>)*n*tFMp

IV. Điều chế: b* @ 8 2/ d  2

,9*/0,D‹*,

@b,=#>,%

$

d:*

%$

II. TCHH

&b*,@<-%

& b* t  7 =* * K*  ‘

,30D=:!=d25%

'd*8

b>B>@(

?2/^(%W(I

8C>-,QNy%

HD>IJK2MtItI'“I4A#4b'„

M



n^mf



2I

nfYmf



2I'nY_Ilv#

[





;(

%

- Silver 2P4 _2/--5I>)%W(@C?

4(K&S:B—>g—%=

- Hóa trị: i%NTK: KuHyhF

HHD>(Ag hoạt động rất yếu)

D6)O?-)10:L-);7O*(trừ F

) f8o3

f83

D6)O?-)10:L-);760: ?-)<l-)F>&



M





m-)

DDDG

D6)10:L-);760: FM



&



M





Be0

&

-4-)

GN93UOnU



M

f8of-

\Xƒa

8



/;

^of-

;

8of-;

[



Xƒa

8;

[



;

^o-

;

III. Ứng dụng (Silver là mộtkim loại quý)

- S!/0,*>0š)0B0B=C

>BI:B2B%%%KfKi>)*ng%

&S!@^ ,,š2/>)*n

E8U,š(@C3dJ,@%=S/

2/E@U8@8>)*nD

d%

IV. Điều chế: 'BS!2/>:“=02000%

f82/*9(,ƒ

,2/>)*n_

S!%b >-4

—‹*!>0F*—B *nD

2/--I0š

S!F¤5,•C

i%

 

Cadmium 2/ Friedrich StrohmeyerB   @ < 25 VB

0UHhHj%

Hóa trị: iBiiBpNTK: F*uHHNF

I. TCVL: F+B+:BI

*–?%F*@ %





uPNH



FB

uj\j



FB*uhB\ez

III. Ứng dụng

LPzGF*>:2/>)*n

0 "^  =0R&F*$  0E D  HzG t  >)

*n-=BD0>0B,

‚=0>%

IV. Điều chế: F*00‚-=^=`

@252/370d>:`%F*2/3704

,`“=2,3-`2/B

^F*SM

2/=,-=4**0%

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>:**



II. TCHH

F*,@<-%

F*  *n D * *=K*B 0 , ^  

,3, =/0F*@@ii%

F*@9(#

W%'dC

82/,42/>)

*n8*(

?——B*9(d-I

W%

Indium 2/   , < 25 V =Ferdinand Reich

=Hieronymous Theodor Richter=0U=Hh\P%

Hóa trị: iiiBpNTK: iuHHeF

I. TCVL: F+B+^:BI%





uHe\B\



FB

uNyjN

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FB*ujBPHz

III. Ứng dụng

&'E-i*2/>)*n8M:*!Wi*"iWM$B

  0E  <   d  B W6  d

0ž0^5%=

&i**E*EU(*nD2/d

=/0,=*–@B=W=)%

&i*2/>)*n80‚n?d

@0c000?I*E3%

IV. Điều chế: i*2/>:(2=>0š0n=

d--^,,2^`BiB

q!*F00!%%%

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H-:*

!

II. TCHH

&i*,30D2DB2@0:

@   2=!B  K*=8   /0  i*

"iii$%

f82/2/>)*n,ƒ9

,¥-R7——%R@@”

—C?—%i*2/^(!

>0‚@%

R25R70“3

,@B4%

6d7B?_2/>)

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S*J-/0,@

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 ,BI*2DHG=ªF%Tin-β (Tin trắng)@ ,B

‚(HG=ªF%

- Hóa trị: iiBi6NTK: SuHHŠF

HD>IJK2MtI#tbƒ=#



nf[f



2I

nfm_f



2

](tp##I'“I'QI'n`I\v#

[



](=#piI{I'nlIZv#

[



Œ/L:de/p/t–/=#

HHD>(Sn là kim loại có oxide và hydroxide lưỡng 'nh)

D-10:L-);7M



NMS: /o;

/;

D-10:L-);760: N93U



^/of-24/24



D-10:L-);7::OY* N93U



^

/of;-o-

;

/;

[

of-

D-10:L-);7::93F[-G N93UT*}

/of8;

[

/X;

[

of8}

-

-



IV. Điều chế: S2/>:4^W"i6$M:*!%

SM

ZFSZFM

(hoặc điện phân)

T82/,7

0‚-W2/8

2/‚(—W—%

qW!I?2/

4c0-%

 

- Antimony _2/--45‚%=Nicolas LémeryB@<

25 b0B 25E( (,<IK

/0@%= 3?0dUHjyj%

- Hóa trị: iiiB6pNTK: SuHNNF

I. TCVL: F+B+B*YB,c%





u\PyB\



FB

uHehj



FB*u\B\Šjz

III. Ứng dụng

&K2/>)*nI30*Y8

> : =w*!B  -  0  “ =C = 

-*J='%

&'/0,SU,8I<q!*8

=+B7?B>B!BC?%

&W5‚B/0S2/>)*n8„33

IV. Điều chế: K3,2/d*9(2

-2/,4,7>g*!=>="S

!

'

6-j*-



II. TCHH

&KI,3, 0tB20

D=:!=-@8=S

&S‘0D=K*==!=!0

:@&,)

f82/F+'>B

82/KF70‚

I>9BI9

>,#!?%R25KF70‚

>)*nK>g*!2

>%

- Tellurium 2/0Franz Joseph Müller von Reichenstein

UHjhP%W(@C?4-q—W!>—B@”

W%=

- Hóa trị: iiBi6B6ipNTK: W!uHNhF

I. TCVL: F+B+D,B

*YU™,-0:…D>%





uGGŠBe



FB

uŠhh



FB*u\BNGz

III. Ứng dụng

W!  - 2/ >) *n = ,= 

/0=,=iB=c0 ,3 ‡B=C= d% R B W! t

2/>)*n8?>p

'/0,="F*&W!$8>:=0^5=@>>

%

IV. Điều chế: RC W!-4 J * 

9== …  0  <  :?0=C% k) ƒ eyy 

^CC2/yBGe=,W!%

II. TCHH

W!(?0,-",$@ @

<29D=M:!B=SgS!!%

!

(*



'dE?W

0C

?((?B>

—W!>—B4-q@

”W%

- Iodine(có nghĩa là "tím") 2/08@<

25b0Bernard Courtois UHhHH%W(@C?4-'

q0—*!>—@” %=

- Hóa trị: I,...NTK: Br= 127u PTK: I

= 254u

!

?'.



