Juvenile Crime in the 19th Century | Học viện phụ nữ Việt Nam

HANOI OPEN UNIVERSITY
MID -TERM TEST ON DISCOURSE ANALYSIS FOR STUDENTS OF ENGLISH (No 1) Subject Code: EN44
Full name: ……………………………
Date of birth: …………………………
Group: ………………………………
Juvenile Crime in the 19th Century
Novels such as Oliver Twist have made Victorian child-thieves familiar
to us, but to what extent did juvenile crime actually, exist in the 19th century?
Drawing on contemporary accounts and printed ephemera, Dr Matthew
White uncovers the facts behind the fiction. The success of Oliver Twist owes
much to the biting satire and keen social observations contained within its
pages. The misery of workhouses, the morally corrosive effects of poverty and
the degradation of life in Victorian slums all received Dickens’s close
attention. The novel’s prominent theme though is criminality, witnessed most
vividly in the activities of Fagin’s gang of nimble-fingered child-thieves. But
how realistic was Dickens’s portrayal of criminality among Victorian boys and girls?
Although youth crime had been a concern since the 1700s, a decline in
formal apprenticeships and the disruptive effects of industrialisation on
family life after 1800 did much to create fears among the general public about
the activities of criminal gangs of boys and girls in London and elsewhere.
Sensational stories of crime and violence filled the pages of the popular
press after 1800 with details of juvenile crime appearing in newspapers,
broadsides and pamphlets. The activities of so-called ‘lads-men’ were regularly reported.
These were criminal bosses who supposedly trained young boys to steal
and then later sold the stolen goods they received from them. Thomas Duggin, 1
for example, was an infamous ‘thief-trainer’ who worked in London’s
notorious St Giles slum in 1817, and as late as 1855 The Times newspaper
reported the activities of Charles King, a man who ran a gang of professional
pick-pockets. Among King’s gang was a 13-year-old boy named John Reeves,
who stole over £100 worth of property in one week alone. Similarly, Isaac
‘Ikey’ Solomon was a well-known receiver of stolen goods in the 1810s and
1820s who was arrested several times, and on one occasion escaped from
custody. Solomon gained notoriety for being a trainer of young thieves and
was for some time (incorrectly) considered to be the inspiration behind
Dickens’s character of Fagin owing to his similar Jewish heritage.
‘Flash-houses’ also received regular attention from the police during the
first half of the century. These were pubs or lodging houses where stolen
property was ‘fenced’, and was considered by the police and magistrates to be
‘nurseries of crime’. One report in 1817 described flash-houses as containing
‘distinct parties or gangs’ of young boys, while later in 1837 a police witness
recalled how one lodging house in London had ‘20 boys and ten girls under
the age of 16’ living together, most of whom were ‘encouraged in picking
pockets’ by their ‘captain’.
I. Prove that the following passage is a written text.
The written text seems to have more information packed into it.
Written language tends to consist of clauses that are internally complex,
whereas with spoken language the complexity exists in the ways in which
clauses are joined together. It can be seen in some sentences in the text below:
“These were criminal bosses who supposedly trained young boys to steal
and then later sold the stolen goods they received from them.”
Thomas Duggin, for example, was an infamous ‘thief-trainer’ who worked in
London’s notorious St Giles slum in 1817, and as late as 1855 The Times 2
newspaper reported the activities of Charles King, a man who ran a gang of
professional pick-pockets. Among King’s gang was a 13-year-old boy named John
Reeves, who stole over £100 worth of property in one week alone.
And in this passage, we could not see simple sentences which are
supposed to be spoken text. And at the same time, we can see more passive
form than active form. For example, “Although youth crime had been a concern
since the 1700s”, “The activities of so-called ‘lads-men’ were regularly
reported.”, “Similarly, Isaac ‘Ikey’ Solomon was a well-known receiver of stolen
goods in the 1810s and 1820s who was arrested several times”, “These were pubs
or lodging houses where stolen property was ‘fenced’, and was considered by the
police and magistrates to be ‘nurseries of crime’.”
