Revision Notes on Culture and Communication | Trường Đại học Ngoại ngữ, Đại học Đà Nẵng

lOMoAR cPSD| 59062190
Nguyễn Thị Mai Anh – 21CNA02 – Group 7 REVISION
1. What are the basic principles of culture?
Culture is a complex and multifaceted concept, but some key principles that underpin it include:
• Shared Values and Beliefs: Culture is built on a foundation of shared values, beliefs, and
assumptions that guide behavior and shape a sense of identity among members of a group.
• Symbols and Language: Symbols, rituals, and language play a crucial role in
transmitting cultural values and meanings across generations. They help to create a
shared sense of identity and belonging. These symbols facilitate communication and preserve cultural knowledge.
• Adaptation and Change: While cultures are relatively stable, they are not static. They
adapt and change over time in response to both internal and external factors.
• Diversity: Every culture is unique, reflecting the distinct environment, history, and
experiences of a community. Cultural diversity enriches global interactions by offering
varied perspectives and solutions.
• Integration: cultural elements (values, norms, traditions, laws) are interconnected and
function together to maintain societal coherence. Changes in one aspect (e.g., technology)
often impact others (e.g., social norms or education).
• Dynamism: Culture is dynamic and evolves over time due to internal innovations and
external influences (e.g., globalization, technology, intercultural exchange). This
adaptability ensures culture remains relevant to changing circumstances.
• Socialization: Culture is learned and transmitted from one generation to the next through
socialization processes such as family, education, and media.
2. How important is cross-cultural communication?
Cross-cultural communication is incredibly important in today's interconnected world. Here's why:
• Enhances Understanding and Reduces Misunderstandings: Different cultures have
unique communication styles, languages, gestures, and norms. Misunderstandings can
occur if these differences are not recognized and respected. Cross-cultural
communication helps bridge these gaps, ensuring clear and respectful interactions.
• Builds Stronger Relationships: By understanding cultural backgrounds, we can better
connect with people from different cultures. This builds trust and respect, leading to stronger relationships.
• Boosts Global Success: In international business, understanding cultural nuances can
make or break negotiations, partnerships, and customer relations. It ensures successful
collaborations across borders by addressing cultural preferences and expectations. lOMoAR cPSD| 59062190
Effective communication across cultures is critical for international diplomacy,
peacebuilding, and cooperation. It helps navigate complex cultural sensitivities and avoid diplomatic tensions.
• Supports Tourism and Cultural Exchange: Cross-cultural communication enhances the
experience of travelers by allowing meaningful interactions with locals and
understanding of different customs. It fosters cultural appreciation and exchange, promoting global unity.
3. What essential principles are applied to cross-cultural communication?
Effective cross-cultural communication is essential for fostering understanding,
collaboration, and minimizing conflicts in a globalized world. Several key principles guide
successful communication across cultures, helping individuals navigate differences and
communicate more effectively. Here are the essential principles of cross-cultural communication:
• Cultural Awareness: One of the first principles is recognizing and understanding that
cultures vary significantly in terms of values, communication styles, and social norms.
Being aware of the cultural diversity in your surroundings helps in adapting your
behavior to respect differences and avoid miscommunication.
• Respect: Respecting cultural differences means approaching cross-cultural interactions
with empathy and an open mind, understanding that other ways of doing things are not
wrong but simply different. Value their perspectives even if they differ from yours.
• Mindfulness and Open-Mindedness: Understand your own cultural biases and
assumptions.Pay full attention, avoid interrupting, and seek to understand. Put yourself in
the other person's shoes and try to see things from their cultural perspective.
• Effective Communication: Clear and Concise Language, use simple language and avoid
jargon or idioms. Be mindful of nonverbal cues like body language, gestures, and eye
contact. Ask open-ended questions to encourage dialogue and understanding. Seek
clarification and provide feedback to ensure understanding.
