WRITING 2
TRƯỜNG ĐẠI HỌC DUY TÂN KHOA NGOẠI NGỮ
BỘ MÔN: ANH VĂN KHÔNG CHUYÊN GIÁO TRÌNH WRITING LEVEL 2
Mã môn học: ENG 167
Giảng viên biên soạn: Th.S. Võ Nguyên Dạ Thảo LƯU HÀNH NỘI BỘ Đà Nẵng, năm 2013 1 7'TABLE OF CONTENTS Tables of contents Pages
Chapter 1: WRITING A SENTENCE BASED ON A PICTURE 3 Lesson 1:
Compound sentences (with conjunctions) 4 Lesson 2:
Compound sentences (with conjunction adverb) 10 Lesson 3:
Adverbial clauses 1 (time, place) 17 Lesson 4:
Adverbial clauses 2 (manner, distance, frequency) 22 Lesson 5:
Adverbial clauses 3 (reason, result) 28 Lesson 6:
Adverbial clauses 4 (purpose, concession, contrast) 34 Lesson 7: Review test 39
Chapter 2: RESPONDING TO A WRITTEN REQUEST Lesson 8: Explaining a Problem 45 Lesson 9:
Making Suggestion and Requests 47 Lesson 10: Commands and Soft Commands 50 Lesson 11: Review 52
Chapter 3: WRITING AN OPINION ESSAY
Lesson 12: Developing the thesis statement 57
Lesson 13: Using connectors between key ideas 60
Lesson 14: Making outline from key ideas 68 Lesson 15: Review 71 2
CHAPTER 1: WRITING SENTENCES
Lesson 1: Compound sentences (with conjunctions)
Lesson 2: Compound sentences (with conjunction adverb)
Lesson 3: Adverbial clauses 1 (time, place)
Lesson 4: Adverbial clauses 2 (manner, distance, frequency)
Lesson 5: Adverbial clauses 3 (reason, result)
Lesson 6: Adverbial clauses 4 (purpose, concession, contrast) Lesson 7: Review test 3
LESSON 1: COMPOUND SENTENCES (WITH COORDINATOR) A-LANGUAGE FOCUS I. Structure
A compound sentence is two or more independent clauses joined together. A compound
sentence can be formed as follows:
Independent clause, + coordinator + independent clause II. Coordinators
There are seven coordinators, which are also called coordinating conjunctions. You can
remember them by the phrase FAN BOYS (For, And, Nor, But, Or, Yet, So). The following
sentences illustrate the meanings of the seven FAN BOYS coordinators. To add a reason for
Japanese people live longer than most other nationalities, for they eat healthful diets.
To add a similar, equal idea and
They eat a lot of fish and vegetables, and they eat lightly.
To add a negative equal idea nor
They do not eat a lot of red meat, nor do they eat many dairy products.
Note: Nor means “and not.” It joins two negative independent clauses. Notice that question
word order is used after nor.
To add an opposite idea but
Diet is one factor in how long people live, but it is not the only factor.
To add an alternative possibility or
However, people should limit the amount of animal fat in their diets, or they risk getting heart disease.
To add an unexpected or surprising continuation yet
Cigarette smoking is a factor in longevity, yet Japanese and other long-lived Asians have a very high rate of tobacco use.
To add an expected result so
Doctors say that stress is another longevity factor, so try to avoid stress if you wish to live a longer life.
Note: - There is a comma after the first independent clause. 4
- But and yet have similar meanings: They both signal that an opposite idea is coming. But is
preferred when the two clauses are direct opposites. When the second clause is an unexpected
or surprising continuation because of information given in the first clause, yet is preferred.
(But is acceptable for both meanings; yet for only one meaning.) Compare:
I want to study art, but my parents want me to study engineering, (direct opposite)
I am very bad at math, yet my parents want me to study engineering, (surprising continuation
after “I am very bad at math”) B-LANGUAGE PRACTICE Use correct coordinator:
1.Jaewon was cold, _______ he put on a coat.
2. Maria tried to read a novel in French, _______ it was too difficult.
3. To get from Vancouver to Victoria, you can fly, _______ you can ride the ferry.
4. I bought a bottle of wine, _______ we drank it together.
5. The waiter was not very nice, _______ the food was delicious.
6. I went to buy a Rolling Stones CD, _______ the shop didn't have it.
7. Anna needed some money,_______ she took a part-time job.
8. There's so much rain lately! Maybe it's because of El Nino, _______ maybe it's just coincidence.
9. Julie has a guitar, _______ she plays it really well.
10. The concert was cancelled, _______ we went to a nightclub instead. C-PRACTICE IN TOEIC I. Building Language
a- Give nouns, verbs or coordinators which may be used to describe pictures 1-6.
Compare with your friends.
b- Complete the following pictures 1-6 with the given words: so and stops so
talking listening hung and sold 5
1. The girl wants to get off, so the 4. An agreement has been bus………………….
reached,………....………….they are shaking hands.
2. The merchant uses ice, ………….he can keep the fish fresh.
5. The man is listening to the
information,….................. he is taking notes.
