Which of the following is the major challenge to managers in a fully networked organization? - Tài liệu tham khảo | Đại học Hoa Sen

1. Which of the following is the major challenge to managers in a fully networked organization?
Managing people who work together but are geographically separated
2. Human beings are complex, and few, if any, simple and universal
principles explain organizational behavior. Nevertheless, it does not
mean that OB cannot offer reasonably accurate explanations of human
behavior or make valid predictions. It does mean that OB concepts must ________.
Reflect situational, or contingency, conditions
3. Which of the following is not a topic or concern related to OB? family behavior
4. What are the three primary determinants of behavior in organizations?
individuals, groups, and structure
5. Which of the following statements is not true about work force diversity?
Workforce diversity is a concern only in the United States.
6. Timothy works with people of various nationalities and faiths. How can
he effectively manage people from different cultures?
by adapting his management style to their differences
7. An ethically healthy climate ________.
exists where employees confront a minimal degree of ambiguity regarding what
constitutes right and wrong behaviors
8. Which of the following problems would an OB study be least likely to focus on?
a decrease in sales due to growing foreign competition
9. Which one of the following is not an example of globalization?
After years of lackluster performance, Boeing realized it needed to change its business model.
10. Which of the following explains the usefulness of the systematic
approach to the study of organizational behavior? Human behavior is not random.
11. ________ is an effect of increasing globalization.
Jobs moving to nations with low-cost labor
12. Raul is a financial analyst who oversees the daily financial expenditures
for a major big box retailer. On a typical day, Raul does not interact with
other employees and only meets with his team on Monday afternoons;
however, he typically has to run a report at 7:30 am and then a final
report at 7:30 pm. Raul and his wife Emily have a 6 month old son and
Emily will soon be returning to work thus requiring the couple to
engage childcare. To enhance Raul's well-being at work, his manager could ________.
allow Raul to work from home four days a week
13. Which behavioral science discipline is most focused on understanding individual behavior? psychology
14. Austin is a graduate student helping to organize a study on individual
job satisfaction. The study focuses on the top five causes of satisfaction
or dissatisfaction on a job. His department is surveying 200 individuals
in 100 different types of organizations. Austin is most likely a graduate
student in the department of ________. Psychology
15. Which of the following statements best describes contingency variables?
They are factors that moderate the relationship between two or more events or situations.
16. Which of the following has not contributed to blurring the lines between
employees' work life and personal life? creation of flexible teams
17. Psychology's major contributions to the field of organizational behavior
have been primarily at what level of analysis? the level of the individual
18. ________ focuses on the study of people in relation to their social environment. Sociology
19. Raymond is completing a study on discrimination in which he has noted
that saleswomen who wear skirt suits make more sales than
saleswomen who only wear pant suits. However, Raymond determined
that his findings only pertained to those industries in which the
purchasing decision maker is traditionally masculine. For example, the
sales results were the same for all women selling to medical office
managers, a female dominated field. Raymond used ________ variables to
more accurately explain his results. contingency
20. Many employees of global firms are "on call" 24 hours a day for all of
the following reasons except ________.
they are able to create and structure their own roles with flexible work schedules
21. Which of the following is not an example of an ethical dilemma?
Do I allow some employees to work from home, and not others?
22. You are bringing together faculty from different behavioral disciplines
to author a new textbook in organizational behavior. Represented are
professors from psychology, sociology, social psychology, anthropology,
political science, and industrial engineering. Which faculty member
should furnish information about personality, learning, and motivation? Psychology
23. Which of the following is not an action characteristic of an organization in flux?
replacing temporary workers with permanent ones
24. Situations where an individual is required to define right and wrong
conduct are termed ________. ethical dilemmas
25. This field of study has helped us understand differences in fundamental
values, attitudes, and behavior between people in different countries
and within different organizations. Anthropology
26. Analyzing relationships, determining causes and effects, and basing
conclusions on scientific evidence all constitute aspects of ________ study. Systematic
27. In order to predict human behavior, it is best to supplement your
intuitive opinions with information derived in what fashion? systematic study
28. ________ blends concepts from psychology and sociology and focuses on
the influence people have on one another. Social psychology
29. The science of ________ was developed by applying general concepts to a
particular situation, person, or group. organizational behavior
30. Which of the following would not be considered a service employee? Police officer
31. Until the late 1980s, business school curricula emphasized the ________ aspects of management. Techncal
32. There is a connection between companies which have ________ and the
incorporation of organizational behavior principles. superior financial performance
