1. Mary used to coach at Notre Dame University. She now works as the new soccer coach at UConn.
- Mary who used to coach at Notre Dame University now works as the new soccer coach at UConn.
2. He made great efforts. He failed to win the race.
- Although he made great efforts, he failed to win the race
3. Where did the fire start? That was a complete mystery.
- Where the fire started was a complete mystery.
4. Mary was careless. She lost her job.
- Mary lost her job because she was careless.
5. How can we reduce this high temperature? My problem is that 
My problem is how we could reduce this high temperature.
6. When did the fever begin? The seriousness of his condition depends on that
- The seriousness of his condition depends on when the fever began.
7. I will discuss your programme with you. Do not make any appointments before that.
- After I discuss your programme with you, you can make any appointments.
8. In view of the drought, there is only enough water for two days. That is our conclusion
- Our conclusion is there is only enough water for two days.
1. The boy will receive some money to continue his study. His parents died in a traffic accident.
Y:The boy whose parents died in traffic accident will receive some money to continue his study
2. He went to London. He had lived there when he was a boy.
Y:He went to London where he had lived when he was a boy
3. We have only enough water for two more days. I told you so
Y: I told you that we had only enough water for two more days
4.What caused the explosion? No one ever discovered it.
Y: No one ever discovered what caused the explosion.
5. Perhaps you will arrive at your hotel before five o'clock. In that case, please telephone me at my office.
If you arrive at your hotel before five o’clock, you telephone me at my office.
6. Stand up here. Then you can see the mountains clearly.
- If you stand up here, you can see the mountains clearly.
7. We cannot stay here. We must face that fact.
- We must face the fact we cannot stay here.
8. It doesn't matter what I say. He always does something different
No matter what I say/ whatever I say, he always does something different …
1. How often do I drink coffee? I cannot tell you that accurately.
- I cannot tell you accurately how often I drink coffee.
2. You can get this amount of money on one condition. You must do exactly what I tell you.
- If you do exactly what I tell you, you can get this amount of money
3. Tim cannot play sports again. We must face that fact.
- We must face the fact that Tim cannot play sports again.
4. Xuan Quynh is the author of Song. It is a famous poem.
- Xuan Quynh is the author of Song which is a famous poem.
5. Your mother must stay in the hospital. I am very sorry.
- I am sorry that your mother must stay in the hospital
6. What damage did the storm cause? It took a month to investigate.
- It took a month to investigate what damage the storm caused .
7. Stand up. Otherwise, you won't be able to see anything
- Unless you stand up, you won’t be able to see anything.
8. When does the school open? That is such a big question.
- When the school opens is a big question
9. It doesn’t matter what the mother says. He always does something different.
- No matter what the mother says, he always does something different.
10. They were informed about the Covid 19 pandemic. They were on their holiday at that time.
- They were informed about the Covid 19 pandemic when they were on their holiday
1. When I have any news, I/’ll phone/ you.
2. She/ really enjoys/ the quietness; therefore, she moves to the countryside.
3. When I last ate at this restaurant, it/ was/ in London Street./ =>
4. I/ have been making/ dinner since you phoned me. =>
5. I was doing my homework when the phone rang. =>
6. My younger sister always considers my advice valuable. =>
7. No doubt, the price of petrol is increasing. =>
8. With hard-working years now I can have my own company.=>
9. She played the piano when required to do so. =>
10. Glancing up at my eyes, he /knows /what I am thinking about. =>
 Makesentenceswith‘playing badminton’asasubordinate clausein different 
syntactic functionsasrequired(1-5). 1/ As Subject:.  Playing badminton is my favorite sport. 
(HL) Playing badminton is my activity every morning.
2/As Appositive: Sport, playing badminton, is very important for your health.
3/As Prepositional Complement: He relieves stress through playing badminton
She is the best at playing badminton 4/As Object Complement: 5/ As Subject complement:
Makeonesentenceforeachofthefollowingcases:
1. That clause as Appositive
My dream, that I work as an English teacher, is encouraged by my mum.
2. Nominal relative clause as Object complement
You can call me whatever you want.ok
3. Yes-no interrogative clause as Subject 
Whether the school reopens or not doesn’t change anything. 
If you come or not affects my mood.
4. V-ing clause as Prepositional complement
Nệ :It's a machine for making ice-cream
5. To-infinitive clause as Subject complement
Nệ :What is essential is to maintain a healthy diet
The decision was to extend the deadline by three months.
Usesuitablesubordinatorstomake complexsentences servingasexamplesto
illustratethestatement:Thefiniteclause“mysonsaregrowinguphappily”can functionas
1. subject: My sons are growing up happily is what I want.
2. subject complement: My dream is that my sons are growing up happily.