Written language has contained more complete sentences instead of
incomplete sentences than spoken language. In spoken language, a large
number of prefabricated ‘fillers’: well, I think, you know, if you see what I mean,
of course, and so on” appear a lot, however, we could not see the hesitation and
also these “filters” in this text. Instead of that, it can be seen logical connectors
such as: but, although, similarly, while, as…
In written language, rather heavily modified noun phrases are quite
common. In the text, there are some sentences: “The success of Oliver Twist owes
much to the biting satire and keen social observations contained within its
pages.”, “These were criminal bosses who supposedly trained young boys to steal
and then later sold the stolen goods they received from them.”
Adverbials are considered to appear more frequently in written language
than in spoken language. For instance: “Novels such as Oliver Twist have made
Victorian child-thieves familiar to us, but to what extent did juvenile crime
actually, exist in the 19th century?”, “the activities of criminal gangs of boys and
girls in London and elsewhere.”, “the activities of criminal gangs of boys and
girls in London and elsewhere”. 3
In contrast to spoken language, written one does not take place in real-time,
and does not express personal politeness, emotion, and attitude. We could not see
syntactic reduction such as you better, what are you doing? We gonna or
familiarizing vocatives such as dude, mom, guys,… in the above passage. That
means this text is written language.
Moreover, written language would contain more content words than function words.
- A content word/lexical word: is a word that refers to a thing, quality, state, action, or event.
- A function word is one that indicates only grammatical relationships.
This could be indicated in some cases as in:
The misery of workhouses, the morally corrosive effects of poverty and the
degradation of life in Victorian slums all received Dickens’s close attention.
Content words: misery, workhouses, morally, corrosive, effects, poverty,
degradation, life, Victorian slums, received, attention.
Function words: the, of, and, in
The success of Oliver Twist owes much to the biting satire and keen social
observations contained within its pages.
Content words: success, Oliver Twist, owes, biting satire, keen, social
observations, contained, pages.
Function words: the, of, to, and, within
The number of content words overtakes that in function words. This is also one of
the criteria for distinguishing between written and spoken language. Therefore, this
text is recognized as a written language.
Finally, it is supposed that producing texts for speakers is quite different
from writing. While speakers have to be under pressure to react and communicate
spontaneously and constantly with the opposite people in order to have a good
conversation, writers are not the same. They are given time to write down their
thoughts, ideas, contents which could be prepared and done deliberately.
Therefore, in the text above, non-verbal behavior does not exist and words carry all 4
shades of meaning. Hesitation, redundancy, and repetition is something that we
rarely witness here. Situational context, or context of the situation, refers to the
environment, time and place, etc. during which the discourse occurs, and also the
connection between the participants.
For example, “Thomas Duggin, for example, was an infamous ‘thief-
trainer’ who worked in London’s notorious St Giles slum in 1817, and as late as
1855 The Times newspaper reported the activities of Charles King, a man who ran
a gang of professional pick-pockets.”. Thomas Duggin is a real person, London’s
notorious St Giles slum is a real place. “thief- trainer” shows the connection
between Thomas Duggin and young boys who were trained to steal goods.
Since all of the factors of written language have been indicated above. It is proved itself a written text.
II. Find grammatical and lexical cohesive devices employed in this text.
1. Grammartical cohesion 1.1. Reference
1.1.1.Personal reference
The personal reference elements which exist within the text are they as a
personal pronoun, and us, them as possessive pronoun. its is listed as possessive determiners
o In the second line, “us” refers to people, citizens.
o In line 5, "its" refers to Oliver Twist.
o In the sentence “These were criminal bosses who supposedly trained young
boys to steal and then later sold the stolen goods they received from them”,
"they" refers to criminal bosses and "them" refers to young boys.
1.1.2.Demonstrative reference *Plural: these
o “ These were criminal bosses who supposedly trained young boys to steal
and then later sold the stolen goods they received from them.” 5
o “ These were pubs or lodging houses where stolen property was ‘fenced’,
and was considered by the police and magistrates to be ‘nurseries of crime’.”
