Spider silk cuts weight ofbridges - Tài liệu tham khảo Tiếng Anh ( TA8 ISW) p2 | Đại học Hoa Sen

IPP IELTS CYCLE 04 – READING TEST 01 READING PASSAGE 1
are in production, 20 staff will harvest up to
Spider silk cuts weight of
1,000 kg of perhaps 35 different varieties of
fruit and vegetables, every day. ‘We’re not bridges
ever, obviously, going to feed the whole city
In Paris, urban farmers are trying a soil-
this way,’ cautions Hardy. In the urban
free approach to agriculture that uses less
environment, you’re working with very
space and fewer resources. Could it help
significant practical constraints, clearly, on
cities face the threats to our food supplies?
what you can do and where. But if enough
unused space can be developed like this,
On top of a striking new exhibition
there’s no reason why you shouldn’t
hall in southern Paris, the world’s largest eventually maybe between 5% and target
urban rooftop farm has started to bear fruit. 10% of consumption.’
Strawberries that are small, intensely
Perhaps most significantly, however,
flavoured and resplendently red sprout
this is a real-life showcase for the work of
abundantly from large plastic tubes. Peer
Hardy’s flourishing urban agriculture
inside and you see the tubes are completely
consultancy, Agripolis, which is currently
hollow, the roots of dozens of strawberry
fielding enquiries from around the world to
plants dangling down inside them. From
design, build and equip a new breed of soil-
identical vertical tubes nearby burst row
free inner-city farm. ‘The method’s
upon row of lettuces; near those are
advantages are many,’ he says. ‘First, I don’t
aromatic herbs, such as basil, , and sage
much like the fact that most of the fruit and
peppermint. Opposite, in narrow,
vegetables we eat have been treated with
horizontal trays packed not with soil but
something like 17 different pesticides, or
with coconut fibre, grow cherry tomatoes,
that the intensive farming techniques that shiny and brightly coloured aubergines
produced them are such huge generators of chards.
greenhouse gases. I don’t much like the fact, Pascal Hardy, an engineer and
either, that they’ve travelled an average of
sustainable development consultant, began
2,000 refrigerated kilometres to my plate,
experimenting with vertical farming and
that their quality is so poor, because the
aeroponic growing towers — as the soil-
varieties are selected for their capacity to
free plastic tubes are known — on his Paris withstand substantial such journeys, or
apartment block roof five years ago. The
that 80% of the price I pay goes to
urban rooftop space above the exhibition
wholesalers and transport companies, not the
hall is somewhat bigger: 14,000 square producers.’
metres and almost exactly the size of a
Produce grown using this soil-free
couple of football pitches. Already, the team
method, on the other hand – which relies
of young urban farmers who tend it have
solely on a small quantity of water, enriched
picked, in one day, 3,000 lettuces and 150
with organic nutrients, pumped around a
punnets of strawberries. When the
closed circuit of pipes, towers and trays – is
remaining two thirds of the vast open area
‘produced up here, and sold locally, just Page 1 | 9 IPP IELTS CYCLE 04 – READING TEST 01
down there. It barely travels at all,’ Hardy
says. ‘You can select crop varieties for their Questions 01 – 03
flavour, not their resistance to the transport
Complete the sentences below. Choose NO
and storage chain, and you can pick them
MORE THAN TWO WORDS AND/ OR
when they’re really at their best, and not
A NUMBER from the passage for each
before.’ No soil is exhausted, and the water answer.
that gently showers the plants’ roots every Urban farming in Paris
12 minutes is recycled, so the method uses 1. V
ertical tubes are used to grow
90% less water than a classic intensive farm
strawberries, __________, and herbs. for the same yield.
2. There will eventually be a daily harvest
Urban farming is not, of course, a
of as much as __________ in weight of
new phenomenon. Inner-city agriculture is fruit and vegetables.
booming from Shanghai to Detroit and
3. It may be possible that the farm’s
Tokyo to Bangkok. Strawberries are being
produce will account for as much as
grown in disused shipping containers,
10% of the city’s __________ overall.
mushrooms in underground carparks.
Aeroponic farming, he says, is ‘virtuous’. Questions 04 – 07
The equipment weighs little, can be installed
Complete the table below. Choose ONE
on almost any flat surface and is cheap to
WORD ONLY from the passage for each
buy: roughly €100 to €150 per square metre. answer.