HD>IJK2MtI#N#=#Izx

 SbA%#N#€IM





nYY\



2I

nYZ\



2'n\I^v#

[



II. TCHH 2O



là phi kim có tínhoxi hóa, khử và hoạt động hóa học trung bình4

1. I

tác dụng với H

→ HI i

Z'

N'i

2. Br

tác dụng với kim loại → Muối i

Za!a!i

ZNKNKi

3. Một số phản ứng đặc biệt: i,-/0DC/0

:%6d7B*Ji

87-C2/% 



III. Ứng dụng:RBi*!@I3*n2%=T?i*!2/>)

*n*2/0š,)JB9?B:…B‚

>UU3@-0%=i*!‘2/>)*n8<

09dqFw%

&T?Ui?@2/#i*!*2D*LizLiM

HIDXY0K€%?

4?r

f?o24

f24o?

'd8%

RI8@

i*!%

;:

 



 

Xenon 2/0@<25S*BWilliam Ramsay

@<25KBMorris William Travers UHhŠh%W(

@C?4-'q0—:!>—@”25%=

- Hóa trị: & NTK: k!uHPHF

I. TCVL: F, B,3B,3JB,32D%





u&HHHBh



FB

u&HyhBH



II. TCHH

&k!@khí hiếm", $25C*()%

&W9-:!@((?@6iiiK@,@

0@<%

III. Ứng dụng

&k!2/*J_‚--0

> <  =œ D0 :!B 2/ >) *n  =œ D0==

%=m>04œ:!‘2/>)*n8*,š

0U2/O!%

&W  - 2/ >) *n 2    (  0E% F 0c0Fn0 

24Tli%

IV. Điều chế

- k!2/>:4,3, >(

20,3, #%

!

,.



f82/—œg>)—

0>)*n, k!

3œg>

%V25?

E, :!D9

.E, ,

1?%

- Cesium 2/0,<25VRobert Wilhelm

Bunsen Gustav Robert Kirchhoff UHh\y%W(+C4-

q=caesius có nghĩa là=•:*5•.•

- Hóa trị: i NTK: F>uHPPF

HD>IJK2MtI#I4kim loại mềm nhấtI

X: a U



nf^



2I

nm^_



2I'nYI^_v#

[



HHD>(Cs là kim loại hoạt động/ có <nh khử mạnh nhất)

D>[10:L-);7M



NMS: \20o;

|f20

;

D>[10:L-);7O*(:$/O

) N93 f20o24

|f2024

D>[10:L-);7-<70 N::+[U



^ f20of-

;|f20;-o-

D>[10:L-);7::60: N93U



^ f20of-24|f2024o-

!D>[10:L-);7::93 N+[U93U



III. Ứng dụng:

& 6>)*n0‚-/0F>**,%

&T1*n<F>CC()%V

0E<!!*B‘2

'?VWE"‹bS$%T>?CCF>@ :-H

HeU%

HIDXY0Kg:dK!:MO20(theo lí thuyết)

f2024f20o24

2.0#



f82/0

>)*n(?

CC()@

 :%

dpnc

  

- Barium 2/370@<25KSir Humphry Davy 

UHhyh%F(:04-'q0—>—B@”^%=

- Hóa trị: II NTK: fuHPjFPTK: &

HD>IJK2MtI#b=#I##IX: a UI

4NI



n`f`



2I

nYZ^`



2I'n[IlYv#

[



HHD>(Ba là nguyên tố kim loại hoạt động hóa học mạnh )

D+10:L-);7M



NMS: f9o;

|f9;

D+10:L-);7O*(:$/O

) N93 9o24

|924

D+10:L-);7-<70 N::+[U

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^ 9of-

;|9X;-a

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D+10:L-);7::60: N93U

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^ 9of-24|924

f

o-

^

!D+10:L-);7::93 N+[U93U



9o2/;

of-

;|2X;-a

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}o-

III. Ứng dụng:

- 'E-f2/>)*n**,-*E, %

- fSM

2/>)*n>:>Bš“k%

-f"RM

2/>)*n8:>:0%

-fF

t2/>)*n84>30d @%

HIDXY0Kg:dK!:MO9

 924

9o24

9

9#



'd*9(0

n0k&**

2/

*J—1Uf—%

dpnc

  

I. TCVL: F+B+B*–?B*XI8

+“*%



uŠNy



FB

uPG\G



FB*u\BH\z

!

J

J--*



- Lanthanum 2/@<25=WnV8=Carl Gustav

Mosander=0U=HhPŠ%W(@C?4-'

q0—q!—B@”“š0%•

- Hóa trị: iiiB%%%NTK: quHPŠF

II. TCHH

- q ,0>?,

-%=R@:@@,-0:…D,3, %=

q09-0D(?0,,B2DK*%

III. Ứng dụng

& q 2/ >) *n D >? 2/ D  0 > R,! ! **!

"RT'$33*^œCF>)*n%

& q

 2/ *J -    ,   < ^ B 2A L  0 n

=C˜ F= , ==!==, (UB * @=- >=

>+0

&'/0,T>!2/>)*n),Ne’q%

IV. Điều chế: q@82/“,)?q

a*!z*!,“,^0@%

qF

=ZPq=PqFZq

'd?, 

%q2/

(2/>)

*n>??, 

8«c

d@@8

%F<)I

0*–*

(?,+)%

 

I. TCVL: F+B+B*–?B*X%



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

FB

uPGGP



FB*u\Bjjz

- Cerium 2/=0     @ < Wn V8 Jöns Jakob

Berzelius==Wilhelm Hisinger=U HhyP% F! 2/ ^ (  8

BF!!>"(1E30qT_$%

- Hóa trị: iiiBi6%%%NTK: F!uHGyF

II. TCHH

- F!:@@,-0:…D,3, B0

9-0D(?0,,B2DBK*,I%

III. Ứng dụng

&F!2/>)*nD>?2/D30,

8/0,^%

&'/0,T>!2/>)*n),ee’F!%

&F!"i$M:*!2/>)*n2:…%=R@2/>)*n(

t2D9>8U^>9 n^U%

&F0nF!"i6$(*!>!…

B3–325

IV. Điều chế: F!,2/I-“,;7,)

,Bž2,)F!a*!“FB^>)

*n0F!*!@Bp

F!a

=ZNF=NFa

ZF!

>

>(*

%

'd*9(8

F!!>B>@(?