33. The common characteristic of service jobs is that they require ________.
substantial interaction with an organization's customers
34. Which of the following factors makes it imperative that organizations be fast and flexible? Globalization
35. You are bringing together faculty from different behavioral disciplines
to author a new textbook in organizational behavior. Represented are
professors from psychology, sociology, social psychology, anthropology,
political science, and industrial engineering. You should expect that the
faculty member from ________ will probably contribute information about
large-scale group behavior. sociology
36. Employees at Acme Express are dissatisfied with the working
conditions, salary, and the general attitude of the management. Mark,
Susan, and Toni are good friends who work at Acme, yet each seems to
be reacting differently to the problems at work. Maria is dissatisfied
with the way that her manager treats her. She has quit her job and
found a new position with another firm. She has expressed her
dissatisfaction through ________. exit
37. Of the following attitudes, the best predictor of turnover is ________. organizational commitment
38. The degree to which a person identifies with his or her job, actively
participates in it, and considers his or her performance as being
important to self-worth is ________. job involvement
39. Which of the following is an example of an affective attitude?
anger at being unfairly accused of a wrongdoing
40. Employees at Acme Express are dissatisfied with the working
conditions, salary, and the general attitude of the management. Mark,
Susan, and Toni are good friends who work at Acme, yet each seems to
be reacting differently to the problems at work. Susan has composed a
list of concerns along with her suggestions for improving conditions.
Susan is dealing with her dissatisfaction through ________. voice
41. Mrs. Jonas believes strongly that it is important that worker's rights be
respected, and that one of the more important ways of doing this is to
ensure that all workers be properly documented. She is supervising a
contracting company that is building a new warehouse for her company.
While doing this she discovers that many of the workers employed by
the contractor are undocumented aliens working for well below
minimum wage. Mrs. Jonas can be expected to relieve the discomfort
she is experiencing by doing the following except ________.
terminating the contract as it is against her attitude
42. Which of the following answer choices is the best definition of attitude?
Attitudes are evaluative statements of what one believes about something or someone.
43. The performance variables productivity, absenteeism, and turnover are
generally considered a part of the ________ behaviors in the exit—voice—
loyalty—neglect framework. exit and neglect
44. Under which of the following conditions is job dissatisfaction less predictive of turnover?
when employees are presented with unsolicited job offers
45. Thad, Jamarcus, and Willy have been working for Davidson International
each for three years. While the trio started together as analysts and are
all still on the same team, Jamarcus has recently been made a team lead
while Willy and Thad are still in their respective positions although Willy
did receive a small raise after his last performance evaluation. Which of
the following is most probably to occur soon?
Thad sabotages Willy…he did not deserve the raise, I did!
46. What refers to a positive feeling about a job, resulting from an
evaluation of its characteristics? job satisfaction
47. Individuals will be more motivated to reduce dissonance when the
attitudes are important or when they believe the dissonance is ________.
they are in control of the dissonance
48. Lance recently earned his doctorate from a historic University, famous
for its top academics and sports programs. While in graduate school, he
was very active in student life and intramurals and maintained an active
social life while earning high marks for his teaching and research. Upon
graduation, he was elected "senator at large" for the alumni association
and still maintains strong relationships with his faculty and mentors.
After graduation, Lance was hired as an assistant professor at a
metropolitan University. This University is only 30 years old, has no
sports program and very little collegiality among the faculty and staff.
Although his teaching evaluations are high, he gets very little positive
input from his supervisors and feels that he is constantly being abused
and overworked by the administration, regardless of his personal life.
With which two job attitudes is Lance most likely having issues?
Perceived Organizational Support and Cognitive Dissonance
49. Sheila works for a manufacturer of Styrofoam trays for school lunches.
Last year her son came home from school and told her that the trays
she makes go straight to the landfill where they sit for hundreds of
years without ever biodegrading. Although this information bothers
Sheila, she does not look for another job because she enjoys her very
high salary. Which dissonance moderating factor is illustrated by this example?
High dissonance is tolerated because of a high reward.
50. Attending union meetings as a way of coping with job dissatisfaction
would be what type of response? voice
51. Rashid is dissatisfied at work. He feels he is paid too little and asked to
do too much. To compensate for his perceived unjust pay, he regularly
takes work supplies home for personal use, such as computer ink
cartridges, staplers, and reams of paper. Rashid's behavior is an example of ________. workplace deviance
52. In the context of employee engagement, it is observed that the highly
engaged employees feel a deep connection to their company.