It is cheap to run, too, consuming a tiny
Intensive farming versus aeroponic
fraction of the electricity used by some urban farming techniques. Growth Selection Sale
Produce grown this way typically ● Qu
sells at prices that, while generally higher ality not
than those of classic intensive agriculture, ● W ● 6 good
are lower than soil-based organic growers. ide ● Va
There are limits to what farmers can grow range of _rec rieties
this way, of course, and much of the produce 4 Intensi eive of fruit
is suited to the summer months. ‘Root ____use very ve and
vegetables we cannot do, at least not yet,’ he d little farmin vegetab
says. ‘Radishes are OK, but carrots, ● T of g les
potatoes, that kind of thing – the roots are echniqu over chosen
simply too long. Fruit trees are obviously es all that can
not an option. And beans tend to take up a pollute inco survive
lot of space for not much return.’ air me long 5
Nevertheless, urban farming of the kind _____
being practised in Paris is one part of a Aerop ● N ● Pr
bigger and fast-changing picture that is onic o soil oduce
bringing food production closer to our lives. urban used chosen Page 2 | 9 IPP IELTS CYCLE 04 – READING TEST 01 ● N
A. A tree’s ‘value’ depends on several utrients because
factors including its species, size, form, farmin added to of its 7
condition, quality, function, and g water, ______
accessibility, and depends on the which is ____
management goals for a given forest. recycled
The same tree can be valued very
differently by each person who looks at Questions 08 – 13
it. A large, straight black cherry tree has
Do the following statements agree with the
high value as timber to be cut into logs
information given in Reading Passage 1?
or made into furniture, but for a TRUE if the
landowner more interested in wildlife
statement agrees with the information;
habitat, the real value of that stem (or FALSE if the
trunk) may be the food it provides to
statement contradicts the information;
animals. Likewise, if the tree suffers NOT GIVEN if there is no
from black knot disease, its value for information on this.
timber decreases, but to a woodworker interested in making , it brings an bowls 8.
Urban farming can take place above or
opportunity for a unique and beautiful below ground. piece of art. 9. Some of the equipment used in
B. In the past, Pennsylvania landowners
aeroponic farming can be made by hand.
were solely interested in the value of
10. Urban farming relies more on electricity
their trees as high-quality timber. The
than some other types of farming.
norm was to remove the stems of highest
11. Fruit and vegetables grown on an
quality and leave behind poorly formed
aeroponic urban farm are cheaper than
trees that were not as well suited to the
traditionally grown organic produce.
site where they grew. This practice,
12. Most produce can be grown on an
called ‘high-grading’, has left a legacy
aeroponic urban farm at any time of the
of low-use wood’ in the forests. Some year.
people even call these ‘junk trees’, and
13. Beans take longer to grow on an urban
they are abundant in Pennsylvania. farm than other vegetables.
These trees have lower economic value
for traditional timber markets, compete READING PASSAGE 2
for growth with higher-value trees, shade Forest management in
out desirable regeneration and decrease
the health of a stand* leaving it more Pennsylvania, USA
vulnerable to poor weather and disease.
How managing low-quality wood (also
Management that specifically targets
known as low-use wood) for bioenergy can
low-use wood can help landowners
encourage sustainable forest management
manage these forest health issues, and
wood energy markets help promote this. Page 3 | 9 IPP IELTS CYCLE 04 – READING TEST 01
C. Wood energy markets can accept less
Cut. With the many pests and pathogens
expensive wood material of lower
visiting forests including hemlock wooly
quality than would be suitable for
adelgid, Asian long-horned beetle,
traditional timber markets. Most wood
emerald ash borer, and gypsy moth, to
used for energy in Pennsylvania is used
name just a few, it is important to
to produce heat or electricity through
remember that those working in the
combustion. Many schools and
forests can help ease these issues
hospitals use wood boiler systems to
through cutting procedures. These types
heat and power their facilities, many
of cut reduce the number of sick trees
homes are primarily heated with wood,
and seek to manage the future spread of
and some coal plants incorporate wood
a pest problem. They leave vigorous
into their coal streams to produce
trees that have stayed healthy enough to
electricity. Wood can also be gasified for survive the outbreak.
electrical generation and can even be
F. A Shelterwood Cut, which only takes
made into liquid fuels like ethanol and
place in a mature forest that has already
gasoline for lorries and cars. All these
been thinned several times, involves
products are made primarily from low-
removing all the mature trees when other
use wood. Several tree- and plant-cutting
seedlings have become established. This
approaches, which could greatly
then allows the forester to decide which
improve the long-term quality of a
tree species are regenerated. It leaves a
forest, focus strongly or solely on the use
young forest where all trees are at a of wood for those markets.
similar point in their growth. It can also
D. One such approach is called a Timber
be used to develop a two-tier forest so
Stand Improvement (TSI) Cut. In a TSI
that there are two harvests and the
Cut, really poor-quality tree and plant
money that comes in is spread out over a
material is cut down to allow more decade or more.
space, light, and other resources to the
G. Thinnings and dense and dead wood
highest-valued stems that remain.