2/^(%f?*9

(C(UE

-,QHj%

 

I. TCVL: F+B+BIB*–?%%

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

FB*u\Bjjz

- Praseodymium =2/0@<25mCarl Auer

UHhhe%W(@C?4-'q0—0>>**>—@

”^0>>:%=

- Hóa trị: iiiBi6%%%NTK: buHGHF

II. TCHH

- b>!*:@@,-0:…D,3

, B09-0D(?0,,B2DBK*%

III. Ứng dụng

&F3*n b>!*/0,DT!>

@I2/>)*n%=

& b>!*    0E  =w* ,  ",   $B 2/ >)

*n8>?=/Bœ=/‚%

&T?b>!*2/>)*n8, B!C!@

7=

IV. Điều chế: b>!*,2/I-“,;7

,),Bž2,)F!a*!“F

^,)M:*!bBp

ba

=ZNF=NFa

Zb

!

d([:**

%

f82/252/>)*n

*>(

‹!"—^0>>—$%T

:BJD82/B

0C?((

?B4—0>>—-'q0B@

”—:—B—**>—B@

”—>3—%

 

I. TCVL: F+B+%





uHyNG



FB

uPyjG



FB*ujByHz

- Neodymium 2/0@<WnV8

Carl Gustav Mosander  U HhGH  C ? 4

-'q0•—!>**>—@”^0>>D%

- Hóa trị: iiiBi6%%%NTK: R*uHGGF

II. TCHH

- R!*:@@,-0:…D,3, B

09-0D(?0,,B2DBK*%

III. Ứng dụng

&~*n<R!*/0,Di

8”)%

&R!*0EBJDb>!*B**%%

&WR!*2/>)*n8->!%=F…2/>)*n2

#>!B‘20Y7+B0Y7š;I2

*%%%T?R!*‘2/*J!%

IV. Điều chế: R!*,2/“?R!*

,#-,“,;7‚^-:“*

3“,)!,2R*a

=DF,%=

NR*a

P

=ZPF=PFa

ZNR*

:

:**



'd82/2/

>)*n0

>)*nR!*

>: %

 

- Promethium E E ( 2/ > : =bt  

†?M,l*!BT;=UHŠGe^!

(b!!>E'q0B25_

+0)4E@25%

- Hóa trị: iiBiiiB%%%NTK: burHGjsF

III. Ứng dụng

& 'E - b! ‡ 2/ >) *n  n   ( % T 

b!2/>)*n0()(*n%=F…@, 2D

E“-„2/>)*nIt0B()

*Y25Bl*•CC‘n•85C‘n%

$

d(**

"!#

F‡2/#b!2/>:^

B*@@ 3I @%

I. TCVL

&F+%



uHyGN



FB

uPyyy



FB*ujBN\z

II. TCHH

&b!@ @<29(?<q%

IV. Điều chế: b!2/>:D

>?2/#“+0

()™“!=t

0^?%

Prometheus?

bF

 2/ >) *n

C>

 …%

'd*9(

-d'q0‚%R@3E

K>,->940`!>

?Db!!>%b!!>: 

(‡…%T.

:c:U

B.(<%6d

b!!>)(,38

-B2,‚,34%

W=E'q0B=Prometheus @”•25-2D2

•==E,‚C% ‚-D 3 3_

25"E1d>c>@3_c`!>

‚C1d@$ 325…0oI

25B25_U+0<)4E=K0=@=

%`!>_403“38

U3B2Ud

(>%F?Jb!!>_2/'!!>%=

W7E'q0Bb!!>0

17<?D,<%=

R(?@<\H&b!2/^!(3%

W=E'q0B=Prometheus @”•25-2D2

25"E1d>c>@3_c`!>

25B25_U+0<)4E=K0=@=

(>%F?Jb!!>_2/'!!>%=

W7E'q0Bb!!>0

17<?D,<%=

R(?@<\H&b!2/^!(3%

Prometheus?

I. TCVL: F+B+B%





uHyjN



FB

uHŠyy



FB*ujBeNz

- Samarium 2/ 0   U HhjŠ   @ < Paul-Émile

Lecoq de Boisbaudran 25 b0= 2/ ^ ( ! , 

>>,! "^ ! (V=6>>S>,&f,!>25RB*

@S(?@<E(^!(25$%

- Hóa trị: iiBiii%%%NTK: SuHeyF

II. TCHH

- S:@@,-0:…D,3, B

09-0D(?0,,B2DBK*%

III. Ứng dụng

& F=S&F="SF

=* S

F

$ 2/ >) *n  7 

-”)*@,,)4%F>)*n

E<42/!B=&Bn,*n

SF!!%

&M:*!S‘2/>)*n<80n:

C‘2800=8=F=a*!>!<%

IV. Điều chế: S ,  2/ > : “   ?

S,#-,“,;7‚^-:

“*3%S@B0@^,)M:*!Df%=

$

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*(*

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L>>,!B

SEE(2/0

70B2/^!(V

S>,B#

25R%f…BI3>

q(k3“(I0

>)*n(?

O!%

I. TCVL: F+B+BI%

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

FB

uHeNŠ



FB*ueBNGz

- Europium 2/0@<b0UHhŠ\Eugène-

Antole DemarçayUHŠyH%•02/^(!F¤%

- Hóa trị: iiBiii%%%NTK: •uHeNF

II. TCHH

- •0,@<B:@

@,-0:…D,3, B09-0D(?

0,,B*nD2D"2F$BK*%

III. Ứng dụng

&F*n2•0 ,(%R@42/>)

*n,  >?=B9=8=>!%

&•02/>)*nI•%=R@0>#*2D

>Ž6@82/0,->#%

&•0?0n!B@@

I,8t0%

IV. Điều chế: •0 ,  2/ > : “   ?

•0 ,#   - ,% S @B  0 @  ^

,)M:*!Dq,3%=

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E(*

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o-0_*1[1-):<7jpI

W-,-*9(5

82/I

q(F¤%

I. TCVL: F+B+BIB*–?%

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uHPHN



FB

uPyyy



FB*ujBŠyz

- Gadolinium =2/0@<25WnS”•!&F!>

‹>>**!TUHhh\2/^(!@<

•‹*%=

- Hóa trị: iiiB%%%NTK: ‹*uHejF

II. TCHH

- ‹*:@@,-0:…D,3

, B09-0D(?0,,B*n

D2DBK*%

III. Ứng dụng

&F‡EH’‹*@8 <B@</0,i

F%=R@‘2/>)*n/0,8-B,

)”21*1%

&F/0@1 n024"Tli$B^š

,?2%

IV. Điều chế: ‹* ,  2/ > :

“‚-:*34

,%'^,)?‹*a

,DF%=

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:-*

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MRI?

