MixedMethodsResearchforTESOL
BUTUH LENGKAP HUB rehanjanda@gmail.com
MixedMethodsResearchfor
TESOL
JamesDeanBrown
EDINBURGH
UniversityPress
©JamesDeanBrown,2014
EdinburghUniversityPressLtd
TheTun–HolyroodRoad,12(2f)Jackson’sEntry,EdinburghEH88PJ
www.euppublishing.com
Typesetin10/12Minionby
ServisFilmsettingLtd,Stockport,Cheshire
andprintedandboundinGreatBritainby
CPIGroup(UK)Ltd,CroydonCR04YY
ACIPrecordforthisbookisavailablefromtheBritishLibrary
ISBN9780748646395(hardback)
ISBN9780748698059(webreadyPDF)
ISBN9780748646388(paperback)
ISBN9780748698066(epub)
TherightofJamesDeanBrowntobeidentifiedasAuthorofthisworkhasbeenassertedin
accordancewiththeCopyright,DesignsandPatentsAct1988,andtheCopyrightandRelated
RightsRegulations2003(SINo.2498).
CONTENTS
ListofFigures,Screenshots,andTables
Preface
Acknowledgments
SeriesEditors’Preface
SectionOne:GettingResearchStarted
 1 IntroductiontoResearch
 2 StartingResearchProjects
 3 Gathering,Compiling,andCodingData
SectionTwo:AnalyzingResearchData
 4 AnalyzingQuantitativeData
 5 AnalyzingQualitativeData
 6 AnalyzingMMRData
SectionThree:PresentingResearchStudies
 7 PresentingResearchResults
 8 WritingResearchReports
 9 DisseminatingResearch
10 Conclusion
Glossary
Bibliography
Index
LISTOFFIGURES,SCREENSHOTS,AND
TABLES
FIGURES
Figure1.1
VerybroadcategoriesofTESOLresearch(Nunan1992
interpretationofBrown,1988a)
Figure1.2
Emergenceofmanynewtypesofresearch(adaptedfrom
Brown,2004)
Figure1.3
Primaryresearchcharacteristicscontinua(adaptedfrom
Brown,2004)
Figure1.4
Qualitative,quantitative,andmixedmethodsresearch(based
onJohnsonetal.,2007,p.124)
Figure7.1 Semestersofstudy(basedonresultsinTable7.1)
Figure7.2 Majors(basedonresultsinTable7.1)
Figure7.3 Futureplans(basedonresultsinTable7.1)
Figure7.4
Futureplans(plaintwo-dimensionalbargraph,basedon
resultsinTable7.1)
Figure7.5
Futureplans(shadedthree-dimensionalbargraph,basedon
resultsinTable7.1)
Figure7.6
Futureplans(three-dimensionalcylindergraphwithaxes
switched,basedonresultsinTable7.1)
Figure7.7
Futureplans(three-dimensionalpiechart,basedonresultsin
Table7.1)
Figure7.8
Futureplans(two-dimensionaldonutchart,basedonresults
inTable7.1)
Figure7.9
Evaluationdesignandsimplifiedtimeline(Figure1in
Kletzien,2011,p.57)
Figure
7.10
ExampleitemfromtheEthóksetymologytest(fromdela
CruzVillegasandIzquierdoSandoval,2009a,p.113)
SCREENSHOTS
Screenshot
3.1
Examplequantitativedataset
Screenshot
3.2
Examplequalitativedatasetwithcodingsadded
Screenshot
3.3
Examplequalitativedatasetforrecoding
Screenshot
4.1
ExampleExcelspreadsheetofdatafromChapter3
Screenshot
4.2
ExampleExcelspreadsheetwithallstatisticscalculated
Screenshot
4.3
Made-updataforExcelPlayActivity
Screenshot
4.4
Made-updataforExcelCorrelationFunction
Screenshot
4.5
Meanlisteningscorespre-andpost-interventionfortwo
groups(Phuong,2011,p.5)
Screenshot
5.1
NewclassificationschemefordataclassifiedinScreenshot
3.2
TABLES
Table2.1
Strengthsandweaknessesofthequalitativeandquantitative
sidesofresearch(compiledfromBrown,2001a,2004;
JohnsonandOngwuegbuzie,2004,pp.19–20)
Table2.2 Typesoftriangulation
Table2.3
Rulesofthumbandassociatedquestionsforstartingan
MMRproject
Table3.1
Whichdatasourcesleadtodatathatarequalitative,
quantitative,orboth?