Disengaged employees ________.
put time but no attention into their work
53. Why should managers be interested in their employees' attitudes?
They give warnings of potential problems.
54. Which of the following is true regarding the relationship between
satisfaction and absenteeism?
There is a consistent negative relationship between the two.
55. Your friend Leslyn has been driving a Mustang for the past few years
and is very vocal about how much she likes her car. Unfortunately, she
was recently in an accident and has now purchased a brand new
Challenger. Now she talks about how much she likes the Challenger and
has started to criticize Mustangs! Which statement would best describe
what you should say to Leslyn the next time she talks about cars?
Leslyn, I am sorry about your car Mustang. It was a great car but your Challenger is great too!
56. Festinger proposed that the desire to reduce dissonance is determined
by three moderating factors including the ________.
degree of influence the individual believes he or she has over the elements
57. Leon Festinger argued that ________ follow(s) ________. attitudes; behavior
58. Which of the following statements is not true about attitudes in the workplace?
Changing employee attitudes is necessary if you are to manage dissonance.
59. Compared to people who have a negative core self-evaluation, people
who have a positive core self-evaluation ________.
are less likely to give up when confronting difficulties
60. The theory of cognitive dissonance was proposed by ________. Festinger
61. Thad, Jamarcus, and Willy have been working for Davidson International
each for three years. While the trio started together as analysts and are
all still on the same team, Jamarcus has recently been made a team lead
while Willy and Thad are still in their respective positions although Willy
did receive a small raise after his last performance evaluation. Of the
five major job attitudes, Jamarcus probably has the highest level of
________ while Willy probably has the highest level of ________.
job satisfaction; organizational commitment
62. Guillermo's wife was recently diagnosed with breast cancer. Guillermo
had to take a considerable amount of time off work to care for their
children, and he was late in completing his portion of a large project.
Guillermo never feared that his job was in jeopardy because of his
absences or his delay in completion of work. Name the major job
attitude relative to the above stated example.
perceived organizational support
63. Which response is demonstrated by Joe when he speaks up to support
his company's actions even when the local newspaper is criticizing them? loyalty
64. A study conducted by a management consulting firm found that
companies with higher morale ________.
experienced a larger growth in their stock prices
65. Which of the following is not an example of organizational citizenship behavior?
discouraging a friend from applying for a job at the company
66. Which of the following employees does not exhibit deviant behavior in the workplace?
Cara wraps up her work early to attend her daughter's ballet recital.
67. Research shows that someone with a ________ core self-evaluation will
also have a ________ job satisfaction level. high; high
68. A satisfied workforce does not guarantee successful organizational
performance. In order to improve organizational effectiveness, managers ________.
must try to improve employee attitudes
69. Janice is spending the summer working as an intern writing copy for a
local firm. Today Janice's senior editor sent back some of Janice's work
covered in red ink corrections. Up until now, all of Janice's work had
been corrected in green or blue ink. Janice is upset and worried that her
senior editor doesn't like her. Which component of an attitude
is not represented in the previous scenario? the behavioral component
70. Which major job-satisfaction facet is most strongly correlated with high
levels of overall job satisfaction?
social context of the workplace
71. Charles makes $24,000 a year. Ana makes $40,000 a year. Ellis makes
$75,000 a year. Adam makes $75,000 a year. Shonali makes $30,000 a
year. Which of the following is not a true statement about the usual
correlation between pay and job satisfaction?
charles is less likely to be satisfied with his job than Shonali.
72. In her work in the publishing industry, Vera seeks out new authors
whom she considers promising. In the past two years she has found a
number of new writers whose work she thought was exceptional, and
immersed herself in the task of helping them shape their manuscripts
for submission to her managers for publishing. Although she was
extremely proud of the results, none of the authors she worked with
were chosen for publication. Vera believes that the decision not to
publish these authors was based on personal rivalries within
management, rather than the quality of her writers' work. She is
extremely frustrated, dreads coming into work each morning, and is
seriously thinking of resigning. How can Vera's job attitudes best be described?
low job satisfaction and high job involvement
73. People feeling different emotions after being subjected to identical emotion-
provoking stimuli is a result of ________. personality
74. Which of the following statements is true regarding negotiation?
A lack of emotion improves performance during negotiation.
75. Which of the following statements is true regarding emotions?
Emotions are caused by specific events.
76. Ismael spent the morning in the field making sales calls. He called on four
prospective clients and they all declined to purchase his company's product.