&‹*?0n!B*@

@2/>)*n«t0%

'd0>)

*n(?

d,%

      F 2 4   Tli "t < =chụp em-rai ! - +=-

K==Magnetic Resonance Imaging$,;7d+D0>)*n>@

425>@l*%L()*!825*2D

425>@l*B0n0@ U2/la%†d

0@ 2/7B:)ƒ8‚ d%

'd24Tli@20B>+c«B-B

0Y?@,UPwš>”?D

ƒ%WI25/0BšTli?

I>D>(Bn0k&n0+D0FWB%%%

f(@24Tli,3>)*n:BB(2/

>”(3‡n0š%

      F 2 4   Tli "t < =chụp em-rai ! - +=-

K==Magnetic Resonance Imaging$,;7d+D0>)*n>@

I>D>(Bn0k&n0+D0FWB%%%

>”(3‡n0š%

MRI?

I. TCVL: F+B:BIB*–?%





uHPe\



FB

uPHNP



FB*uhBNPz

- nguyên tố =2/  @ < 25WnV8 =F‹>gT>*!

=0UHhGP2/^!(Œ!BWnV8%=

- Hóa trị: iiiB%%%NTK: WuHeŠF

II. TCHH

- W!:@,-0:…D,3, B09

-0D(?0,,B*nD2DBK*%

III. Ứng dụng

&W!2/>)*n800>?-+JD

"`M

$B‚80(%

& W 2/ >) *n =-IB = ?=>= B=

-=B=-=S*f%

&W!"iii$M:*!2/>)*n=0=:n

=œ•=d-)%

&T?W!2/>)*n-O!%

IV. Điều chế: W!2/370“,;7‚8

(?-%'^0@,)“F

?Wa

BWF



('*

!

Sonar: =,;7>)*n>9I=="25*2D

2D$ 8 d 25 * 8B (  ^ 0   ? 2/

,(^Bt2D^*2D2DB2BœB

783‚^dJB%%

Sonar: =,;7>)*n>9I=="25*2D

2D$ 8 d 25 * 8B (  ^ 0   ? 2/

,(^Bt2D^*2D2DB2BœB

783‚^dJB%%

Lƒ”02/4

2/@0>)

*n(?

>:1-”

0E(@8

2/%

I. TCVL: F+B:BI8+“

*%





uHGyj



FB

uNe\N



FB*uhBeGz

- Dysprosium =2/  @ < 25 b0 Paul-Emile

Lecoq de Boisbaudran 0     Y

'UHhh\370UHŠy\%

- Hóa trị: iiiB%%%NTK: wuH\PF

II. TCHH

- w>0>*–:@,-0:…D,3, šB

09-0D(?0,,B*nD

2DBK*%

III. Ứng dụng

& ‹? ,= w>0>&M:*!&R,!=2/ >) *n  = I ,8=0

n!==t0%

&R==R*£a!£f=@8@D\’R*2/-“w=89=,

4=*nt#Bž2I:!

0@%

&w2/>)*nB,-/0D=6*=(?,8-7=>!%

IV. Điều chế: w>0>2/370“,;7‚8

(?-%'^,)“Fzq?wa

BwF

Nwa

P

=ZPF=PFa

ZNw=



[([*

$

'd3

t0

B0>)*n

(?I

,8t0%

 

I. TCVL: F+B+BI*–?

(?@4 %





uHG\H



FB

uN\yy



FB*uhBhyz

- Holmium =2/0@<25WnV8Per Theodor

Cleve  U HhjŠ   70  Marc Delafontaine và Louis Soret 

WnS”%W((?@C?4(q0?S,B

—'¡%- Hóa trị: iii NTK: 'uH\eF

II. TCHH

- '*–:@,-0:…D

,3, B0DI(?0

,,B2D"



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IV. Điều chế: '2/370“,;7‚8

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*n-B,B0(šš=0‚%

&6_@*1(()'“‚4 

…IU8-= 2/)%

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 

I. TCVL: F+B+BIB*–?%

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- Erbium 2/0>”0Y7@<WnV8

F&‹> T>*!  U HhGP   Y Œ% W(

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- Hóa trị: iii NTK: •uH\jF

II. TCHH

- •*–:@,-0:…D,3

, B0DI(?0,

,B2D"



$BK*%

III. Ứng dụng

&F*n•*%R@252/

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IV. Điều chế: •2/370“,;7‚8

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,U2,- %

&•2/>)*n8Cƒ%M:*!•3

,2/>)*n0nC2, /

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'd0

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>:!C

?>%

 

I. TCVL: F+B+BIB*–?%

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V8b!W!*F!!Y,•=2/3

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- Hóa trị: iii NTK: WuH\ŠF

II. TCHH

- W*–:@,-0:…D,3

, B0DI(?0,

,B2D"



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III. Ứng dụng

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IV. Điều chế: W2/370“,;7‚8

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 

I. TCVL: F+B+0BIB

*–?%

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FB

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- Ytterbium 2/ 0    @ < 25 Wn S” Jean-

Charles Galissard de Marignac U Hhjh=2/ 2/^!

(Œ!BWnV8%

- Hóa trị: iiBiii NTK: ŒuHjPF

II. TCHH

- Œ!*–:@,-0:…D

,3, B0DI(?0

,,B2D"



$BK*%

IV. Điều chế: Œ!2/370“,;7‚8(

?-%'^,):*!“K%

Œ

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ZNŒ=

%

hi('*

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—.24.0>400''.?

III. Ứng dụng

&Œ!+EdI>)*n,2A-

DB>!@8I‡B/0,I 

<,c0,3‡%R@‘@82/>)*n2:…3

0-:…,2/3–%

'd*9(

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,+(‚

WnV8%

 

Jean Charles Galissard de Marignac "HhHj=£ HhŠG$  =

@<25=WnS”=D 3 d (  I=< 2/ ( )

 =(?-=_ *Y -  3 0  =Œ!= U

HhjhC0=‹*=UHhhy%

2/•1@<”-,Qkik•B^

”9=@<3=2/'2wUHhhh%

V80t 3=V<‹!!=2/‡

*@<>)WnS”%

Jean Charles Galissard de Marignac "HhHj=£ HhŠG$  =

@<25=WnS”=D 3 d (  I=< 2/ ( )

HhjhC0=‹*=UHhhy%

”9=@<3=2/'2wUHhhh%

*@<>)WnS”%

—.24.0>400''.?

I. TCVL: F+B+B%



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uPyGN



FB*uŠBhGz

- Lutetium 2/03d(70U

HŠyj   , < 25 b0=Georges Urbain=  @ <

25T;=Charles James%W((?+C4=LutetiaB(‚

0?b>%

- Hóa trị: iii NTK: quHjeF

II. TCHH

- q!*–:@,-0:…D,3

, B0DI(?0,

,B2D"



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

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Jj*

!