• Adaptability and Flexibility: Be willing to adapt to different cultural contexts and
communication styles. Embrace uncertainty and be patient with misunderstandings and
approach challenges with a collaborative and solution-oriented mindset.
• Patience: Communication across cultures can take time. Be patient with pauses, different
communication styles, and the learning process
4. Why do people think cultural adjustment can take so long?
Cultural adjustment process often challenges deeply ingrained habits, values, and perceptions,
requiring time, effort, and patience. Here are key reasons why people perceive cultural
adjustment as a lengthy process:
• Cultural Shock: The initial excitement can fade, replaced by frustration with unfamiliar
practices. Adjusting to these challenges takes time and emotional resilience. lOMoAR cPSD| 59062190
• Learning Social Norms and Expectations: Adjusting to the unwritten rules of social
behavior, such as greetings, dining etiquette, or how to express emotions, can take time to
internalize. Many individuals are cautious about inadvertently violating cultural norms,
which can make them hesitant to fully engage.
• Deeply Held Cultural Values: Adjusting to a new culture often means encountering
values and priorities that differ significantly from one’s own. For example, differences in
individualism vs. collectivism or time orientation (punctuality vs. flexibility) can be
challenging to reconcile. Adapting to a new cultural environment may require
reevaluating one’s beliefs and behaviors, which can be emotionally taxing and slow.
• Adapting to New Systems and Structures: Adjusting to new systems (e.g., healthcare,
education, transportation) and societal structures can be overwhelming, especially if they
differ significantly from those in one’s home culture.Physical changes, such as climate,
food, or urban layouts, can also contribute to the time needed for adjustment.
• Building New Relationships: Developing strong relationships takes time and effort,
especially when cultural differences exist. Building a supportive social network in a new culture can be challenging.
5. Distinguish cultural generalizations from stereotypes. Give specific examples.
Cultural generalizations and stereotypes are both broad statements about groups, but with some
differences. Cultural generalizations are broad, flexible statements about a group of people that
are based on observable trends, behaviors, or practices. They are not absolute and allow for
exceptions, acknowledging that individuals within a culture can differ significantly. For example,
Americans tend to value individualism and direct communication. This is a generalization based
on cultural research and observations. It recognizes that there are diverse cultural backgrounds
within the United States, but it provides a general understanding of American culture.
Stereotypes are oversimplified, rigid, and often inaccurate assumptions about a group of people.
They often involve negative judgments and can be harmful and discriminatory. For example,
"Latin Americans are always late." This is an absolute and negative assumption that disregards
individual behavior or situational factors.
Cultural generalizations are tools for understanding cultural diversity and fostering empathy,
while stereotypes are harmful oversimplifications that perpetuate bias.
6. What are typical symptoms of culture shock? What should people do to overcome them?
Typical symptoms of culture shock include feelings of disorientation, frustration, anxiety,
loneliness, and homesickness. Physical symptoms like fatigue, headaches, and digestive issues
may also arise. To overcome culture shock, individuals can take proactive steps such as learning
about the new culture, engaging with locals, participating in cultural activities, seeking support
from fellow expatriates or locals, maintaining connections with loved ones back home, and
keeping an open mind. Developing resilience, patience, and a sense of humor can also help lOMoAR cPSD| 59062190
navigate the challenges of adapting to a new culture. Gradually immersing oneself in the new
environment while acknowledging and accepting differences can aid in the adjustment process.
7. Choose ONE typical country. Explain some outstanding cultural features and taboos of the country.
Japan is known for its rich cultural heritage and unique customs. Bowing is a common greeting,
with the depth and duration indicating respect. The concept of "saving face" is crucial, leading to
indirect communication and avoiding confrontation. Respect for hierarchy is evident in various
aspects of life, such as language usage and workplace dynamics. Taboos include pointing with
fingers, blowing noses in public, and wearing shoes indoors. Additionally, tipping is considered
rude, as excellent service is expected. Traditional tea ceremonies symbolize hospitality and
harmony, while cherry blossom viewing reflects an appreciation for fleeting beauty.