removal for fire prevention also center
Removing invasive plants might be
on the production of low-use wood.
another primary goal of a TSI Cut. The
However, it is important to remember
stems that are left behind might then
that some retention of what many would
grow in size and develop more foliage
classify as low-use wood is very
and larger crowns or tops that produce
important. The tops of trees that have
more coverage for wildlife; they have a
been cut down should be left on the site
better chance to regenerate in a less
so that their nutrients cycle back into the
crowded environment. TSI Cuts can be
soil. In addition, trees with many cavities
tailored to one farmer’s specific
are extremely important habitats for
management goals for his or her land.
insect predators like woodpeckers, bats
E. Another approach that might yield a high
and small mammals. They help control
amount of low-use wood is a Salvage
problem insects and increase the health Page 4 | 9 IPP IELTS CYCLE 04 – READING TEST 01
and resilience of the forest. It is also
20. to generate income across a number of
important to remember that not all small years
trees are low-use. For example, many - C
species like hawthorn provide food for
21. to create a forest whose trees are close in
wildlife. Finally, rare species of trees in age
a forest should also stay behind as they - C
add to its structural diversity. List of Timber Cuts A. A TSI Cut
*Stand – An area covered with trees that B. A Salvage Cut
have common features (e.g., size) C. A Shelterwood Cut Questions 14 – 18 Questions 22 – 26
Reading Passage 2 has 07 paragraphs, . A-G
Complete the sentences below. Choose ONE
Which paragraph contains the following
WORD ONLY from the passage for each information? answer.
NB You may use any letter more than once.
22. Some dead wood is removed to avoid the possibility of __________.
14. Bad outcomes for a forest when people
23. The __________ from the tops of cut
focus only on its financial reward
trees can help improve soil quality.
24. Some damaged trees should be left, as
15. Reference to the aspects of any tree that
their __________ provide habitats for a contribute to its worth range of creatures.
25. Some trees that are small, such as
16. Mention of the potential use of wood to
__________, are a source of food for help run vehicles animals and insects.
26. Any trees that are __________ should be
17. Examples of insects that attack trees
left to grow, as they add to the variety of species in the forest.
18. An alternative name for trees that produce low-use wood
Matching name and feature Questions 19 – 21
1. đọc trong ngoặc kép
Look at the following purposes (Questions 19-21
2. results : đọc phần kết quả ->
) and the list of timber cuts below.
Match each purpose with the correct timber
gần cuối -> action verbs: point cut, A, B or C.
out, discover, agrue, propose,
NB You may use any letter more than once.
explore ( khám phá ra được gì đó ), agree, conclude .
19. to remove trees that are diseased - B Page 5 | 9 IPP IELTS CYCLE 04 – READING TEST 01 READING PASSAGE 3
Several teams are trying to improve
Conquering Earth’s space junk
methods for assessing what is in orbit, so
that satellite operators can work more problem
efficiently in ever-more-crowded space.
Satellites, rocket shards and collision debris
Some researchers are now starting to
are creating major traffic risks in orbit
compile a massive data set that includes
around the planet. Researchers are working
the best possible information on where
to reduce these threats.
everything is in orbit. Others are
developing taxonomies of space debris-
A. Last year, commercial companies,
working on measuring properties such as
military and civil departments and
the shape and size of an object, so that
amateurs sent more than 400 satellites
satellite operators know how much to
into orbit, over four times the yearly
worry about what’s coming their way.
average in the previous decade. Numbers The alternative, many say, is
could rise even more sharply if leading
unthinkable. Just a few uncontrolled
space companies follow through on
space crashes could generate enough
plans to deploy hundreds to thousands of
debris to set off a runaway cascade of
large constellations of satellites to space
fragments, rendering near-Earth space in the next few years.
unusable. 40 ‘If we go on like this, we
All that traffic can lead to disaster. Ten
will reach a point of no return,’ says
years ago, a US commercial Iridium
Carolin Frueh, an astrodynamical
satellite smashed into an inactive
researcher at Purdue University in West
Russian communications satellite called Lafayette, Indiana.