III. Ứng dụng

&6d,@,U>:Bq!@ 

*n2B^d@-E-q,%

&T>? *n2q:…,'*

<*EB:…,@B=*@B=0!@%

&q!&Hj\"

Hj\

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IV. Điều chế: q!2/370“,;7‚8

(?-%'^,)“F?*!^a*!%

NqF

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ZNq=

'd*9(?

0?b>

"(q—q!—$^

((?%

 

I. TCVL: F+B:B@B*–?B,Ut%

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

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

- Hafnium 2/  @ < V TB=w, F>!=  @ <

'B=‹!'!!>=0U=HŠNP%W(@C?4(

qF0!!B—'g—=

- Hóa trị: iiB 6i%%%NTK: 'guHjŠF

II. TCHH

- Hf có tính chất @<d292=`.

&'g,3*–0DK*2@8:@“=!=^

@8M:!%

III. Ứng dụng

&'g2/*J,8

>=t0=*,

U0n!%

&'g>(/0,D=a!BW%

RB=W=,,%

'g M:*! 2/ >) *n  

    B 0B p

IV. Điều chế: L)‚2/'g,2/>:

2/>:2>0š0nd-`%

'gF

=ZNT=NTF

Z'g

'd*9(?

3*

0?F0!!B^(

(?%

 

I. TCVL: F+B:B^%





uPyHj



FB

ueGeh



FB*uH\B\Šz





-*

 

- Tantalum2/0  @< ,7

< 25 Wn V8 Anders-Gustav Ekeberg  U

HhyN%W(@C?4d2/I6

W>'q0%=

- Hóa trị: iiB 6%%%NTK: WuHhHF

II. TCHH

- Tantalum gần như trơ về mặt hóa học. W ,30

@<DBD=2D25‡Ut='*g*%

III. Ứng dụng

&W2/>)*n>:,)B-

=n =  >? = 3 >  2/ *J I 

=*B=00=)=33p

&W‘2/>)*n8>:I=/0,=@8@

BI*X%

&6d,30D**8,3*

(W2/*JI8-*nn0Y7%

IV. Điều chế: W2/>:4^W!I

00%

'd0><252/42/

@B@*^—”—%VI0

>)*n(?

07-%W-,-I

*9(-d

'q0‚37E

W>B(-C

?((?%

HD>IJK2MtI#=#bI{i

*A#4bnhiệt độ nóng chảy cao nhất



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 

- Tungsten t<SwolframEE(2/370

@<WfRFausto Elhuyar Juan José

UHjhP%

- Hóa trị: iiB 6i%%%NTK: ŸuHhGF

HHD>(W hoạt động rất yếu, hầu hết không tham gia phản ứng hóa học)

(0.AKz=I8'A#

III. Ứng dụng (W là mộtkim loại hiếm, quý có nhiều ứng dụng đa dạng.)

&L\y’2/W>!-

D2/>)*n8>:/0,%%

&W>!‘2/*J=9%

&'/0,W>!2/*J

*nA*@@œ>/?B

->2B-2DB%%%%

&T>?0E:_*JŸ8%

HIDXY0K(0.& !~AG

-'.OB3

p B3

o[-

Bom-3

f82/2/>)*n

0>)*n0‚

-(?

@œ%

 

- Rhenium 2/ 0     @ < 25 V Ida Tacke,

Walter NoddackOtto Carl Berg UHŠNe%W(

@C?4(q>3l!B—l!>—%=

- Hóa trị: iiBi6B6iipNTK: l!uHh\F

I. TCVL: F+B+B@@

%

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III. Ứng dụng

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07=09%

&=~*nD,:…b&l!B2/>)*n->

::U@=‡>?=,3=q!*%

IV. Điều chế: l!2 2/4 , ?,@t

 T*!  2/ 4  ^ 00! >g*!% T >?

^T*!yByyH’DyBN’l!%

!

k

k:*

 $

II. TCHH

&l!,@<-%

&§I,25Bl!2?I^@<B

,@0D**K*%

f82/*9(?

TOB0

l!*&

b!V%

- Osmium 2/@<25KSmithson Tennant 0C

5^b3UHhyP%

- Hóa trị: iiBi6B6iiipNTK: M>uHŠyF

I. TCVL: F+B:B@@

BBt,@,?2/(D

%





uPyPP



FB

ueyHN



FB*uNNBeŠz

III. Ứng dụng

&w *–9M:*!@BM>-,2/>)*n

(B@252//0,@D,,

*n@t%

&'/0,M>2/>)*nE=…B=nI*nn

8-0:…Bd…@8?t*25:(%

IV. Điều chế: M>2/22>0š0n

4=,--=R,!==F00!%

$

M[**

%

II. TCHH

&M>,@<-%

&§I,25BM>2?I^@<B,@0

DK*BC=2D25%

&§BM>*n2/D,I%

'd/ƒ>)

*n(?

-t…

2/%

- Iridium 2/@<25KBSmithson Tennant 0C

5^b3UHhyP%W(@C?41

EEC'q0Bi>%=

- Hóa trị: iiiBi6BpNTK: iuHŠNF

I. TCVL: F+B+B@@

BBt@,?2/(DN">M>$%





uNGG\



FB

uGHPy



FB*uNNBe\z

III. Ứng dụng

&i*@I*n30^J,<%

&i*2/*JDU?Ut2=CB

9>:F!=0C0@:%F

/0i‘2/*J:…>:=K!*%W

3033Bi*2/*J=BBp

IV. Điều chế: i*  2/ 2 2  > 0š 0n

4=,--=R,!==F00!%



H(:*



II. TCHH

&i*,@<-%

& i  ,  @ , U ? U t D B ,3 0  D E

-=K*B=2D25%W(B@@80D>?=?=@

2=RFR==LFR=‘2=M

==!=%

F?i*@9

o%V3@C

C*C?

(<(?

?@9o@%

I. TCVL: F+B+>@B*X*–?%





uHj\h



FB

uPhNe



FB*uNHBGez



d

dj-*

!