Understanding and respecting these cultural nuances foster positive interactions and meaningful experiences in Japan.
8. What are major differences between formal communication and informal communication? Formal Informal Purpose Goal-oriented and Relationship-oriented and taskfocused socially driven Form Typically written or Primarily oral or nonverbal documented Structure
More structured and follows More comfortable and established rules. spontaneous Politeness Typically more polite and More familiar and friendly respectful Speed Long time-consuming Usually quick and easy to navigate Reliability
More reliable, as it follows a Takes off on its own and sets pattern set by the its own course organization. Content Meetings, reports, or Casual conversations, chats, presentations. or social media interactions.
9. What are major differences between oral communication and written communication?
Oral communication involves the spoken word and immediate interaction between individuals.
It's dynamic, allowing for real-time feedback and clarification. The tone of voice, pitch, and
gestures convey additional meaning. Oral communication is often informal and suitable for quick
exchanges or discussions. On the other hand, written communication uses written words
transmitted through various mediums like letters, emails, reports, or text messages. It's more
permanent and allows for precise expression and detailed explanations. Written communication lOMoAR cPSD| 59062190
can be formal or informal, depending on the context. Unlike oral communication, it lacks
immediate feedback, which may lead to misunderstandings. However, it offers the advantage of
documentation, facilitating reference and record-keeping. Both forms of communication are
essential and complement each other in conveying messages effectively.
10. What does '' the complexity of people's cultural identity'' mean? Explain the four
settings of cultural resources?
“ The complexity of people's cultural identity ” refers to the multifaceted and dynamic nature of
an individual's or group’s sense of self, shaped by various factors like ethnicity, language,
religion, traditions, and personal experiences. Cultural identity is not fixed but evolves over time,
influenced by social interactions, exposure to different cultures, and changing life circumstances.
People may belong to multiple cultural groups, and their identity can shift depending on context,
making it a complex and fluid concept.
The four settings of cultural resources encompass material, behavioral, normative, and cognitive
aspects. Material resources include tangible objects like artifacts and tools. Behavioral resources
refer to learned behaviors and skills within a culture. Normative resources involve social norms,
values, and rules that guide behavior. Cognitive resources encompass beliefs, knowledge
systems, and language. Together, these settings provide individuals with the tools and
frameworks to navigate and interpret their cultural identities within society.
11. What does silence indicate in conversations?
Silence in conversations can convey a wide range of meanings, depending on the context and the
dynamics between the participants. One common interpretation is that silence indicates
“thoughtfulness” or “reflection”. A person may pause to carefully consider their response or to
process the information shared. This can also show that the individual is giving the conversation
serious attention. Silence can also signal “emotional responses” such as “discomfort”, “anger”,
or “sadness”. In moments of conflict or when faced with a difficult topic, a person might become
silent as a way of processing emotions or avoiding confrontation. Sometimes, silence might
indicate “agreement” or “acceptance”, particularly when a person feels no need to add anything
further to what has been said. Additionally, silence can demonstrate “respect” or “deference”,
especially in situations where one person is listening attentively or allowing another to speak
without interruption. Overall, silence is a complex and versatile communication tool.
12. Culture does not explain all behavior. Explain this.
While culture significantly influences individual behavior, it's essential to recognize that it
doesn't provide a complete explanation. Cultural norms and values shape our understanding of
the world and guide our actions, but they don't dictate every aspect of our behavior. Individual
personalities, experiences, and choices also play a crucial role. People from the same culture may
exhibit diverse behaviors due to factors like upbringing, personal beliefs, and life circumstances.
Additionally, cultural norms and values are constantly evolving, and individuals may challenge
or deviate from them. Furthermore, situational factors can influence behavior. A person may
behave differently in a formal setting compared to a casual one, even if their cultural background lOMoAR cPSD| 59062190
remains the same. Therefore, while culture is an important factor, it's essential to consider the
interplay of various influences on individual behavior.
