Chương 2: Thỏa thuận quốc tế và khu vực thương mại | Đại học Thái Nguyên

lOMoAR cPSD| 45349271 International & Regional Agreements International trade Nguyen Thi Minh Anh
International School - Thai Nguyen University 1. The GATT and the WTO GATT WTO 1 lOMoAR cPSD| 45349271 Was established in 1945 Was established in 1995 “Contracting parties” Replacing the GATT (CPs ) Nondiscrimination
• Each CP must grant to every other CP the most favorable tariff treatment 2 lOMoAR cPSD| 45349271
• Certain exceptions, such as free trade areas, customs unions, or
other preferential arrangements Trade liberalization • Reduce trade barriers
• The establishment of a permanent trade organization (WTO) Settlement of trade disputes
• The GATT/WTO has played an important role in resolving trade disputes between CPs.
• Give trade retaliation for a party when it did not follow GATT’s recommendations Trade in goods
• The GATT rules apply to all products both imported and exported
• 1994 - a new general agreement on trade in services, intellectual property and investment 3 lOMoAR cPSD| 45349271 4 lOMoAR cPSD| 45349271
WTO members are permitted to enter into RIAs under specific conditions.
establish free trade on most goods in the regional area
refrain from raising their tariffs against countries outside the agreement
Since January 1995, nearly 600 RIAs have been notified to the WTO 5 lOMoAR cPSD| 45349271
The major drivers of RIAs are stated as follows: INTERNATIONAL PERSPECTIVE
Preferential Trade Arrangements: Agreement among participating
nations to lower trade barriers. 6 lOMoAR cPSD| 45349271
Free Trade Area: All barriers are removed on trade among members
but each nation retains its own barriers on trade with nonmembers.
Customs Union: In addition to an agreement to lower or remove trade
barriers, members establish a common system of tariffs against
nonmembers (common external tariff).
Common Market: A common market includes all the elements of a
customs union and allows free movement of labor and capital among member nations.
Economic Union: Economic union goes beyond a common market and
requires members to harmonize and/or unify monetary and fiscal policies of member states. INTERNATIONAL PERSPECTIVE 7 lOMoAR cPSD| 45349271 8 lOMoAR cPSD| 45349271 Date 01/01/1994 Participants
Canada, the United States, Mexico 9 lOMoAR cPSD| 45349271 10 lOMoAR cPSD| 45349271 Negotiating Objectives The U.S: - Rapid progress Canada: Mexico: in trade - Operate larger - Provide a secure liberalization plants access to a large - Provide a secure
- Prevailing trend access to a large consumer market - Canada &
consumer market - Attract FDI Mexico are the - Reduce
the -reformFoster domestic most important uncertainty trading partners 11 lOMoAR cPSD| 45349271 12 lOMoAR cPSD| 45349271 Market Access for Goods Government Procurement
Extend the national treatment standard Minimum: Contract of goods, Construction contracts and/or services Procurement contracts $50,000 $6.5 million Government $250,000 $8 million enterprises Services
Financial, telecommunications, trucking, and rail services
No less favorably than its own service providers; phase
out limits on equity ownership; allows to take 13 lOMoAR cPSD| 45349271
prudential measures to protect the integrity of the financial system
Commits to impose no conditions on access to public telecommunication networks Services Transport (1)
removes most limitations on cross-border trucking
and rail, and liberalizes Mexican investment restrictions in these sectors 14 lOMoAR cPSD| 45349271 (2)
preserves existing cabotage laws (not to make
additional stops unless the vehicle and cargo are registered in the country) 15 lOMoAR cPSD| 45349271 16 lOMoAR cPSD| 45349271
protection of intellectual property rights (IPRs)
Include: patents, trademarks, trade secrets, copyright, and industrial designs.
Valid: 20 years (from the date of filing) /17 years (from the date of grant) 17 lOMoAR cPSD| 45349271
serious injury to domestic producers emergency action temporarily
Technical and Other Standards
Require: provide sixty days’ notice before
adopting new standards, not as a disguised restriction to trade 18 lOMoAR cPSD| 45349271 19 lOMoAR cPSD| 45349271 20