Ismael returned to the office stressed and exhausted. He has an hour and a half
for lunch before he has to make a large sales presentation to a current client,
which Ismael hopes will expand his account. Which of the following is most likely
to be the best way for Ismael to spend his lunch hour?
He should rest and relax before the presentation.
77. Research has indicated that people in a ________ mood are better able to ________.
bad; discern the truth about others
78. Erin works at a software company, in charge of the help desk. After being yelled
at by a customer about the state of her company's software, she becomes angry,
and has to take a short break to calm down. What makes her anger an emotion, rather than a mood? It has a contextual stimulus.
79. Theresa is the manager of a production unit. Which of the following methods
would likely be of the least use to improve her employees' moods?
arrange for employees to see funny videos at work
80. What do you call the practice of modifying one's true inner feelings based on display rules? deep acting
81. Which of the following mood dimensions is a pure marker of high negative affect? nervousness
82. Rahael's team was recently responsible for missing a major sales goal. According
to the affective events theory, which of the following is most likely to occur?
Rahael will become more motivated and will keep working harder for next time.
Rahael will become discouraged but will keep working harder for next time.
83. Which of the following is a generic term that covers a broad range of feelings that people experience? affect
84. Which of the following is not an example of emotional emotions?
perturbation toward those acting altruistically
85. Francine heads an ad agency and works with copywriters, artists, and designers
to come up with effective branding solutions for new products. Why is it
particularly important for Francine to keep her team happy?
People are more creative when they are in a good mood
86. ________ is a pure marker of high positive affect. Excited
87. A ________ means that when nothing is going on, people are generally in a mildly good mood. positivity offset 88. What is positivity offset?
experiencing a mildly positive mood at zero input
89. Whether a candidate has high emotional intelligence would not be a significant
factor when considering candidates for the job of a(n) ________.
copy editor who seeks out spelling errors and grammatical mistakes in manuscripts
90. Barry is angry at losing his job. In order to regulate his emotions, he can do all of the following except ________. focus on the problem at hand
91. ________ are the emotions that an individual is actually experiencing, despite what they might display. Felt emotions
92. Negative affect is a mood dimension consisting of ________ at the low end. relaxation
93. Surface acting deals with ________ emotions. displayed
94. ________ is a pure marker of low positive affect Boredom
95. Which of the following statements is true regarding deep acting?
A health care provider trying to genuinely feel more empathy for her patients is deep acting.
96. Henry is upset because his boss recently reprimanded him for missing a
deadline. The boss put Henry on a probation period, causing him to lose his two
days a week telecommuting privilege. Henry now has to work at the office five
days a week. Which of the following is most likely to result from Henry's negative attitude due to the reprimand? deviant workplace behavior
97. Carlos is upset because his boss gave him work to finish over the weekend. It is
Friday. Which of the following will least help Carlos lift his spirits?
playing videogames with his friends
98. Amber and Emmet were recently hired by a marketing agency. While Amber is
typically in a good mood always, Emmet appears to be depressed most of the
time. Based on this information, what would you expect from Amber?
She will find better solutions to problems.
99. Julia works as a receptionist in a real estate company. One morning her boss
comes in the door and yells at her, telling her that the front office is a mess and
that she needs to get up and clean it immediately. After her boss leaves the
room, Julia grabs three magazines and violently slams them into the trash can.
Which of the following best describes Julia's anger? an emotion 100.
Which of the following statements is true regarding surface acting?
Surface acting is hiding inner feelings and forgoing emotional expressions in response to display rules. 101.
Judy has been having a very difficult time at work. Her supervisor is
constantly making her work long hours and is usually very critical of her
behavior. This constant negativity is taking a toll on Judy and she is starting to
experience hatred toward her job. According to the theory of emotional
regulation, Judy needs to do which of the following to control her spiraling emotions?
Vent…letting it out clears the soul. 102.
Which of the following statements is true regarding the effects of moods
and emotions on decision making?
Depressed people tend to weigh all possible options rather than the most likely ones. 103.
Emotional intelligence (EI) is a concept that ________.
is moderately correlated with job performance 104.
People who score ________ on emotional stability are more likely to react strongly to ________ events. low; negative 105.
Which of the following can be said to be true of emotion regulation?
It takes effort to modify one's feelings. 106.
When Ariana is told that her dog has been killed by a car, her eyes widen
in disbelief and tears begin to stream down her face. Later that day she is able to
laugh and talk about the fun times she had with her dog. What is one of the
reasons that Ariana's reaction can be categorized as an emotion?
It is accompanied by facial expressions. 107.