3. The clothes are ………on the street,
and a woman is choosing an item.
6. The businessman is ………....to the woman,
and she is ……………..carefully to what he is saying. II. Tactic Practice 6
1. Put the words in the correct order
1. stopped/ got/ girl/ off / school bus/
4. listening to/ is/ the woman/ the man/ the/ the/ and and/ explaining/ her/ is.
2. got/ the girl/ medals/ for/ the/ gold/
5. come to/ the teacher/ talk/ wants to/ she/ won/ races/ three/ all. students/ so/ they/ class.
3. kinds/ many/ of clothes/ are/and /on
for sale/ them/ there are/ labels.
6. writing/ down/the information/ the
man/can‟t/ or/ he/ is/ it / remember 7
2. Make sentences about the pictures with the suggested words
1. set up/ for/ come
4. late/ wait/ so
…………………………………………..
………………………………………….
…………………………………………..
………………………………………….
2. expensive / but / buy
5. hot/ park/ so
…………………………………………….
……………………………………….
…………………………………………….
…………………………………….....
6. over/ and/ class
3. sunny/ so/ open
…………………………………………..
…………………………………………..
…………………………………………..
………………………………………….. 8 III. Test Practice
In this part of the test, you will write ONE sentence that is based on a picture. With each
picture, you will be given two words or phrases that you must use in your sentence. You can
change the forms of the words and you can use the words in any order.
1. birthday/ so/ celebration 4. break/ and
………………………………………….
…………………………………………
………………………………………….
………………………………………… 2. famous/ come / so 5. outside/ for/ phone
…………………………………………
……………………………………………
…………………………………………
…………………………………………… 3. dirty/ wash / and 6. hold/ write/ and
………………………………………
…………………………………………….
………………………………………
……………………………………………. 9
LESSON 2: COMPOUND SENTENCES
(WITH CONJUNCTIVE ADVERBS) A-LANGUAGE FOCUS I. Structure
A second way to form a compound sentence is as follows:
Independent clause; + conjunctive adverb, + independent clause
Ex: Salt water boils at a higher temperature than freshwater; therefore, food cooks faster in salt water. II. Conjunctive adverbs
To add a similar, equal idea also
Community colleges offer preparation for many occupations; besides
also/besides/furthermore/ in addition/moreover, they prepare students to transfer to a furthermore
four-year college or university. in addition moreover
To add an unexpected or surprising continuation however
The cost of attending a community college is low; nevertheless
however/nevertheless/nonetheless/still, many students need financial aid. nonetheless still
To add a complete contrast
on the other hand Tuition at a community college is low; on the other hand/in contrast, tuition at in contrast private schools is high.
To give an alternative possibility Otherwise
Students must take final exams; otherwise, they will receive a grade of incomplete.
To add an expected result accordingly
Native and nonnative English speakers have different needs; accordingly/as a result/ as a result
consequently/hence/therefore/thus, most schools provide separate English classes for consequently each group. hence therefore thus To add an example for example
Most colleges now have a writing requirement for graduation; for example/for for instance
instance, students at my college must pass a writing test before they register for their final semester.
Note: Put a semicolon before and a comma after the conjunctive adverb.
Several transition signals, such as on the other hand, as a result, and for example, act like
conjunctive adverbs; they can also connect independent clauses with a semicolon and a comma. 10 B-LANGUAGE PRACTICE
Choose the correct conjunctive adverbs
1. The work was new to me………. , it did not seem difficult. (Consequently, Nevertheless)
2. He is old…………. , his mind is still active. (Nonetheless, Therefore)
3. It was very misty. ……….., we could not get a clear view of the mountain. (Hence, However)
4. We had walked several miles……….. , we did not feel tired. (Accordingly, Still)
5. She is a talented actress…………. , she is very beautiful. (Moreover, Thus)
6. We take the bus every day………. , we are familiar with the bus route. (Nevertheless, Thus)
7. The child was sleepy………… , we went home early. (Otherwise, Therefore)
8. The food was delicious………… , the service was excellent. (Likewise, Nevertheless)
9. We looked everywhere. ………, we could not find the keys. (However, Thus)
10. The book is long…………… , the vocabulary is difficult. (Consequently, Furthermore) C-PRACTICE IN TOEIC I. Building Language
a- Give some nouns, verbs, conjuctive adverbs which may be used to describe pictures
1-6. Compare with your friends.
b- Complete the following about pictures 1-6 with the given words:
therefore however meeting
suitcase empty got out of
2. There is a conference; ………….; there
1. The restaurant is open; however, it is
are many cars in front of the building.
.....................................
3. The tables are set up;…………, there is no one in the restaurant. 11
4. The man wanted some fresh air; therefore,
6. They are in the ………….; therefore, they he …………..…the car. are wearing formal suits.
5. The man is walking; besides, he is holding a ………………. 12 II. Tactic Practice
1. Put the words in the right order.
1. foggy/ however/ many/ it/ was/ cars/
there/ were/ on the street/ this morning.