3. adverbial: when my sons are growing up happily I am getting old
4. adjectival complement: I get glad that my sons are growing up happily 5. appositive: My dream that
my sons are growing up happily Make sentences with
1. Noun phrase as Subject => The old man is his father.
2. Noun phrase as Object Complement =>We voted him our monitor.
3. Noun phrase as Direct object => I bought a car.
4. Noun phrase as Appositive =>Alice, my best friend, is a famous actor.
5. Noun phrase as Prepositional complement => I travel over the world.
6. Noun phrase as adverbial =>I met him last year
7. Adverb phrase as disjuncts =>Honestly, I hate him.
8. Adjective phrase as Object Complement => They painted the picture black
9. Adjective phrase as Head of a NP. => The young are creating the trends on Facebook
10. Adverb phrase as adjuncts=> We are waiting outside
11. Adjective phrase as Subject Complement => My best friend is stupid
- That hand lotion is too sticky
12. Adverb phrase as Modifier of adverb =>She make me sad - Tim is very handsome
Prep phrase: What time is ok for the dinner?-> After 7 is perfect.
Syntactic functions of That-clause:
S: That I had an accident made my mother frightened
Od: People said that the thief stole 5 billion dollars.
Cs: My dream is that my plan will become true.
Cadj: It is interesting that we all become pilots.
Cprep: I am really fed up that my girlfriend is always late.
App: My dream, that I work as an English teacher, is encouraged by my mum.
Syntactic functions of nominal clause (mệnh đề danh ngữ) => wh-clause / wh S: What I like is football.
Od: I can eat whatever my mother cooks
Oi: I will give whoever comes here my name card. Cs: Hung Yen is where I live.
Cprep: You should vote for whoever you trust.
App: Pho, what I like best, is the most popular dish in Vietnam. Make a sentence with:
1.- Adjective phrase as Object Complement: ( SVOC )
They painted the picture black. He makes me sad//happy.
2.- Adjective phrase as Head of a NP: the + adj
The young are creating the trends on Facebook. The poor need help.
3.- Adjective phrase as Subject Complement: SVC
My sister is intelligent. The weather is hot.
Syntactic functions of English adjectives:
This is an interesting book. => pre - modifier
Post-modifier: She paints the wall blue. / I want to see something new. Cs: My brother is intelligent.
Co: I consider him foolish. / He makes me sad.
Head of NP: The poor need help.
How easy-going you are! => exclamatory adj sentences.
Supplementive adj clause: although sick, she came to school yesterday. Make a sentence with 1. Noun phrase as adverbial
1. You should brush your teeth every evening.
1. This morning, a stranger came to get revenge. 2. Adverb phrase as disjuncts 2. Naturally, he didn't come. 2. Honestly, I have no idea. 3. Adverb phrase as adjuncts
She only has got a phone for studying.
Syntactic functions of nominal clause (mệnh đề danh ngữ) => wh-clause S: What I like is football.
Od: I can eat whatever my mother cooks
Oi: I will give whoever comes here my name card. Cs: Hung Yen is where I live.
Cprep: You should vote for whoever you trust.
App: Pho, what I like best, is the most popular dish in Vietnam.
Vietnam, where I was born, is a beautiful country Adverb as modifier Modifier of VP E.g. He's played well. Modifier of adjective
E.g. That is a very funny film. ■Modifier of adverb
E.g. They are smoking very heavily. They left him well behind.
Modifier of prepositional phrase
E.g. His parents deals exactly with the right price.
■Modifier of determiner, pre-determiner, post-determiner
E.g. I paid more than ten pounds for it
Almost everybody came to our party. Modifier of NP E.g. It was rather a mess. 1. Adverb as adverbial
■Three classes of adverbials: adjuncts, disjuncts and conjuncts
■E.g. They are waiting outside.→ adjunct
I can now understand it.→ adjunct
Frankly, I am tired.→ disjunct
If they open all the windows, then I'm leaving → conjunct Realiazion of subject
Basic NP: My friend is very nice.
Complex NP: The beautiful girl is walking in the park. V-ing: Swimming is my dream To-Vo: To be rich is not easy
That-clause: That we are studying abroad is the pride of my parents.
Wh-clause: What she needs is a long holiday.
Yes-no interrogative clause: if/whether it rains or not is important to me.
If he can come or not affects my mood. Prep phrase:
What time is ok for the dinner?-> After eight is perfect.
Syntactic functions of English adverbs: Adjunct: He is coming here
Disjunct: Naturally, he didn't come.
Conjunct: He is very lazy; however, he always gets high score.
Modifier of VP: She is learning hard/She plays the piano well.
Modifier of adj: That is a very funny story.
Modifier of prep phrase: The thief was arrested just outside the apartment.
Modifier of adv: She speaks very clearly.
Modifier of NP: The kitchen is rather a mess.
Modifier of determiner: Almost everybody came to our party