Some researchers doubt the existence of emotional intelligence (EI).
Which of the following is an argument they use against it?
The concept of EI is so broad and variegated as to render it effectively meaningless. 108.
Jane Simpson rates low on conscientiousness. Which of the following
statements is most likely to be true about Jane? She will be easily distracted. 109.
You wish to hire a person who is innovative, individualistic, versatile, and
entrepreneurial. Candidates for this position would ideally have ________
classification on the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator. ENTP 110.
With reference to the Hofstede's framework, a class or caste system that
discourages upward mobility is more likely to exist in a nation that scores ________. high on power distance 111.
The ________ is the most widely used personality assessment instrument in the world. Myers-Briggs Type Indicator 112.
With reference to John Holland's personality-job fit theory, people
belonging to the ________ type prefer verbal activities in which there are
opportunities to influence others and attain powers. enterprising 113.
You need a person who is innovative, individualistic, and versatile and is
attracted to entrepreneurial ideas. Who would be the best candidate based on their Myers-Briggs Type? Cameron 114.
What is the major problem with the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator as a measure of personality?
It forces a person to be categorized as either one type or another. 115.
Individuals high in self-monitoring ________.
show considerable adaptability in adjusting their behavior to external situational factors 116.
A high Mach would be most suited for which of the following positions?
a real estate broker negotiating the lease of large amounts of office space 117.
You are seeking to fill the position of corporate accountant, and
have administered Holland's Vocational Preference Inventory
questionnaire to all candidates. The best candidates for the position
would have which of the following personality types? conventional 118.
________ is as important for managers as for front-line employees and
among all big five traits, this trait is most consistently related to job performance. Conscientiousness 119.
What does the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator classification of "E or I" stand for? extraverted/introverted 120.
You have decided to use Holland's Typology of Personality and Congruent
Occupations to help your friends recognize which jobs they would be well-suited
for. Monica is shy, stable, and persistent. Neil is ambitious and energetic and likes
to dominate conversations. Jessica is idealistic, impractical, and very imaginative.
Walter is efficient and practical, but he lacks imagination and tends to be
inflexible. Chris is analytical, independent, and an original thinker. Which of your
friends is most likely to find a successful career as a writer? Jessica 121.
According to the Big Five Model, a highly conscientious person is most likely to be ________.
responsible, organized, dependable, and persistent 122.
According to research using the Myers-Type Indicator, you are most likely
to have which personality type? introverted 123.
With reference to John Holland's personality-job fit theory, people
belonging to the "realistic" type will be most suitable for the job of a(n) ________. mechanic 124.
John Holland's personality-job fit theory presents six personality
types. Which of the following is one of these six types? investigative 125.
As compared to high self-monitors, low self-monitors ________.
are less likely to emerge as leaders 126.
Which of the following is not one of Hofstede's five dimensions of national culture? flexibility versus rigidity 127.
Marylyn is a very driven person who seeks to push ideas forward to keep
people on their toes; however, she also has a problem with stepping on peoples
toes and being overly critical of others. Marylyn probably has high ________ and low ________.
conscientiousness; emotional stability 128.
Those with a ________ personality identify opportunities, show initiative,
take action, and persevere until meaningful change occurs, compared to others
who passively react to situations. proactive 129.
People in cultures with long-term orientation ________.
look to the future and value thrift, persistence, and tradition 130.
Which of the following statements is true about personality?
Personality is the sum total of ways in which an individual reacts to and interacts with others. 131.
Harvey is a very exciting person, people want to be friends with him, and
find his company very desirable. Harvey usually takes the lead within his circle of
friends and seldom considers what others want. Most likely, Harvey has which of the Dark Triad? psychopathy and narcissism 132.
Which of the following statements is not true regarding values?
There is no substantial variability in values across cultures. 133.
According to the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI) classification, people
belonging to the ________ type are visionaries. They usually have original minds
and great drive for their own ideas and purposes. They are skeptical, critical,
independent, determined, and often stubborn. INTJ 134.
Which of the following Big Five traits is most strongly related to life
satisfaction, job satisfaction, and low stress levels? emotional stability 135.
Which dimension of the Big Five Model is a measure of reliability? conscientiousness 136.
Marina loves to visit a new country every year. Her hobbies are visiting
museums, painting, traveling, and learning new languages. Which dimension of
the Big Five Model best describes Marina, according to her hobbies? openness to experience 137.