- Platinum •f ,• 2/ >) *n  1 25 * # 2D

F>RT;-, ,<…ƒUHjPe%

- Hóa trị: iiB i6%NTK: buHŠeF

II. TCHH (Pt hoạt động rất yếu, hầu hết không tham gia phản ứng hóa học)

1. Tác dụng với F

bZNa

N

ba



2. Tác dụng với nước cường toan, nước hoàng gia 2



E)4

bZG'RM

+ G'F bF

G



GRM↑ Zh'

III. Ứng dụng (Platinum là mộtkim loại quý)

&b2/>)*n_C>%=W(B*n @

8‚:…33B:!:!ƒB-0t 

B9Bp

&F/0,?@<2/>)*n8I

2%

HIDXY0K-I+ !0K=M

~: J:::d

'd*9(1

-25T%

R25T>)*n

,C>%

 

HD>IJK2MtIA#I4A#4b'“MI

'„I'„

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:



- Gold2TU4•Aurum•_2/--@5I

>)BK(?,ƒ2/>)*nI=I

>)%6282/>9,-BB>9

2%"LB†!!Bq*B%%%%%$

- Hóa trị: iB iii%NTK: KuHŠjF

HHD>(Au hoạt động rất yếu, hầu hết không tham gia phản ứng hóa học)

D10:L-);7a

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D10:L-);7-<700<l-)-&-<70/-))(HNO

-HCl)

8o-;

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U[-24824

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;^of-

;

III. Ứng dụng (Gold là mộtkim loại quý)

&S)*n028‚=I%

&‹*/0,‹**JC>%

&W(…0>2*=0,D0==%

&‹*@82/>:#D@*252>?%

&‹*@82/>)*n90š@=>?•Hje%

IV. Điều chế: 'B‹*2/>:“=02000%

WdB82/

,7I?‹*%R@

‘2/>)*n282/

^5B0EDE:

(-^5%F

,7E

!‚?-‚

,"25q!*$

‹*%'dI*9(d

2/2—0t —

,%

 

III. Ứng dụng ('2/>)*n->:@B,;7

)%R@‘2/>)*n>?=,-,8‘)

& ' 2/ >) *n = 0 •œ  W •=  >? œ ,8 •œ •

•%

&T!*–*/0,B2/<.?BD,,

2‹*BW,-'(1 C‹*4^%=

&'.?T!‘2/>)*nU%

HD>IJK2M4ˆxA SIb

Mercury rất độc, có thể gây chết người khi bị nhiễm độc qua

đường hô hấp. 

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- Mercury2-$0FV4 •hydragyrum – nước bạc•2/--4PeyyWF

(?,*@*=#=25%W(2/^

(!T!"W$%

- Hóa trị: iBii%NTK: 'uNyjF

HHD>(Hg hoạt động rất yếu, khó tham gia phản ứng hóa học nhưng lại dễ tạo hợp

kim(hỗn hống Hg) với nhiều nguyên tố: Au, Ag, Cu, Al, Zn.... )

-'yU/xA SIAV4#hA

.t#%/4b-I!#S'Q'#

:t4b=G4% -o/

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Xta



HIDXY0K- !~0X-/a4€

AA%4#4bJ -/o;

f

-o/;

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f@œW f@œS*

'd82/,

7‚:2T!%V

‘82/(

T!%lC^

+I:04

„,5,•E25

2/(,-D(?%

 

- Thallium 2/07ƒ @<25K William

Crookes UHh\H%W@C?4-'q0—>—B@

”:%=

- Hóa trị: iBiiiNTK: WuNyGF

I. TCVL: F+B+BIB*–*#B@

8+“*B%



uPyG



FB

uHGjP



FB*uHHBhe

z

II. TCHH

&W,@<,%

&W@8*–**nDM:!,3, 

^D0,B**K*%

&W@82/“*E)*E,%





*

%

III. Ứng dụng:

- '/0=W>g=42/*J?*===3J=*

,3JB,3%W(@@82->,#!25

_>?2D%

&W2/*J-7=>(*Y=*n

2=n024B=>:U=Ip

IV. Điều chế: 6,000nCW%

W@^^0!2/C4>:Sg*%=

W‘2/4d^q!*`% 

'd0C?

((?"4-'q0

—>—B@”—C^

:—$B 

@>)*n@>

:, 0-%

HD>IJK2MtIt=I##I'QƒI





n[f`



2I

nY`\^



2I'nYYI[v#

[



III. Ứng dụng: 'Bq!*Y2/>)*n_0:!BB

*2/B#<0BB8^B0(dB:

>?%'/0,W-AS&b%

&q!*0E!">$#%W(_B

-^,32/,-, dq!*2/-@>,#!%

IV. Điều chế: b252/d*=^=J

D=`B=S!BF00!2/>:JD,%



J:

%

- Lead2$@4 (có nghĩa là "kim loại mềm") =(?42/>)*n

0‚-45I>)%

- Hóa trị: iiB i6%NTK: buNyjF

HHD>(Pb là kim loại hoạt động tương đối yếu)

Dd'10:L-);7M



NMS: f+o;

f+;

Dd'O?-)10:L-);760: -24-

\4e

$bAOAH

D9b[3,-@-)Be0'8D +of;-

+;

o-



[+oZ-;

[

[+X;

[

of;o\-

;

+of-

\ƒ

+/;

o/;

of-

;

q!*_2/25--

>)*nI-,Q%

q>)52/0

d“>)

*n82/,

Ed,+,ƒ

9qT_F‚%

 

- Bismuth2/0,3*,UHGyy

>3(%W(Bf>25E YD q!*B-

,=@<25b0Claude-Francois Geoffroy _‡“f>

,Dq!*UHjeP%

- Hóa trị: iiiB6BpNTK: fuNyŠF

I. TCVL: F+B+CBt

-:‡@I%



uNjHBe



FB

uHe\G



FB*uŠBjhz

II. TCHH

&f>,@<d%

&f@8*nDa

/0@6%L*n

DM

BF

Bf

B'

B'RM

Bp‡/0@iii%



+

+[*

%

III. Ứng dụng:

- '/0=f>2/>)*nI=;0š=<A

D#3E5)W2/*J??=(%

&f>252/D,,Bž2

q!*BWBi^F*8/0,@

0^R”)%

IV. Điều chế: 'E-f>2/>:2>0š0n

d,,,Cq!*B‘

2W>!F00!% 

'dC,ƒ

,2/>)*n

8*(?%

b >1„I

C?@<‚%

- Polonium2/0@<25fqMarie Sklodowska

CurieUHhŠh%R(?2/^(b8D‚?

T!"polinia==-q$%

- Hóa trị: iiB6BpNTK: burNyŠsF

I. TCVL: F+B:B(?0@:9%





uNeG



FB

uŠ\N



FB*uŠBHNz

II. TCHH

& b  ,  @    2 9W!

f>%

& b  *– * =K*=_=2 ‡=

= ==,I%



d

d-*

"%#

III. Ứng dụng:

- VCb

NHy

=2/*J8C=0%

&b@82/>)*n8#”@

d2B*^,>)*n8#n

,#0%

&Tb>„-eyyªF*:00%=VI

@1 2CU2/-,3%

IV. Điều chế: b(?9(-%

F@8I-bt0()"D2/^$

,+J=!=f>%

Td*9(q•&HB

‘nE(2d

—q—q(k3%S@B‘

nq_!1-

2/—q,*—(^U%

V1-2/E(

,0I^^U2/

0U2/b%

Astatine=2/ ‚ /0 E E (   U HŠGy * Dale R.