*Definite article: the, an, a
o Juvenile Crime in the 19th Century
o exist in the 19th century?
o White uncovers the facts behind the fiction.
o The success of Oliver Twist owes much to the biting satire and keen
social observations contained within its pages.
o The misery of workhouses, the morally corrosive effects of poverty and the degradation of life
o The novel’s prominent theme
o in the activities of Fagin’s gang o since the 1700s
o the disruptive effects of industrialisation on family life
o among the general public about the activities of criminal gangs of boys and girls
o the pages of the popular press
o The activities of so-called ‘lads-men’ o the stolen goods
o The Times newspaper reported the activities of Charles King o in the 1810s
o considered to be the inspiration behind Dickens’s character
o from the police during the first half of the century
o was considered by the police
o boys and ten girls under the age of 16
o was an infamous ‘thief-trainer’ 6
o Although youth crime had been a concern since the 1700s
o a man who ran a gang of professional pick-pockets
o Among King’s gang was a 13-year-old boy named John Reeves
o Isaac ‘Ikey’ Solomon was a well-known receiver of stolen goods
o Solomon gained notoriety for being a trainer of young thieves
o a police witness recalled how one lodging house
1.1.3. Comparative reference
o The novel’s prominent theme though is criminality, witnessed most
vividly in the activities of Fagin’s gang of nimble-fingered child-thieves.
o as late as 1855 The Times newspaper reported the activities of Charles King 1.2. Conjunction 1.2.1.Adversative
o The novel’s prominent theme though is criminality,
o Although youth crime had been a concern since the 1700s,
o but to what extent did juvenile crime actually, exist in the 19th century?
o But how realistic was Dickens’s portrayal of criminality among Victorian boys and girls?
o Drawing on contemporary accounts and printed ephemera,
o The success of Oliver Twist owes much to the biting satire and keen social
observations contained within its pages.
o appearing in newspapers, broadsides and pamphlets. o and as late as 1855 7
o Similarly, Isaac ‘Ikey’ Solomon was a well-known receiver of stolen
goods in the 1810s and 1820s who was arrested several times, and on
one occasion escaped from custody.
o being a trainer of young thieves and was for some time
o and was considered by the police and magistrates to be ‘nurseries of crime
o while later in 1837 a police witness recalled how one lodging house in
London had ‘20 boys and ten girls under the age of 16’ 2. Lexical cohesion 2.1. Reiteration 2.1.1.Repetition
o “Oliver Twist” is the word which has been appeared twice in those below sentences:
Novels such as Oliver Twist have made Victorian child-thieves familiar to
us, but to what extent did juvenile crime actually, exist in the 19th century?
The success of Oliver Twist owes much to the biting satire and keen social
observations contained within its pages.
o “juvenile crime” has been appeared three times:
Juvenile Crime in the 19th Century
but to what extent did juvenile crime actually, exist in the 19th century?
Sensational stories of crime and violence filled the pages of the popular
press after 1800 with details of juvenile crime appearing in newspapers,
“child-thieves” has been appeared twice: 8
Novels such as Oliver Twist have made Victorian child-thieves familiar to us,
The novel’s prominent theme though is criminality, witnessed most vividly
in the activities of Fagin’s gang of nimble-fingered child-thieves.
o “boys and girls” has been appeared twice:
But how realistic was Dickens’s portrayal of criminality among Victorian boys and girls?
about the activities of criminal gangs of boys and girls in London and elsewhere.
o “stolen goods” has been appeared twice:
These were criminal bosses who supposedly trained young boys to steal
and then later sold the stolen goods they received from them.
Isaac ‘Ikey’ Solomon was a well-known receiver of stolen goods in the 1810s and 1820s
o “considered” has been appeared twice:
considered to be the inspiration behind Dickens’s character of Fagin
owing to his similar Jewish heritage.
was considered by the police and magistrates to be ‘nurseries of crime’
o “police” has been appeared three times:
‘Flash-houses’ also received regular attention from the police during the
first half of the century.
and was considered by the police and magistrates to be ‘nurseries of crime’.
while later in 1837 a police witness recalled how one lodging house in
London had ‘20 boys and ten girls under the age of 16’ living together 9
o “lodging house” has been appeared twice:
These were pubs or lodging houses where stolen property was ‘fenced’,
while later in 1837 a police witness recalled how one lodging house in London
o “Flash-houses” has been appeared twice:
‘Flash-houses’ also received regular attention from the police during the
first half of the century.