Table3.2
Rulesofthumbandassociatedquestionsforgathering,
compiling,andcodingdata
ValuesnecessaryforthePearsonproduct-moment
Table4.1 correlationcoefficienttobesignificant(adaptedfromFisher
andYates,1963)
Table4.2
Valuesnecessaryforat testtobesignificant(adaptedfrom-
FisherandYates,1963)
Table4.3
Summarydisplayofthecorrelationcoefficients(adaptedfrom
Chang,2007)
Table4.4
Expandedsummarydisplayofthecorrelationcoefficients
(abovethediagonal)andcoefficientsofdetermination(below
thediagonal)(adaptedfromChang,2007)
Table4.5
Rulesofthumbandassociatedquestionsforquantitative
dataanalysis
Table5.1
Complementarystrengthsofqualitativeandquantitative
researchsidesofMMR
Table5.2
Veryabridgedversionoftheeffectsmatrixforthefirstyear
outcomesoftheUdeG/UCLARESTproject(adaptedfrom
Lynch,1992,p.85)
Table5.3
Abridgedsite-dynamicsmatrix(adaptedfromLynch,1992,p.
89)
Table5.4 Examplechecklistmatrix
Table5.5 Exampletime-orderedmatrix
Table5.6 Exampleconceptuallyclusteredmatrix
Table5.7 Examplerole-orderedmatrix
Table5.8 Examplethree-factormatrix
Table5.9 Examplefour-factormatrix
Table5.10
CountryXstudychecklistmatrixofobservationsandsources
ofinformation
Table5.11
Rulesofthumbandassociatedquestionsforqualitativedata
analysis
Table6.1
Characteristicsofsoundquantitativeandqualitativeresearch
studies(summarizedfromBrown,2004)
Table6.2
Definitionsofprincipalconceptsandmethodsfor
enhancing/corroborating/defendingthequalityofqualitative
andquantitativeresearchmethods
Table6.3 KeyformsoflegitimationusefulinMMR
Keytechniquesforenhancing/corroboratingthelegitimation
Table6.4 ofanMMRstudy
Table6.5
RulesofthumbandassociatedquestionsforMMRdata
analysis
Table7.1
Profileofstudentsurveyrespondents(adaptedfromTable1
inPierce,2012,p.55)
Table7.2
Studentandfacultyperceptionsofteachingexperiencewithin
theBAprogram(adaptedfromTable4inPierce,2012,p.60)
Table7.3a Studentquestionnaireresponses(n=304)
Table7.3b
Studentquestionnaireresponsesorderedfromhightolow(n
=304)
Table7.4a Correlationcoefficientsfromimaginarystudy
Table7.4b
Simplerdisplayofcorrelationcoefficientsfromtheimaginary
studyinTable7.4a
Table7.5
TeachingreferencewithinSLScoursesyllabuses(adapted
considerablyfromTable3inPierce,2012,p.58)
Table7.6
Abridgedcommentsfromthepost-terminterviewwiththe
secondteacher(adaptedfromTable9inKletzien,2011,p.
73)
Table7.7
Summaryofpositiveclassroomobservationsfromthe
CountryXstudy
Table7.8
Summaryofproblemsobservedandsourcesofinformation
fromtheCounryXstudy
Table7.9
CriteriaforCALLtaskappropriateness(Table1inRanalli,
2008,p.443,fromChapelle,2001,pp.55–8).
Table7.10
Paired-sample testresultsforpre-andpost-tests(Table3t-
inRanalli,2008,p.448)
Table7.11
DescriptionoftheGreek/Latin-rootedwordsincludedinthe
software(Table2.2indelaCruzVillegasandIzquierdo
Sandoval,2009a,p.114)
Table7.12
DescriptionoftheGreek/Latin-rootedwordsnotincludedin
thesoftware(Table2.3indelaCruzVillegasandIzquierdo
Sandoval,2009a,p.114)
Table7.13
Rulesofthumbandassociatedquestionsforpresenting
MMRresults
Table8.1
Guidelinesforwritingsoundquestionnaireitems(drawson
materialinBrown,1997,2001a)
Table8.2
MappingMALQfactorsandlisteningstrategies(adaptedfrom
Table6inO’BryanandHegelheimer,2009)
Table8.3
MALQscores(adaptedfromTable7inO’Bryanand
Hegelheimer2009)
Table8.4
Emergentpatternsinsourcetextuse(adaptedfromTable5
inPlakansandGebril,2012)
Table8.5
Writers’responsestoitemsregardingsourcetextuse
(counts)(adaptedfromTable8inPlakansandGebril,2012)
Table8.6