Corson, Kenneth Ross MacKenzie =Emilio G. Segrè=9 

=V<FgBf!,!!%

Hóa trị: iBp NTK: KurNHysF

I. Tính chất vật lí: (ước tính)

&F+B?^@=

II. Tính chất hóa học: (ước tính)

&K>!@ @<?=!=,B^=i*!%

IV. Điều chế: =K>! 2/   “  + 0=f>= =

0=C@5>?2?=

NyŠ

K-=

NHH

KB

C@82/“@,3, %=

8

80.

"%#

III. Ứng dụng:

&w2/#2/>:5+@B

,3@3*nK>!(,<%

Emilio Gino Segrè?

'd*9(8

2/8:

!0

,3‚0

(?%

Emilio Gino Segrè?

Emilio Gino Segrè="yH%N%HŠye£NN%G%HŠhŠ$=7ƒ<=25=T;=_J

D>9,0=W!!K>!%

‹>2Emilio Gino Segrè=Owen Chamberlain=J*YE@(

bt :q{!!I: 8,0

=00=(-8:*9?

(=f!=bt :q{!!%W3(

…025J=R!67ƒ=UHŠeŠ3d<%

Emilio Gino Segrè="yH%N%HŠye£NN%G%HŠhŠ$=7ƒ<=25=T;=_J

D>9,0=W!!K>!%

‹>2Emilio Gino Segrè=Owen Chamberlain=J*YE@(

=00=(-8:*9?

…025J=R!67ƒ=UHŠeŠ3d<%

- Radon 2/@ < 25 VFriedrich Ernst Dorn0

UHŠyy,(.0_l*%

Hóa trị: & NTK: lurNNNsF

I. TCVL: F, B,3B,3JB@,U

>,#!%



u&jHBHe



FB

u&\HBhe



II. TCHH

&l*@khí hiếm", $25C*

()%

&W9-l*@((?@6iiiK@

,@0@<%

III. Ứng dụng

&T2/#l*3,2/>)*n8I>?*

2B(,D030%l*_2/>)*nc0B

“^B-2/>)*n8I2B2/

<00I=_%

IV. Điều chế

l*2/*2D*>0š0n=d--

^Ž%

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1'

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Td*9(82/

!8:%

'dI09-“

2/l*, 0@:

9(@82/dC

325d25B

ž2%

- Francium 2/@<25b0Marguerite Catherine Perey 0

UHŠPŠ%a2/^!(2Db0%

- Hóa trị: i NTK: aurNNPsF

HD>IJKi#A4 !4U3# S !L

 (2@*%=

HHD>

(Xét một cách tương đối, Fr có các 'nh chất hóa học tương tự như Cs).

III. Ứng dụng: ',3@*n2a* 

,3‚"@5‡NN0…$,-@%6d-

‡@*n(B”9=><=Y=

…()%

HIDXY0K(Lp

f[[

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3#

"#

'd08

2/U@‚—‹—

b0B(?^!

(?%

- Radium 2/0/@<Marie Sklodowska Curie "f

q$Pierre Curie "b0$UHhŠh%W(@C?4—, —

-qB@”%

Hóa trị: II NTK: lurNN\sF

I. TCVL: F+B"^$*–%

(?@ B

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FB

uHhŠj



FB*uPBeHz

II. TCHH:

- Radium giống như Barium là nguyên tố kim loại kiềm thổ hoạt động hóa học mạnh.

III. Ứng dụng

- l*2/>)*nI”9=7ƒ()B0)

<%LD=f!=@=C!=*J =7ƒ%

- VC=

NNP

=l"*2D(2=kg$_2/=Fn†ƒW90šw2/

0š=' L•= 0c0 >) *n = <=2 =02 00 I = 2 *

U=:2%

&l*42/>)*n>*B *n2CC^>?C

C%=T^*J0,38, ^,#CCB2

@2/88>)*n!%

IV. Điều chế: Nl‡2/-:4(_>)*n%

1

1'#

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Marie Curie?

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*n2D

l*>*

2/>)*nCC

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Marie Curie?

Marie CurieB‘*=Maria Salomea Skłodowska"Hh\j&HŠPG$B7ƒ

25b0?fqB‚-D3d0@:B0(

?=b==l*=E=R!%=f250n1E(

250n1*R!”9,%

FJD=Henri Becquerel=CB_2/=R!67ƒUHŠyP

25*=R!'@<=UHŠHH%RBMarie Curie

t72/'2w"HŠyP$˜'2T!"HŠyG$˜'2

K!"HŠHy$I2ƒ,%

Marie CurieB‘*=Maria Salomea Skłodowska"Hh\j&HŠPG$B7ƒ

FJD=Henri Becquerel=CB_2/=R!67ƒUHŠyP

25*=R!'@<=UHŠHH%RBMarie Curie

t72/'2w"HŠyP$˜'2T!"HŠyG$˜'2

K!"HŠHy$I2ƒ,%

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?D>:%

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Andre Debierne UHhŠŠ%W(@C?4-

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- Hóa trị: iiiB%%%NTK: KurNNjsF

II. TCHH

- K@ @<292qBK@80

@DM:!B0,,**K*I,

 /0%

III. Ứng dụng

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@*n2,8B-0n(

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IV. Điều chế: K‡2/d*-

=^=Ž^=W%

f82/—0—-

'q0——,

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C:0‘

C?(<@%

I. TCVL: F+B!,-0:…D,3

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WBE-JS*%

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II. TCHH

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III. Ứng dụng W @ 8 2/ >) *n 2  C U

2/2%=

&W/0,=W@I ^2=

I=?=-*25=*J

B9Bp

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Jöns Jacob Berzelius ?

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>)*n3@<D%FJD=•wB=K!

q>!B=l!f!=2/X@<%

=W>?I,(?3_(B32/

725_,0F!S!!B25E(370

2/SW

 2/--WnV8D*•FX'@<Wn

V8|2/='2F0!U=HhP\%

Jöns Jacob Berzelius="NyzhzHjjŠ£yjzhzHhGh$@<25Wn

q>!B=l!f!=2/X@<%

725_,0F!S!!B25E(370

2/SW

V8|2/='2F0!U=HhP\%

I. TCVL:

&F+B:,BB0@:B

%

&



uHe\h



FB

uGyNj



FB*uHNBPGz

- Protactinium2/0,<25VBOtto Hahn

Lise Meitner UHŠHh%

- Hóa trị: 6B%%%NTK: buNPHF

II. TCHH

-b*–*0D:B2DK*B2

,30D,I%

III. Ứng dụng

&w ,-B0@: Bb

,32/>)*nn (,<

%

IV. Điều chế: b1(?-+

9(%6UHŠ\HBFRU2/R()K†?_@8>

:HNeb(ŠŠBŠ’B^*J<0:)ƒ,ee%yyy,^

Ž(?,eyy%yyyŽSw8@2/@%



+

+#



+' U•#

Otto Hahn ?

f82/*9(1

C-R7@”

——&>?%VI0

C?(

(?4—0>—

-'q0B@”

E(%

Otto Hahn ?