One report in 1817 described flash-houses as containing ‘distinct parties
or gangs’ of young boys
2.1.2.Synonym and near-synonym
o child-thieves, juvenile crime, youth crime, young thieves, criminal gangs
of boys and girls, gang of nimble-fingered child-thieves
o criminal bosses, thief-trainer, captain
o Flash-houses, nurseries of crime, gang of professional pick-pockets,
o steal, picking pockets, lads-men
2.1.3.Superordinate and Meronymy o General word
Human noun: child-thieves, juvenile crime, youth crime, young thieves,
boys, girls, criminal bosses, thief-trainer, captain, police, family
Nonhuman animate: slum, novel, stories, newspaper, broadsides, pamphlets, goods, house o Collocation 1
child-thieves, juvenile crime, youth crime, young thieves, criminal
bosses, thief-trainer, Flash-houses, pick-pockets, lads-men, stolen goods, lodging house, well-known. III.
Translate the text into Vietnamese. SOURCE TEXT TRANSLATED TEXT
Juvenile Crime in the 19th T i ội ph m v phạm th vị ành niê thành n tron niên g th k trong thế kỷ Century 19
Novels such as Oliver Twist have Nh ng ững cu n t cuốn i u th tiểu uy t nh thuyết “Oliv như er“Oliver
made Victorian child thieves Twist” đã khi n ết nhn ng hư tên tr m “Oliver tr em ững cuốn
familiar to us, but to what extent th i ời Vic Vtoria t ictoria r n trở ên q nê u n en thu quen c v i thuộc với
did juvenile crime actually, exist in chúng ta, nh n ư g t i ph “Oliver m v th ộm ành n trẻ iên em ạm the 19th century? đã th c ực s sự t n tồn t tại i ở m mức c độ đ n nào ào tr trong ong ực sự tồn tại th k ết 1 như9 ? “Oliver ỷ 19? Drawing on contemporary
accounts and printed ephemera, Dr. D a ực vào n sự h ng b tồn n bá tại o cáo ở đ ng mức th i độ nào
Matthew White uncovers the facts và các t ư li u “Ol nh iver đ ệu c nh đ ỏ ăng lê được n, Ti đăng n lên, Tiến
behind the fiction. The success of sĩ Matthew White đã khám phá ra sực sự tồn tại
Oliver Twist owes much to the th t ật đ đằ ng ng sau sau câu câu chuy n chuyện h hư c u cấu. . ằng sau
biting satire and keen social Thành công c a ủa “Oliver T “Oliver wi T st” ph wist” pn l hần nlớn
observations contained within its nh ời vào sV châm ictoria bi m s trở âu cay v nên à quen
pages. The misery of workhouses, nh ng ững quan sá cu t x ốn ã h i sâu tiểu s c có tro thuyết ng như
the morally corrosive effects of t ng ừng trang trang sác sách. h. Sự S k khốn h kh n ổ ở kh các trại các tr i ực sự
poverty and the degradation of life t b ết n, như nh ng t “Oliver ác đ ần ng lớn ăn mòn ững v m cuốn t tiểu thuyết
in Victorian slums all received đ o đ ạm c vị c a ng thành hèo đ niên ói và s ức xu độ ng nào c p trong ủa “O
Dickens’s close attention. The c a ủa cu c s “Oliver n T g tro wist” ng cá phần c k lớnhu ch ộm u t trẻ em ốn tiểu
novel’s prominent theme though is Victoria đ u ề nh mặt n đ ật c s đằ c ng hú ý sau c a câu chuyện
criminality, witnessed most vividly Dickens. Dù ch đ ủa n i b “Oliver t T c a wist” cu n phần lớn ề m
in the activities of Fagin’s gang of ti u ểu thuy t l thuyết à t i ph như m, đã đ “Oliver c ch n ết gnhư “O 1
nimble-fingered child thieves. But kiế n t n h ư “ O l i v e r m t c ộm ách