Cosmos-2251, creating thousands of
C. Even as our ability to monitor space
new pieces of space shrapnel that now
objects increases, so too does the total
threaten other satellites in low Earth
number of items in orbit. That means
orbit – the zone stretching up to 2,000
companies, governments and other
kilometres in altitude. Altogether, there
players in space are collaborating in new
are roughly 20,000 human-made objects
ways to avoid a shared threat.
in orbit, from working satellites to small
International groups such as the Inter-
rocket pieces. And satellite operators
Agency Space Debris Coordination
can’t steer away from every potential
Committee have developed guidelines
crash, because each move consumes
on space sustainability. Those include
time and fuel that could otherwise be
inactivating satellites at the end of their
used for the spacecraft’s main job.
useful life by venting pressurised
B. Concern about space junk goes back to
materials or leftover fuel that might lead
the beginning of the satellite era, but the
to explosions. The intergovernmental
number of objects in orbit is rising so
groups also advise lowering satellites
rapidly that researchers are investigating
deep enough into the atmosphere that
new ways of attacking the problem.
they will burn up or disintegrate within Page 6 | 9 IPP IELTS CYCLE 04 – READING TEST 01
25 years. 38. But so far, only about half
controllers know the location of the
of all missions have abided by this 25-
planes down to one metre in accuracy.
year goal, says Holger Krag, head of
The same can’t be said for space debris.
the European Space Agency’s space-
Not all objects in orbit are known, and
debris office in Darmstadt, Germany.
even those included in databases are not
Operators of the planned large tracked consistently
constellations of satellites say they will
F. An additional problem is that there is no
be responsible stewards in their
authoritative catalogue that accurately
enterprises in space, but Krag worries
lists the orbits of all known space debris.
that problems could increase, despite
Jah illustrates this with a web-based
their best intentions. ‘What happens to
database that he has developed. It draws
those that fail or go bankrupt?’ he asks.
on several sources, such as catalogues
‘They are probably not going to spend
maintained by the US and Russian
money to remove their satellites from
governments, to visualise where objects space.’
are in space. When he types in an
D. In theory, given the vastness of space,
identifier for a particular space object,
satellite operators should have plenty of
the database draws a purple line to
room for all these missions to fly safely
designate its orbit. Only this doesn’t
without ever nearing another object. So,
quite work for a number of objects, such
some scientists are tackling the problem
as a Russian rocket body designated in
of space junk by trying to find out where
the database as object number 32280.
all the debris is to a high degree of
39.When Jah enters that number, the
precision. That would alleviate the need
database draws two purple lines: the US
for many of the unnecessary manoeuvres
and Russian sources contain two
that are carried out to avoid potential
completely different orbits for the same
collisions. 36. ‘If you knew precisely
object. Jah says that it is almost
where everything was, you would almost
impossible to tell which is correct,
never have a problem,’ says Marlon
unless a third source of information
Sorge, a space-debris specialist at the
made it possible to cross-correlate.
Aerospace Corporation in El Segundo,
37. Jah describes himself as a space California.
environmentalist: ‘I want to make space
E. The field is called space traffic
a place that is safe to operate, that is free
management, because it’s similar to
and useful for generations to come.’
managing traffic on the roads or in the
Until that happens, he argues, the space
air. Think about a busy day at an airport,
community will continue devolving into
says Moriba Jah, an astrodynamicist at
a tragedy in which all spaceflight
the University of Texas at Austin: planes
operators are polluting a common
line up in the sky, landing and taking off resource.
close to one another in a carefully
choreographed routine. Air-traffic Questions 27 – 31 Page 7 | 9 IPP IELTS CYCLE 04 – READING TEST 01
Reading Passage 3 has six sections, A-F.
Look at the following statements (Questions
Which section contains the following
36-40) and the list of people below. Match information?
each statement with the correct person, A, B,
Write the correct letter, A-F, in boxes 27-31 C or D. on your answer sheet.
NB You may use any letter more than once.
27. a reference to the cooperation that takes
36. Knowing the exact location of space place to try and minimise risk
junk would help prevent any possible
28. an explanation of a person’s aims danger.
29. a description of a major collision that - C occurred in space
37. Space should be available to everyone
30. a comparison between tracking objects
and should be preserved for the future.
in space and the efficiency of a - D transportation system
38. A recommendation regarding satellites
31. a reference to efforts to classify space is widely ignored. junk - B
39. There is conflicting information about Questions 32 – 35
where some satellites are in space.
Complete the summary below. Choose ONE - D
WORD ONLY from the passage for each
40. There is a risk we will not be able to answer. undo the that occurs in space. damage
The Inter-Agency Space Debris - A Coordination Committee List of People A.
The committee gives advice on how Carolin Frueh B. the __________ of space can be 32 Holger Krag C.
achieved. The committee advises that when Marlon Sorge D.
satellites are no longer active, any unused Moriba Jah
33__________ or pressurised material that could cause __________ should be 34 MATCHING NAMES removed.
Although operators of large satellite
constellations accept that they have
obligations as stewards of space, Holger
Krag points out that the operators that
become 35__________ are unlikely to
prioritise removing their satellites from space. Questions 36 – 40 Page 8 | 9 IPP IELTS CYCLE 04 – READING TEST 01 Page 9 | 9