Otto Hahn "yhzPzHhjŠ£NhzjzHŠ\h$@<,<25

VB25(0”90@:@<0@:% 2/

•X@<••25>705()•%=

Otto HahnLise Meitner _0C0@:l*B

WB b  Ž% RU HŠPhB Hahn, Lise Meitner  Fritz

Strassmann _0>90>t0

‘, %

6D1?-DdB 72/‹R!@

<"HŠGG$˜'2T:b,"HŠGŠ$˜qc*—'!"HŠeŠ$˜

‹•a!"HŠ\\$I2ƒ,%

Otto Hahn "yhzPzHhjŠ£NhzjzHŠ\h$@<,<25

Otto HahnLise Meitner _0C0@:l*B

WB b  Ž% RU HŠPhB Hahn, Lise Meitner  Fritz

‘, %

<"HŠGG$˜'2T:b,"HŠGŠ$˜qc*—'!"HŠeŠ$˜

‹•a!"HŠ\\$I2ƒ,%

- Uranium 2/@<25VMartin-Heinrich Klaproth 0

UHjhŠ%W(2/^!(Ž>%

- Hóa trị: %%%NTK: ŽuNPhF

HD>IJK2MtI#=#b•z#{AA%b

4U:ˆ;='.#.IA U



nYY[f



2I

n\Y[Y



II. Ứng dụng

&~*n-Ž”9**n

(=%1kgŽ@8

U2/223000 tấn %

&FD?UNyy\B-D_@PG2DDe\y0(

)BejhyQ,Ÿ-¬‚2/-D%=

& ~ *n  Ž  ” 9  >9A ‘ ,   B E  ^

B%%%=

- Phải cân nhắc khi sử dụng U, nó là nguyên tố tiềm năng vô hạn nhưng cũng là

nguyên tố của sự hủy diệt.

IV. Điều chế: †^Ž2/,!I

2 =#  (B 4  ,#% Ž

02@82/“,)?

Ž=D=,,I=^=,,I‚%



p(-*



d4-)S?

'd*9(

82/(

Ž>%

Phóng xạ==phóng xạ hạt nhân=  2/  >?=  (

)=,3I9-‚0:"252/<=

0@:$%

F()@ 0@:<=C0@:Bt()

,30@:<=CI%

F=(?@<=‡CC0@:",3@CI$<

=(?0@:%

T7,3I2/=chất phóng xạ%

Phóng xạ==phóng xạ hạt nhân=  2/  >?=  (

0@:$%

,30@:<=CI%

=(?0@:%

T7,3I2/=chất phóng xạ%

d4-)S?

5.p)?š(-›2(-œ@•;ž4

I. TCVL:

&F+BB*–?B0@:B%

&



u\PŠ



FB

uGHjG



FB*uHŠBPhz

- Neptunium 2/7ƒ25T;Edwin M. McMillan @

<Philip H. Abelson EE(dUHŠGy%R(?

2/^(!R!0!">'62$%

- Hóa trị: i6B6B%%%NTK: R0urNPjsF

II. TCHH

-R!0*–0@

<%

III. Ứng dụng

&R!00ED‡2/>)*n(

,<%=VCR!0&NPj_2/

>)*n*t!U2/%

HIDXY0K+4U.:#€b(M !0K

=Mdb:Kibd.:# ! #

0K:…#:yr4{:Kibd



:

.:#

"#

2.:#''•

Edwin M. McMillan?

'd*9(

82/(

Ž>%

Edwin McMillan ?

Edwin Mattison McMillan="HhzŠzHŠyj£HjzŠzHŠŠH$=7ƒ=25

T;=  25 E ( _  =( ? > Ž% RU HŠGy 3

=b0K!>,>)*n=F="máy gia tốc cộng hưởng từ$

    0   =Ž&NPŠ=J D=! 

=R!0%

6D1?-DdB 72/‹R!

'@<"HŠeH$DGlenn Seaborg ‹R()d'td"HŠ\P$%

Edwin Mattison McMillan="HhzŠzHŠyj£HjzŠzHŠŠH$=7ƒ=25

T;=  25 E ( _  =( ? > Ž% RU HŠGy 3

=b0K!>,>)*n=F="máy gia tốc cộng hưởng từ$

    0   =Ž&NPŠ=J D=! 

=R!0%

'@<"HŠeH$DGlenn Seaborg ‹R()d'td"HŠ\P$%

I. TCVL

&F+B>:@,3, 

8:?BtBB0@:B%

&



u\PŠ



FB

uPNNh



FB*uH\B\Pz

- Plutonium 2/7ƒ=25T;Glenn Seaborg 

>9•0UHŠGy%W(2/^!(…@

b%

- Hóa trị: 6iB6B%%%NTK: burNGGsF

II. TCHH

-b*–0@<B

@89?,3, š%

III. Ứng dụng

&b&NPh2/>)*n0C

0@:80U*t,3

:,38>)*n^5"U*t

F>>‹!$%=b&NPŠ2/>)*n«‘, 

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H,bn‚22DHy%yyy?

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“Lõi quỷ“

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l!M00!!!B>n)

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—F…3--D>„,3?

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-B,X*-D%•W3“

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- Americium 2/,<25T;Glenn T. Seaborg, Ralph A.

James, Leon O. Morgan  Albert Ghiorso 0UHŠGG%W(

2/^!2DT;B@2/EE(%=

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II. TCHH

-K!*–0@<B

*–*0DM:!B0,BK*B2DB

%%%

III. Ứng dụng

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#=t0=I70,Q%

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Albert Ghiorso ?

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?((?

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-0

,@%

Albert Ghiorso="HezjzHŠHe£N\zHNzNyHy$,<25

T;2570,QnC0HN=(?@<==E

AAmericium, CuriumBBerkelium, CaliforniumBEinsteiniumBFermiumB

MendeleviumumBNobelBLawrencium, RutherfordiumBDubniumBSeaborgiumB

 Ghiorso _0I,;7@8370:

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