You have decided to use Holland's Typology of Personality and Congruent
Occupations to help your friends recognize which jobs they would be well-suited
for. Monica is shy, stable, and persistent. Neil is ambitious and energetic and likes
to dominate conversations. Jessica is idealistic, impractical, and very imaginative.
Walter is efficient and practical, but he lacks imagination and tends to be
inflexible. Chris is analytical, independent, and an original thinker. According to
Holland's Typology, Monica's personality type is "________." Realistic 138.
According to the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI) classification, people
belonging to the "________" type are practical and prefer routine and order. Sensing 139.
Which of the following terms indicates the degree to which people like or dislike themselves? core self-evaluation 140.
Which of the following personality traits indicates the degree to which a
person is unemotional and pragmatic and believes that ends can justify means? Machiavellianism 141.
Which of the following differentiates introverts from extraverts?
Introverts are less impulsive than extraverts. 142.
According to the Big Five Model, people who score high on the ________
dimension are creative, curious, and artistically sensitive. openness to experience 143.
With reference to the Big Five Model, which of the following statements is
true regarding highly agreeable people?
They tend to do better in interpersonally oriented jobs such as customer service. 144.
According to the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI) classification, people
belonging to the "judging" type ________.
want control and prefer their world to be ordered and structured 145.
Meg has exceeded her budget by at least $200 every month for the last
three months. After recognizing that this is a problem, she decides to use the
rational decision-making model to decide what to do. What should be the next
step she should take, if she follows this model?
determine what criteria she needs to take into account when making her decision 146.
Whenever Jane is successful she takes full credit for her success, but
whenever she is unsuccessful she attributes her failure to bad luck or blames one
of her fellow employees. She is guilty of the ________. self-serving bias 147.
With reference to decision making, satisficing involves ________
seeking solutions that are satisfactory and sufficient 148.
_______ refers to staying with a decision even when there is clear evidence it's wrong. Escalation of commitment 149.
Attribution theory suggests that when we observe an individual's behavior,
we attempt to determine whether it was internally or externally caused. That
determination, however, depends largely on three factors. Which of the following is one of these three factors? Consistency 150.
According to the attribution theory, if a behavior scores ________, we tend
to attribute it to internal causes. low on distinctiveness 151.
Which of the following statements is true regarding the hindsight bias?
It indicates our tendency to believe falsely, after the outcome is known, that we
would have accurately predicted it. 152.
Which of the following traits does a decision maker need to have if they
are to fully appraise a problem and even see problems that others are not aware of? creativity 153.
Loud people are more likely to be noticed in a group than quiet ones. So,
too, are extremely attractive or unattractive individuals. Which of the following
statements best explains the reason behind this fact?
The relationship of a target to its background influences our perception of the target. 154.
Vance recently took over the role of director of an academic unit at a large
university. While Vance has a Type A personality and is very organized and direct,
his predecessor was very Type B and liked to role with the flow. Due to his
predecessor's personality, it is likely Vance will experience a long period of
difficult change due to which phenomena? historical precedent 155.
Which of the following is a component of the three-component model of
creativity that encompasses certain personality characteristics of an individual
such as the ability to use analogies? creative thinking skills 156.
While negotiating salary with your prospective employer, if you suggest an
initial target salary of $55,000, your employer will consider $50,000 to $60,000 a
reasonable range for negotiation, but if you mention $55,650, your employer is
more likely to consider $55,000 to $56,000 the range of likely values for
negotiation. In this example your employer is exhibiting the ________ bias. Anchoring 157.
Because it is impossible for us to assimilate everything we see, we engage in ________. selective perception 158.
Tom knows that the title insurance company made a mistake on his
property title. Because of their mistake, his neighbor now has access to an
easement road through the 25 acres located at the back of his property. He can't
use the acreage for pasture, because his neighbor insists that the gates remain
open. The title company has offered a $40,000 settlement. Tom has decided to
take the settlement rather than possibly lose in court if he were to sue the title
company for more money. Tom's decision is based on ________. risk aversion 159.
You are more likely to notice cars like your own due to ________. selective perception 160.
For many people, a 50-50 flip of a coin for $100 might not be worth as
much as a sure promise of $50, even though the gamble is mathematically worth
twice as much as the sure thing. This is an example of ________. risk aversion 161.
The three criteria for making ethical decisions are ________.
utilitarianism, rights, and justice 162.
Of the five constraints of decision making, which is most likely to be affected by risk aversion? reward system 163.
Which of the following is an example of a shortcut used in judging others? Stereotyping 164.