4. are/ sale/ the goods/ on/ hence/
customers/ are/ the shop/ in/ there/ many.
2. The autumn/ coming/ as a result/ yellow
leaves/ falling/ is/ down/ are.
5. explain/ trying to/ the woman/ is/
nevertheless/ understands/ no one/ her.
3. many/ tools/ it/ has/ workshop/ small/ the/ however/ is.
6. focusing on/ the exam/ the students/
otherwise/ on time/ can‟t/ finish/ are/ th 13
2. Make sentences about the pictures
1. tree/ therefore/ damage
with the suggested words
2. vegetables/ besides/ price 3. close/ thus/ late
5. break/ fix/ as a result
………………………………………….
……………………………………
………………………………………….
………………………………………
4. exercise/ therefore/ help 6. hold/ talk/ also 14
……………………………………….. ………………………………………
……………………………………….. ……………………………………… III. Test Practice
In this part of the test, you will write ONE sentence that is based on a picture. With each
picture, you will be given two words or phrases that you must use in your sentence. You can
change the forms of the words and you can use the words in any order.
1. work/ therefore/ stressed 2. cold/walk/ however
3. winter/ trees/ hence
5. excited/ thus/ agreement
……………………………………………
…………………………………………… ….. …..
……………………………………………
…………………………………………… ….. ….. 15 4. taxi/ however/ stop
6. outside/ weather/ therefore
……………………………………………
…………………………………………… ….. …..
……………………………………………
…………………………………………… ….. ….. 16
LESSON 3: ABVERBIAL CLAUSES 1 (TIME, PLACE) A-LANGUAGE FOCUS I. Time clause:
A time clause is introduced by one of the subordinators in the following chart. A time
clause can come before or after an independent clause. Time Subordinators when: a specific time
When people had to hunt for food, they moved from place to place.
whenever: at any time Whenever food became scarce in one area, they moved to another area.
while: at the same time The men hunted game while the women gathered plants. as soon as: soon after
Eating habits changed as soon as people stopped moving
from place to place in search of food. after: later
After people learned how to grow their own food, they settled in villages. since: from that time
Since the United States changed from an agricultural to
an industrial society, eating habits there have changed. as: at the same time
People in the United States started eating more processed
convenience foods as their lives became busier. before: earlier
Before people in the United States moved to cities, they grew most of their own food. until: up to the time
Women had time to cook meals “from scratch”1until they
went to work in factories and offices. II. Place clause:
An adverb place clause tells where the action described by the main verb took place. The
subordinators wherever, everywhere, and anywhere are similar in meaning and are
interchangeable. You can begin a sentence with wherever, everywhere, and anywhere clauses,
but usually not with a where clause. (Expressions such as the following are exceptions: Where
there is lightning, there is thunder. Where there is smoke, there is fire.) Place Subordinators
where: a specific place
Most people shop where they get the lowest prices. wherever: any place
1 pay by credit card wherever 1 can. everywhere: every
Can you use an ATM card everywhere you shop? place anywhere: any place
Anywhere you go, you hear people talking on their cell phones. 17 B-LANGUAGE PRACTICE Fill in the gaps
1. Travelers can use credit cards in foreign countries__________they are accepted.
2. Tonight I will go to bed after I _________________________my homework.
3. Ever since I was a child, I ____________________________________ afraid of dogs.
4. Jacquie's contact lens popped out while she _____________________basket ball.
5. Be sure to reread your composition for errors before you _________________ it in to the teacher tomorrow. C-PRACTICE IN TOEIC I. Building Language
- Give some words which may be used to describe pictures 1-6. Compare with your friends.
- Complete the following about pictures 1-6 with the given words: while while as soon as came before until
1. The restaurant employees have to wait
…………customers start arriving.
3. Before they ……………, it rained heavily.
2. ………the show starts, the lights are
4. The employees are looking at the turned on.
man………….he is explaining something. 18
6. The teacher wants to talk to students
5. The man is speaking on the phone
………….they come to class.
…………….he is standing in front of a refinery. II. Tactic Practice
1. Put the words in the correct order
3. the/ winter/ ground/ covered/ with/ when/
1. tied/ dock/ as soon as/ the/ arrived/ snow/ comes/ the/ is. ship/ was/ to/ the/ it
4. in the taxi/ chatting/ she is/ cell phone/ on/
while/ she/ beside/is sitting/ a colleague/
2. often/ are grown/ people/ the/ walk by/flowers/ where. 19
5.glasses/ is/ holding/ the/ man/ The woman/
6. arrivals department/ the tourist/when/her
her/ is/ writing/while.
belongings/were falling/ out of/she/ got to/
the/ noticed/ that/ her/ open baggage.
2. Make sentences about the pictures with the suggested words 1. boats/ until/ untie
………………………………………….
…………………………………………
………………………………………….
…………………………………………
2.since/ start/ painting
4. as/ phone/ secretary
…………………………………………
…………………………………………
…………………………………………
…………………………………………
3. after/ prepare/ ready 5. stand/ while/ down 20