how realistic was Dickens’s đ ng ộm c a trẻ băng em nhóm ủa nh ng đ “Oliver a tr Twist” phần
portrayal of criminality among tr m ộm c p trẻ nhan em h nh ắc n c có a Fagin trong . Nh ng ẹn của Victorian boys and girls? b c ức ch độâ n du nào ng c trong a Dickens v t ủa i á “O c liver Twist” gi a n ững h ng c cuốn u bé và tiểu côt bé th huyết i Victo như ria “Oliver là nh ư th “Onào? liver ết như “Oliver
Although youth crime had been a
concern since the 1700s, a decline M c ặt dù t i p ộm h m t trẻ hanh em thi u ạm niên vị đã là thành niên
in formal apprenticeships and the m i ốn quan tiểu tâm t thuyết nh ng như năm 17 “Oliver00, disruptive effects of nh n ư g s s “Oliver t gi m ực vi sự c h tồn c tại ng ở h b mức ài độ nào tron
industrialization on family life after b n ản và nh báo ng t cáo ác đ ng đương gián thời đo n c a ững cuốn
1800 did much to create fears quá trình công nghi p ệu hóa đ nhỏ i v i được cu c đăng lên, Tiế
among the general public about the s ng gia đình sau năm 1
ốn tiểu thuyết như “Oliver800 đã gây ra
activities of criminal gangs of boys nhi u ề lo n mặt g i cho cô ạm ng c vị húng v thành ho t niên
and girls in London and elsewhere. đ ng ộm c a c trẻ ác bă em ng nhó ủa m t i ph “Oliver m t T r wist” phần em nam và n L ững ond cuốn on tiểu và các thuyết n như i khác “Oliver .ở nên quen thu
Sensational stories of crime and
violence filled the pages of the Nh ng ững câ cu u c ốn huy tiểu n gi thuyết t gân như v t i “Oliver ph m ệu nh
popular press after 1800 with và b o l ạm c vị tràn ng thành p cá niên c tra ực ng sự báo c tồn hí tại ở mức
details of juvenile crime appearing n i ổ tiở ng sa các u nă trại m 1 ết 800 v như i các ch “Oliver i ti t
in newspapers, broadsides and về t i mặt ph ộm m tr v ẻ t emhành ni ạm ên vị xu t thành hi n niên ị thành
pamphlets. The activities of so- trên báo, t p ạm chí và sác vị h nh . Các thành ho t niên
called ‘lads-men’ were regularly đ ng ộm g i l trẻ à 'lads em -men' ọc đ c b nghề áo cáo bài reported. thư ng “Olivxuyê erời V n. ictoria trở nên quen thuộc với These were criminal bosses who
supposedly trained young boys to Đây là nh ng ững tên trùm cuốn t i p tiểu h m đ thuyết cnhư “O
steal and then later sold the stolen cho là đã hu n ấu. luy n c ệu ác c u nhỏ bé ăn c được p đăng
goods they received from them. và sau đó bán nh ng ững món hàng ăn c p cuốn 1
Thomas Duggin, for example, was đư c t chún “Oliverợ g c . Ch n đăng g h lên, n n T h iến Thom ừng as trang sách.
an infamous ‘thief-trainer’ who Duggin, m t t ộm ay 'hu trẻ n luy em n viên tr m ấu. ệu n
worked in London’s notorious St c p ắc ' l n có g dan trong h, ng ừng i đã là trang m vi sách. c t i Sự khốn kh
Giles slum in 1817, and as late as khu ổ chuở t khét các ti ng trại St Gile ộm s trẻ em
1855 The Times newspaper London vào năm 1817, và vào cu i năm ốn tiểu thuyết như
reported the activities of Charles 1855, t T ời he Tim V es đã ictoria đ a tin trở v các nên qu
King, a man who ran a gang of ho t ạm đ ng vị c a Ch thành arles niên King ộm , m trẻ t gã em ủa
professional pick-pockets. Among đi u hà
ề mặt nh băng nhóm chuyên móc túi.