13. What are basic elements of where we come from?
The basic elements of "where we come from" encompass various aspects that contribute to our
identity and sense of belonging. These include geographical location, cultural heritage, familial
roots, and personal experiences. Geographical location refers to the physical place where we
were born or grew up, influencing our connection to landscapes, climates, and natural
surroundings. Cultural heritage encompasses the traditions, customs, languages, and values
passed down through generations, shaping our identity and worldview. Familial roots denote our
family history, ancestry, and lineage, providing a sense of continuity and belonging within a
familial context. Personal experiences, including upbringing, education, and interactions with
society, further mold our identity and perspective on the world. Together, these elements form
the foundation of our identity and shape who we are.
14. How many classroom seating arrangements are there? What are they? Which is
preferable for language learning?
Classroom seating arrangements can vary widely depending on the teaching style, subject matter,
and class size. Here are some of the most typical arrangements:
• Rows: students sit in rows facing the teacher. It’s more suitable for individual learning,
but it can limit interaction between students.
• U-Shape: desks are arranged in a circle, allowing for maximum student interaction. It
encourages open discussion, group work, and equal participation from all students.
• Horseshoe : similar to the circle or U-shape but with one end open, allowing the teacher
to interact closely with students while maintaining a sense of unity.
• Clusters (Pods): Students are seated in small groups, usually with 4-6 desks pushed
together. This setup promotes collaboration, teamwork, and peer learning.
• Pairs or Partners: Desks are arranged in pairs or small groups, encouraging peer learning and communication.
For language learning, the “U-shape” or “clusters” arrangement is generally preferable. These
setups facilitate interaction, communication, and collaboration, which are key elements in
learning a new language. In language classes, active participation, discussion, and peer
interaction are vital for practicing speaking, listening, and comprehension skills.
15. What are the main advantages and disadvantages of globalization? Advantages Disadvantages
Economic Growth: Globalization can lead to Economic Inequality: Wealth and benefits
economic growth by expanding markets,
are often unevenly distributed, with richer
increasing trade, and promoting foreign
countries and multinational corporations investment.
benefiting more than poorer ones. lOMoAR cPSD| 59062190
Access to Technology and Knowledge:
Job Losses and Exploitation: Globalization
Globalization facilitates the sharing of
can lead to the outsourcing of jobs to
technological advancements, research, and
countries with lower labor costs. This can
knowledge across borders to improve their
result in job losses and wage stagnation in
infrastructure, healthcare systems, and
wealthier countries. In developing nations,
education, contributing to overall
where workers may face poor conditions and development. low wages.
Cultural Exchange: Globalization fosters
Cultural Erosion: local traditions, languages,
cultural exchange and understanding between and customs can be overshadowed. In some
different countries and people.
cases, dominant cultures may overpower
indigenous cultures, leading to cultural homogenization.
Lower Prices and Increased Choice: Global Environmental Concerns: The increase in
trade leads to increased competition, often
production, transportation, and consumption
resulting in lower prices for goods and
associated with globalization often leads to
services. Consumers have access to a wider environmental degradation.
variety of products from around the world.
16. Explain a certain proverb.
A well-known proverb is “The grass is always greener on the other side”. This saying suggests
that people often believe that others have better circumstances or opportunities than they do,
even though the reality may be different. It reflects the human tendency to idealize what we
don’t have and overlook the challenges or imperfections in other situations. The proverb teaches
us that satisfaction and contentment come from appreciating what we have rather than constantly
comparing ourselves to others. It serves as a reminder that no situation is perfect, and what
seems better elsewhere may not always be as ideal as it appears.