Rulesofthumbandassociatedquestionsforwritingresearch
reports
Table9.1
Rulesofthumbandassociatedquestionsfordisseminating
researchresults
Table10.1 Rulesofthumbandassociatedquestionsfortheconclusion

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MixedMethodsResearchforTESOL
BUTUH LENGKAP HUB rehanjanda@gmail.com
MixedMethodsResearchfor TESOL JamesDeanBrown EDINBURGH UniversityPress
©JamesDeanBrown,2014
EdinburghUniversityPressLtd
TheTun–HolyroodRoad,12(2f)Jackson’sEntry,EdinburghEH88PJ www.euppublishing.com
Typesetin10/12Minionby
ServisFilmsettingLtd,Stockport,Cheshire
andprintedandboundinGreatBritainby
CPIGroup(UK)Ltd,CroydonCR04YY
ACIPrecordforthisbookisavailablefromtheBritishLibrary
ISBN9780748646395(hardback)
ISBN9780748698059(webreadyPDF)
ISBN9780748646388(paperback)
ISBN9780748698066(epub)
TherightofJamesDeanBrowntobeidentifiedasAuthorofthisworkhasbeenassertedin
accordancewiththeCopyright,DesignsandPatentsAct1988,andtheCopyrightandRelated
RightsRegulations2003(SINo.2498). CONTENTS
ListofFigures,Screenshots,andTables Preface Acknowledgments SeriesEditors’Preface 
SectionOne:GettingResearchStarted
 1 IntroductiontoResearch
2 StartingResearchProjects
3 Gathering,Compiling,andCodingData 
SectionTwo:AnalyzingResearchData
4 AnalyzingQuantitativeData
5 AnalyzingQualitativeData
6 AnalyzingMMRData 
SectionThree:PresentingResearchStudies
7 PresentingResearchResults
8 WritingResearchReports
9 DisseminatingResearch 10 Conclusion  Glossary Bibliography Index
LIST OF FIGURES, SCREENSHOTS, AND TABLES FIGURES
VerybroadcategoriesofTESOLresearch(Nunan1992
Figure1.1 interpretationofBrown,1988a)
Emergenceofmanynewtypesofresearch(adaptedfrom Figure1.2 Brown,2004)
Primaryresearchcharacteristicscontinua(adaptedfrom Figure1.3 Brown,2004)
Qualitative,quantitative,andmixedmethodsresearch(based
Figure1.4 onJohnsonetal.,2007,p.124)
Figure7.1 Semestersofstudy(basedonresultsinTable7.1)
Figure7.2 Majors(basedonresultsinTable7.1)
Figure7.3 Futureplans(basedonresultsinTable7.1)
Futureplans(plaintwo-dimensionalbargraph,basedon
Figure7.4 resultsinTable7.1)
Futureplans(shadedthree-dimensionalbargraph,basedon
Figure7.5 resultsinTable7.1)
Futureplans(three-dimensionalcylindergraphwithaxes
Figure7.6 switched,basedonresultsinTable7.1)
Futureplans(three-dimensionalpiechart,basedonresultsin Figure7.7 Table7.1)
Futureplans(two-dimensionaldonutchart,basedonresults Figure7.8 inTable7.1)
Evaluationdesignandsimplifiedtimeline(Figure1in
Figure7.9 Kletzien,2011,p.57) Figure
ExampleitemfromtheEthóksetymologytest(fromdela 7.10
CruzVillegasandIzquierdoSandoval,2009a,p.113) SCREENSHOTS Screenshot 3.1
Examplequantitativedataset
Screenshot Examplequalitativedatasetwithcodingsadded 3.2
Screenshot Examplequalitativedatasetforrecoding 3.3
Screenshot ExampleExcelspreadsheetofdatafromChapter3 4.1
Screenshot ExampleExcelspreadsheetwithallstatisticscalculated 4.2
Screenshot Made-updataforExcelPlayActivity 4.3
Screenshot Made-updataforExcelCorrelationFunction 4.4
Screenshot Meanlisteningscorespre-andpost-interventionfortwo 4.5
groups(Phuong,2011,p.5)
Screenshot NewclassificationschemefordataclassifiedinScreenshot 5.1 3.2 TABLES
Strengthsandweaknessesofthequalitativeandquantitative
Table2.1 sidesofresearch(compiledfromBrown,2001a,2004;
JohnsonandOngwuegbuzie,2004,pp.19–20)
Table2.2 Typesoftriangulation
Rulesofthumbandassociatedquestionsforstartingan Table2.3 MMRproject
Whichdatasourcesleadtodatathatarequalitative,
Table3.1 quantitative,orboth?