You are the manager of a development group in a large computer software
company. You have decided that it is important for your group to understand the
many ways that ethical decisions can be made and you are designing a training
program on the subject of ethics. If you wish to emphasize the importance of
making decisions consistent with fundamental liberties and privileges, the focus
of your teaching will be on ________. Rights 165.
Which of the following statements best represents a halo effect?
We tend to draw a general impression about an individual on the basis of a single
characteristic, such as intelligence, sociability, or appearance. 166.
Which of the following statements is true regarding utilitarianism?
The utilitarianism view dominates business decision making. 167.
If a person responds the same way over time, the attribution theory states
that the behavior shows ________. Consistency 168.
The ________ bias is typically associated with negotiation. Anchoring 169.
Your boss never gives you the benefit of the doubt. When you arrived late
from lunch, he assumed that you had simply taken too much time. He never
considered that the elevators were not working that day and the fact that you
had to walk up 10 flights of stairs. Your boss is guilty of ________.
the fundamental attribution error 170.
Which of the following statements is true regarding a contrast effect?
A person appears more appealing than normal when compared with a person of
less appeal due to the contrast effect. 171.
________ theory tries to explain the ways in which we judge people
differently, depending on the meaning we attribute to a given behavior. Attribution 172.
________ is a highly complex and highly developed form of reasoning that
is based on years of experience and learning. Intuition 173.
Janice is late for work each day by about ten minutes. How would the
attribution theory describe this behavior? It shows consistency. 174.
Gene is regarded by his peers as an extremely creative designer of
watercraft. He attributes much of his success to his family: he was raised by a
traditional boat builder and from a very early age was surrounded by boats and
the people who made them. To what element of the three-component model of
creativity does Gene attribute his success? Expertise 175.
David is of the opinion that people who drive SUVs are dangerous drivers.
He often thinks that people driving SUVs are driving rashly, even when other
observers can see nothing wrong with the behavior of the SUV drivers. What
factor is affecting his perception in this case? his expectations 176.
Randy always turns in reports with punctuation errors. The reports of the
three other employees on the QA report writing team always produce
grammatically clean reports. Randy is about to turn in another report, and his
manager has already noticed errors. Randy demonstrates ________. His sloppy
reports can be attributed to an ________ cause.
low distinctiveness, low consensus, and high consistency; internal 177.
In the real world, what do people typically do when making a decision about a problem?
find a satisfactory and sufficient solution 178.
Our tendency to believe we have some control over our world and our
destiny and that we can predict the outcome of random events is the ________. randomness error 179.
When neither the perceiver nor the target has changed, which of the
following factors influences perception? Situation 180.
Samantha's rating in a job interview is high in contrast to the candidate
who was interviewed directly before her, who was rated extremely low. In this
case, Samantha's high rating can be partially attributed to the ________. contrast effect 181.
What are the three generally accepted constructs of decision making each
of us employs to make determinations?
rational decision making, bounded rationality, and intuition 182.
We tend to accept at face value information that is consistent with our
preconceived views, while we are critical and skeptical of information that
challenges these views. This represents the ________ bias. Confirmation 183.
According to the two-factor theory proposed by Herzberg, which of the
following factors is considered a hygiene factor? quality of supervision 184.
According to the expectancy theory, which of the following relationships
indicates the degree to which the individual believes that a particular level of
output will lead to the attainment of a desired outcome? performance-reward 185.
The concept of self-concordance proposes that ________.
individuals who pursue goals because of an intrinsic interest are more
likely to attain their goals 186.
Which of the following statements is true according to the two-factor theory?
Adequate hygiene factors ensure that people are not dissatisfied. 187.
In an example, a local church is made up of people who are very different
in their lifestyles and their stages of life. Mary is a 23-year-old single parent who
earns the minimum wage. Jonathan is 60 years old, extremely wealthy, and
works because he enjoys it. Jane is a 45-year-old lawyer who earns well and is
well-respected in her profession. She is extremely career-oriented and is proud of
her achievements. Jane is likely to focus on which of the following levels of needs? esteem 188.
Jasmine wants to become head of her department. Although she will be
greatly compensated if she achieves this aim and will gain control over many
subordinates, the main reason she is pursuing this position is that she thinks she
can do the job better than anyone else and wants people to know this. According
to the McClelland's theory of needs, which of the following needs primarily drives Jasmine in this case?
the need for achievement 189.
You manage a department of five employees. You have identified that Joe
has high need for achievement, Mary has high need for power, and Tim has high
need for affiliation. Sarah scored high on the need for power and low on the need
for affiliation. Doug scores low on both need for power and need for affiliation.