King’s gang was a 13-year-old boy Trong băng nhóm c a ủa Kin “Og có liver mT t c u wist” phần lớn
named John Reeves, who stole over bé 13 tu i
ổ tên là John Reeves, ngở i đã
£100 worth of property in one đánh c p ắc tài s có n tr g trong iá h n 1 ản 00 b n báo g cáo đươ
week alone. Similarly, Isaac ‘Ikey’ Anh ch ỉ trong m trong t tu một n. T tuần. n g t , Isa Tương actự, Isaac
Solomon was a well-known ‘Ikey’ Solomon là m t k ộm t ch rẻ uyên em nh ẻ n em
receiver of stolen goods in the hàng ăn c p ắc n i có ti ng trongtrong ổ nh ở ng các năm trại ết như
1810s and 1820s who was arrested 1810 và 1820, ngư i đ “O ã b b liverời t V nhi u ictoria trở nên
several times, and on one occasion l n, ần và lớn m t l n đã ộm tr trẻ n t emhoát ần kh lớn i n i ốn tiểu
escaped from custody. Solomon giam gi . S ững olomon cuốn n i tiểu ti ng vì thuyết là k như “Oliver
gained notoriety for being a trainer hu n ấu. luy n n ệu h ng nhỏ tên tr được m tr đăng tu i lên, Tiến
of young thieves and was for some trong m t t ộm h i g trẻ ian (k em hông ời chí V nh xác ictoria ) trở nên
time (incorrectly) considered to be và đư c coi là “Oliver ng ợc u n c đăng m h lên, ng T đ iến ng
the inspiration behind Dickens’s sau nhân v t ật Fagin c a D đằng ickens nh sau di câu
character of Fagin owing to his s n ản Do T báo hái cáo t ng đương t c
thời a anh ta. ư “Oliverơng thời similar Jewish heritage.
‘Flash-houses’ also received regular
attention from the police during the ‘Flash-house’ (n i n ơng thná ời u c ẩn a náu n h của ng k những kẻ
first half of the century. These were b t ấu. l ư ng) “O cũng nh liverơng n thờiđ c s quan ật đằng sa
pubs or lodging houses where tâm thư ng xuyên “Oliverời c a V c nh ictoria sát trở trong nên quen t
stolen property was ‘fenced’, and su t n ốn a tiể đ u u th thuyết k . như Đây là n “Oliver h ng ửa q đầuá u n thế kỷ. Đây 1
was considered by the police and rư u “ ho c nh Oliverợc à tr đăng n i lên, t ài T s iến n tr m ặt c p ọc nghề
magistrates to be ‘nurseries of đư c 'c “Ol he gi iverợc u', và đăng b c lên, Tnh iến sát và th m ấu. ị thà
crime’. One report in 1817 phán coi là 'vư n “O m t liverời i p V h m'. ictoria M trở tnên quen described flash-houses
as báo cáo vào năm 1817 đã mô t n ản h ng báo cáo đư
containing ‘distinct parties or n i n ơng ày có thời ch a 'nh ng ức b a đ t ộ i c ho nào c trong ữ
gangs’ of young boys, while later in các băng nhóm đ c ặt bi t' ệu c a n nhỏ h ng được đăng
1837 a police witness recalled how chàng trai tr ẻ tu i em , tro ổ ng ở khi s các au đ trại ó vào
one lodging house in London had năm 1837, m t c ộm n trẻ h s emát k ản l i báo r n cáo gđương thời
‘20 boys and ten girls under the age trong m t n ộm gô trẻ i n em hà tr Londo ọc n có nghề '2 bài 0 ở nên quen thuộ
of 16’ living together, most of chàng trai và 10 cô gái dư i 16 tu i' “Oliverới
whom were ‘encouraged in picking s ng ốn cùng tiểu nhau, h thuyết u h như t nh ng đ “Oliver a tr ần
pockets’ by their ‘captain’. đ u ề đã đmặt c 'khuy ư n khích đi mó “Oliverợc c túi'đăng b i ở 'thn lĩ ên nh' c a quen chúng thuộ.c với ủa “Oliver T 1