Rulesofthumbandassociatedquestionsforgathering,
Table3.2 compiling,andcodingdata
ValuesnecessaryforthePearsonproduct-moment
Table4.1 correlationcoefficienttobesignificant(adaptedfromFisher andYates,1963)
Valuesnecessaryforat-testtobesignificant(adaptedfrom
Table4.2 FisherandYates,1963)
Summarydisplayofthecorrelationcoefficients(adaptedfrom Table4.3 Chang,2007)
Expandedsummarydisplayofthecorrelationcoefficients
Table4.4 (abovethediagonal)andcoefficientsofdetermination(below
thediagonal)(adaptedfromChang,2007)
Rulesofthumbandassociatedquestionsforquantitative Table4.5 dataanalysis
Complementarystrengthsofqualitativeandquantitative
Table5.1 researchsidesofMMR
Veryabridgedversionoftheeffectsmatrixforthefirstyear
Table5.2 outcomesoftheUdeG/UCLARESTproject(adaptedfrom Lynch,1992,p.85)
Abridgedsite-dynamicsmatrix(adaptedfromLynch,1992,p. Table5.3 89)
Table5.4 Examplechecklistmatrix
Table5.5 Exampletime-orderedmatrix
Table5.6 Exampleconceptuallyclusteredmatrix
Table5.7 Examplerole-orderedmatrix
Table5.8 Examplethree-factormatrix
Table5.9 Examplefour-factormatrix
CountryXstudychecklistmatrixofobservationsandsources Table5.10 ofinformation
Rulesofthumbandassociatedquestionsforqualitativedata Table5.11 analysis
Characteristicsofsoundquantitativeandqualitativeresearch
Table6.1 studies(summarizedfromBrown,2004)
Definitionsofprincipalconceptsandmethodsfor
Table6.2 enhancing/corroborating/defendingthequalityofqualitative
andquantitativeresearchmethods
Table6.3 KeyformsoflegitimationusefulinMMR
Keytechniquesforenhancing/corroboratingthelegitimation
Table6.4 ofanMMRstudy
RulesofthumbandassociatedquestionsforMMRdata Table6.5 analysis
Profileofstudentsurveyrespondents(adaptedfromTable1
Table7.1 inPierce,2012,p.55)
Studentandfacultyperceptionsofteachingexperiencewithin
Table7.2 theBAprogram(adaptedfromTable4inPierce,2012,p.60)
Table7.3a Studentquestionnaireresponses(n=304)
Studentquestionnaireresponsesorderedfromhightolow(n Table7.3b =304)
Table7.4a Correlationcoefficientsfromimaginarystudy
Simplerdisplayofcorrelationcoefficientsfromtheimaginary
Table7.4b studyinTable7.4a
TeachingreferencewithinSLScoursesyllabuses(adapted
Table7.5 considerablyfromTable3inPierce,2012,p.58)
Abridgedcommentsfromthepost-terminterviewwiththe
Table7.6 secondteacher(adaptedfromTable9inKletzien,2011,p. 73)
Summaryofpositiveclassroomobservationsfromthe
Table7.7 CountryXstudy
Summaryofproblemsobservedandsourcesofinformation
Table7.8 fromtheCounryXstudy
CriteriaforCALLtaskappropriateness(Table1inRanalli,
Table7.9 2008,p.443,fromChapelle,2001,pp.55–8).
Paired-samplet-testresultsforpre-andpost-tests(Table3
Table7.10 inRanalli,2008,p.448)
DescriptionoftheGreek/Latin-rootedwordsincludedinthe
Table7.11 software(Table2.2indelaCruzVillegasandIzquierdo Sandoval,2009a,p.114)
DescriptionoftheGreek/Latin-rootedwordsnotincludedin
Table7.12 thesoftware(Table2.3indelaCruzVillegasandIzquierdo Sandoval,2009a,p.114)
Rulesofthumbandassociatedquestionsforpresenting Table7.13 MMRresults
Table8.1 Guidelinesforwritingsoundquestionnaireitems(drawson
materialinBrown,1997,2001a)
MappingMALQfactorsandlisteningstrategies(adaptedfrom
Table8.2 Table6inO’BryanandHegelheimer,2009)
MALQscores(adaptedfromTable7inO’Bryanand
Table8.3 Hegelheimer2009)
Emergentpatternsinsourcetextuse(adaptedfromTable5
Table8.4 inPlakansandGebril,2012)
Writers’responsestoitemsregardingsourcetextuse
Table8.5 (counts)(adaptedfromTable8inPlakansandGebril,2012)
Rulesofthumbandassociatedquestionsforwritingresearch Table8.6 reports
Rulesofthumbandassociatedquestionsfordisseminating Table9.1 researchresults
Table10.1 Rulesofthumbandassociatedquestionsfortheconclusion