Which of these five employees is most suitable for taking on your
responsibilities when you are on a vacation? Sarah 190.
________ indicates how strongly peoples' reasons for pursuing goals are
consistent with their interests and core values. Self-concordance 191.
Which of the following would be an example of procedural justice in your instructors course syllabus? not accepting late work 192.
McClelland's theory of needs concentrates on which three needs?
achievement, power, and affiliation 193.
Which of the following types of justice is most strongly related to
organizational commitment and satisfaction with outcomes such as pay? distributive justice 194.
The ________ theory is also called motivation-hygiene theory. two-factor 195.
The two-factor theory proposes that ________.
the factors that lead to job satisfaction are separate and distinct from
those that lead to job dissatisfaction 196.
Which of the following statements is true regarding the cognitive evaluation theory?
This theory hypothesizes that extrinsic rewards will reduce intrinsic interest in a task. 197.
Helen is an office worker who processes health insurance forms. She has
worked at her present job for three years. Initially she was criticized by her
supervisor for sloppy work, but thereafter improved considerably. Now she
consistently processes her forms without errors and even does more forms than
her required quota. However, she has found her supervisor has not responded to
the extra effort she puts in, giving her no praise and no financial reward. Helen is
most likely to perceive that there is a problem in the ________ relationship. effort-performance 198.
Motivation is one of the most frequently researched topics in OB.
According to a study, by workers' own reports, they waste roughly 2 hours per
day, not counting lunch and scheduled breaks and the biggest time-wasters are Internet surfing and ________. talking with co-workers 199.
An employee, rightly or wrongly, perceives the boss doesn't like him. As a
result, he expects to get a poor appraisal, regardless of the level of effort he puts
in. Under such circumstances, according to the expectancy theory, the employee
is likely to see the ________ relationship as weak and demotivating. effort-performance 200.
Which of the following statements is true regarding goals?
People do better when they get feedback on how well they are progressing toward their goals. 201.
Which of the following is not an ingredient common to all MBO programs? interdependence of tasks 202.
Which of the following is true regarding job engagement?
Critics note that higher levels of engagement may result in work-family conflict. 203.
The Pygmalion effect is also called the ________ effect. Galatea 204.
Some of your friends like to cram all night before exams; however, you are
not able to keep your focus on the material for that length of time. Your study
habits can be attributed to which element of motivation? Direction; intensity 205.
The expectancy theory proposes that ________.
the strength of a tendency to act in a certain way depends on the
strength of our expectation of a given outcome and its attractiveness 206.
With reference to the expectancy theory, which of the following examples
indicates a weak rewards-personal goals relationship?
The employee wants to be relocated to the Paris office but instead is transferred to Singapore. 207.
If we consider Maslow's hierarchy of needs in the context of Japan, Greece,
and Mexico, where uncertainty-avoidance characteristics are strong, then
________ needs would be on top of the hierarchy. Security 208.
In equity theory, individuals assess the ________. outcome-input ratio 209.
According to the two-factor theory, which of the following factors is most
likely to create job satisfaction? appreciating a job well done 210.
According to Maslow's hierarchy of needs, which of the following is a lower-order need? safety 211.
Goal-setting theory and self-efficacy theory do not ________. compete with one another 212.
Which of the following theories indicates the existence of a dual continuum? two-factor theory 213.
You manage a department of five employees. You have identified that Joe
has high need for achievement, Mary has high need for power, and Tim has high
need for affiliation. Sarah scored high on the need for power and low on the need
for affiliation. Doug scores low on both need for power and need for affiliation.
Which of these five employees is most likely to be suitable for a new assignment
that involves a high degree of personal responsibility and feedback? Joe 214.
Many elements in management by objectives (MBO) programs match
propositions of ________ theory. goal-setting 215.
You graduated from college two years ago and began working at
Hampstead Electronics. You have received good performance evaluations and a
raise. You just found out that your organization has hired a recent college
graduate with no experience at a higher salary than you are now making. You
consider this an unfair act and resolve to do something about it. Which of the
following theories best describes such a situation? equity theory 216.
________ is a form of self-fulfilling prophecy in which believing something can make it true. The Pygmalion effect 217.
Joanna watches her friend Sharon slim down. This increases her
confidence that she can lose weight too. Which of the following ways of
increasing self-efficacy is represented by this example? vicarious modeling 218.
________ refers to an individual's belief that he or she is capable of performing a task. Self-efficacy