17. Distinguish a melting pot from a mosaic. Give specific examples.
A melting pot and a mosaic are both metaphors used to describe cultural integration, but they
represent different approaches. A melting pot suggests assimilation, where diverse cultures blend
together to form a new, homogeneous culture. In contrast, a mosaic emphasizes diversity and the
preservation of distinct cultural identities within a larger societal framework.
For example, the United States is often described as a melting pot due to its history of
immigrants from various backgrounds assimilating into American culture while contributing
elements of their own heritage. On the other hand, Canada is often characterized as a mosaic,
where multiculturalism is celebrated, and diverse cultural identities, such as those of Indigenous
peoples, French Canadians, and immigrants, are respected and preserved alongside the broader Canadian identity.
18. Distinguish personalities from characters in terms of cross-cultural communication. lOMoAR cPSD| 59062190
In cross-cultural communication, "personality" and "character" are distinct yet complementary
aspects of an individual’s identity. "Personality" refers to a person’s psychological traits, such as
introversion or extroversion, openness, and emotional sensitivity. In a cross-cultural context,
personalities affect how people adjust to different cultural norms and communicate, such as
whether they are comfortable with direct or indirect communication styles.
“Character”, on the other hand, is more about a person’s ethical values and moral qualities, such
as honesty, integrity, and respect for others. Character is shaped by cultural, familial, and societal
influences and dictates how an individual responds to ethical dilemmas, builds trust, and treats
others. In cross-cultural communication, understanding someone's character is essential for
establishing trust and collaboration, as it reflects their core values and reliability.
While personality shapes communication style, character determines the depth and sincerity of
interactions. Both are crucial in navigating cross-cultural differences.
19. How many kinds of conversational distance are there? Explain them.
Conversational distance, also known as proxemics, refers to the physical distance between
individuals during communication. There are typically four main categories of conversational distance:
• Intimate distance: This is the closest proximity, typically ranging from physical contact
to about 18 inches (45 centimeters). It's reserved for close relationships such as romantic
partners, family members, or close friends.
• Personal distance: Ranging from about 18 inches to 4 feet (1.2 meters), personal
distance is suitable for conversations with friends, acquaintances, or colleagues. It allows
for comfortable interaction while still maintaining a sense of personal space.
• Social distance: This category ranges from 4 to 12 feet (3.7 meters) and is common in
formal or professional settings. It's used for interactions with acquaintances or unfamiliar
individuals, maintaining a level of formality and respect for personal boundaries.
• Public distance: Beyond 12 feet (3.7 meters), public distance is used for speaking to
larger groups or addressing audiences. It creates a sense of formality and is suitable for
public speaking or addressing crowds 20. Explain
(a). the adjustment process in a new culture; (b).
the re-entry adjustment process. (a)
The adjustment process in a new culture, also known as “acculturation”, involves
adapting to a foreign environment, which can be both exciting and challenging. It typically
begins with the “honeymoon phase”, where individuals feel excited and fascinated by the new
culture. However, as time progresses, they may experience “culture shock”, characterized by
confusion, frustration, and a sense of isolation due to unfamiliar customs, language, and social
norms. Over time, individuals move into the “adjustment phase”, where they start learning and
adapting to the new culture, gradually feeling more comfortable and confident. The final stage is
“mastery”, where individuals can function effectively in the new culture, integrating it into their lOMoAR cPSD| 59062190
daily lives. The adjustment process varies for each individual based on factors like prior cultural
exposure, flexibility, and language skills. (b)
The “re-entry adjustment process”, also called “reverse culture shock”, occurs when
individuals return to their home country after living abroad. Initially, they may feel excitement
and joy to be back, but soon, they may experience “disorientation” and “frustration”. They might
struggle to fit in, feeling disconnected from their home culture, as they’ve changed during their
time abroad. Over time, they begin to “re-adjust” by understanding how their overseas
experiences influence their perspectives. Finally, they reach a stage of “adaptation”, feeling more
comfortable and integrated, although they may continue to hold onto aspects of the foreign culture they encountered.